Academic literature on the topic 'Federal government – International law'
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Journal articles on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Genord, Alexandra. "International Megan's Law as Compelled Speech." Michigan Law Review, no. 118.8 (2020): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.118.8.international.
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“The bearer was convicted of a sex offense against a minor, and is a covered sex offender pursuant to 22 United States Code Section 212b(c)(l).” International Megan’s Law (IML), passed in 2016, prohibits the State Department from issuing passports to individuals convicted of a sex offense against a minor unless those passports are branded with this phrase. The federal government's decision to brand its citizens’ passports with this stigmatizing message is novel and jarring, but the sole federal district court to consider a constitutional challenge to the passport identifier dismissed the plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim, deeming the provision government speech. This Note argues that this passport identifier is more appropriately analyzed as a form of compelled speech, triggering strict scrutiny review that the IML’s passport identifier would not survive.
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Omiunu, Ohiocheoya, and Ifeanyichukwu Azuka Aniyie. "Sub-national Involvement in Nigeria's Foreign Relations Law: An Appraisal of the Heterodoxy between Theory and Practice." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 30, no. 2 (May 2022): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2022.0407.
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Nations, in their interaction with the international system, usually have in place a legal regime governing the external exercise of the powers of the state. This regime Curtis Bradley describes as the foreign relations law (FRL) architecture of a state. In a conventional FRL system, plenary powers for the conduct of international relations reside with the central government. For countries operating a federal system of government, the centripetal and centrifugal dynamics inherent in this system of government pose a serious challenge to this orthodoxy. More so, catalysed by globalisation, subnational governments (SNGs) in federal systems are increasingly affecting the reception and operation of international norms and acting as ‘paradiplomatic’ actors in the foreign relations sphere. This emergent trend has led to a growing body of scholarship that considers individual and comparative case studies across different jurisdictions. Focusing on Nigeria as a case study, this article evaluates recent empirical evidence that shows an increase in external interactions by Nigeria's SNGs in the FDI sector since 1999. The article argues that these external interactions by Nigeria's SNGs are a deviation from the conventional constitutional configuration of Nigeria's FRL setup wherein plenary powers for foreign relations have been allocated to the Federal Government (FG).
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Cross, Eugene D. "International Cooperation in Competition Law Enforcement." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (February 1992): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002028.
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On September 23,1991, an agreement was signed by the Commission of the European Communities and the United States government to promote cooperation and coordination of theircompetition law enforcement efforts. This is the fourth such bilateral agreement to which the United States is a party, and the first for the Commission. Previous US agreements are in force with Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Australia.
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Rankin, Melinda. "The ‘Responsibility to Prosecute’ Core International Crimes? The Case of German Universal Jurisdiction and the Syrian Government." Global Responsibility to Protect 11, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-01104003.
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Arguably, more than any other state or interstate actor, German federal authorities, including the German Federal Public Prosecutor General (Generalbundesanwalt, gba) and German Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt), have been at the forefront of issuing arrest warrants for senior members of the Syrian government suspected of atrocity crimes in the wake of the Arab Spring. This includes German federal authorities making the first arrest of a senior member of the Syrian government in February 2019 for crimes against humanity. This article argues that in relation to core international crimes, Germany’s concept of law reflects one based on a ‘standard’ and international rule of law. Moreover, German federal authorities have demonstrated a willingness to use international humanitarian and criminal law (ichl) in relation to those most responsible for core international crimes. In this way, Germany’s current investigations into alleged crimes against humanity in Syria since 2011 provides for an illuminating case for extending universal jurisdiction, as well as the ‘responsibility to prosecute’ as a legal obligation. It also indicates how a multiplicity of actors – including state and non-state actors – can extend the reach of international criminal law, when the International Criminal Court (icc) cannot act.
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Tams, Christian J. "Die Linke v. Federal Government and Federal Parliament (Counter Daesh)." American Journal of International Law 114, no. 3 (July 2020): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.35.
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By a September 17, 2019 Order (Order), the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC or Court) rejected challenges to Germany's military involvement in anti-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) operations in Syria. This outcome was expected and was as such insignificant. What is significant is the FCC's reasoning. The Court used the Order to clarify the constitutional roles of parliament and the executive in German foreign affairs. And it included an intriguing pronouncement on the scope of Article 51 of the UN Charter, which adds a fresh perspective to the polarized debates about self-defense against nonstate actors.
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Bornheim, Jan Jakob. "Same-Sex Marriages in Canadian Private International Law." Alberta Law Review 51, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr58.
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In 2012, the Canadian federal government took a position in court that same-sex couples married in Canada were not legally married if the law of their domicile did not recognize such marriages. As a reaction to the subsequent media reports and political debate, the government introduced Bill C-32 to modify the Civil Marriages Act. This article analyzes the current treatment of same-sex marriages by foreign-domiciled spouses in Canadian private international law, criticizes the changes to the Civil Marriage Act, and replies to a recent academic commentary on the issue.
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Danilenko, Gennady M. "The New Russian Constitution and International Law." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 3 (July 1994): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203713.
