Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Federal Circuit'

Although federal circuit and district court judges are placed within a federal hierarchy, and receive legal and judicial training that emphasizes the importance of the judicial framework and its structure, such judges are also subjected to other pressures such as the types of litigants within the courtrooms as well as their local political environment. Furthermore, such judges are apt to form their own views about politics and legal policy and are often appointed by presidents who approve of their ideological leanings. Thus, federal courts are caught between competing goals such as their willingness to maximize their preferred legal policy, and their place within the judicial hierarchy. This dissertation applies hierarchy and impact theory to assess the importance of the judicial framework and its socialization, by analyzing both the judicial opinions and votes of federal circuit and district court judges in obscenity cases during a four-decade period (1957-1998). The research presented here finds the influence of higher court precedent to correspond in part with the conception of a judicial hierarchy. An analysis of citations of Supreme Court precedent (Roth v. United States (1957) and Miller v. California (1973)) in lower court majority opinions suggests low levels of compliance: lower courts at the circuit and district court level do not signal to the Supreme Court their acceptance of High Court doctrine; thus, except for 'factual' cases, most circuit and district court decisions do not comply formally with higher court precedent. An analysis of judicial votes, however, suggests that a Supreme Court doctrinal shift (to Miller v. California) influences lower court decisions only at the circuit court level. Further investigation suggests that Supreme Court precedent has a greater influence in circuit courts than in district courts: not only is the magnitude greater for circuit (versus district) court decisions, such results occur when controlling for such factors as the appointing president, regional variations, various constitutional claims and types of litigants. Thus, it appears that the influence of Supreme Court doctrine is much stronger in the circuit courts (only one step removed from the Supreme Court) than in district courts yet the hierarchy is influential nonetheless.

While scholars have focused on the importance of the landmark decisions of the United States Supreme Court and its Chief Justice, John Marshall, in the rising influence of the federal justice system in the early Republic, the crucial role of the circuit courts in establishing uniformity of federal law and procedure across the nation has largely been ignored. This thesis seeks to remedy this lack of research on circuit courts by revealing the central role of their presiding Supreme Court justices in the successful development of a national court system drawn up from the ‘inferior’ courts rather than down from the Supreme Court to the lower jurisdictions. This thesis argues that, at a time when the Supreme Court had few cases to consider, all of the nation’s law was formulated by the lower courts; with very few decisions appealed, the circuit court opinions were invariably accepted as final, settling the law for each circuit and for the nation if followed by other justices. Therefore, in the early years, it was the circuit experience and not Supreme Court authority which shaped the course of United States law. This thesis contributes to an understanding of this early justice system because of its focus on and the depth of its research into the work of the circuit courts. Through detailed analysis, it reveals the sources used by the justices to influence the direction of the law and, by its reading of almost 2000 cases tried by four prominent Marshall associate justices, presents insights into momentous issues facing the Union. The thesis examines the generality of the circuit work of each justice but pays particular attention to the different ways in which each contributed to the shaping of United States law. Understanding the importance of the role of the circuit courts leads to a more informed reading of early American legal history.

Assessing the effect of race on crime is an important topic of criminology and criminal justice research. Prior investigations have sought to uncover if racial disparities exist within certain aspects of the criminal justice system, such as arrests, trials, and sentencing. The existing scholarship, however, has largely focused on assessing differences between Black and Hispanic offenders in relation to White offenders. There has been little academic exploration to examine if racial disparities exist among American Indian offenders during criminal justice processing. To address this gap in knowledge, this study analyzes data collected from the United States Sentencing Commission to assess if American Indians receive different sentencing outcomes, when compared to other racial groups. The findings from a series of binary logistic and ordinary least square regression analyses suggest that American Indians are sentenced to prison more often than White, Black, and Hispanic offenders, but receive similar sentence lengths compared to Whites and shorter sentence lengths compared to Blacks and Hispanics. The implications of these results are discussed.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2007.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Political Science." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 50-55.

