Journal articles: 'FeCl3'

1

Zhang, Qingmei, Jian Li, Hua Miao, and Jun Fu. "Preparation of γ-Fe2O3/Ni2O3/FeCl3(FeCl2) Composite Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Process Useful for Ferrofluids." Smart Materials Research 2011 (June 28, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/351072.

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Using a hydrothermal process in FeCl2 solution, γ-Fe2O3/Ni2O3/FeCl3(FeCl2) composite nanoparticles were obtained from the FeOOH/Ni(OH)2 precursor prepared by coprecipitation. The precursor and the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results showed that the paramagnetic amorphous precursor, in which Ni(OH)2 is formed outside FeOOH, is transformed to ferrimagnetic γ-Fe2O3/Ni2O3 composite when it is processed in FeCl2 solution (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 M) in an autoclave at 100°C for 1 hr. In addition, the dismutation reaction of FeCl2 produces FeCl3 and Fe. Some FeCl3 and little FeCl2 can be absorbed to form γ-Fe2O3/Ni2O3/FeCl3(FeCl2) composite nanoparticles in which Ni2O3 forms outside the γ-Fe2O3 core and the outermost layer is FeCl3 (FeCl2). The content of FeCl3 (FeCl2) in the particles increased, and the magnetization of the particles decreased with the concentration of FeCl2 solution increasing in the hydrothermal process. The FeCl3 (FeCl2) surface is chemically passive and nonmagnetic (paramagnetic). Accordingly, the composite nanoparticles are chemically stable, and their aggregation is prevented. The specific saturation magnetization of such composite nanoparticles can get to 57.4–62.2 emu/g and could be very suitable for synthesizing ferrofluids.

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Viitala, Hanna, Pekka Taskinen, and Daniel Lindberg. "Experimental determination and thermodynamic optimization of the CuCl–ZnCl2, ZnCl2–FeCl3, CuCl–FeCl3, CuCl–CuCl2, FeCl2–FeCl3, FeCl2–CuCl2 and CuCl–PbCl2 phase equilibria." Calphad 67 (December 2019): 101667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101667.

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Gao, Y., J. Guery, and C. Jacoboni. "FeCl3 behavior in acetonitrile: structures of [FeCl2(CH3CN)4][FeCl4] and [AlCl(CH3CN)5][FeCl4]2.CH3CN." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 49, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270192009892.

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Chen, Ming, Jianhua Jiang, Xiaoming Zhou, and Guowang Diao. "Preparation of Akaganeite Nanorods and Their Transformation to Sphere Shape Hematite." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 3942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.189.

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Akaganeite (β-FeOOH) nanorods were synthesized through hydrolysis of FeCl3 and FeCl2 solutions containing urea in the temperature range from 90 to 95 °C under reflux condition for 8 h. The average diameters and lengths of nanorods were impacted by FeCl2 and urea. Upon heating the solution containing FeCl3, FeCl2 and urea, the average diameters were about 80 nm and lengths of nanorods were about 1.2 μm. The morphologies of β-FeOOH nanorods in different growth times were shown by TEM images. More interestingly, in the growth process of nanorods, they can self-assemble and form cross structure. The ultrasonic might promote effectively the formation of the nano-cross structure. β-FeOOH nanorods were calcined and the influence of the calcining temperature and time about the morphology and size of the powder was studied. By heating β-FeOOH nanorods at 800 °C for 6 hours, the hematite in sphere shape was obtained and the forming mechanism was discussed.

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Kirschbaum, Kristin, Uta Bönnighausen, Ewald Gesing, Klaus Greiwe, Ulrich Kuhlmann, Henry Strasdeit, Bernt Krebs, and Gerald Henkel. "Eisen- und Cobaltkomplexe mit Schwefelliganden: Darstellung und Kristallstrukturen von [Me4N][FeCl{S2P(OMe)2}2], [Me4N][CoCl{S2P(OMe)2}2], [Et4N][FeCl{S2P(p-C6H4Me)2}2], [Et4N]2[FeCl{ S2PS(OMe) } 2] und [Fe { S2P(OMe)2 }3] / Iron and Cobalt Complexes with Sulfur-Containing Ligands: Preparation and Crystal Structures of [Me4N][FeCl{S2P(OMe)2}2],[Me4N][CoCl{S2P(OMe)2}2], [Et4N][FeCl{S2P(p-C6H4Me)2}2], [Et4N]2[FeCl{S2PS(OMe)}2] and [Fe{S2P(OMe)2}3]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 45, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1990-0219.

