Relevant bibliographies by topics / Federal government – Comparative law

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Federal government – Comparative law'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Bonafont, Laura Chaqués, and Anna M. Palau Roqué. "Comparing Law-Making Activities in a Quasi-Federal System of Government." Comparative Political Studies 44, no. 8 (May 4, 2011): 1089–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414011405171.

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In this article the authors develop a new approach to the study of policy dynamics in a quasi-federal system of government. The goal is to contribute to previous research on comparative federalism by analyzing the variations of issue attention between levels of government and across four regional governments—Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia, and the Basque Country. To do so the authors follow the policy dynamics approach, developing a comparative and empirical analysis about issue attention across time, territories, and policy subsystems. The analysis relies on an extensive database, created following the methodology of the Comparative Agendas Project, which includes all laws passed from the early 1980s to present. The results indicate that legislative agendas have become increasingly diverse since the 1990s, and this is partly explained by party preferences and the type of government.
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Do Vale, Helder. "Local Government Reforms in Federal Brazil, India and South Africa: A Comparative Overview." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/11.3.453-470(2013).

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This article examines the changes at the local level of government that have been taking place in Brazil, India and South Africa for the past thirty years as a result of complex federal decision-making processes. I summarize the most important federal traits of these countries and identify the role of key institutions behind the fiscal, political and administrative changes in local governments. The article draws on the institutional processes to dissect the anatomy of local government reforms in these countries and concludes that although the changes in local government structures and powers have been taken against the background of transition to democracy and/or democratic deepening, the scope of change in local government varied.
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Starikov, S. S. "Federal Territory “Sirius” Executive Power Organization Features." Vestnik Povolzhskogo instituta upravleniya 22, no. 1 (2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1682-2358-2022-1-53-59.

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Legal regulation of the federal territory “Sirius” executive authority formation and the replacement of the administration head of the specified federal territory is analyzed. Based on a comparative analysis of the norms of the Federal Law “On the Federal Territory “Sirius” and the provisions of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the organization of local Self-government in the Russian Federation”, the specifics of the organization of public authorities of the federal territory are revealed.
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Omiunu, Ohiocheoya, and Ifeanyichukwu Azuka Aniyie. "Sub-national Involvement in Nigeria's Foreign Relations Law: An Appraisal of the Heterodoxy between Theory and Practice." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 30, no. 2 (May 2022): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2022.0407.

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Nations, in their interaction with the international system, usually have in place a legal regime governing the external exercise of the powers of the state. This regime Curtis Bradley describes as the foreign relations law (FRL) architecture of a state. In a conventional FRL system, plenary powers for the conduct of international relations reside with the central government. For countries operating a federal system of government, the centripetal and centrifugal dynamics inherent in this system of government pose a serious challenge to this orthodoxy. More so, catalysed by globalisation, subnational governments (SNGs) in federal systems are increasingly affecting the reception and operation of international norms and acting as ‘paradiplomatic’ actors in the foreign relations sphere. This emergent trend has led to a growing body of scholarship that considers individual and comparative case studies across different jurisdictions. Focusing on Nigeria as a case study, this article evaluates recent empirical evidence that shows an increase in external interactions by Nigeria's SNGs in the FDI sector since 1999. The article argues that these external interactions by Nigeria's SNGs are a deviation from the conventional constitutional configuration of Nigeria's FRL setup wherein plenary powers for foreign relations have been allocated to the Federal Government (FG).
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Aaron, Doris Dakda. "Contentious issues on Value-Added Tax and Sales Tax in Nigeria: A review of conflicting court decisions." Journal of Corporate and Commercial Law & Practice, The 7, no. 2 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jccl/v7/i2a1.