Avalia as percepções sobre o uso da Assinatura Digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região por parte dos Desembargadores, tendo como base teórica a Teoria dos Sistemas. Descreve a evolução das assinaturas como forma de identidade do indivíduo, desde os selos-cilindros da Mesopotâmia até a Assinatura Digital, baseada na tecnologia de criptografia. Discute as diferenças entre os paradigmas Custodial e Pós-Custodial, necessários para entender as transformações ocorridas com a introdução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na sociedade. Aponta a necessidade de transdisciplinaridade para a elaboração de pesquisas, principalmente entre Informação e Comunicação, por serem bases deste estudo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com servidores e Desembargadores do Tribunal Regional da Quarta Região, contextualiza as informações coletadas tendo em vista o fenômeno Infocomunicacional, observando aspectos de produção da informação, usos e criação de possibilidades para que aconteça a interação/comunicação. Conclui que, apesar dos usuários verem algumas desvantagens no uso da Assinatura Digital, as vantagens superam em benefícios, proporcionando agilidade no fazer jurídico.
Evaluating the perceptions on the use of Digital Signature in the Federal Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit by Federal Judges, based on the Systems Theory. Describes the evolution of signatures as a form of identity of the individual, since the cylinder-seals of Mesopotamia to the Digital Signature based on encryption technology. Discusses the differences between the Custodial and Post-Custodial paradigms, necessary to understand the changes with the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies in society. Highlights the need for transdisciplinarity to the development of research, especially between Information and Communication, the bases for this study. From interviews with employees and Federal Judges of the Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit, contextualizes the information collected in view of the Infocomunicacional phenomenology, observing aspects of Information production, use and creation of opportunities to happen for the interaction/communication. Concludes that, despite the users see some disadvantages in the use of Digital Signature, the advantages outweigh the benefit, providing the agility to make justice.

Unelected bureaucrats make a broad range of important policy decisions raising concerns of accountability in a democratic society. Many classics in the literature highlight the need to understand agency decisions at stages prior to the final vote by agency appointees, but few studies of the bureaucracy do so. To this point, scholars have treated the issue of shirking as one where laziness and inefficiency are the driving forces. However, it is more realistic to expect that shirking comes in the form of ideological resistance by administrators. I develop a theory that the independence afforded to the bureaucracy is functionally comparable to that of the judiciary, allowing for the insertion of individual attitudinal preferences by bureaucrats. Drawing from the attitudinal model of judicial research, I look at whether attitudes affect the decision making of administrative law judges at the National Labor Relations Board, the influence administrative law judge decisions have on reviewing bodies, and whether attitudinal decision making can be controlled by external political and legal actors. Results demonstrate that Democratic judges are more likely than Republican judges to rule for labor in unfair labor practice cases, administrative law judge decisions provide the basis for subsequent decisions of reviewing bodies, and that few political and legal controls exist over this set of bureaucrats. This research provides evidence that lower level bureaucrats make decisions based on their own political preferences and that these preferences have far ranging consequences for policy and law.

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When the 1988 Brazilian Constitution came into force, a new social-political boundary was established, conferring to the judiciary branch a huge number of constitutional powers, in order to allow it to act as a guarantor of democracy and fundamental rights. In fact, there is an explicit framework of dysfunctionalities in the judicial power, i.e., there is a vast difference between what was written in the Constitution and the judicial activity provided by the Judiciary branch, considering the legal possibilities and facts historically observed. According to data from the National Council of Justice, there are more than 92.2 millions pending cases in Brazil. In the Federal Courts, there are more than 11.5 million cases, involving paramount questions related to citizenship (dwelling, social security, health, education, etc). Therefore, the due process clause is revisited, founded in the principle of fraternity and Normative Legal Humanism, in order to find out mediation as a great alternative to resolve disputes in the Federal Courts in Brazil
No marco sócio-político brasileiro, com a entrada em vigor da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, em 1988, ocorre uma conferência vultosa de poderes constitucionais ao Poder Judiciário, a fim de que este atue como fiador da democracia e garantidor dos direitos fundamentais. Na realidade, tem-se explicitamente um quadro de disfuncionalidades do Poder judicante, isto é, há uma diferença abissal entre o que o Poder Constituinte positivou na Carta Maior e a atividade jurisdicional que, de fato, o Judiciário presta, à luz das possibilidades jurídicas e fáticas observáveis na concretude histórica. Segundo os dados do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, há mais de 92,2 milhões de processos em tramitação no Poder Judiciário Brasileiro. Na Justiça Federal, tramitam mais de 11,5 milhões de processos, envolvendo questões vitais da cidadania (habitação, previdência, saúde, educação, etc.). Assim, revisita-se o princípio do devido processo legal, com alicerce no princípio da fraternidade e no jus-humanismo normativo, para apontar a conciliação como uma grande alternativa para o acesso e a saída da Justiça Federal brasileira

