Relevant bibliographies by topics / Federal Circuit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Federal Circuit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 August 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Federal Circuit"

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FUJINO, Jinzo. "Federal Circuit." Journal of Information Processing and Management 45, no. 11 (2003): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1241/johokanri.45.764.

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Fraedrich, Laura. "Federal Circuit Keeps Commerce Honest." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 2 (February 1, 2011): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011017.

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Twenty years ago, from May 1990 through April 1991, Shinyei Corporation of America (hereinafter “Shinyei”) imported ball bearings into the United States that were subject to an antidumping duty order on ball bearings from Japan. The ball bearings had been manufactured by six different Japanese manufacturers and were subject to the second administrative review of the relevant antidumping duty order. The Department of Commerce, however, failed to apply the results of that administrative review to Shinyei’s imports, and Shinyei sued the Department of Commerce at the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) in 2000. This case note follows the path of the ensuing litigation, including three remands to the CIT by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (hereinafter “Federal Circuit”), which recently awarded attorney’s fees to Shinyei under the Equal Access to Justice Act.
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Calvin, Darrell. "How Far Do the Powers of the I.R.S. Extend in the Fifth Circuit? Johnson v. Sawyer." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 5, no. 1 (October 1998): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v5.i1.4.

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The Fifth Circuit chose to recognize a judicially-created exception to the statute in Johnson v. Sawyer. This Note takes issue with the Fifth Circuit's holding in Johnson. The IRS is a creature of statute and, as such, should be governed by statute. If any further life is given the agency, it is for Congress, and not the judiciary to declare. If taxpayers convicted in the Fifth Circuit are to have their transgressions publicized, it should be with the specific approval of their elected representatives. Part I of this Note traces the development of judiciallycreated exceptions to I.R.C. § 6103 in the federal circuits. Part II reviews Johnson at its various levels and analyzes the reasoning of the Fifth Circuit in finding an exception to the statute. Part III discusses the flaws in the Fifth Circuit's reasoning, along with the weaknesses inherent in the rule it adopted, and asserts the rule advanced by the Tenth and Fourth Circuits as proper.
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Rein, Frederick H., and Joseph B. Crystal. "Novo Nordisk v.. Caraco: Who defines the use code narrative?" Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 9, no. 4 (December 2012): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134312470124.

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In Novo Nordisk A/S et al. v. Caraco Pharma. Labs., Ltd. et al., 688 F.3d 766 (Fed. Cir. 2012), the Federal Circuit addressed the scope of the injunction issued by the District Court in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories Ltd. et al. v. Novo Nordisk A/S et al. (U.S. 2012). The Federal Circuit found that the District Court had abused its discretion in issuing its injunction and modified the injunction accordingly. This case report presents the arguments made to the Federal Circuit by the parties and how the Federal Circuit addressed those issues.
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Esq, Michael J. Fink,. "Substantive Federal Circuit decisions concerning pharmaceutical companies." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 9, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134312445869.

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Macedo, C. R. "Federal circuit reminds US BPAI of fundamentals." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5, no. 1 (December 9, 2009): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp197.

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Bousquet, Jeffrey R. "Biosimilars and federal preemption in the USA." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 15, no. 3 (May 22, 2018): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134318776436.

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Summary This article reports on the recent decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) in Amgen v. Sandoz on remand from the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court held that a biosimilar applicant cannot be compelled under federal law to provide a copy of its abbreviated biologics license application (“aBLA”) and manufacturing information to the reference product sponsor (“RPS”) as required by the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”). The Supreme Court remanded the case to the Federal Circuit to determine whether there was any remedy under California state law available to Amgen, and if so, whether such remedy is preempted by the BPCIA. The Federal Circuit held that the BPCIA preempts state law remedies for a biosimilar applicant’s failure to comply with the BPCIA. This article also briefly discusses three other recent cases involving situations where the biosimilar applicant initiates the BPCIA information exchange process but provides only partial or no manufacturing information to the RPS or fails to complete the process by opting out at some later stage of the process.
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Rein, Frederick H., and Joseph B. Crystal. "Unigene Laboratories, Inc. et al. v. Apotex, Inc. et al.: Reformulating an old drug is not as obvious as one might think." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 9, no. 1 (March 2012): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134311433733.

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In Unigene Laboratories, Inc. et al. v. Apotex, Inc. et al., 655 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2011), the Federal Circuit addressed issues of obviousness and the crime fraud exception to privilege. The Federal Circuit affirmed the District Court's denial of summary judgment of obviousness and its grant of summary judgment of nonobviousness. In addition, the Federal Circuit found that the District Court had properly found that documents had not been improperly withheld based on the crime-fraud exception and that additional theories of inequitable conduct raised by Apotex at later stages of the litigation had either been previously addressed by the District Court or had been waived. This case report presents the arguments made at the District Court and Federal Circuit and how each of these courts addressed the issues raised by the parties.
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Barnett, Kent, and Christopher Walker. "Chevron in the Circuit Courts." Michigan Law Review, no. 116.1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.116.1.chevron.