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The reaction systems MCl2/K{S2P(OMe)2} (M = Fe(II), Co(II)), FeCl2/Na{S2S2P(p-C6H4Me)2}, and FeCl3/K2{S2PS(OMe)} in methanol afford the mononuclear complexes [FeCl{S2P(OMe)2}2]-, [CoCl{S2P(OMe)2}2]-, [FeCl{S2P(p-C6H4Me)2}2]-, and [FeCl{S2PS(OMe)}2]2-, which were isolated as salts [Me4N][FeCl{S2P(OMe)2}2] (1), [Me4N][CoCl{S2P(OMe)2}2] (2), [Et4N][FeCl{S2P(p-C6H4Me)2}2] (3) and [Et4N]2[FeCl{S2PS(OMe)}2] (4), respectively. Crystals of [Me4N][MCl{S2P(OMe)2}2] are triclinic, space group P 1 (Z = 2): Fe(II), a = 7.165(3), b = 8.628(3), c = 16.526(6)Å, α = 83.98(3), β = 85.32(3), γ = 89.80(3)°; Co(II), a = 7.164(2), b = 8.612(2), c = 16.504(4)Å, α = 84.59(2), β = 84.63(2), γ = 89.41(2)°. The structures of 1 and 2 were refined to R (Rw) = 0.034 (0.043) and 0.028 (0.032), respectively. Compound 3 is monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4 with a = 23.831(5), b = 10.536(3), c = 17.133(4)Å, β = 114.43(3)°. Its structure was refined to R (Rw) = 0.046 (0.052). 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn with a = 13.310(2), b = 12.982(2), c = 18.968(3) Å, and Z = 4. The refinement converged to R (Rw) = 0.042 (0.039). The anions of the compounds 1—4 contain five-coordinated metal centers which reside in distorted trigonal-bipyramidal (1, 2, and 3) or square pyramidal (4) S4Cl-environments. The neutral complex [Fe{S2P(OMe)2}3] (5) with six-coordinated metal sites was isolated from the reaction system FeCl3/K{S2P(OMe)2} in CH2Cl2. 5 is monoclinic, space group C 2/c (Z = 4) with a = 14.211(2), b = 11.115(2), c = 12.823(2) Å, β = 97.23(1)°. The refinement converged to R (Rw) = 0.022 (0.031). The anions of 1, 2, and 3 represent the first examples of structurally defined mononuclear Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes containing 1,1-dithiolate groups and halide ions simultaneously.

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Abe, Takeshi, Yasuo Mizutani, Eiji Ihara, Mitsuru Asano, and Toshio Harada. "Preparation of FeCl3–IBr–H2SO4–graphite multi-intercalation compounds." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 2 (February 1994): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0377.

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Stages 4-6 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) have been prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method, and FeCl3-IBr-graphite bi-intercalation compounds (GBC's) are synthesized by holding the FeCl3-GIC's in the saturated vapor of IBr. The x-ray diffraction patterns of the FeCl3-IBr-GBC's obtained from stages 4, 5, and 6 FeCl3-GIC's give the stacking sequences as G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GG(FeCl3)G, G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GGG(FeCl3)G, and G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GG(IBr)GG(FeCl3)G, respectively, where G, (FeCl3), and (IBr) refer to the graphite, FeCl3, and IBr layers, respectively. The multi-intercalation of H2SO4 into the FeCl3-IBr-GBC's synthesized from stages 4 and 6 FeCl3-GIC's occurs at all the vacant galleries of the GBC's at the same time. In contrast, the multi-intercalation of H2SO4 into the FeCl3-IBr-GBC obtained from the stage 5 FeCl3-GIC takes place in two processes. The first multi-intercalation occurs at the gallery adjacent to the bi-intercalated IBr layer, and the stacking sequence of the resulting graphite multi-intercalation compound is determined to be G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)G(H2SO4)GG(FeCl3)G, where (H2SO4) refers to the H2SO4 layer. The second multi-intercalation occurs at all the rest of the vacant galleries.

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Abe, Takeshi, Yasukazu Yokota, Yasuo Mizutani, Mitsuru Asano, Toshio Harada, Minoru Inaba, and Zempachi Ogumi. "X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies of FeCl3–SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compounds." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 12 (December 1996): 3039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0385.

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the study of the bi-intercalation of SbCl5 into a stage 5 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC). The stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method with the temperature of graphite at 788 K and that of FeCl3 at 573 K. The FeCl3-SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compound (GBC) with one SbCl5 layer is obtained when the temperature of the stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is held at 443 K and the temperature of SbCl5 at 373 K in the two-zone system. The stacking sequence of the GBC is found to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GGG(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)GGG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G by XRD, where G, (FeCl3), and (SbCl5) are the graphite, FeCl3, and SbCl5 layers, respectively. The Raman spectrum of the GBC shows two peaks associated with the and modes at 1588 cm−1 and 1610 cm−1, respectively. For the temperatures of stage 5 FeCl3-GIC at 443 K and SbCl5 at 403 K in the two-zone system, the FeCl3-SbCl5-GBC with two SbCl5 layers is obtained. The stacking sequence of the GBC is determined to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)G(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)G(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G In the Raman spectrum of this GBC, two peaks associated with the mode are observed at 1616 and 1624 cm−1.