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The new Russian Constitution, which was approved by a popular referendum on December 12, 1993, entered into force on December 25, 1993. From a broad political perspective, the 1993 Constitution signifies a complete departure from the Communist dictatorship and a passage to democratic government. As a new basic law for a “democratic federal legal state,” the Constitution became an important step toward the establishment of a Rechtsstaat in Russia.
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Chinnasamy, Sathiyaraj, M. Ramachandran, and Sowmiya Soundharaj. "Exploring Various International Law and Its Classification." Recent Trends in Law and Policy Making 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/rlpm/1/1/3.
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Law, morality and profession relate to the customs, practices and rules of conduct of a society which are recognized as regulated by the society. Enforcement of Rules by Regulatory Authority. Law is an instrument that regulates human behavior. Laws provide the framework and rules for settling disputes between individuals. Laws create a system where individuals can bring their disputes to an impartial fact finder such as a judge or arbitrator. We have laws to provide our common security. These include local, state and national laws and food safety laws. In this presentation, we will examine four primary sources of legislation at the state and federal levels. These four sources of law are the US Constitution, federal and state statutes and administrative regulations, and case law. In modern democracies, lawmaking is the task of legislatures at the local, regional and national levels, and we have laws to provide for our common security. These include local, state and national laws and food safety laws. In this presentation, we will examine four primary sources of legislation at the state and federal levels. These four sources of law are the US Constitution, federal and state statutes and administrative regulations, and case law. In modern democracies, lawmaking is the task of legislatures at the local, regional and national levels, making laws appropriate to their situation and subject to their jurisdiction. Four Kinds of Law. Corporate Law – Lawyers who examine the legal boundaries of a business. Criminal Law – Lawyers ensure that every citizen obeys the law. Energy Act – Tax on energy and attorneys approving licenses for businesses. Law provides stability and commitment in the administration of justice. The same law should be applied in all cases. If the facts are the same, there can be no difference from one case to another. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and makes laws for the nation. Congress has two legislative bodies or chambers: the US Senate and the US House of Representatives. Anyone elected by anyone can propose a new law. This bill is a proposal for a new law. Rules are unique, and are often adjusted as household conditions and circumstances change. Laws are passed through due process to become effective. A law begins as a bill and must go through a series of checks, balances and votes to become law. Government and private companies are liable under the law.
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Bodansky, Daniel, Nina Naske, and Georg Nolte. "“Aerial Security Law.” Case No. 1 BvR 357/05. 115 BVerfGE 118." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 2 (April 2007): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000030190.
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“Aerial Security Law.” Case No. 1 BvR 357/05. 115 BVerfGE 118. Available at <http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de>.Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany), February 15, 2006.On February 15,2006, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) held the Aerial Security Act to be unconstitutional. This act authorized the use of military force against any aircraft intended to be used for the killing of human beings, if the use of such force was the only means to avert an immediate danger. The Court based its ruling on two grounds: first, that the federal level of government had no legislative power to enact such a law, and second, that the act's authorization of military force infringed upon the guarantee of human dignity as embodied in Article 1(1) of the German Constitution, or Basic Law (Grundgesetz).On January 5, 2003, a small airplane circled over the Frankfurt banking district. For a few moments people saw themselves confronted with a terror attack, recalling 9/11 and the pictures of the burning World Trade Center. The police evacuated several buildings and two Air Force fighter jets arrived before it was established that the pilot was not a terrorist but merely a mentally confused person. A year later, in January 2004, the federal government proposed a draft federal Aerial Security Act. The government argued that the attacks of 9/11, along with the Frankfurt incident, made clear that in order to protect against such attacks, it was necessary to clarify the roles of the federal and state (Länder) governments. “This draft is meant to achieve that aim … and to establish quick and efficient mechanisms for information gathering and decision.”
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Rosman, Michael E. "Federalism and female circumcision in the US: a reply to ‘The prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra women’ by Richard Shweder." Global Discourse 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204378921x16264509095737.
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In his article on ‘The prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra women’, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">Richard Shweder (2022)</xref> discusses a federal criminal case in the United States that resulted from a practice that the sect calls female circumcision. Various parents and medical practitioners were indicted under a federal statute that made the practice criminal. Eventually, though, a federal district court held that Congress lacked authority – an ‘enumerated power’ under the United States Constitution – to enact such a criminal law.At first glance, the decision looked like a big victory for federalism, the division of authority between the federal government and state governments. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in this area has left a rather gaping loophole: Congress can enact a ‘jurisdictional element’ that tries to connect the regulated activity to interstate commerce. As a consequence, unconstitutional laws can be made constitutional with seemingly cosmetic changes. That is, in fact, what happened to the law that was used to indict the Dawoodi Bohra women.This response explores whether federalism arguments can be repackaged outside of the ‘enumerated powers’ doctrine. It suggests that federalism may play a role in determining whether the government has a “compelling interest” in regulating a practice under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Because of federalist traditions in the United States, certain interests may be compelling for state governments, but not the federal government. If that were the case, a challenge to a federal law regulating or prohibiting ‘female circumcision’ might succeed where a similar challenge to a state law would fail.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Emathe, Francis E. "Somalia Igad's attempt to restore Somalia's transitional federal government." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2503.