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This Article presents findings from the most comprehensive empirical study to date on how the federal courts of appeals have applied Chevrondeference— the doctrine under which courts defer to a federal agency’s reasonable interpretation of an ambiguous statute that it administers. Based on 1,558 agency interpretations the circuit courts reviewed from 2003 through 2013 (where they cited Chevron), we found that the circuit courts overall upheld 71% of interpretations and applied Chevrondeference 77% of the time. But there was nearly a twenty-five-percentage-point difference in agency-win rates when the circuit courts applied Chevrondeference than when they did not. Among many other findings, our study reveals important differences across circuits, agencies, agency formats, and subject matters as to judicial review of agency statutory interpretations. Based on prior empirical studies of judicial deference at the Supreme Court, however, our findings suggest that there may be a ChevronSupreme and a ChevronRegular: whereas Chevronmay not have much of an effect on agency outcomes at the Supreme Court, Chevron deference seems to matter in the circuit courts. That there is a ChevronSupreme and a ChevronRegular may suggest that, in Chevron, the Supreme Court has an effective tool to supervise lower courts’ review of agency statutory interpretations. To render Chevron more effective in creating uniformity throughout the circuit courts, the Supreme Court needs to send clearer signals on how courts should apply the deference standard.
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Oswald, Lynda J. "Improving Federal Circuit Doctrine Through Increased Cross-Pollination." American Business Law Journal 54, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 247–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ablj.12099.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Federal Circuit"

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Ryan, John Francis. "Judicial Enforcers? Exploring Lower Federal Court Compliance in Regulating the Obscene." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4487/.

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Although federal circuit and district court judges are placed within a federal hierarchy, and receive legal and judicial training that emphasizes the importance of the judicial framework and its structure, such judges are also subjected to other pressures such as the types of litigants within the courtrooms as well as their local political environment. Furthermore, such judges are apt to form their own views about politics and legal policy and are often appointed by presidents who approve of their ideological leanings. Thus, federal courts are caught between competing goals such as their willingness to maximize their preferred legal policy, and their place within the judicial hierarchy. This dissertation applies hierarchy and impact theory to assess the importance of the judicial framework and its socialization, by analyzing both the judicial opinions and votes of federal circuit and district court judges in obscenity cases during a four-decade period (1957-1998). The research presented here finds the influence of higher court precedent to correspond in part with the conception of a judicial hierarchy. An analysis of citations of Supreme Court precedent (Roth v. United States (1957) and Miller v. California (1973)) in lower court majority opinions suggests low levels of compliance: lower courts at the circuit and district court level do not signal to the Supreme Court their acceptance of High Court doctrine; thus, except for 'factual' cases, most circuit and district court decisions do not comply formally with higher court precedent. An analysis of judicial votes, however, suggests that a Supreme Court doctrinal shift (to Miller v. California) influences lower court decisions only at the circuit court level. Further investigation suggests that Supreme Court precedent has a greater influence in circuit courts than in district courts: not only is the magnitude greater for circuit (versus district) court decisions, such results occur when controlling for such factors as the appointing president, regional variations, various constitutional claims and types of litigants. Thus, it appears that the influence of Supreme Court doctrine is much stronger in the circuit courts (only one step removed from the Supreme Court) than in district courts yet the hierarchy is influential nonetheless.
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Lynch, David. "The role of the circuit courts in the development of federal justice and the shaping of United States law in the early Republic : Supreme Court Justices Washington, Livingston, Story, and Thompson on circuit and on the court." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4347/.

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While scholars have focused on the importance of the landmark decisions of the United States Supreme Court and its Chief Justice, John Marshall, in the rising influence of the federal justice system in the early Republic, the crucial role of the circuit courts in establishing uniformity of federal law and procedure across the nation has largely been ignored. This thesis seeks to remedy this lack of research on circuit courts by revealing the central role of their presiding Supreme Court justices in the successful development of a national court system drawn up from the ‘inferior’ courts rather than down from the Supreme Court to the lower jurisdictions. This thesis argues that, at a time when the Supreme Court had few cases to consider, all of the nation’s law was formulated by the lower courts; with very few decisions appealed, the circuit court opinions were invariably accepted as final, settling the law for each circuit and for the nation if followed by other justices. Therefore, in the early years, it was the circuit experience and not Supreme Court authority which shaped the course of United States law. This thesis contributes to an understanding of this early justice system because of its focus on and the depth of its research into the work of the circuit courts. Through detailed analysis, it reveals the sources used by the justices to influence the direction of the law and, by its reading of almost 2000 cases tried by four prominent Marshall associate justices, presents insights into momentous issues facing the Union. The thesis examines the generality of the circuit work of each justice but pays particular attention to the different ways in which each contributed to the shaping of United States law. Understanding the importance of the role of the circuit courts leads to a more informed reading of early American legal history.
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Aaby, Makenzie Laron. "An Assessment of Sentencing Disparities among American Indians within the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Federal Circuit Courts." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4459.

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Assessing the effect of race on crime is an important topic of criminology and criminal justice research. Prior investigations have sought to uncover if racial disparities exist within certain aspects of the criminal justice system, such as arrests, trials, and sentencing. The existing scholarship, however, has largely focused on assessing differences between Black and Hispanic offenders in relation to White offenders. There has been little academic exploration to examine if racial disparities exist among American Indian offenders during criminal justice processing. To address this gap in knowledge, this study analyzes data collected from the United States Sentencing Commission to assess if American Indians receive different sentencing outcomes, when compared to other racial groups. The findings from a series of binary logistic and ordinary least square regression analyses suggest that American Indians are sentenced to prison more often than White, Black, and Hispanic offenders, but receive similar sentence lengths compared to Whites and shorter sentence lengths compared to Blacks and Hispanics. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Hinkle, Rachael K. "Does Advocacy Matter? Examining the Impact of Attorney Expertise in Federal Courts." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1196706788.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2007.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Political Science." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 50-55.
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Rockembach, Moisés. "A implantação da assinatura digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região : perspectiva infocomunicacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17389.