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8

Mekkaoui, Ayoub Abdelkader, Mouhsine Laayati, Hamza Orfi, Larbi El Firdoussi, and Soufiane El Houssame. "Catalytic Allylic Chlorination of Natural Terpenic Olefins Using Supported and Nonsupported Lewis Acid Catalysts." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (October 22, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2563634.

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A mild and convenient method for the allylic chlorination of naturally occurring terpenic olefins was investigated in the presence of different supported and non-supported Lewis acid catalysts. The reaction has been tested on carvone as a model substrate in the presence of sodium hypochlorite as chlorine donor. The scope and limitations of transition metal-based Lewis acid catalysts, stoichiometry, and substrate structure were evaluated. Among the iron precursors used, FeCl3 and FeCl2 provide the promise of a general approach to allylic or vinylic chlorination reaction. Various terpenic olefins were examined in the presence of FeCl3/NaOCl combination system. The catalytic chlorination proceeds under mild conditions with short reaction time and shows a high selectivity affording the corresponding chlorides in good to excellent yields.

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9

Ulum, Mokhamad Fakhrul, Devi Paramitha, Arlita Sariningrum, Anizza Dyah Kartika Maharani, Ligaya ITA Tumbelaka, and Deni Noviana. "Chemical Castration Using Iron (III) Chloride Hexahydrate (KEBIRI KIMIAWI MENGGUNAKAN FERIKLORIDA HEKSAHIDRAT)." Jurnal Veteriner 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.3.360.

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Chemical castration is a method that can be applied easily without any surgical intervention in animals. This study utilized iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) as a new material for chemical castration in mice. Twenty seven adult male mice were divided into five groups: FeCl3 20% (n = 6), FeCl3 10% (n = 6), FeCl3 5.0% (n = 6), FeCl3 2.5% (n = 6), and control NaCl 0.9% (n = 3). A 0.2 mL of NaCl 0.9% or FeCl3 in various concentrations was injected intra-testicularly on each testis of the mice. Post-castration survival rate with LD50 values was obtained at the concentrations between 2.5-5.0% of FeCl3 groups, and 100% mice survived in the control group. The size of testis and concentration of spermatozoa decreased, in contrast with the increased concentration of FeCl3 solution used seven days post-injection compared to the control group. ABSTRAK Kebiri/kastrasi kimiawi secara injeksi intra-testis merupakan metode pengebiriam yang dapat dilakukan dengan mudah tanpa prosedur bedah pada hewan. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan larutan besi (ferri/III) klorida (FeCl3) sebagai bahan baru untuk tindakan kebiri kimiawi pada mencit. Mencit jantan dewasa umur lima bulan sebanyak 27 ekor dibagi dalam lima kelompok yaitu FeCl3 20% (n=6), FeCl3 10% (n=6), FeCl3 5,0% (n=6), FeCl3 2,5% (n=6) dan kontrol NaCl 0,9% (n=3). Larutan FeCl3 sebanyak 0,2 mL diinjeksikan secara intra-testikel pada setiap organ testis. Daya hidup pascakebiri injeksi nilai LD 50 diperoleh pada kelompok FeCl3 konsentrasi di antara 2,5-5,0 % dan kelompok kontrol 100 % hidup. Organ testis dalam skrotum mengalami pengecilan ukuran dan konsentrasi spermatozoa mengalami penurunan seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi larutan FeCl3 yang digunakan setelah tujuh hari pasca injeksi dibandingkan dengan kontrol.

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10

Atbir, A., M. El Hadek, and R. Cohen-Adad. "Solid–liquid equilibria in the quaternary system NaCl–FeCl2–FeCl3–H2O." Fluid Phase Equilibria 181, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3812(01)00493-9.

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11

Thiéblemont, JC, JL Gabelle, and MF Planche. "Polymérisation et suroxydation du polypyrrole par FeCl3 en présence de FeCl2." Journal de Chimie Physique 92 (1995): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1995920807.

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Lin, Yilong, Bin Wu, Ping Ning, Guangfei Qu, Junyan Li, Xueqian Wang, and Ruosong Xie. "Stabilization of arsenic in waste slag using FeCl2 or FeCl3 stabilizer." RSC Advances 7, no. 87 (2017): 54956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10169d.

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Abe, Takeshi, Yasuo Mizutani, Mitsuru Asano, and Toshio Harada. "Preparation of stages 2–4 ternary AlCl3–FeCl3-graphite intercalation compounds." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 5 (May 1995): 1196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1196.