Cette these etudie dans une perspective historique le role et le fonctionnement d'une organisation professionnelle patronale reunissant des cooperatives de commercants. Dans un titre introductif elle analyse la specivicite de ses membres -cooperatives de commercants - ainsi que leur evolution, depuis leur origine a la fin du 19eme siecle jusque dans les annees 1990, liees aux mutations de la distribution. La premiere partie procede a l'examen de la mission traditionnelle de defense et de representation de l'union federale des cooperatives de commercants (ufcc) - associatin regie par la loi du 1er juillet 1901 - l'ufcc organe representatif des cooperatives de commercants, compte-tenu de l'appartenance de ses adherents a la fois au secteur du commerce et au monde cooperatif, est membre tant de l'organisation reunissant l'ensemble des entreprises du commerce (et donc indirectement du cnpf) que du groupement rassemblant les mouvements cooperatifs. La deuxieme partie analyse le role joue par l'union federale en tant qu'organe de participation a des fonctions etatiques. A cet egard, l'auteur distingue la participation de l'union : a) a l'elaboration de la politique economique et sociale du gouvernement par l'intermediaire de sapresence active au sein d'organes tels le conseil superieur de la cooperation, les commissions du plan ainsi que les commissions d'urbanisme commercial, b) a la mise en oeuvre de la politique deja decidee par le gouvernement et qui trouve sa traduction dans un processus de collaboration avec les pouvoirs publics notamment dans les domaines de l'adaptation aux cooperatives du plan comptable general ou dans l'instauration d'un regime de controle des prix
This thesis studies from an historical point of view, themission and functioning of an employers professional organization joining retailers co-operatives. In an introductory chapter, it analyses the specific features of its members - retailers co-operatives - and their evolution since the orogins at the end of the 19th century until the early nineties, in connection with the changes of trade distribution. The first part examines the traditional mission of representation and defence fulfilled by the federal union of retailers co-operatives ("ufcc"), a french "association" governed by the law of july 1st 1901. "ufcc" as the representative of retailers co-operatives, who belong both to the world of trade and to the world of co-operatives is a member of the organization uniting all french trade enterprises (itself a branch of the "cnpf" the french union of private employers) as well as the organisation including all the co-operatives movements. The second part analyses the part played by "ufcc" as an agent participating in state functions. In that respect the author makes a distinction between a) participation in the economic and social policy of the government by an active lobbying inside bodies such as the "conseil superieur de la cooperation" (higher council of cooperation) the "commissions du plan" (planning committees) and the "commissions d'urbanisme commercial" (commissions of trade city planning(, b) participation in the implementation of the policy already decided by the government which has resulted into a process of cooperation with the state authorities, especially in the fields dealing with adapting the "plan comptable general" (general accounting rules) to co-operatives and so far, has led to the setting up of a price control regulation