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Avalia as percepções sobre o uso da Assinatura Digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região por parte dos Desembargadores, tendo como base teórica a Teoria dos Sistemas. Descreve a evolução das assinaturas como forma de identidade do indivíduo, desde os selos-cilindros da Mesopotâmia até a Assinatura Digital, baseada na tecnologia de criptografia. Discute as diferenças entre os paradigmas Custodial e Pós-Custodial, necessários para entender as transformações ocorridas com a introdução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na sociedade. Aponta a necessidade de transdisciplinaridade para a elaboração de pesquisas, principalmente entre Informação e Comunicação, por serem bases deste estudo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com servidores e Desembargadores do Tribunal Regional da Quarta Região, contextualiza as informações coletadas tendo em vista o fenômeno Infocomunicacional, observando aspectos de produção da informação, usos e criação de possibilidades para que aconteça a interação/comunicação. Conclui que, apesar dos usuários verem algumas desvantagens no uso da Assinatura Digital, as vantagens superam em benefícios, proporcionando agilidade no fazer jurídico.
Evaluating the perceptions on the use of Digital Signature in the Federal Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit by Federal Judges, based on the Systems Theory. Describes the evolution of signatures as a form of identity of the individual, since the cylinder-seals of Mesopotamia to the Digital Signature based on encryption technology. Discusses the differences between the Custodial and Post-Custodial paradigms, necessary to understand the changes with the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies in society. Highlights the need for transdisciplinarity to the development of research, especially between Information and Communication, the bases for this study. From interviews with employees and Federal Judges of the Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit, contextualizes the information collected in view of the Infocomunicacional phenomenology, observing aspects of Information production, use and creation of opportunities to happen for the interaction/communication. Concludes that, despite the users see some disadvantages in the use of Digital Signature, the advantages outweigh the benefit, providing the agility to make justice.
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Taratoot, Cole Donovan. "Administrative Law Judge Decision Making in a Political Environment, 1991 - 2007." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/5.

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Unelected bureaucrats make a broad range of important policy decisions raising concerns of accountability in a democratic society. Many classics in the literature highlight the need to understand agency decisions at stages prior to the final vote by agency appointees, but few studies of the bureaucracy do so. To this point, scholars have treated the issue of shirking as one where laziness and inefficiency are the driving forces. However, it is more realistic to expect that shirking comes in the form of ideological resistance by administrators. I develop a theory that the independence afforded to the bureaucracy is functionally comparable to that of the judiciary, allowing for the insertion of individual attitudinal preferences by bureaucrats. Drawing from the attitudinal model of judicial research, I look at whether attitudes affect the decision making of administrative law judges at the National Labor Relations Board, the influence administrative law judge decisions have on reviewing bodies, and whether attitudinal decision making can be controlled by external political and legal actors. Results demonstrate that Democratic judges are more likely than Republican judges to rule for labor in unfair labor practice cases, administrative law judge decisions provide the basis for subsequent decisions of reviewing bodies, and that few political and legal controls exist over this set of bureaucrats. This research provides evidence that lower level bureaucrats make decisions based on their own political preferences and that these preferences have far ranging consequences for policy and law.
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Fonseca, Reynaldo Soares da. "A conciliação à luz do princípio constitucional da fraternidade: a experiência da Justiça Federal da Primeira Região." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6642.

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When the 1988 Brazilian Constitution came into force, a new social-political boundary was established, conferring to the judiciary branch a huge number of constitutional powers, in order to allow it to act as a guarantor of democracy and fundamental rights. In fact, there is an explicit framework of dysfunctionalities in the judicial power, i.e., there is a vast difference between what was written in the Constitution and the judicial activity provided by the Judiciary branch, considering the legal possibilities and facts historically observed. According to data from the National Council of Justice, there are more than 92.2 millions pending cases in Brazil. In the Federal Courts, there are more than 11.5 million cases, involving paramount questions related to citizenship (dwelling, social security, health, education, etc). Therefore, the due process clause is revisited, founded in the principle of fraternity and Normative Legal Humanism, in order to find out mediation as a great alternative to resolve disputes in the Federal Courts in Brazil
No marco sócio-político brasileiro, com a entrada em vigor da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, em 1988, ocorre uma conferência vultosa de poderes constitucionais ao Poder Judiciário, a fim de que este atue como fiador da democracia e garantidor dos direitos fundamentais. Na realidade, tem-se explicitamente um quadro de disfuncionalidades do Poder judicante, isto é, há uma diferença abissal entre o que o Poder Constituinte positivou na Carta Maior e a atividade jurisdicional que, de fato, o Judiciário presta, à luz das possibilidades jurídicas e fáticas observáveis na concretude histórica. Segundo os dados do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, há mais de 92,2 milhões de processos em tramitação no Poder Judiciário Brasileiro. Na Justiça Federal, tramitam mais de 11,5 milhões de processos, envolvendo questões vitais da cidadania (habitação, previdência, saúde, educação, etc.). Assim, revisita-se o princípio do devido processo legal, com alicerce no princípio da fraternidade e no jus-humanismo normativo, para apontar a conciliação como uma grande alternativa para o acesso e a saída da Justiça Federal brasileira
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Holler, Jean. "L'evolution d'une organisation professionnelle, l'union federale des cooperatives de commercants, dans le cadre des mutations de la distribution." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05D004.