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Political solutions have been found for several longstanding conflicts in Africa in 2003 - in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Burundi. The political arrangements in these countries may not necessarily usher in permanent peace and stability, but they at least afford an opportunity to work toward such goals. Unfortunately, this is not the case for Somalia, where anarchy, violence and chaos have prevailed for over 15 years. A national reconciliation conference - the 14th of its kind â sat in Nairobi for two years and finally formed a Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in August, 2004. As usual, the outcome of the conference was not welcomed, either by warlords or later on by Islamic clerics in Somalia. Nonetheless, despite institutional obstacles, the Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Inter Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Federal Government.
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Schaus, Annemie. "L'exécution des obligations internationales dans l'Etat fédéral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211768.
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Tuengerthal, Hansjürgen. "Zur Umsetzung von EG-Richtlinien und staatengerichteten EG-Entscheidungen in deutsches Recht : und Überprüfung der Umsetzung der Fleischhygienegebührenrechtsakte der EG /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/365118710.pdf.
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Zorn, Christopher J. W. "U.S. government litigation strategies in the federal appellate courts /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487947908401578.
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Hrle, Jelena. "International arbitration and competition law." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30305.
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Arbitrating of competition law claims has generated a substantial tension between the policies served by promoting international arbitration and those protected by the national competition law. Despite the legal tension and unpredictability associated with arbitrating competition law issues, the arbitrator should, in principle, resolve such issues. This study analyses the main concerns when arbitrating competition law issues, such as jurisdiction, choice of law and, in particular, the position of national jurisdiction regarding the enforcement of the award conflicting national competition law.This study proposes the functional approach to choice of law problems according to which the arbitrator will decide on the applicable competition law bearing in mind the content of mandatory norm, its connection with a dispute and the consequences of its application and non-application. In that regard, this thesis will examine how an arbitrator should address the extraterritorial effect of the competition law. The study will suggest that if the competition law policies of states connected with a dispute serve opposing and conflicting goals, the arbitrator should, in order to preserve his/her neutral function refuse to decide whose competition policy is "better" and should consequently decline jurisdiction.
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Cheng, Jian Xiao. "International regulation of government procurement and the evolution in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2147559.
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Paddeu, Federica Isabella. "General defences to breaches of international law : justification and excuse in the law of state responsibility." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648758.
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Shapiro, Evan Joel. "The supranational challenge : federal and decentralized unitary states within the European Union." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22703.
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Nation states, be they federal or unitary, monist or dualist, must incorporate the norms and precepts of international law into their domestic legal orders and implement its requirements. The constitutional or equivalent courts of Germany, Belgium, Italy and Spain have provided solutions to these and related problems. While some of the topic states have undergone decentralizing or federalizing reforms simultaneous with their involvement in the European Communities and Union, all have experienced centralizing pressures, some of which involve negative implications for democratic accountability. Overall, their constitutional and governmental systems have tended to converge with enhanced contact and cooperation. They also influence and are in turn influenced by European institutions and structures, which include most recently expanded Parliamentary powers and a new Committee of the Regions representative of subnational interests and aspirations at the supranational level. How these related, complementary and at times antagonistic spheres will continue to evolve and react in the future may involve Europe's greatest challenge.
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Vasilevskaya, Marina. "The phenomenon of federalism division of authorities, intrastate stability, and international behavior /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Wallace-Bruce, Nii Lante. "Nationalization in international law and the newly independent African states." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1985. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28734.
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The rules relating to nationalization are among the most controversial in international law today. This is particularly so with respect to the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Declaration of the New International Economic Order. In Arica, the first notable nationalization took place in 1956 with the take-over of the Suez Canal. Since then, there have been countless nationalizations and other measures of dispossession. The basic aim of the thesis is to study the development of this phenomenon and to assess its impact on private foreign investment in Africa.
The thesis is divided into eight chapters. In chapter one, we trace the origins of the modern African States, going back to the pre-colonial period when Africa had its own indigenous states. We also trace the foundations of private foreign investment, starting from the pre-colonial period when Africa had its own self-sustaining economies. Chapter two deals with the study of the investment laws and policies of the independent African States. Chapter three is devoted to the actual nationalization measures that have taken place on the African Continent. Whilst the chapter does not claim to have covered all instances of nationalization in Africa, an attempt has been made to cover all notable cases. The chapter also deals with other measures of dispossession, namely, indigenization and expulsion. Chapters four, five and six deal with the international law rules. In chapter four, the rules of the traditional legal order are covered. The development of the New International Economic Order and issues arising from it, are discussed in chapter five. Then in chapter six, an attempt is made to determine the current state of the international law rules by bringing together the competing claims of the two legal orders. In chapter seven, we discuss the settlement of investment disputes in Africa. The chapter is divided into four parts. The first deals with actual compensation settlements concerning foreign-owned property. The second concentrates on de-nationalization or privatization of foreign property which had been nationalized earlier. The third part deals with international arbitrations involving African States and finally, there is a discussion of unresolved investment disputes. The last chapter centres on the legal protection of foreign investments. It covers both national legislation and international agreements on the promotion and protection of investments.