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Taxation is a universal means of revenue generation by governments worldwide. It is the oldest form of revenue generation. Many countries rely on taxes as an avenue for revenue generation to foster development and improve the welfare of their citizens. There are different types of taxes computed in line with the tax policies of individual countries. Nigeria, like many other countries, relies on taxes alongside other sources of revenue for its recurrent and capital expenditure. The various taxes in Nigeria include value-added tax (VAT), sales tax, company income tax and personal income tax. This article looks at contentious issues arising from the implementation of VAT and sales tax in Nigeria. The article adopts doctrinal methodology by reviewing case law and tax legislation, and using a comparative analysis approach. The article considers the provisions of the law and their applicability in the Nigerian federal system of government. The article also considers the powers of the federal and the state governments in respect of VAT and sales tax. The article finds that a major challenge in the implementation of VAT and sales tax in Nigeria is the debate between the states and the federal government of Nigeria about which tier of government has power over VAT and sales tax. The article recommends that states should be allowed to have power over VAT and sales tax alongside the federal government, as occurs in other federal settings. In addition, the end users of most consumable items are domiciled in the various states of Nigeria.
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Avtonomov, A., and V. Grib. "Main Trends in the Development of Russian Law on Non-Profit Organizations." BRICS Law Journal 7, no. 3 (October 10, 2020): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-3-81-103.

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The article is a comparative study of legal regulation on non-profits in the Russian Federation by federal law, including the Constitution, federal statutes, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government and Constitutional Court rulings in connection with certain international legal acts dealing with the right to association, and by the law of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The main stages of the development of the law on non-profits both at the federal level and at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the main trends in the development of non-profit law in modern Russia, are explored.
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Kozhevnikov, Oleg. "Some issues of legal regulation (of the legal status) control and accounting bodies of municipalities." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-82-88.

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Almost three decades have passed since the appearance of the Law of the Russian Federation from 06.07.1991 No. 1550-1 «On local self-government in the Russian Federation». Over the past historical stage, the regulatory framework of local self-government and its bodies has significantly transformed: this applies to the concept of local self-government, territorial and organizational foundations, and of course the legal status of individual local self-government bodies. This article provides a comparative legal analysis of certain provisions of Federal law No. 131-FZ of 06.102.2003 «On General principles of local self-government organization in the Russian Federation» and Federal law No. 6-FZ of 07.02.2011 «On General principles of organization and activity of control and accounting bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities» in the part concerning control and accounting bodies of municipalities. Based on the results of this analysis, significant contradictions were identified in the basic Federal normative legal acts regulating the legal status of the control and accounting body of a municipality, which need to be corrected by the Federal legislator in order to increase the level of unity and consistency in the legal regulation of the status of one of the most important bodies in the system of local self-government-the control and accounting body of a municipality.
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McAdams, A. James. "Spying on Terrorists: Germany in Comparative Perspective." German Politics and Society 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2007.250304.

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Intelligence and law enforcement agencies in western democracies are turning increasingly to electronic surveillance tools in their efforts to identify and combat new terrorist threats. But this does not mean that they are equally equipped to undertake these measures. As the author shows by comparing surveillance activities in three countries—Great Britain, the United States, and Germany—the Federal Republic's more restrictive legal norms and institutions provide its government with much less freedom of maneuver than its allies.
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Spitra, Sebastian M. "Austria Approaches Its Colonial Past: Prospects of a New Restitution Law for Cultural Objects." Santander Art and Culture Law Review 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.021.17034.

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In January 2022 theAustrian government established an expert committee to study the colonial heritage in its federal museums. Although Austria is a country not considered to have an extensive colonial past, Austrian museums hold large collections of ethnographic objects and human remains that they acquired during the heydays of colonialism. This country report introduces the current restitution debate in Austria through a legal lens. It discusses the legal situation of cultural objects from colonial contexts and the instruments available to museums and the federal government to organize restitutions and formulate rules. From a comparative law perspective, the specific history of Austria might turn the currently-evolving Austrian approach into an interesting example for other countries with public holdings of cultural objects from colonial contexts but without a history of direct colonialism.
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Очагова, Валерия Станиславовна. "ON CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF DRAFT FEDERAL LAW N 40361-8 «ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY»." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Право, no. 2(70) (June 30, 2022): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtpravo/2022.2.062.

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Статья посвящена исследованию проекта Федерального закона № 40361-8 «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в единой системе публичной власти». Проведен сравнительный анализ действующего Федерального закона от 6 октября 2003 г. № 131-ФЗ «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации» и нового законопроекта. Рассмотрен вопрос реформирования социально-культурной сферы в контексте данного законопроекта. The article is devoted to the study of the draft Federal Law N 40361-8 «On the general principles of organizing local self-government in a single system of public power». A comparative analysis of the current Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ «On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation» and a new bill was carried out. The issue of reforming the socio-cultural sphere in the context of this bill was considered.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Schaus, Annemie. "L'exécution des obligations internationales dans l'Etat fédéral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211768.