Esta pesquisa de mestrado é conduzida pela percepção de que a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) mantém apenas registros parciais, dispersos em diferentes espaços, da produção jornalística e publicitária realizada pela sua Assessoria de Imprensa (AI), órgão responsável pela divulgação das ações desenvolvidas pela instituição. A partir desta constatação, este estudo contextualiza a diferença entre história e memória, nomeando história à cronologia dos fatos ligados à Assessoria de Imprensa − e à UFRGS, e memória ao que foi relatado nas entrevistas feitas com antigos funcionários e nos questionários aplicados a bolsistas. Isso significa não apenas recordar o que o órgão já viveu ou o que produziu, mas é, também, identificar os momentos marcantes pelos quais a Universidade passou desde a sua criação, contados em jornais, boletins e publicações feitos pela Assessoria de Imprensa, de acordo com demandas e ferramentas disponíveis em cada época, até chegar ao estágio em que a era analógica passa a conviver com a era digital. Esta investigação também recupera e analisa documentos oficiais que regulam e regulamentam as atividades do setor. Sob o viés metodológico de caráter exploratório e de pesquisa qualitativa, registra-se aqui como a Assessoria de Imprensa da UFRGS historiografou suas práticas comunicacionais, os caminhos que percorreu e as estratégias adotadas para constituir sua identidade comunicacional. Aponta, ainda, como vem dando testemunho da memória social e institucional e adota o circuito da cultura, de du Gay et al. (1997), para promover uma reflexão sobre os cinco eixos que o compõem: produção, representação, regulação, consumo e identidade, articulando-os, por meio de instâncias analíticas, ao seu objeto de estudo.
Esta investigación de maestría es conducida bajo la percepción de que la Universidad Federal del Río Grande del Sur (UFRGS) mantiene sólo registros parciales, esparcidos en diferentes espacios, de la producción periodística y publicitaria realizada por su Asesoría de Prensa (Assessoria de Imprensa - AI), sector responsable por la difusión de las acciones desarrolladas por la institución. A partir de esa constatación, el trabajo contextualiza la diferencia entre historia y memoria, nombrando historia a la cronología de los hechos referentes a la Asesoría de Prensa y a la Universidad, y memoria a lo que fue relatado en las entrevistas hechas a los trabajadores más antiguos y en las encuestas aplicadas a los estudiantes becarios. Eso significa no simplemente recordar lo que el sector ha vivido o producido, sino también identificar los momentos tajantes por los cuales la Universidad ha pasado desde su creación, contados en periódicos, boletines y publicaciones hechas por la Asesoría de Prensa acorde a las demandas y herramientas disponibles en cada época, hasta llegar a la etapa en que lo analógico pasa a convivir con la era digital. Esta investigación también recupera y analiza documentos oficiales que regulan y reglamentan las actividades del sector. Bajo la vía metodológica de carácter exploratorio y de investigación cualitativa, registrase aquí cómo la Asesoría de Prensa hizo la historiografía de sus prácticas comunicacionales, los caminos recorridos y las estrategias adoptadas para constituir su identidad comunicacional. Apunta, también, hacia la forma como viene dando testimonio de la memoria social y elíjese el circuito de la cultura, de du Gay et al. (1997), para promover una reflexión sobre los cinco ejes que componen ese circuito: producción, representación, consumo e identidad, articulándolos, a través de instancias analíticas, a su objeto de estudio.