Books on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Federal constitutions and international relations. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 2001.
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Brian, Opeskin, and Rothwell Donald 1959-, eds. International law and Australian federalism. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997.
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Localizing foreign policy: Non-central governments and multilayered diplomacy. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
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Changing Federal Constitutions: Lessons from international comparison. Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2012.
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Atwell, Mary Welek. An American dilemma: International law, capital punishment, and federalism. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
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Brooks, Pierre E. J. Uniform company law in federal states and economic communities. Bloemfontein: UOFS, 1993.
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Debersaques, G. Bestuursrecht harmoniseren? Deventer: Kluwer, 2004.
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Sadurski, Wojciech. Constitutionalization of the EU and the sovereignty concerns of the new accession states: The role of the Charter of Rights. Badia Fiesolana, Italy: European University Institute, 2003.
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Borsani, Reto. Völkerrecht und Föderalismus in der Schweiz: Überlegungen aus kantonaler Sicht. Bern: Stämpfli, 2002.
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Costituzionalismo multilivello e dinamiche istituzionali. Torino: G. Giappichelli, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Oellers-Frahm, Karin, and Andreas Zimmermann. "Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia of December 12, 2000." In Dispute Settlement in Public International Law, 2200–2205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56626-4_135.
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Marion, Nancy E. "Law Enforcement." In Federal Government and Criminal Justice, 9–16. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230337619_2.
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Peláez, Carlos M., and Carlos A. Peláez. "International Economic Law." In Government Intervention in Globalization, 145–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230228344_11.
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Zavyalova, Elena B., Agnessa O. Inshakova, and Evgeny Y. Moiseichev. "Common and Special Legislation on PPP. Comparative Analysis of Federal Law on Concessions (Law-115) and Federal Law on Public-Private and Municipal-Private Partnerships (Law-224)." In Competitive Government: Public Private Partnerships, 41–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56352-3_3.
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Alvarez, José E. "International Organizations as Law-Makers." In From Government to Governance, 11–20. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-621-3_3.
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Heere, Wybo P. "International Terrorism and International and European Criminal Law." In From Government to Governance, 339–88. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-621-3_15.
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De Vita, Carol J., Anael Labigne, Regina List, Thorsten Hasche, Evelyne Schmid, Anja Erbel, Dennis R. Young, et al. "Foundations, Public Law or Government." In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 726–29. New York, NY: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_15.
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Zermatten, Jean. "The Swiss Federal Statute on Juvenile Criminal Law." In International Handbook of Juvenile Justice, 295–307. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09478-6_11.
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Zermatten, Jean. "The Swiss Federal Statute on Juvenile Criminal Law." In International Handbook of Juvenile Justice, 295–307. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4970-6_11.
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Plantey, Alain. "Independence of the Cas Recognised by the Swiss Federal Tribunal." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 50–53. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-591-9_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Reese, Paul. "Calibration in Regulated Industries: Federal Agency Use of ANSI Z540.3 and ISO 17025." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.21.
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ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006 and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 are voluntary consensus standards which prescribe requirements for the calibration of measuring and test equipment and for the technical competency of the performing laboratories. Many agencies in the U.S. which are part of, or regulated by, the Federal Government are required to use instruments which have been calibrated in accordance with one or both of these standards. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 compels all federal agencies to use technical standards that are developed by consensus standards bodies, in lieu of "government-unique" standards. ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3 have evolved over a half-century of metrological advancement, drawing upon expertise in the public and private sector. They are now supported by a mature infrastructure that facilitates mutual recognition and global trade, ensuring calibrations are accepted worldwide. However, some federal agencies and regulatory bodies in the U.S. have not yet adopted these standards. Calibrations are routinely performed on instruments, utilized in some government-regulated industries, which may not conform to these requirements. This paper discusses risks imparted to products and services produced in such environments. Particular focus is given to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of calibration requirements in the Quality System Regulation (QSR) found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Currently, a paucity of official guidance exists with respect to what constitutes an acceptable calibration program in medical device and pharmaceutical industries. Ambiguities persist due to lack of agreement upon voluntary consensus standards such as ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3. Fundamental requirements such as traceability, measurement uncertainty, measurement decision-rules, as well as basic metrological definitions are ill-defined in the CFR. The objective of this paper is to provide relevant background information and to encourage constructive dialogue between government agencies, standards writing committees, industry partners, and third party assessment/accreditation bodies. Cooperation of this type is consistent with public law and White House policy objectives. Ultimately, such dialogue may foster agreement on the use of these voluntary consensus standards for calibration in regulated industries, resulting in improved quality and reduced risk to consumers and patients.
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Benitez, Roberto. "Three Decades of Metrology Education in Mexico." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.02.