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Zorn, Christopher J. W. "U.S. government litigation strategies in the federal appellate courts /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487947908401578.

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Fiseha, Assefa. "Federalism and the accommodation of diversity in Ethiopia : a comparative study /." Nijmegen : Wolf Legal Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/515209775.pdf.

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Emathe, Francis E. "Somalia Igad's attempt to restore Somalia's transitional federal government." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2503.

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Political solutions have been found for several longstanding conflicts in Africa in 2003 - in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Burundi. The political arrangements in these countries may not necessarily usher in permanent peace and stability, but they at least afford an opportunity to work toward such goals. Unfortunately, this is not the case for Somalia, where anarchy, violence and chaos have prevailed for over 15 years. A national reconciliation conference - the 14th of its kind â sat in Nairobi for two years and finally formed a Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in August, 2004. As usual, the outcome of the conference was not welcomed, either by warlords or later on by Islamic clerics in Somalia. Nonetheless, despite institutional obstacles, the Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Inter Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Federal Government.
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Telford, Hamish. "Federalism in multinational societies : Switzerland, Canada, and India in comparative perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0016/NQ46433.pdf.

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Lee, Ho-yan, and 李可欣. "Government regulation in the financial services sector: a comparative perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974806.

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DeLoria, Julie Elizabeth. "A Comparative Study of Employee Commitment: Core and Contract Employees in a Federal Agency." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29324.

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This study examined commitment levels of two groups of employees: core government employees and contract employees who directly supported the Federal Government. The sample included 85 government employees and 131 contract employees. The research identified each group's level of commitment to various work entities. These included: immediate government office, government organization, employer, and occupation. The focus was on affective commitment, i.e., an employee's emotional attachment to, and desire to maintain membership with, a work entity. A measure was also taken for socialization-related learning. The purpose was to determine if there were: (1) differing levels of affective commitment among the immediate government office, government organization, the employer, and the occupation within each group, (2) differences in work entity affective commitment levels between the two groups, (3) differences in levels of socialization-related learning between the two groups (4) relationships between socialization-related learning levels and work entity affective commitment levels for each group, (5) differences in work entity affective commitment levels in relation to certain demographic variables, and (6) relationships between certain demographic variables and work entity affective commitment levels for each group. Findings indicated that both groups of employees did vary in commitment levels to various work entities. Government employees displayed the most commitment to the occupation and least to the immediate office. Contract employees also displayed the most commitment to the occupation but the least to the government organization. Between the two groups, commitment level to the employer differed significantly with contractors displaying a higher level to the employing firm than government employees recorded to the Federal Service. Work entity had a significant effect and a significant employee group-by-work entity interaction was found. Differences in socialization-related learning levels and a relationship between socialization-related learning and work entity affective commitment levels were found for both groups. Several relationships between demographic variables and work entity affective commitment levels were also found for both groups. Formal and informal interventions and work delegation strategies are recommended for organizations involved in employment relationships involving core and contract employees. Areas for future research are also presented.
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Cote, Nancy C. "Referendums and constitutional amendment in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ56167.pdf.

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Kristoferitsch, Hans. "Vom Staatenbund zum Bundesstaat? die Europäische Union im Vergleich mit den USA, Deutschland und der Schweiz /." Wien : Springer, 2007. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10217677.

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SOBRINO, Irene. "Welfare state and federalism : a constitutional viewpoint : the cases of Germany and Spain within the framework of the European Union." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13172.