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Cette these etudie dans une perspective historique le role et le fonctionnement d'une organisation professionnelle patronale reunissant des cooperatives de commercants. Dans un titre introductif elle analyse la specivicite de ses membres -cooperatives de commercants - ainsi que leur evolution, depuis leur origine a la fin du 19eme siecle jusque dans les annees 1990, liees aux mutations de la distribution. La premiere partie procede a l'examen de la mission traditionnelle de defense et de representation de l'union federale des cooperatives de commercants (ufcc) - associatin regie par la loi du 1er juillet 1901 - l'ufcc organe representatif des cooperatives de commercants, compte-tenu de l'appartenance de ses adherents a la fois au secteur du commerce et au monde cooperatif, est membre tant de l'organisation reunissant l'ensemble des entreprises du commerce (et donc indirectement du cnpf) que du groupement rassemblant les mouvements cooperatifs. La deuxieme partie analyse le role joue par l'union federale en tant qu'organe de participation a des fonctions etatiques. A cet egard, l'auteur distingue la participation de l'union : a) a l'elaboration de la politique economique et sociale du gouvernement par l'intermediaire de sapresence active au sein d'organes tels le conseil superieur de la cooperation, les commissions du plan ainsi que les commissions d'urbanisme commercial, b) a la mise en oeuvre de la politique deja decidee par le gouvernement et qui trouve sa traduction dans un processus de collaboration avec les pouvoirs publics notamment dans les domaines de l'adaptation aux cooperatives du plan comptable general ou dans l'instauration d'un regime de controle des prix
This thesis studies from an historical point of view, themission and functioning of an employers professional organization joining retailers co-operatives. In an introductory chapter, it analyses the specific features of its members - retailers co-operatives - and their evolution since the orogins at the end of the 19th century until the early nineties, in connection with the changes of trade distribution. The first part examines the traditional mission of representation and defence fulfilled by the federal union of retailers co-operatives ("ufcc"), a french "association" governed by the law of july 1st 1901. "ufcc" as the representative of retailers co-operatives, who belong both to the world of trade and to the world of co-operatives is a member of the organization uniting all french trade enterprises (itself a branch of the "cnpf" the french union of private employers) as well as the organisation including all the co-operatives movements. The second part analyses the part played by "ufcc" as an agent participating in state functions. In that respect the author makes a distinction between a) participation in the economic and social policy of the government by an active lobbying inside bodies such as the "conseil superieur de la cooperation" (higher council of cooperation) the "commissions du plan" (planning committees) and the "commissions d'urbanisme commercial" (commissions of trade city planning(, b) participation in the implementation of the policy already decided by the government which has resulted into a process of cooperation with the state authorities, especially in the fields dealing with adapting the "plan comptable general" (general accounting rules) to co-operatives and so far, has led to the setting up of a price control regulation
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Ferreira, Édina Maria da Rocha. "Assessoria de imprensa da UFRGS : relato de uma trajetória de desafios e estratégias no passado e no presente." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165476.

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Esta pesquisa de mestrado é conduzida pela percepção de que a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) mantém apenas registros parciais, dispersos em diferentes espaços, da produção jornalística e publicitária realizada pela sua Assessoria de Imprensa (AI), órgão responsável pela divulgação das ações desenvolvidas pela instituição. A partir desta constatação, este estudo contextualiza a diferença entre história e memória, nomeando história à cronologia dos fatos ligados à Assessoria de Imprensa − e à UFRGS, e memória ao que foi relatado nas entrevistas feitas com antigos funcionários e nos questionários aplicados a bolsistas. Isso significa não apenas recordar o que o órgão já viveu ou o que produziu, mas é, também, identificar os momentos marcantes pelos quais a Universidade passou desde a sua criação, contados em jornais, boletins e publicações feitos pela Assessoria de Imprensa, de acordo com demandas e ferramentas disponíveis em cada época, até chegar ao estágio em que a era analógica passa a conviver com a era digital. Esta investigação também recupera e analisa documentos oficiais que regulam e regulamentam as atividades do setor. Sob o viés metodológico de caráter exploratório e de pesquisa qualitativa, registra-se aqui como a Assessoria de Imprensa da UFRGS historiografou suas práticas comunicacionais, os caminhos que percorreu e as estratégias adotadas para constituir sua identidade comunicacional. Aponta, ainda, como vem dando testemunho da memória social e institucional e adota o circuito da cultura, de du Gay et al. (1997), para promover uma reflexão sobre os cinco eixos que o compõem: produção, representação, regulação, consumo e identidade, articulando-os, por meio de instâncias analíticas, ao seu objeto de estudo.
Esta investigación de maestría es conducida bajo la percepción de que la Universidad Federal del Río Grande del Sur (UFRGS) mantiene sólo registros parciales, esparcidos en diferentes espacios, de la producción periodística y publicitaria realizada por su Asesoría de Prensa (Assessoria de Imprensa - AI), sector responsable por la difusión de las acciones desarrolladas por la institución. A partir de esa constatación, el trabajo contextualiza la diferencia entre historia y memoria, nombrando historia a la cronología de los hechos referentes a la Asesoría de Prensa y a la Universidad, y memoria a lo que fue relatado en las entrevistas hechas a los trabajadores más antiguos y en las encuestas aplicadas a los estudiantes becarios. Eso significa no simplemente recordar lo que el sector ha vivido o producido, sino también identificar los momentos tajantes por los cuales la Universidad ha pasado desde su creación, contados en periódicos, boletines y publicaciones hechas por la Asesoría de Prensa acorde a las demandas y herramientas disponibles en cada época, hasta llegar a la etapa en que lo analógico pasa a convivir con la era digital. Esta investigación también recupera y analiza documentos oficiales que regulan y reglamentan las actividades del sector. Bajo la vía metodológica de carácter exploratorio y de investigación cualitativa, registrase aquí cómo la Asesoría de Prensa hizo la historiografía de sus prácticas comunicacionales, los caminos recorridos y las estrategias adoptadas para constituir su identidad comunicacional. Apunta, también, hacia la forma como viene dando testimonio de la memoria social y elíjese el circuito de la cultura, de du Gay et al. (1997), para promover una reflexión sobre los cinco ejes que componen ese circuito: producción, representación, consumo e identidad, articulándolos, a través de instancias analíticas, a su objeto de estudio.
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OLIVEIRA, Helder Fernando de Araújo. "Uma abordagem para estimação do consumo de energia em modelos de simulação distribuída." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/587.