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Intercalation of AlCl3 into stage 2 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC) using an ordinary two-bulb method has been studied by x-ray diffraction. Stages 2, 3, and 4 ternary AlCl3-FeCl3-GlC's are obtained when the temperatures of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC were set at T (GIC) = 503, 523, and 553 K, respectively, for the AlCl3 intercalate material at T (AlCl3) = 473 K, that is, the vapor pressure of (AlCl3)2 (g) of the main vapor species to be held at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa. However, for the temperature of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC at T (GIC) = 573 K, the (AlCl3)2 (g) vapor is found to promote the decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC, resulting in the formation of graphite. The decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC is considered to take place because the complex AlFeCl6 (g) in the gas phase, which is formed from both (AlCl3)2 (g) and FeCl3 existing at the edge of the FeCl3-GIC, is thermodynamically more stable than the FeCl3 and AlCl3 intercalates in their GIC at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa and T (GIC) = 573 K.

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14

Jana, Umasish, Kartick Paul, Swapnadeep Jalal, Sandip Kundal, and Baitan Chakraborty. "Iron-Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne–Carbonyl Metathesis: A New Cyclization Strategy for the Synthesis of Benzocarbazole and Azepino[1,2-a]indole Derivatives." Synthesis 49, no. 18 (July 20, 2017): 4205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588472.

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An efficient synthesis of benzocarbazoles and benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-a]indole derivatives through an FeCl3-catalyzed alkyne–aldehyde metathesis reaction is described. Structurally diverse benzo[a]carbazoles, benzo[c]carbazoles, and benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-a]indoles have been achieved in good yields with high regio- and chemoselectivity in the presence of catalytic, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly FeCl3 as a catalyst.

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15

Tsai, Chang Shu, Wei Chung Liu, and Hong Yi Chen. "Study on the Syntheses of Ferrofluids by Different Iron Compounds and their Specific Adsorption Rate of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.742.

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The highest SAR (specific adsorption rate) value of ferrofluid was found to be 28.5±1.9W/g, when prepared by using ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2•4H2O) and iron(III)nitrate 9-hydrate(Fe(NO3)3• 9H2O) with the 1:1 ratio of iron compound’s molarity. The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 62.0±6.5, 59.4±10.3, and 66.0±5.0 W/g, respectively, when prepared by using ferrous sulfate 7-hydrate (FeSO4•7H2O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3•6H2O) with the 1：2.5, 2.5：1, and 3：1 ratio of iron compound’s molarity . The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 66.6±7.0 and 63.5±6.0 W/g respectively, when prepared by using ferrous sulfate 7-hydrate (FeSO4•7H2O) and iron(III)nitrate 9-hydrate (Fe(NO3)3•9H2O), with the 1：1, 1：1.5 and 1：2 ratio of iron compound’s molarity. The SAR values of ferrofluids were found to be 84.7±12.7, 93.4±14.2 and 89.2±6.4 W/g, respectively, when prepared by using ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2•4H2O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3•6H2O), with the 1：1, 1：1.5 and 1：2 ratio of iron compound’s molarity .

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16

Feist, Michael, Sergej Trojanov, and Erhard Kemnitz. "Die Kristallstruktur von 2,4-Diaminovinamidinium-bis-tetrachloroferrat(III), (C9H16N4) [FeCl4]2 / The Crystal Structure of 2,4-Diaminovinamidinium Bis-tetrachloroferrate(III), (C9H16N4)[FeCl4]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 1137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-0813.

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(davaH2)[FeCl4]2 crystallizes at room temperature from aqueous solutions of 2,4-diaminovinamidinium hydrochloride, (davaH)Cl, and FeCl3 in 3M HCl in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with a=14.108(3), b = 16.502(3), c = 18.919(4) Å, Z=8. The structure consists of diprotonated tricyclic (davaH2)2+ cations and slightly distorted tetrahedral [FeCl4]- anions. The cations are bent around the central heptacycle forming boat-like units. One of the two independent cations is disordered between two positions. Some interatomic distances N···Cl are interpreted in terms of N-H···Cl hydrogen bonds.

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17

Lee, S. H., J. Iamchaturapatr, C. Polprasert, and K. H. Ahn. "Application of chemical precipitation for piggery wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0778.