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In 1987 with the NAFTA and the popularization of ISO-9000 standards, the Metrology in México was considered as a critical part for trade, commerce and quality assurance programs. Those were the days when two of the references for metrology systems were the MIL-STD 45662A and the Guide 25. At the beginning of the 80's, the Mexican government established the National Calibration System and started the Mexican NMI as a project. Also the metrological society established the Mexican Association of Metrology (AMMAC). During the 80's decade, the government, the society and the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), organized training workshops annually and some Metrology International Symposiums. Most of the first accredited Metrology Laboratories in Mexico belonged to great industrial companies, institutes and original equipment manufacturers. With ten years of experience some private Metrology Laboratories started to provide calibration services for industry, being accredited by the National Calibration System. In 1992 the Mexican Government issued the Federal Law of Metrology and Standardization, considering in this law the establishment of the NMI CENAM and the formation of the Accreditation Bodies. Also at that time, some private companies, research institutes, universities and calibration laboratories, started to provide training in Metrology. In 2012 the Santa Rosa Jauregui University started the Engineering in Industrial Metrology as a carrier and in the same year the ITM (private institute) started to form Calibration Technicians. In 2014 the Polytechnic University of Ramos Arizpe also started the Engineering in Industrial Metrology.
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Khattaa, Semirames, Bárbara Laurindo da Silva, and Manuela Pereira Gomes. "Public policies and social rights: employment and income in Brazil." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212439.
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The analyzes of public policies and their interface with the law are related to the effectiveness of fundamental rights. This article aims to analyze how the creation and execution of public policies aimed at the realization of fundamental social rights, especially those aimed at employment and income, as well as the judicial control of these public policies, are carried out. It seeks to identify the mechanisms and limits inherent to Public Administration to promote the realization of these rights in an equal way. The investigation of institutional designs, federative arrangements, and programs and the legal foundations and theoretical bases of public policies founded with the consolidation of the Constitutional State of Law seek to identify possible bottlenecks in the Brazilian Public Administration for the effectiveness of socialrights, such as those aimed at employment nationwide and the municipal administration, especially in Campos dos Goytacazes. The study will be based on a bibliographic research and analysis of the legislative and jurisprudential process on the subject, with data collection from the websites of the federal and municipal government of Campos, Ministério Público, Courts of Auditors, IPEA, IBGE, Federal Chamber of Deputies and well. as the Federal Supreme Court (STF). With the systematization of theoretical references on public policies and fundamental rights, a proposal to identify the articulation and dialogue between the powers in the area of realization of specific social rights related to work and income, and the elaboration of an article summarizing the results achieved by the analysis of effectiveness with the analysis of the importance of the effectiveness of fundamental rights with the identification and systematization of the main institutional obstacles to their implementation
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Hanson, John. "The Federal Government’s Role in Enabling the Nuclear Renaissance and a Low-Carbon Energy Future." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89997.
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The electric power industry in the United States will face a number of great challenges in the next two decades, including increasing electricity demand and the aging of the current fleet of power plants. These challenges present a major test for the industry, which must invest between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion by 2030 to meet the increased demand. In addition to these challenges, the potential for climate legislation, controversy over hydraulic fracturing, and post-Fukushima safety concerns have all resulted in significant uncertainty regarding the economics of all major sources of base-load electricity. Currently nuclear power produces 22% of the nation’s electricity, and over 70% of the nation’s low-carbon electricity, even though unfavorable economic conditions have stalled construction of new reactors for over 30 years. The economics are changing, however, as evidenced by the recent construction and operating licenses (COLs) awarded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to Southern Company and SCANA Corporation to build two new units each. The successful construction of these units could lead to more favorable financing for future plants. This improved financing, especially if combined with appropriate additional government support, could provide serious momentum for the resurgence of nuclear power in the United States. The most important way in which government support could benefit nuclear power is by increasing the amount of loan guarantees provided to the first wave of new nuclear power plants. This will help encourage additional new builds, which will help reduce the financing risk premium for new nuclear and improve interest rates for future plants. Instead of simply increasing loan guarantees for nuclear energy, a permanent federal financing structure should be established to provide loan guarantees for “clean energy” technologies in general, a category in which nuclear energy should be included. Most importantly, any changes should be made as part of a coherent, long-term energy policy, which would provide utilities with the correct tools to make the necessary investments, and the confidence that will allow them to undertake large-scale projects.
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Zelmer, R. L., and G. G. Case. "Third Update on Environmental Remediation of Historic LLR Waste Sites in Canada (1997-2003)." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4847.