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Capes
Consumo de energia é um grande desafio durante o projeto de um SoC (System-on-a-Chip). Dependendo do projeto, para garantir maior precisão na estimação do consumo de energia, pode ser necessário estimar o consumo de energia do sistema ou parte dele utilizando diferentes elementos: diferentes abordagens de estimação, ferramentas ou, até mesmo, modelos descritos em variadas linguagens e/ou níveis de abstração. Porém, consiste em um desafio incorporar tais elementos para criação de um ambiente de simulação distribuído e heterogêneo, o qual permita que estes se comuniquem e troquem informações de modo sincronizado. Diante do exposto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver uma abordagem, utilizando-se High Level Architecture (HLA), a fim de permitir a criação de um ambiente de simulação distribuído e heterogêneo, composto por diferentes ferramentas e modelos. Estes modelos podem ser descritos em diversas linguagens e/ou níveis de abstração, como também podem utilizar diferentes abordagens a estimação do consumo de energia. O uso da HLA permite que os elementos que compõem este ambiente heterogêneo possam ser simulados de maneira sincronizada e distribuída. A abordagem deve proporcionar a coleta e o agrupamento de dados de estimação de consumo de energia de modo centralizado. Para realização dos estudos de caso, foi utilizado um benchmark composto por um conjunto escalável de MPSoC (MultiProcessor System-on-Chip) descrito em C++/SystemC e o arcabouço Ptolemy. Um projeto em SystemVerilog/Verilog também foi utilizado para validar a coleta de dados de estimação de consumo de energia de modelos descritos nessas linguagens, por meio da abordagem proposta. Resultados experimentais demonstraram a flexibilidade da abordagem e sua aplicabilidade para a criação de um ambiente de simulação síncrono e heterogêneo, o qual promove uma visão integrada dos dados de energia estimados.
Energy consumption is a big challenge in SoC (System-on-a-Chip) design. Depending on the project requirements, to guarantee a better accuracy in power estimation, it might be necessary to estimate the power consumption of a system or part of it using different elements: different power estimation approaches, tools or, even, models described in different languages and/or abstraction levels. However, it is a challenge to incorporate these elements to create a simulation environment distributed and heterogeneous, which allows these elements to communicate and exchange information synchronously. In view of what has been exposed, the present research aims to develop an approach using HLA (High Level Architecture), enabling the creation of an environment distributed and heterogeneous, composed by different tools and models. These models can be described in different languages and/or abstraction levels, as well as use different power estimation approaches. The use of HLA enables the synchronized and distributed simulation of the elements that compose the simulation environment. The approach must allow the collecting and grouping of power estimation data in a centralized manner. As a case study, it has been used a benchmark composed of a scalable set of MPSoCs (MultiProcessor Systemon-Chip) which is described in C++/SystemC and the Ptolemy framework. A project in SystemVerilog/Verilog was also used to validate the power estimation data collected from models described in these languages, through the proposed approach. The experimental results show the approach flexibility and its applicability on creation of a distributed and synchronous simulation environment, which promotes an integrated view of power estimation data.
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Books on the topic "Federal Circuit"

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(Firm), Matthew Bender, ed. Modern federal jury instructions, criminal: Pattern jury instructions : Federal Judicial Center, fifth circuit, sixth circuit, seventh circuit, eighth circuit, ninth circuit, eleventh circuit. New York, NY: M. Bender, 1991.

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Burchfiel, Kenneth J. Biotechnology and the Federal Circuit. 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: BNA Books, 2009.

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Patents and the Federal Circuit. 6th ed. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 2003.

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Burchfiel, Kenneth J. Biotechnology and the Federal Circuit. 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: BNA Books, 2009.

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Harmon, Robert L. Patents and the Federal Circuit. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 2001.

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Harmon, Robert L. Patents and the Federal Circuit. Arlington, VA: Bloomberg BNA, 2013.

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Federal circuit annual review 2011. [Place of publication not identified]: Kluwer Law International, 2011.

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Martin, Boyce F. Federal appellate procedure--6th Circuit. Rochester, N.Y: Lawyers Cooperative Pub., 1997.

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author, Homan Cynthia A., Lydigsen Laura A. author, and McMahon Charles M. author, eds. Patents and the Federal Circuit. Arlington, VA: Bloomberg BNA, 2015.

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Patents and the Federal Circuit. 9th ed. Arlington, VA: BNA Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Federal Circuit"

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Cruciani, Sante. "Saggio introduttivo. Critica del fordismo e dinamiche del potere nella ricerca transnazionale di Bruno Trentin (1926-2007)." In Studi e saggi, 15–47. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-282-9.01.

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The essay traces Bruno Trentin's political biography and intellectual research from a transnational perspective. Through the work notebooks (1953-1995), the diaries on the CGILGeneral Secretary (1988-1994), the activity in the European Parliament (1999-2004) and the following two years, the elaboration of The Freedom Comes First(2005) is rooted in a long term criticism against the subalternity of the communist and social-democratic culture to the Fordist model. It is also based on the necessity of a libertarian socialism, based on the centrality of the person and on the unavoidable link between work and knowledge. What stands outis the originality of Trentin's political thought, the intellectual circuit in which his research is developed and his vision of a federal Europe in the international system following the Cold War and the aftermath of September 11th, 2001.
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"The Federal Circuit Era." In American Patent Law, 376–475. Cambridge University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009129206.007.