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Several series of experiments were conducted to investigate the treatment of piggery wastewater using chemical precipitation (CP) where various types of coagulants such as aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), poly aluminium chloride (PAC), ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferrous chloride (FeCl2) were used. Throughout the experiments, CP was found to achieve high removal efficiencies for organic compounds and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from the piggery wastewater. Experimental results showed the optimal doses of FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl2 and FeSO4 was 2.0 g/L, while 0.31 g/L and 2.5 g/L were the optimum dose for PAC and Al2(SO4)3, respectively. The pH range 4-5 resulted in the best performance to all coagulants except FeCl2 and FeSO4, whose optimum pH were more than 6. Percentage removal efficiencies for COD were in the ranges of 70-80%, 90-95% for SS, 80-90% for organic-N and TP. Those removal efficiencies were achieved within 5 min of operation. Three times of repetition in CP resulted in higher removal efficiencies for COD, SS and colour up to 74%, 99% and 94% respectively, in which Al2(SO4)3 was used as the coagulant. Removal efficiencies of various water quality parameters in a continuously operated reactor were similar to those of the batch experiments. Biodegradable ratios (BOD5increased up to 65% after the application of CP.

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Takagi, Yumiko, Yoriko Kusunoki, Yukihiro Yoshida, Hirofusa Tanaka, Gunzi Saito, Kosuke Katagiri, and Toshiyuki Oshiki. "Preparation of Magnetic Ionic Liquids Composed of Hybrid-Type Anions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 11 (2012): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12331.

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1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([C2mim][EtSO4]) was mixed with iron(III) chloride·6H2O to give a magnetic ionic liquid composed of the hybrid-type anion, [C2mim][FeCl3·EtSO4], which showed a slightly different magnetic property than [C2mim][FeCl4]. On the other hand, reaction of [C2mim][EtSO4] with cobalt(II) chloride hydrate formed [C2mim]2[CoIICl4], the structure of which was characterised by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

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Lee, Eunseok, Perry L. McCarty, Jeonghwan Kim, and Jaeho Bae. "Effects of FeCl3 addition on the operation of a staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR)." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.186.

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The effects on sulfur removal and membrane fouling resulting from FeCl3 addition to an anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) in a staged AFMBR (SAF-MBR) was investigated. Total sulfur removal in the SAF-MBR was 42–59% without FeCl3 addition, but increased to 87–95% with FeCl3 addition. Sulfide removal in the AFMBR increased to 90% with addition of FeCl3 at a molar Fe3+/S ratio of 0.54 and to 95% when the ratio was increased to 0.95. Effluent sulfide concentration then decreased to 0.3–0.6 mg/L. Phosphate removals were only 19 and 37% with the above added FeCl3 ratios, indicating that iron removed sulfide more readily than phosphate. Neither chemical oxygen demand nor biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies were affected by the addition of FeCl3. When the AFMBR permeate became exposed to air, light brown particles were formed from effluent Fe2+ oxidation to Fe3+. FeCl3 addition, while beneficial for sulfide removal, did increase the membrane fouling rate due to the deposition of inorganic precipitates in the membrane pores.

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Muro, Carmen, and Vicente Fernandez. "Reactions of CrO2Cl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, CoCl2, MoCl5 and AlCl3 with benzofuroxan. II." Inorganica Chimica Acta 134, no. 2 (November 1987): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)88084-6.

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Bozarslan, G., S. K. Çelebi, and F. Sengül. "Characterization and treatability studies of cigarette industry wastewaters: a case study." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0485.

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In this study, the wastewater of one of the cigarette factories in Izmir was characterized and treatability studies were done. The characterization studies of the wastewater showed that the COD, and the pH changes drastically. The chemical treatability studies of the influent wastewater were done by using Ca(OH)2, FeCl3 and Fenton Reagent. The optimum dose of FeCI3 was determined by jar tests. When using Ca(OH)2, the best flocculation, settling behaviour, and the highest COD removal occurred around pH 11. The optimum doses of Fenton Reagent (FeSO4 and H2O2) were determined. The supernatants of the previously chemically treated wastewaters were used for biological treatment. According to total COD removal efficiencies and the amount of sludge production during chemical treatment, FeCl3 was found to be the most economical and effective coagulant. Chemical treatment units were designed for a batch and a continuous system. The batch system has more advantages than a continuous system in this case.

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Lin, Yue Qiang, Hong Mao, and Jian Li. "The Solution Dependence of Cu Modification During the Synthesis of γ-Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.261.

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During the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by a chemically-induced transition method in FeCl2 solution, Cu modification was attempted by adding CuCl/NaOH or CuCl2/NaOH to the solution. The as-prepared products were characterized using VSM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS. When adding a NaOH solution with a certain concentration, the components of the as-prepared products changed in relation to the copper salt used. When CuCl 2.5 × 10-3 M was used, γ-Fe2O3/CuFeO2 composite nanoparticles coated by FeCl3·6H2O and with an average size of 11.47 nm were formed. When the CuCl concentration increased to 5 × 10-2 M, a mixture of γ-Fe2O3/CuFeO2 and Cu (OH)Cl nanoparticles was formed. When 5 × 10-2 M CuCl2 was used, the final product contained γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, coated with FeCl3·6H2O, and Cu (OH)Cl nanoparticles. The magnetization of the as-prepared products depends on the content of the γ-Fe2O3 and CuFeO2 ferrites.