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Defence date: 4 March 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Jacques Ziller, (EUI) ; Prof. Dieter Grimm, (Humboldt University, Berlin) ; Prof. Javier Pérez Royo, (University of Seville) ; Prof. Neil Walker, (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The question of the relation between the aims of current federalism and welfare states has often been portrayed as the idea of two dynamics addressing divergent senses: while federalism would essentially imply centrifugal tendencies, the fulfilment of welfare state postulates would require certain social standardization processes. However, the viewpoint from which this work departs is the constitutional intertwining of both concepts: it sets out to analyze how the welfare state principle and the federal territorial structure are constitutionally interrelated. In particular, the aspect of welfare state that is tackled refers to its fulfilment on a nation-wide basis, which requires focusing on the mechanisms needed to generate certain levels of socio-economic standardization. The main theme of the dissertation is therefore the analysis of the structural elements that embody the territorial scope of solidarity within the context of two politically decentralized countries, Germany and Spain. The dissertation is structured into five chapters. Chapter One, after analysing how the concepts of “welfare state”, “federalism” and their “interrelations” are tackled and explained by the existing literature, outlines an analytical framework for the examination of the territorial translation of welfare state. Chapter Two addresses the constitutional articulation of the search of a basic equality on the whole territory from the perspective of the allocation of social competences – i.e. health care, social assistance and social security and education - both in Germany and in Spain. Chapter Three focuses on some of the “constitutional structures” that are in charge of guaranteeing the basic uniformity of living conditions throughout the territory of each country (e.g. Art. 72 of the German Basic Law and 149.1.1 of the Spanish Constitution). Chapter Four analyses certain mechanisms that articulate the financial territorial redistribution in each system. Chapter Five is devoted to analysing the EU as a new territorial stratum involved in the social sphere regulation interacting with the nationally based welfare state.
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Books on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Gaudreault-DesBiens, Jean-François. Comparative federalism: LAW 534H1F. 2nd ed. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2003.

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Gaudreault-DesBiens, Jean-François. Comparative federalism: LAW 534H1F. 2nd ed. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2003.

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O, Vanachter, and Vranken M, eds. Federalism and labour law: Comparative perspectives. Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2004.

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B, De Villiers, ed. Evaluating federal systems. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta & Co., 1994.

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M, Gandhi B., and Banerjee Bhagabati Prosad, eds. Comparative federalism: A thorough study for post-graduate degrees in political science and law, of various universities on comparative federalism, primarily concerning with the judicial interpretation of the provisions of a federal constitution on a comparative level ... 2nd ed. New Delhi: Wadhwa & Co., 2008.

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Die Regionen mit Gesetzgebungshoheit: Eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zu Föderalismus und Regionalismus in Europa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2004.

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Abdulatipov, R. G. Opyty federalizma. Moskva: Izd-vo "Respublika", 1994.

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Deutsche Vereinigung für Politische Wissenschaft, ed. Föderalismusreform in Deutschland: Bilanz und Perspektiven im internationalen Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010.

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Rabe, Markus. Die föderale Entwicklung in Australien und Deutschland: Ein Rechtsvergleich. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2008.

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Bhatia, K. L. Federalism and frictions in centre-state relations: A comparative review of Indian and German constitutions. New Delhi: Deep & Deep, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Zavyalova, Elena B., Agnessa O. Inshakova, and Evgeny Y. Moiseichev. "Common and Special Legislation on PPP. Comparative Analysis of Federal Law on Concessions (Law-115) and Federal Law on Public-Private and Municipal-Private Partnerships (Law-224)." In Competitive Government: Public Private Partnerships, 41–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56352-3_3.

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Marion, Nancy E. "Law Enforcement." In Federal Government and Criminal Justice, 9–16. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230337619_2.

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Hague, Rod, and Martin Harrop. "Constitutions and law." In Comparative Government and Politics, 231–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-31786-5_13.

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Nicolini, Matteo. "‘Federal’ Legal Geographies." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 211–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19410-8_7.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Summary Overview of the Four Case Studies." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 329–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_22.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_4#Sec2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.
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Morrison, Fred L. "Fiscal Rules: Legal Limits on Government Deficit and Debt." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 513–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1066-2_22.

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Turenne, Sophie. "The Independence of a Meritorious Elite: The Government of Judges and Democracy." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 1–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1066-2_1.

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Stürner, Michael. "Sharing Responsibility: The German Federal Court of Justice and the Civil Appellate System." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 75–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63731-6_5.

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Maxeiner, James R. "The United States Federal Rules at 75: Dispute Resolution, Private Enforcement or Decisions According to Law?" In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 85–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21981-3_5.