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Canada’s Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWMO) continues to make significant progress toward the remediation of orphan sites contaminated with historic Low Level Radioactive (LLR) waste. Since its establishment in 1982, the LLRWMO, which is operated by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, has acted as the agent of the federal government in this area, taking policy and priority direction from the federal department of Natural Resources Canada. The LLRWMO has investigated and decontaminated structures and properties at many sites across the country. It has removed contaminated soil, debris and radioactive artifacts to interim storage or interim, in situ containment. It has worked with communities and regulatory agencies to develop locally acceptable waste management solutions for the short- and long-term. This paper provides an update on the progress of environmental remediation programs and projects of the LLRWMO made since the last reporting at the Sixth ICEM Conference in Singapore in 1997. Emphasis is placed upon the areas of sustained interim waste management and community problem solving in this period. In addition, comment is provided on the future of the program. On behalf of the federal government, the LLRWMO was appointed in 2000 July to act as the proponent for the Port Hope Area Initiative (PHAI), a ten-year $260 M undertaking that will see historic LLR wastes currently found in various community locations consolidated into safe, long-term management facilities, yielding environmental benefits for present and future generations. This activity is breaking new ground in the implementation of community recommended solutions and signals the way forward in Canada’s historic waste program.
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Ernst, Thomas, Markus Fritschi, and Stratis Vomvoris. "Stepwise Site Selection in Switzerland: Sectoral Plan Status and Outlook." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40150.
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The stepwise site selection process in Switzerland is governed by the Sectoral Plan. It is divided in three stages, narrowing down the number of potential siting regions (Stage 1) to at least two sites for each of the two geological repositories, the low and intermediate-level waste site (LLW) and the high-level waste site (HLW), in Stage 2, leading to the final selection of a site for each repository (Stage 3) for the application of a general license. In October 2008, Nagra proposed a total of 6 siting regions for the LLW repository and three for the HLW repository; the latter would also be suitable for shared use with the surface facilities and part of the access tunnels for the two types of repositories. The review of Nagra’s proposals by the safety authority (ENSI — the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate) and its supporting commission was completed in February 2010. ENSI found Nagra’s analysis justified comprehensive and transparent and approved the six proposed regions. A similar overall conclusion was reached by KNS, the Swiss Commission for Nuclear Safety. The decision-making process continues in 2010 with an evaluation of the review and recommendations of ENSI by the various agencies at the governmental, cantonal and local level, an open public consultation and finally, a resolution of the comments received by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE). Stage 1 will be concluded in 2011 with the decision by the Swiss Federal Government. Stage 2 foresees a provisional safety analysis for each potential site as an additional criterion to be used in the narrowing down to two sites for each type of waste repository. The guidelines for this have been recently published by ENSI. The main findings of the review by the authorities, the next steps and preparatory activities for the initiation of Stage 2, as well as how the criteria and guidelines specified by ENSI will be applied by Nagra in order to meet the requirements for a successful completion of Stage 2 are described below.
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Amin, Latif. "Difficulties in issuing the constitution of the Kurdistan Region." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp181-190.
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The Constitution is the basic law and from it all authorities derive their powers and the legitimacy of their actions, through which the form of the state, its government, its system of governance, the nature of authorities, their competencies, the relations between them, and their limits are determined, in addition to determining the rights of citizens: individuals and groups, and ensuring the performance of these rights for them. It is the right of any region or state in the federal state to have a constitution, and in the Kurdistan region it was possible to establish a constitution for the region since 1992 after the issuance of the federal statement by the Parliament of Kurdistan, which decided to define the right of the Kurds to disobey as a formula for peaceful coexistence in federalism, but this was not done, Since the issuance of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 and its entry into force in 2006 and its recognition of the Kurdistan Region as a region within federal Iraq, the region should have drawn up its constitution based on the provisions of Article 120 of the Constitution. Undoubtedly, there are several internal and regional reasons and obstacles that stand in the way of the enactment of the constitution in the most valuable of them - There is no single supreme authority in the region, but there are two authorities, one in Erbil and the other in Sulaymaniyah, both of whom consider themselves equal to the other The regional impact represented by the interventions of the two neighboring countries, Iran and TurkeThe absence of the mentality of the statesmen, but the mentality of the men of power and the party, and looking at the constitution from a narrow hierarchical perspective. In order for the region to have a good constitution, these obstacles must be removedy
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Anderson, Keith D. "Analysis of Management and Disposal Alternatives for Low Activity Radioactive Waste." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16192.
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Government and commercial decommissioning and remediation activities at nuclear sites and facilities often generate in large volumes and mass radioactive waste that is of low activity. In large part, the low activity radioactive waste generated from decommissioning and remediation activities are below regulatory limits for low level radioactive waste, while not meeting site specific dose and risk-based cleanup criteria. Policies and strategies for the remediation, management, and disposal of low activity radioactive waste in these circumstances often explore alternative options to fully licensed disposal. Primary goals in exploring alternative disposal options are protection of the public and the environment, while achieve a cost-effective solution. Vague regulations and arbitrary interpretation by federal and state regulators may enhance alternative disposal options or quash efforts by those conducting the remediation and decommissioning. Fundamental to the issues is the overriding concern of a lack of clarity and increased liability in the regulatory structure of the grey area that is low activity radioactive wastes. This paper explores the current efforts by the United States of America and International regulatory community to better define low activity radioactive waste and to provide effective and protective waste management and disposal policies and strategies.
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Brown, Peter, and David McCauley. "Port Hope Area Initiative." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4675.