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Tawansi, A., H. I. Abdel-Kader, M. El-Zalabany, and E. M. Abdel-Razek. "FeCl3-doped polyvinylidene fluoride." Journal of Materials Science 29, no. 13 (July 1994): 3451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00352048.

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Tawansi, A., H. I. Abdel-Kader, W. Balachandran, and E. M. Abdel-Razek. "FeCl3 doped polyvinylidene fluoride." Journal of Materials Science 29, no. 15 (August 1994): 4001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00355961.

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25

Li, Zhong Xian, Zheng Duan, and Yang Jie Wu. "FeCl3 catalyzed diarylmethanes formations." Chinese Chemical Letters 20, no. 5 (May 2009): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2009.01.033.

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26

Cho, Jae Hyun, Jung Suk Kim, Jun Boo Yu, Sung-Ok Sohn, and Jeung Soo Huh. "Effect of Oxidizing Agent of Polypyrrole Layer Prepared by Vapor Polymerization." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.526.

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The influence of oxidant on surface morphology and sensing property of polypyrrole (PPy) – poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) double layer sensors was investigated. PPy–PVA double layer sensors were prepared by vapor polymerization using FeCl3 as oxidizing agent and PVA as adhesive agent. The surface of PPy–PVA layer was observed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface morphology of sensor showed homogeneous layer and thickness of 1µm. And the sensing properties were investigated using a flow measuring system. The maximum sensitivity to methanol 1000ppm was proportional to increasing 12wt % FeCl3 concentration at 25°C. The response time was not affected by FeCl3 concentration, but the recovery time increased according to the amount of FeCl3. The best amount of FeCl3 was observed at 12wt%.

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27

Marañón, Elena, Luis Negral, Yolanda Fernández-Nava, and Leonor Castrillón. "Influence of conditioning agents and enzymic hydrolysis on the biochemical methane potential of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 1622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.413.

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Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests have been carried out on sewage sludge from two wastewater treatment plants to assess the effect of additives (FeCl3 and two cationic polyelectrolytes) used in sludge dewatering. BMP tests were also carried out on the concentrated solid phase from the enzymic hydrolysis pre-treatment (42 °C, 48 h). FeCl3 had no significant effect on specific methane production, obtaining 242–246 LCH4/kgVSo. The effect of the combination of polyelectrolyte and FeCl3 depended on the polyelectrolyte and the sludge, but generally led to an increase in specific methane production (25–40%). When enzymic hydrolysis was applied as a pre-treatment, specific methane production increased from 6.8% in the sludge containing FeCl3 to 20% in the sludge without FeCl3, although the increases were not statistically significant. In terms of LCH4/kgVSrem, a general improvement was achieved both by means of additives and by enzymic hydrolysis. However, this improvement was only significant in the case of sludge which had undergone previous enzymic hydrolysis (62%) and in the untreated sludge containing a polyelectrolyte and FeCl3 (24%). Cationic polyelectrolytes inhibited solid–liquid separation during enzymic hydrolysis and, although the presence of only FeCl3 did not affect this separation, a significant decrease (32%) in LCH4/kgVSrem was observed.

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28

Kumar, Bijender, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj, Farha Deeba, Anurag Kulshreshtha, Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad, Jaehwan Kim, Anuj Kumar, and Yuvraj Singh Negi. "Nanoporous Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-g-poly (Sodium Acrylate)/FeCl3 Hydrogel Beads: Synthesis and Characterization." Gels 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6040049.

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Novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (sodium acrylate)/Ferric chloride (CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3) nanoporous hydrogel beads were prepared based on the ionic cross-linking between CMC-g-PNaA and FeCl3. The structure of CMC and CMC-g-PNaA were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the elemental composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The physicochemical properties of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling percentage of hydrogel beads was studied at different time periods. The obtained CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited a higher nanoporous morphology than those of CMC-g-PNaA and CMC beads. Furthermore, an AFM image of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 beads shows granule type topology. Compared to the CMC-g-PNaA (189 °C), CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited improvement in thermal stability (199 °C). Furthermore, CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads depicted a higher swelling percentage capacity of around 1452%, as compared to CMC-g-PNaA (1096%). Moreover, this strategy with preliminary results could be useful for the development of polysaccharide-based hybrid hydrogel beads for various potential applications.