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Feldman, Eric A., and Erin Quick. "Genetic Discrimination in the United States: What State and National Government Are Doing to Protect Personal Information." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 331–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43699-5_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Case, G. G., and R. L. Zelmer. "Comparative Experiences in Environmental Remediation of LLR Waste Sites in Diverse Canadian Environments." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4846.

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A variety of sites contaminated with legacy low-level radioactive (LLR) waste materials have been identified across Canada. Many of these sites, associated with former radium and uranium refining and processing operations, are located in urbanized areas of southern Ontario. However, other sites have been discovered at more remote locations in Canada, including northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. The diversity of waste froms, ranging from pitchblende ore and processing wastes, to discarded luminescent products, combined with construction and transportation logistical issues encountered at these sites, present ongoing challenges for the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWMO) to overcome in meeting its mandate to resolve these legacy problems. Since its establishment in 1982, the federal government’s LLRWMO has operated programs to characterize and delineate contaminated historic waste sites across Canada. These programs have included undertaking property decontaminations, waste consolidation and interim storage projects at many sites, and participating with federal and provincial government departments and local communities to consider long-term storage and disposal opportunities. This paper compares four specific environmental remediation programs conducted by the LLRWMO within diverse Canadian settings found at Port Hope and Toronto (southern Ontario), Fort McMurray (northern Alberta), and Vancouver (west coast of British Columbia). Contaminant characterization and delineation, and remediation plan design and implementation aspects of these individual programs span the time period from the early 1980s through to 2002. The individual programs dealt with a variety of legacy waste forms that contained natural radioactive materials such as radium-226, total uranium, total thorium and thorium-230, as well as coincidental inorganic contaminants including arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury, vanadium and zinc. Application of the lessons learned during these individual programs, as well as the development of new and innovative technologies to meet the specific needs of these programs, have enabled the LLRWMO to effectively and efficiently implement environmental remediation solutions that address the variety of Canada’s legacy LLR wastes.introduction.
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Nelson, Lisa, and Jacob Parcell. "Comparative perspectives on public dialogues in the federal government." In the 13th Annual International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2307729.2307773.

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Heinl, Michael P., Simon Gölz, and Christoph Bösch. "A Comparative Security Analysis of the German Federal Postal Voting Process." In DG.O'21: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3463677.3463679.

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Sandquist, Gary M., and Jay F. Kunze. "Comparative Study of Government Subsidization of U.S. Electrical Energy Sources." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29327.

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Perception that U.S. government energy subsidies have favored nuclear energy at expense of renewables (hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal) is not supported by facts. Largest beneficiaries between 1950 and 2006 from federal energy subsidies have been oil and gas receiving more than half of all federal incentives. Primary subsidy for nuclear energy has been R&D. Evaluating the actual electrical energy produced resulting from government subsidy support shows that wind and solar have cost taxpayers 355mils/kWh, coal 1.53 mils/kWh, nuclear 3.8 mils/kWh and hydro at 5.88 mils/kWh. Average cost of U.S. electrical energy in 2006 was 91 mils/kWh so renewables were subsidized at four times the average cost of electricity. Subsidy for Solar Photovoltaic to produce 0.01% of U.S. electricity as of 2006 was $4.43/kWh.
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Putri, Mery, and Winda Wijayanti. "Elaboration of Government Policy in Pandemic Era: ASEAN and Indonesia’s Local Regulation Comparative." In Proceedings from the 1st International Conference on Law and Human Rights, ICLHR 2021, 14-15 April 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-4-2021.2312855.

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Pershin, Kirill. "Issues of legal support of the Housing and Construction Cooperative as a subject of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/244-251.

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Housing and construction cooperative as a subject of small and medium-sized enterprises in accordance with the Constitution of Russia has the right to choose the form of ownership and form of organization of business activities. The legal situation of the housing and construction cooperative is determined by civil law. The financial and economic activities of the housing and construction cooperative in Russia are regulated by such sources of civil law as the Constitution, Codified Acts, Federal Laws, Government Regulations, Acts of Ministries and other Federal Authorities, Contracts with Resource and Supply organizations and the Treaty to ensure the life of the housing and construction cooperative. Such a plethora of civil law sources regulating the activities of the housing and construction cooperative poses a number of problems in practice. The article attempts to organize the regulatory framework of the cooperative.
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Begović, Boris, and Nikola Ilić. "FTC V. FACEBOOK OR BREAKING UP DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: MOTIVES, RATIONALE, AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES FROM A COMPETITION LAW PERSPECTIVE." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18815.