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Magliocca, Gerard N. "Riding Circuit." In Washington's Heir, 78–95. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947040.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 explores Washington’s role as a circuit judge holding trials and hearing appeals outside of the Supreme Court. In this era, Supreme Court justices spent most of their time on a lower federal court, as there were no separate federal circuit judges. Washington’s circuit was primarily in Philadelphia, and so the chapter delves into the practice of that court, the lawyers who appeared there, the way the justice conducted jury trials, and some of his major opinions. The chapter also assesses how Washington thought through problems as a judge, with the aid of one of his journals and his rough notes on cases and draft opinions.
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Vacca, Ryan. "The Federal Circuit as an institution." In Research Handbook on the Economics of Intellectual Property Law, 104–58. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789903997.00048.

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"11. The Circuit Councils: Linchpins of Administration." In The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration, 379–426. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868322-013.

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"Appendix C. Judicial Conference Attendance by Circuit." In The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration, 451–56. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868322-017.

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Kloppenberg, Lisa. "Life on the Bench." In The Best Beloved Thing is Justice, 59–80. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197608579.003.0006.

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This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s transition to the federal bench. A proponent of merit selection, she worked with national leaders to open the doors for more women and minorities to become federal judges before President Carter appointed her as one of the early female federal appellate judges in the United States. She relished the opportunity to employ her ideas about court reform and alternatives to litigation at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She won awards for her progress in making mediation and other alternatives available in the federal courts. She improved efficiencies within the Ninth Circuit, helping to reduce a significant backlog of cases. She became a leader among the judges, building community within the Ninth Circuit because of the way she treated judges, lawyers, law clerks, and civil servants and the opportunities she brought them.
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Usselman, Steven W. "Ninth Circuit Nursery." In The Battle over Patents, 171–207. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197576151.003.0006.

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Based on statistical and textual analysis of the 148 patent cases heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from its creation through 1925, this chapter suggests that the appeals judges created a legal environment highly favorable to innovative West Coast enterprises. Their rulings consistently sided with local patent holders and alleged infringers over litigants from outside the circuit. Cases involving only local parties produced more mixed results, as judges sought to mediate disputes among competing regional suppliers, while insulating small proprietors from risks of infringement. Through these means, the appeals court actively shaped competition and influenced the course of innovation in such emergent fields as oil drilling and refining, hydraulic machinery, and food processing. The distinctiveness of Pacific Coast patent law diminished after 1915 under influence of a federal judiciary stacked with protégés of ex-President William Howard Taft, who became Chief Justice in 1921.
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Becker, Steven W. "When Diplomatic Protests Are Not Enough." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2020, 117–36. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197618721.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses the interplay between the rule of specialty, prudential standing, and diplomatic protests in current US international extradition practice through examining the controversial decisions of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the case of United States v. Valencia-Trujillo regarding which the Republic of Colombia has issued no less than three diplomatic notes of objection. To date, the Eleventh Circuit’s direct appeal decision in Valencia-Trujillo remains the most extreme holding in the country and has created a direct conflict with other federal circuits. The work further analyzes competing theories on the rule of specialty and whether its enforcement is dependent upon the nature of the extradition, as well as issues related to ineffective assistance of counsel. Finally, the chapter concludes with practical advice for attorneys litigating such complex matters.
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"10. Administrative Regionalism and CentraHsm: From Circuit Conferences to the Federal Judicial Center." In The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration, 340–78. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868322-012.

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Conference papers on the topic "Federal Circuit"

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Diemunsch, Kenneth M., and Daniel J. Reitz. "Consequences of Failed Track Circuits on Conventional Signaling System in CBTC Projects." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2515.

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In recent years, many rapid mass transit agencies have chosen Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) technology to refurbish their signaling system or to equip a new line. CBTC technology is a type of Automatic Train Control (ATC) that allows transit agencies to increase nominal throughput and to improve safety. The main functions of CBTC are described in [1.] and [2.]. This technology can operate without fixed wayside track detectors such as track circuits. However, track circuit equipment continues to be implemented on the tracks and in the equipment rooms. For authorities under the Federal Railroad Administration, current regulations require use of track circuit but the main functional reason is to have a backup system in case of CBTC failure. Most transit agencies decide to include track circuit occupied and vacant status into the CBTC system in order to enhance safety. How to enhance safety and keep train operation efficient during track circuit failure is a challenge for CBTC projects. This paper discusses the relationship between the CBTC and the conventional interlocking system when track circuit failure occurs. The analysis in this paper applies to both relay and solid state interlocking systems as both technologies have to deal with the same impact under this scenario. The method of detection of track circuit failure by the CBTC system and the possible restrictions on CBTC train operation are not presented. The paper focuses on the interface between the CBTC and the signaling system. It begins by introducing the different types of track circuit failures and their consequences on conventional signaling system to address and compare multiple scenarios. Then, the paper discusses how the CBTC system can affect the conventional signaling system equipment, such as signals and train stops, once it has detected a track circuit failure. Transit agencies’ different possible approaches to manage track circuits failures within the context of an operating CBTC system are explained.
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Moore, Adam, Paul Zebell, Peter Koonce, and Jon Meusch. "A Method to Verify Railroad Interconnect With Highway Traffic Signal Systems." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5774.