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29

Rancourt, D. G., B. Hun, and S. Flandrois. "A new biintercalation compound, FeCl3–NiCl2–graphite, studied by 57Fe Mössbauer effect spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements: an ideally decoupled bimagnetic system." Canadian Journal of Physics 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 776–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p88-128.

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A novel situation in which long-range magnetic order coexists with (super)paramagnetism occurs in a new graphite biintercalation compound: FeCl3–NiCl2–graphite. Several compounds have been prepared by sequential intercalation of the two intercalates and have been characterized by powder diffractometry, X-ray precession photographs, high-precision X-ray single-crystal measurements, chemical analysis, and high-temperature susceptibility measurements. All measurements are consistent with the stacking sequence –C–NiCl2–C–FeCl3–C– and corroborate the crystallographic integrity of separate NiCl2 and FeCl3 sublattices. Since the in-plane magnetic interactions of the NiCl2 and FeCl3 layers are, respectively, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic, the two types of chloride layers have been probed independently by combining low-temperature superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and 57Fe Mössbauer-effect spectroscopy. The NiCl2 layers order magnetically at 20.5 K, whereas the FeCl3 layers do not order down to 4.2 K. The drop of 1.5 K in the NiCl2-related ordering temperature, induced by the intercalation of FeCl3 into stage-2 NiCl2–graphite, is attributed to the increased NiCl2–layer separation, suggesting that the transition in NiCl2–graphite is not two-dimensional. Some of the FeCl3–NiCl2–graphite compounds show NiCl2-related transitions at temperatures lower than 20.5 K, which is explained in terms of lower in-plane NiCl2 concentrations. Partial oxidation and hydrolysis of in-gallery FeCl3 has been demonstrated and is found to depend strongly on the mean host-graphite-flake size. A charge transfer of 0.2 electrons per iron atom in the FeCl3 layers is inferred from the Mössbauer spectra collected at 4.2 K, which is the same as in singly intercalated FeCl3–graphite compounds of all known stages. Time and temperature-hysteresis effects in the magnetization have been measured and show distinct "re-entrant spin-glass" behaviour. Relevant aspects of the magnetism and structure of the related singly intercalated materials, the pristine chlorides, and the new biintercalation compounds are compared in detail. The overall features are consistent with a recent model based on interacting island supermoments.

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30

Gailani, David, Qiufang Cheng, Lin Xu, Martin Ogletree, and Xinkang Wang. "Effect of Factor XI or Factor IX Deficiency on an Arterial Occlusion Model." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 3501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3501.3501.

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Abstract Factor XI (fXI) and factor IX (fIX) are zymogens of plasma proteases that are required for normal formation and maintenance of a blood clot. Recent work has implicated these proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular thrombosis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that high levels (top 10% of normal distribution) of fXI or fIX are independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism, increasing risk ~2-fold. Recently, it was shown that fXI deficiency protects mice from carotid artery occlusion in a ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) injury model. FeCl3-induced thrombus formation involves thrombin generation, in addition to platelet activation and von Willebrand factor. We used a modified version of the FeCl3 model to study the antithrombotic effects of complete fXI or fIX deficiency. In wild type C57Bl/6 mice, carotid artery flow measured by Doppler flow probe is completely blocked within 10 minutes of applying 3.5% FeCl3 to the vessel. 3.0% FeCl3 induced occlusion in some (5 of 8) mice by 30 minutes, while no animal treated with 2.5% FeCl3 experienced occlusion. FXI and fIX deficient mice were fully protected from occlusion induced by 3.5% or 5% FeCl3. Some fXI (4 of 8) and fIX (4 of 6) deficient animals developed occlusion with 7.5% FeCl3, while occlusion occurred in all mice at 10% FeCl3. To put the effect of fXI or fIX deficiency on this model into perspective, it requires a very high dose of heparin (1000 U/kg) to produce similar protection. With 5% FeCl3, heparin at 200 U/kg only protects 50% of wild type mice from occlusion, despite prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time beyond the upper limit of the assay (> 500 secs). High dose aspirin (100 mg/kg) did not prevent occlusion induced by 5% FeCl3, despite producing a nearly complete block of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. While fXI and fIX deficiency affect the FeCl3 model similarly, they have significantly different impacts on a tail bleeding time (TBT) assay. FXI deficient and wild type mice have similar mean TBTs (265 ± 68 and 287 ± 92 secs, respectively), while fIX deficiency causes prolonged bleeding (1561 ± 125 secs, p < 0.01). In comparison, heparin (200 units/kg) causes the TBT to exceed the upper limit of the assay (1800 seconds), while aspirin (30 mg/kg) modestly increases the TBT (~2.2-fold). The data indicate that fXI and fIX are involved in thrombus formation in the FeCl3 model, and support a growing body of evidence that thrombin formation through the fIX/fXI axis contributes to thrombotic disease. Given the mild bleeding diathesis associated with fXI deficiency, inhibition of fXI may be a useful component of therapy for treating or preventing thrombus formation, and would be associated with a relatively low risk of bleeding.