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The Federal Trade Commission of the United States (FTC) filed a Complaint against Facebook on 9th December 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While facing one of the biggest social and economic crises in American history, FTC has enough time and resources to (re)investigate Facebook’s acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp. This paper analyses motives and rationale behind the FTC’s Complaint requesting Facebook’s break-up and what could be possible alternatives from a competition law perspective. All the findings suggest that the FTC’s Complaint is politically motivated, and the competition authorities should enable digital platforms to expand. However, the expansion should be controlled, to ensure that the benefits for consumers are not undermined by relatively slower (not diversified) technological development.
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Чихладзе, Л. Т., and О. Ю. Ганина. "New trends in the development of local self-government in the light of the 2020 constitutional reform." In XXIII Международная научная конференция «Цивилизация знаний: российские реалии» «Цивилизационные задачи современного правоведения: наука, образование, практика» (стратегическая панель). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cz22.2022.53.89.001.

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В статье анализируются актуальные вопросы развития системы органов местного самоуправления в свете конституционной реформы 2020 г. Исследовано понятие «местное самоуправление» по Федеральному закону «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации» и законопроекту о местном самоуправлении. Затронута проблема функционирования органов местного самоуправления в условиях укрупнения муниципальных образований и перехода к одноуровневой системе организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации. New trends in the development of local self-government in the light of the 2020 constitutional reformAnnotation: The article analyzes topical issues of the development of the system of local governments in the light of the constitutional reform of 2020. The concept of "local selfgovernment" according to the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" and the draft law on local self-government is studied. The problem of the functioning of local governments in the context of consolidation of municipalities and the transition to a single-level system of organization of local government in the Russian Federation is touched upon.
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Reese, Paul. "Calibration in Regulated Industries: Federal Agency Use of ANSI Z540.3 and ISO 17025." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.21.

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ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006 and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 are voluntary consensus standards which prescribe requirements for the calibration of measuring and test equipment and for the technical competency of the performing laboratories. Many agencies in the U.S. which are part of, or regulated by, the Federal Government are required to use instruments which have been calibrated in accordance with one or both of these standards. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 compels all federal agencies to use technical standards that are developed by consensus standards bodies, in lieu of "government-unique" standards. ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3 have evolved over a half-century of metrological advancement, drawing upon expertise in the public and private sector. They are now supported by a mature infrastructure that facilitates mutual recognition and global trade, ensuring calibrations are accepted worldwide. However, some federal agencies and regulatory bodies in the U.S. have not yet adopted these standards. Calibrations are routinely performed on instruments, utilized in some government-regulated industries, which may not conform to these requirements. This paper discusses risks imparted to products and services produced in such environments. Particular focus is given to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of calibration requirements in the Quality System Regulation (QSR) found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Currently, a paucity of official guidance exists with respect to what constitutes an acceptable calibration program in medical device and pharmaceutical industries. Ambiguities persist due to lack of agreement upon voluntary consensus standards such as ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3. Fundamental requirements such as traceability, measurement uncertainty, measurement decision-rules, as well as basic metrological definitions are ill-defined in the CFR. The objective of this paper is to provide relevant background information and to encourage constructive dialogue between government agencies, standards writing committees, industry partners, and third party assessment/accreditation bodies. Cooperation of this type is consistent with public law and White House policy objectives. Ultimately, such dialogue may foster agreement on the use of these voluntary consensus standards for calibration in regulated industries, resulting in improved quality and reduced risk to consumers and patients.
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Khattaa, Semirames, Bárbara Laurindo da Silva, and Manuela Pereira Gomes. "Public policies and social rights: employment and income in Brazil." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212439.