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In response to increasing concern about railroad grade crossing safety, the Federal Railroad Administration and Department of Transportation issued Safety Advisory 2010-02 recommending in part “...that railroads conduct comprehensive joint inspections of highway traffic signal pre-emption interconnection with State and local highway authorities...” 2010-02 also recommends recording devices at interconnected highway-rail grade crossings. This paper addresses a method to facilitate these goals by enabling the highway authority to independently verify that rail equipment is functioning properly, and just as importantly, enabling the railroad to independently verify that the highway traffic signal equipment is providing adequate clearance time in advance of the arrival of the train in the crossing. The method involves adding two circuits between the rail equipment and the traffic signal equipment: a crossing island circuit, and a start of the traffic clearance phase indicator from the traffic signal to the rail equipment. This system has been implemented at two intersections in Portland, Oregon, with plans for further implementation.
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Arzhaev, Alexander, Alexey Arzhaev, Valentin Makhanev, Mikhail Antonov, Anton Emelianov, Aleksander Kalyutik, Kirill Arzhaev, and Ilya Denisov. "About leak detection systems in the framework of LBB concept application at Russian NPPs." In International Conference "Computing for Physics and Technology - CPT2020". Bryansk State Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fce27742eb478.63520709.

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Application of "leak before break" concept to reactor coolant circuit is obligatory for RF NPPs and the success depends also on fulfilment of requirements to the leak detection systems specified in RF national standard. During 1999-2020 requirements to the leak detection systems were permanently improved in regulatory documents. The most important changes in requirements have been done according to the Federal law on ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Paper gives comparative analyses of these evolutionary changes of requirements as well as details of their implementation during design and manufacturing of leak detection systems to supply NPP Units with VVER-440/1000/1200 and RBMK-1000 reactor facilities. Recently approved in the Russian Federation, the Federal norms and rules (FNR) in the field of atomic energy use ensure the continuity of the general requirements for reactor coolant leak monitoring (detection) systems (LDS) at nuclear power plants (NPPs) in relation to the previously valid regulatory documents.
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Engel, Robert. "Inadvertent Blowdown Event in a Nuclear Boiling Water Reactor." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57095.

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On March 6th 2007, the Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland experienced an automatic blowdown of eight safety/relief valves installed on the main steam lines caused by a faulty electrical manipulation while performing planned maintenance during full power operation. Due to the temperature measurements inside the reactor recirculation system and the reactor pressure vessel this event, at a first glance, appeared to be Event No. 23 (Automatic Blowdown event) as an Emergency (Service Level C) Condition in accordance with the relevant reactor pressure vessel Thermal Cycle Diagram. According to the ASME Code Section III, Service Level C limits permit large deformations in areas of structural discontinuity which may necessitate the removal of a component from service for inspection or repair. This paper presents a summary of thermal-hydraulic, stress, fatigue, and fracture mechanical evaluations as well as plant inspections performed to demonstrate the impact of the event on the reactor pressure vessel and associated components and to fulfill the requirements of the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate. It is shown that the primary circuit of the plant was not inadmissibly stressed by the event and that it was acceptable from a safety-related point of view to return the plant to service. Corresponding to the 7-level International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale this event was rated afterwards as level 1 (anomaly) by the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate.
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do Amaral, Carlos E. F., O´liver B. S. Scorsim, Eduardo N. Santos, Marco Jose´ da Silva, Marco Germano Conte, and Rigoberto E. M. Morales. "Characterisation of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow Using a Wire-Mesh Sensor." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62777.

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Two phase flow occurs in many industrial applications, mainly in the transport of mixtures. Many patterns can be produced according to the liquid and gas flow rates. The identification of these patterns is very important in the design of piping systems and equipments. This work proposes an experimental study to identify multiphase flow patterns of water and air in horizontal pipes. The study was developed using an experimental circuit of 26 mm diameter and 9.2 m length pipe, at Thermal Sciences Lab (LACIT) at the Federal University of Technology - Parana´. To characterize the flow patterns, an intrusive mesh electrodes sensor was used, which allows the detailed visualization of the phases distribution. Tests were made using several experimental settings of water and gas flow rates. Measurements were compared to images obtained by high speed camera and the temporal void fraction series which were analyzed with the use of PDF and PSD functions, showing the singularities for each two-phase flow pattern.
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do Amaral, Carlos E. F., Fernando Castillo, Marco José da Silva, Eduardo N. Santos, and Rigoberto E. M. Morales. "Detailed Experimental Characterisation of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Slug Flow in Horizontal Pipes." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88307.

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Two phase flow occurs in many applications in industry, mainly in the transport of mixtures in pipes. The identification of these patterns is of fundamental importance in the design of piping systems and equipments. In this scenario, this work proposes an experimental study to identify multiphase flow patterns of water and air in horizontal tubes. The study was developed using an experimental circuit of 26 mm diameter and 9.2 m length pipe, at Thermal Sciences Lab at Federal Technological University of Paraná. To characterize the parameters one used an intrusive mesh electrodes sensor, a tomographic technique that allows details of the distribution of phases with good temporal and special resolution. Tests were conducted using several experimental settings of water and gas superficial flows, mostly with slug flow characteristics. Measurements were compared to models and the temporal void fraction series were analyzed to produce bubble velocity and frequency information, showing the characteristics for each two-phase pattern.
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Wermelinger, Thomas, Florian Bruckmüller, and Benedikt Heinz. "Fatigue Monitoring in the Context of Long-Term Operation of the Goesgen Nuclear Power Plant Using AREVA’s FAMOSi." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45272.