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The Port Hope Area Initiative involves a process that will lead to the cleanup of low-level radioactive wastes in two communities in Southern Ontario and the construction of three new long-term waste management facilities in those communities. The history of the Initiative provides important insights into local participation and the successes and failures of siting efforts. The wastes resulted from the operations of an industrial process in Port Hope that began in the 1930s. Initially, wastes (contaminated with radium, uranium, and arsenic) from radium processing were deposited in a relatively uncontrolled manner at various locations within the town. By the 1940s, uranium processing wastes were deposited at nearby purpose-built radioactive waste management facilities. The problem of contamination was first recognized in 1974 and the worst cases quickly cleaned up. However, large volumes of contamination remained in the community. There were three successive efforts to develop an approach to deal with the area’s contamination. In the early to mid 1980s, a standard approach was employed; i.e. indentifying the most technically appropriate local site for a disposal facility, proceeding to evaluate that site, and communicating the benefits of the chosen approach to the local community. That approach was resoundingly rejected by local citizens and government representatives. The second effort, an innovative and consultative voluntary siting effort carried out during the late-1980s and early to mid-1990s involved the solicitation of other municipalities to volunteer to host a facility for the disposal of the Port Hope areas wastes. That effort resulted in the identification of a single volunteer community. However, negotiations between the federal government and the municipality were unable to reach an acceptable agreement establishing the conditions for the community to host the waste management facility. The third effort, a community-driven approach, was undertaken in the late-1990s and resulted in an agreement in 2001 between the Government of Canada and the local communities that sets in motion a process for the cleanup of the local wastes and long-term management in new local waste management facilities. This paper provides insights into the history of the problem, the efforts of the federal government over the last two decades to deal with the issue, how local participation and decision-making processes affected the successes of the various siting approaches, and lessons learned that might be of interest to others who must deal with environmental remediation situations that involve siting long-term management facilities.
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Kleb, H. R., and R. L. Zelmer. "Planning for the Recreational End Use of a Future LLR Waste Mound in Canada: Leaving an Honourable Legacy." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7087.
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The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office was established in 1982 to carry out the federal government’s responsibilities for low-level radioactive (LLR) waste management in Canada. In this capacity, the Office operates programs to characterize, delineate, decontaminate and consolidate historic LLR waste for interim and long-term storage. The Office is currently the proponent of the Port Hope Area Initiative; a program directed at the development and implementation of a safe, local long-term management solution for historic LLR waste in the Port Hope area. A legal agreement between the Government of Canada and the host community provides the framework for the implementation of the Port Hope Project. Specifically, the agreement requires that the surface of the long-term LLR waste management facility be “conducive to passive and active recreational uses such as soccer fields and baseball diamonds.” However, there are currently no examples of licensed LLR waste management facilities in Canada that permit recreational use. Such an end use presents challenges with respect to engineering and design, health and safety and landscape planning. This paper presents the cover system design, the environmental effects assessment and the landscape planning processes that were undertaken in support of the recreational end use of the Port Hope long-term LLR waste management facility.
Reports on the topic "Federal government – International law"
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Willson, Stephanie. Affirmative Action in Federal Employment: Reconciling Government Policy with Federal Law and the Constitution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420175.
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Jayamaha, Dilshika, Scott Brady, Ben Fitzgerald, and Jason Fritz. Lessons Learned from U.S. Government Law Enforcement in International Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada534397.
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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.
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Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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Flagg, Melissa, and Zachary Arnold. A New Institutional Approach to Research Security in the United States: Defending a Diverse R&D Ecosystem. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200051.
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U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.
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Aiginger, Karl, Andreas Reinstaller, Michael Böheim, Rahel Falk, Michael Peneder, Susanne Sieber, Jürgen Janger, et al. Evaluation of Government Funding in RTDI from a Systems Perspective in Austria. Synthesis Report. WIFO, Austria, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2009.504.
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In the spring of 2008, WIFO, KMU Forschung Austria, Prognos AG in Germany and convelop were jointly commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth to perform a systems evaluation of the country's research promotion and funding activities. Based on their findings, six recommendations were developed for a change in Austrian RTDI policy as outlined below: 1. to move from a narrow to a broader approach in RTDI policy (links to education policy, consideration of the framework for innovation such as competition, international perspectives and mobility); 2. to move from an imitation to a frontrunner strategy (striving for excellence and market leadership in niche and high-quality segments, increasing market shares in advanced sectors and technology fields, and operating in segments of relevance for society); 3. to move from a fragmented approach to public intervention to a more coordinated and consistent approach(explicit economic goals, internal and external challenges and reasoning for public intervention); 4. to move from a multiplicity of narrowly defined funding programmes to a flexible, dynamic policy that uses a broader definition of its tasks and priorities (key technology and research segments as priority-action fields, adequate financing of clusters and centres of excellence); 5. to move from an unclear to a precisely defined allocation of responsibilities between ministries and other players in the field (high-ranking steering group at government level, monitoring by a Science, Research and Innovation Council); 6. to move from red-tape-bound to a modern management of public intervention (institutional separation between ministries formulating policies and agencies executing them, e.g., by "progressive autonomy").