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The analyzes of public policies and their interface with the law are related to the effectiveness of fundamental rights. This article aims to analyze how the creation and execution of public policies aimed at the realization of fundamental social rights, especially those aimed at employment and income, as well as the judicial control of these public policies, are carried out. It seeks to identify the mechanisms and limits inherent to Public Administration to promote the realization of these rights in an equal way. The investigation of institutional designs, federative arrangements, and programs and the legal foundations and theoretical bases of public policies founded with the consolidation of the Constitutional State of Law seek to identify possible bottlenecks in the Brazilian Public Administration for the effectiveness of socialrights, such as those aimed at employment nationwide and the municipal administration, especially in Campos dos Goytacazes. The study will be based on a bibliographic research and analysis of the legislative and jurisprudential process on the subject, with data collection from the websites of the federal and municipal government of Campos, Ministério Público, Courts of Auditors, IPEA, IBGE, Federal Chamber of Deputies and well. as the Federal Supreme Court (STF). With the systematization of theoretical references on public policies and fundamental rights, a proposal to identify the articulation and dialogue between the powers in the area of realization of specific social rights related to work and income, and the elaboration of an article summarizing the results achieved by the analysis of effectiveness with the analysis of the importance of the effectiveness of fundamental rights with the identification and systematization of the main institutional obstacles to their implementation
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Reports on the topic "Federal government – Comparative law"

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Willson, Stephanie. Affirmative Action in Federal Employment: Reconciling Government Policy with Federal Law and the Constitution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420175.

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Ferrari, Sergio. Local Government in Brazil and Switzerland : A Comparative Study on Merger an Inter-Municipal Cooperation. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2015.06.

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This text is the result of a comparative research on local government in Brazil and Switzerland, with emphasis on the themes of creation and merger of municipalities and inter-municipal cooperation. The first chapter contains a theoretical study on the relationship between local government and federalism, as well as a brief analysis of the constitutional profile of municipalities in various countries. In the second and third chapters are explained profiles of municipalities respectively in Brazil and Switzerland. In the fourth chapter a comparison is made between these profiles, especially in the chosen subjects (merger and inter-municipal cooperation). In the conclusion, taking the precautions needed in any study of comparative law, are exposed some ideas for improvement of local government in both countries.
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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.

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Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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Flagg, Melissa, and Zachary Arnold. A New Institutional Approach to Research Security in the United States: Defending a Diverse R&D Ecosystem. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200051.

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U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Mote, Philip W., John Abatzoglou, Kathie D. Dello, Katherine Hegewisch, and David E. Rupp. Fourth Oregon climate assessment report. State of climate science : 2019. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1159.

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This report, required by state law under HB3543, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of science of climate change as it pertains to Oregon, covering the physical, biological, and social dimensions. The first chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of physical changes in climate and hydrology, focusing on the period since the previous Oregon Climate Assessment Report (OCAR3, Dalton et al. 2017); and the second chapter covers the impacts. The second chapter is, verbatim, the Northwest chapter of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) which was released by the federal government November 23, 2018. It is available for download separately: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch24_Northwest_Full.pdf
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Swinson Evans, Tammeka, Suzanne West, Linda Lux, Michael Halpern, and Kathleen Lohr. Cancer Symptoms and Side Effects: A Research Agenda to Advance Cancer Care Options. RTI Press, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rb.0016.1707.

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Cancer survivors have unique physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health needs. These can include symptoms and side effects associated with cancer and cancer treatment, such as pain, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, and elevated anxiety and depression. This research brief summarizes a landscape review done for the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to develop a clear, comprehensive understanding of the state of research as of the mid-2000s. We conducted a targeted search strategy to identify projects funded by federal and commercial sources and the American Cancer Society (ACS) in addition to identifying funding opportunities released by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We conducted additional review to identify studies focused on symptom and side-effect measures and five priority topic areas (selected by PCORI prior to the review) in the following five databases (from January 2005- through September 2015) with an inclusion criteria in an adapted PICOTS framework (populations, interventions, comparators, outcomes, time frames, and settings). We identified 692 unduplicated studies (1/2005 to 9/2015) and retained 189 studies about cancer symptom and side-effect management. Of these studies, NIH funded 40% and the ACS 33%. Academic institutions, health care systems, other government agencies, and private foundations or industry supported the remainder. We identified critical gaps in the knowledge base pertaining to populations, interventions, comparators (when those are relevant for comparative effectiveness reviews), and outcomes. We also discovered gaps in cross-cutting topics, particularly for patient decision-making studies, patient self-management of cancer symptoms and side effects, and coordinated care.
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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.

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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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