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In the context of long-term operation or lifetime extension most regulatory bodies demand from utilities and operators of nuclear power plants to monitor and evaluate the fatigue of system, structures and components systematically. As does the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI. The nuclear power plant Goesgen started its commercial operation in 1979 and will go into long-term operation in 2019. The increased demand for monitoring and evaluating fatigue due to the pending long-term operation led the Goesgen nuclear power plant to expand the scope of their surveillance and therefore to install AREVA’s fatigue monitoring system FAMOSi in the 2014 outage. The system consists of 39 measurement sections positioned at the primary circuit and the feed-water nozzles of the steam generators. The locations were chosen due to their sensitivity for fatigue. The installed FAMOSi system consists of a total of 173 thermocouples which were mounted in order to get the necessary input data for load evaluation. The advantage of FAMOSi is the possibility to obtain real data of transients near places with highest fatigue usage factors. Examples of steam generator feed-in during heating-up and cooling-down will be given. In addition, spray events before and after the installation of closed loop controlled spray valves will be compared. The measurements and the results of the load evaluation are not only of interest for internal use e.g. in regard to optimization of operation modes (e.g. load-following), but must also be reported to ENSI annually. In addition, by evaluation of stresses and determination of usage factors combined with an optimization of operation modes an early exchange of components can be avoided.
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Rodrigues Diniz, Luís Henrique, Renan Souza Moura, Ulysses Rondina Duarte, and Carlos Renato Borges dos Santos. "INFLUÊNCIA DE REGULADORES DE TENSÃO NO CÁLCULO DE CORRENTES DE CURTO CIRCUITO EM SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA." In IX CONGRESSO DE ENGENHARIAS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SãO JOãO DEL-REI. Galoa, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/coen-2019-115399.

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Pinheiro, André Luis Albuquerque, Alan Emanuel Santos Figueiredo, Francisco Cleber da Conceição Feitosa, Francisco Rondynelle Rodrigues Sousa, Francisco Gauberto Barros dos Santos, Guilherme Álvaro Rodrigues Maia Esmeraldo, and Robson Gonçalves Fechine Feitosa. "IoT para o Gerenciamento Remoto da Irrigação: Análise da Confiabilidade do Sistema." In Encontro Nacional de Computação dos Institutos Federais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/encompif.2022.222402.

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O presente trabalho descreve um sistema de gerenciamento remoto da irrigação localizada, com ênfase na confiabilidade do sistema, que recebe como entrada, dados de sensores, e informações de acionamento oriundas do usuário; e, como saída, são gerados gráficos, além da automação do acionamento da irrigação. A análise da confiabilidade do sistema mostrou que: um dos sensores de umidade do solo apresentou problemas de corrosão após 10 dias de uso; foi necessário utilizar um multiplexador de portas analógicas, devido o número limitado de portas do ESP8266; e, a placa de circuito impresso apresentou melhores resultados com relação a problemas de falhas de conexão entre componentes, resistência e durabilidade.
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Oliveira, Felipe M. S., Raquel D. Oliveira, and Frederico R. S. Lima. "RETROFIT ENERGÉTICO DE REPARTIÇÃO ADMINISTRATIVA EM UMA INSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR." In XVIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO. UFRGS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/entac.v18i.789.

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As edificações de ensino existentes, especialmente públicas, raramente passam por auditoria para identificar ou não desconformidades normativas, condições de conforto ambiental insatisfatórias ou mesmo potencial para melhoria da sua eficiência energética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de auditoria energética, o desempenho lumínico dos espaços administrativos referentes aos Departamentos de Engenharia Elétrica e Mecânica do CEFET,em Belo Horizonte (MG). Os resultados das medições indicaram baixos níveis de iluminância sendo proposto, portanto,retrofit do sistema de iluminação artificial. O aumento da refletância do teto, do número de lâmpadas e da sua potência propiciou o atendimento de 500lux por meio de simulação nosoftware DialuxEvo. De forma complementar, verificou-se estratégias para melhoria da eficiência do sistema de iluminação artificial tais como melhoria do aproveitamento da luz natural e divisão dos circuitos. Os resultados obtidos poderão auxiliar a tomada de decisão em ações futuras.
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Reports on the topic "Federal Circuit"

1

Aaby, Makenzie. An Assessment of Sentencing Disparities among American Indians within the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Federal Circuit Courts. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6343.

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Arndt, C. Description, operation, and maintenance information on joystick and closed-circuit television MPS-36 radar, Meppen Range, Federal Republic of Germany. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7256948.

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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Albury-Wodonga. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206966.

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Albury-Wodonga, situated in Wiradjuri country, sits astride the Murray River and has benefitted in many ways from its almost equidistance from Sydney and Melbourne. It has found strength in the earlier push for decentralisation begun in early 1970s. A number of State and Federal agencies have ensured middle class professionals now call this region home. Light industry is a feature of Wodonga while Albury maintains the traditions and culture of its former life as part of the agricultural squattocracy. Both Local Councils are keen to work cooperatively to ensure the region is an attractive place to live signing an historical partnership agreement. The region’s road, rail, increasing air links and now digital infrastructure, keep it closely connected to events elsewhere. At the same time its distance from the metropolitan centres has meant it has had to ensure that its creative and cultural life has been taken into its own hands. The establishment of the sophisticated Murray Art Museum Albury (MAMA) as well as the presence of the LibraryMuseum, Hothouse Theatre, Fruit Fly Circus, The Cube, Arts Space and the development of Gateway Island on the Murray River as a cultural hub, as well as the high profile activities of its energetic, entrepreneurial and internationally savvy locals running many small businesses, events and festivals, ensures Albury Wodonga has a creative heart to add to its rural and regional activities.
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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: high speed 25-position interface for data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.154.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: high speed 25-position interface for data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.154-1988.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: interface between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for operation with packet-switched data networks (PSDN), or between two DTEs, by dedicated circuit. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.fips.100-1.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: interface between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for operation with packet-switched data networks (PSDN), or between two DTEs, by dedicated circuit. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.fips.100-1-1991.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: general purpose 37-position and 9-position interface between data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.fips.143.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: interface between data terminal equipement (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for operation with packet-switched data communications networks. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.fips.122.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: 1,200 bits per second two-wire duplex modems for data communications use on telephone-type circuits. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.162.

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