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Lewis, Dustin, ed. Database of States’ Statements (August 2011–October 2016) concerning Use of Force in relation to Syria. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/ekmb4241.
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Many see armed conflict in Syria as a flashpoint for international law. The situation raises numerous unsettling questions, not least concerning normative foundations of the contemporary collective-security and human-security systems, including the following: Amid recurring reports of attacks directed against civilian populations and hospitals with seeming impunity, what loss of legitimacy might law suffer? May—and should—states forcibly intervene to prevent (more) chemical-weapons attacks? If the government of Syria is considered unwilling or unable to obviate terrorist threats from spilling over its borders into other countries, may another state forcibly intervene to protect itself (and others), even without Syria’s consent and without an express authorization of the U.N. Security Council? What began in Daraa in 2011 as protests escalated into armed conflict. Today, armed conflict in Syria implicates a multitude of people, organizations, states, and entities. Some are obvious, such as the civilian population, the government, and organized armed groups (including designated terrorist organizations, for example the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS). Other implicated actors might be less obvious. They include dozens of third states that have intervened or otherwise acted in relation to armed conflict in Syria; numerous intergovernmental bodies; diverse domestic, foreign, and international courts; and seemingly innumerable NGOs. Over time, different states have adopted wide-ranging and diverse approaches to undertaking measures (or not) concerning armed conflict in Syria, whether in relation to the government, one or more armed opposition groups, or the civilian population. Especially since mid-2014, a growing number of states have undertaken military operations directed against ISIS in Syria. For at least a year-and-a-half, Russia has bolstered military strategies of the Syrian government. At least one state (the United States) has directed an operation against a Syrian military base. And, more broadly, many states provide (other) forms of support or assistance to the government of Syria, to armed opposition groups, or to the civilian population. Against that backdrop, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) set out to collect states’ statements made from August 2011 through November 2016 concerning use of force in relation to Syria. A primary aim of the database is to provide a comparatively broad set of reliable resources regarding states’ perspectives, with a focus on legal parameters. A premise underlying the database is that through careful documentation of diverse approaches, we can better understand those perspectives. The intended audience of the database is legal practitioners. The database is composed of statements made on behalf of states and/or by state officials. For the most part, the database focuses on statements regarding legal parameters concerning use of force in relation to Syria. HLS PILAC does not pass judgment on whether each statement is necessarily legally salient for purposes of international law. Nor does HLS PILAC seek to determine whether a particular statement may be understood as an expression of opinio juris or an act of state practice (though it might be).
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Mote, Philip W., John Abatzoglou, Kathie D. Dello, Katherine Hegewisch, and David E. Rupp. Fourth Oregon climate assessment report. State of climate science : 2019. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1159.
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This report, required by state law under HB3543, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of science of climate change as it pertains to Oregon, covering the physical, biological, and social dimensions. The first chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of physical changes in climate and hydrology, focusing on the period since the previous Oregon Climate Assessment Report (OCAR3, Dalton et al. 2017); and the second chapter covers the impacts. The second chapter is, verbatim, the Northwest chapter of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) which was released by the federal government November 23, 2018. It is available for download separately: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch24_Northwest_Full.pdf
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Ecker, Brigitte, Philipp Brunner, Nikias Dick, Ernst Hartmann, David Heckenberg, Julian Johs, Gerhard Kasneci, et al. Austrian Research and Technology Report 2022. BMBWF, BMK & BMDW, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.575.
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The Research and Technology Report 2022 provides an overview of research, technology and innovation (RTI) funded by the federal government in Austria. In addition to the presentation of current research policy developments, which covers the status of implementation of the RTI Strategy 2030 adopted at the end of 2020, research-relevant sub-strategies and the latest developments in the higher education sector, analyses of Austria's national and international RTI performance are prepared on the basis of recent data from various international rankings, from the R&D (Research & Development) Survey 2019 and the Global Estimate 2022.
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Milican, Juliet. Mapping Best Practice Guidelines in working with Civil Society Organisations. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.092.
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This report sets out to map the different guidance documents available on how to work most effectively with civil society in the delivery of international aid in ways that deepen democracy and advance the rights of marginalised or excluded groups. It includes a review of guidelines published by other key international development funders and implementors written for their own teams, an overview of guidance provided for DAC members within OECD countries and policy papers on cooperation between the state and CSOs. It looks primarily at documents produced in the last ten years, between 2011 and 2021 and includes those related to cooperation on specific issues (such as drugs policy or human rights, as well as those that deal with specific countries or regions (such as Europe or the MENA region). The majority of documents identified are written by government aid departments (eg USAID, Norad) but there are one or two produced by umbrella civil society organisations (such as Bond) or international legal think tanks (such as ICNL, the International Centre for Not for Profit Law). There was a remarkable consistency between the issues Millican addressed in the different documents although their size and length varied between outline guidance on 2 – 3 pages and a comprehensive (62 page) overview that included definitions of civil society, range of organisations, reasons for collaborating, mechanisms for financing, monitoring and ensuring accountability and challenges in and guidance on the ways in which donors might work with CSOs.