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Capes
Consumo de energia é um grande desafio durante o projeto de um SoC (System-on-a-Chip). Dependendo do projeto, para garantir maior precisão na estimação do consumo de energia, pode ser necessário estimar o consumo de energia do sistema ou parte dele utilizando diferentes elementos: diferentes abordagens de estimação, ferramentas ou, até mesmo, modelos descritos em variadas linguagens e/ou níveis de abstração. Porém, consiste em um desafio incorporar tais elementos para criação de um ambiente de simulação distribuído e heterogêneo, o qual permita que estes se comuniquem e troquem informações de modo sincronizado. Diante do exposto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver uma abordagem, utilizando-se High Level Architecture (HLA), a fim de permitir a criação de um ambiente de simulação distribuído e heterogêneo, composto por diferentes ferramentas e modelos. Estes modelos podem ser descritos em diversas linguagens e/ou níveis de abstração, como também podem utilizar diferentes abordagens a estimação do consumo de energia. O uso da HLA permite que os elementos que compõem este ambiente heterogêneo possam ser simulados de maneira sincronizada e distribuída. A abordagem deve proporcionar a coleta e o agrupamento de dados de estimação de consumo de energia de modo centralizado. Para realização dos estudos de caso, foi utilizado um benchmark composto por um conjunto escalável de MPSoC (MultiProcessor System-on-Chip) descrito em C++/SystemC e o arcabouço Ptolemy. Um projeto em SystemVerilog/Verilog também foi utilizado para validar a coleta de dados de estimação de consumo de energia de modelos descritos nessas linguagens, por meio da abordagem proposta. Resultados experimentais demonstraram a flexibilidade da abordagem e sua aplicabilidade para a criação de um ambiente de simulação síncrono e heterogêneo, o qual promove uma visão integrada dos dados de energia estimados.
Energy consumption is a big challenge in SoC (System-on-a-Chip) design. Depending on the project requirements, to guarantee a better accuracy in power estimation, it might be necessary to estimate the power consumption of a system or part of it using different elements: different power estimation approaches, tools or, even, models described in different languages and/or abstraction levels. However, it is a challenge to incorporate these elements to create a simulation environment distributed and heterogeneous, which allows these elements to communicate and exchange information synchronously. In view of what has been exposed, the present research aims to develop an approach using HLA (High Level Architecture), enabling the creation of an environment distributed and heterogeneous, composed by different tools and models. These models can be described in different languages and/or abstraction levels, as well as use different power estimation approaches. The use of HLA enables the synchronized and distributed simulation of the elements that compose the simulation environment. The approach must allow the collecting and grouping of power estimation data in a centralized manner. As a case study, it has been used a benchmark composed of a scalable set of MPSoCs (MultiProcessor Systemon-Chip) which is described in C++/SystemC and the Ptolemy framework. A project in SystemVerilog/Verilog was also used to validate the power estimation data collected from models described in these languages, through the proposed approach. The experimental results show the approach flexibility and its applicability on creation of a distributed and synchronous simulation environment, which promotes an integrated view of power estimation data.

Political scientists have conducted much work examining a court's decision on the merits of a case. We have concluded that ideology has a strong influence on the outcome on the merits of a decision. Furthermore, courts seek to render a decision that is closest to their own policy preferences. However, federal circuit courts within the judicial hierarchy are constrained by other actors according to the strategic model. There is an abundance of evidence showing that superior actors constrain courts' ideological preferences when such courts render decisions on the merits. However, there is a dearth of scholarship regarding judicial decision making on threshold issues. I argue that federal circuit courts set their judicial agendas by transforming their mandatory appellate jurisdiction into one that is discretionary. They achieve this goal by controlling the type of litigants who gain access to the courts by deciding cases on threshold grounds. I also argue that federal circuit courts are responsive to changes in Congress's ideology because Congress has power to control threshold issues through various mechanisms. I seek to establish that the grounds upon which as case is dismissed -- jurisdictional, justiciable, and procedural -- defines the parameters that constrain federal circuit courts.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
專利研究所
106
In the four years since the Alice decision was passed, the two-step framework test has become the main process and rules for CAFC to determine the patent subject matter eligibility. In the past two years, the CAFC suit cases have been released in nearly 30 cases each year. An "abstract idea" judgment in step 1 and a "significant more" judgment (or finding "invention concept") in step 2 still do not seem to allow practitioners to clearly understand its criteria. On the contrary, how to master these rules still confuses practitioners. In This study, the objects are taken from recent US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases related to patent subject matter eligibility of computer software and after Alice decision. Through analyzing and summarizing a number of eligible and ineligible cases, this study discuss the key points of the two-step framework test criteria, and put forward related issues for the “inventive concept” and the comparison of computer software patent eligibility examination in the United States, Europe, and Taiwan. The methodologies of this study are case study, comparative method and literature analysis. Case study: the objects are recent US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases related to patent subject matter eligibility of computer software. Comparative method: the objects are rules of subject matter eligibility of computer software by CAFC case decisions and USPTO's latest version of the MPEP guidance, and the other objects are the regulations for determining patent subject matter eligibility of computer software in the US, Europe and Taiwan. Literature analysis: the objects are domestic and foreign journal papers and dissertations related to patent subject matter eligibility of computer software. The results of this study: (1) criteria for determining patent subject matter eligibility of computer software in the US apparently becoming strict, under the test of two-step framework, computer software is very likely to be determined to be directed to an abstract idea or lacking of inventive concept and thus ineligible in court decision; (2) The “invention concept” is a key factor under the of two-step framework test of patent subject matter eligibility. It is reflected in the request that “to use unconventional and specific technological way, and provide technological improvements to solve specific and technological problems" or simply called "specific technological improvement solutions"; (3) The meaning of "inventive concepts" is different from novelty or non-obviousness. The patent subject matter eligibility should be determined separately from novelty or non-obviousness. (4) Nowadays, the criteria for determining patent subject matter eligibility of computer software in the United States has been significantly stricter than in Europe. And there is a great harmonization of computer software patent eligibility on substantial examination in the US and Taiwan.

碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所碩士在職專班
107
Title 35 of the United States Code is a title of United States Code regardsing patent law. Among which, 35 U.S.C. 101, ” Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.”, defines which categories of inventions are eligible for patent protection. Because software inventions consist of mathematical algorithms, they were always regarded as patent-ineligible abstract ideas. Along with the computer technology development and application, the patent eligibility for software inventions has become a controversial issue. In order to solve this problem, in 2014, U.S. Supreme Court set forth an “Alice/Mayo two-prong test” in Alice v. CLS Bank case to be a standard tool for judging the patent eligibility. However, the ambiguities of the test arise a lot of criticism. This article reviews all the software-invention decisions of Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit which pass the “Alice/Mayo two-prong test” to understand the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent case law on the patent-eligibility issue. This article decodes those decisions and analyzes the results by quantitative research and qualitative research. In addition, by also introducing USPTO’s new 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidence (2019 PEG), this article provides practical suggestions for patent practitioners regarding the software inventions from both patent litigation and patent prosecution perspectives.

碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所碩士在職專班
105
This article reviews the decisions of Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to understand the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent case law on the patentability issue. This article decodes those decisions and analyzes the results by quantitative research and qualitative research. In addition, by analyzing the characteristics of the claims at issue, this article provides practical suggestions for patent practitioners regarding the characteristics of claims that are relevant to the eligibility test.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
專利研究所
106
Patent system is one of the most important forms of intellectual property rights in the era of knowledge economy. Among the three requirements of patentability, the determination about whether an invention is obvious is the most difficult. It has always been difficult to explain the law of obviousness, so that the determination often been subjective. The purpose of this study is to provide a analysis on interpretation of the determination about obviousness from the decisions of the courts in the US, that make it easier to understanding of the MPEP of obviousness. The methodologies of this study are case study and literature analysis. (1) Case study: The cases in the guideline and CAFC’s cases in recent year for determining whether an invention is obvious. (2)Literature analysis: the objects are domestic and foreign journal papers and dissertations related to determination about obviousness. In comparison, both administrative and judicial examinations of inventive step in Taiwan are considered to be made with less expression on “the level of the PHOSITA” and “whether a PHOSITA with the reference to prior arts and common knowledge can complete the whole invention without difficulty.” The results of this study: It is recommended that proved the combination of prior arts by many factors ( the patentee was trying to solve the problem, no expectation of success, teaching away …), and the level of the person having ordinary skill in the art is embodied by emphasizing the scope of the prior art, make the gray space of obviousness clearly.