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31

Kelkar, Deepali, and Ashish Chourasia. "Structural Properties of Polythiophene Doped with FeCl3." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.03.309.

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32

Xing, Bing-Han, Xuan-Xuan Zhao, Yu-Jun Qin, Pu Zhang, and Zhi-Xin Guo. "Ferric chloride–catalyzed deoxygenative chlorination of carbonyl compounds: A comparison of chlorodimethylsilane and dichloromethylsilane system." Journal of Chemical Research 44, no. 11-12 (May 14, 2020): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519820910959.

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Deoxygenative chlorination of carbonyl compounds using the HMe2SiCl/FeCl3/EtOAc and HMeSiCl2/FeCl3/EtOAc systems has been systemically investigated. The HMe2SiCl-FeCl3 system showed the advantages of good substrate applicability, mild reaction conditions, simple operation, low cost, and easy availability of raw materials. Also, it provided a simple and efficient synthesis route for carbonyl deoxychlorination via a one-pot method. Using the HMeSiCl2/FeCl3/EtOAc system, the β-methylchalcone derivative could be obtained in good yields in addition to obtaining the chlorinated compound. Finally, two plausible reaction routes were proposed to describe the formation of the chlorinated compound and the β-methylchalcone derivative.

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33

Mizutani, Yasuo, Takeshi Abe, Mitsuru Asano, and Toshio Harada. "Bi-intercalation of H2SO4 into stages 4–6 FeCl3–graphite intercalation compounds." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 7 (July 1993): 1586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.1586.

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Stages 4–6 FeCl3–graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) have been prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method, and the bi-intercalation processes of H2SO4 into the GIC's have been studied by x-ray diffraction. Since stages 4–6 FeCl3–GIC's have more than three vacant interlayer spaces in the c-axis repeat distance, the bi-intercalation of H2SO4 into the GIC's takes place stepwise. Consequently, various FeCl3–H2SO4–graphite bi-intercalation compounds (GBC's), from the GBC's with one H2SO4 layer to the GBC's saturated with H2SO4, are obtained in the bi-intercalation processes. Their compositions are described as C6.0nFeCl3 · c(6.0/6.5)H2SO4 from the calculation of structure factor for x-ray diffraction, where n is the stage number of the starting FeCl3-GIC's, and c is the number of H2SO4 layers. Stacking sequences of all the FeCl3–H2SO4–GBC's are also determined.

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34

Gu, Gaosheng, Jincheng Dong, Zhongyu Duan, and Binyuan Liu. "Construction of Mechanically Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane from Carbon Dioxide-Based Poly(ether carbonate) Polyols via Coordination Cross-Linking." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162765.

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Using carbon dioxide-based poly(propylene ether carbonate) diol (PPCD), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ethylene glycol (EG) as the main raw materials, a novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is prepared through coordination of FeCl3 and DMBA to obtain TPU containing coordination enhancement directly. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, UV−Vis spectroscopy, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were explored to characterize chemical structures and mechanical properties of as-prepared TPU. With the increasing addition of FeCl3, the tensile strength and modulus of TPU increase. Although the elongation at break decreases, it still maintains a high level. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the glass-transition temperature moves to a high temperature gradually along with the increasing addition of FeCl3. X-ray diffraction results indicate that TPUs reinforced with FeCl3 or not are amorphous polymers. That FeCl3 coordinates with DMBA first is an effective strategy of getting TPU, which is effective and convenient in the industry without the separation of intermediate products. This work confirms that such Lewis acids as FeCl3 can improve and adjust the properties of TPU contenting coordination structures with an in-situ reaction in a low addition amount, which expands their applications in industry and engineering areas.

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35

Subramanian, S., and Michael J. Zaworotko. "Manifestations of noncovalent interactions in the solid state. 3. X-ray crystal structures of [H4(cyclam)][FeCl5(OH2)](Cl)2 and [H4(cyclam)][CF3COO]4, two network hydrogen bonded solids." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-064.

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FeCl2 or FeCl3 react with cyclam (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) in an acidic medium (4 M HCl) to afford dark orange-red plates of [H4(cyclam)][FeCl5(OH2)](Cl)2 (1). 1 crystallizes in a polar space group (orthorhombic, Pc21b) with a = 10.7730(6), b = 13.3418(10), c = 14.4564(10) Å, V = 2077.84(24) Å3, and Dcalc = 1.68 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Final values of R = 0.031 and Rw = 0.034 were obtained for 1950 independent observed (I > 3σ(I)) reflections. Cyclam reacts with neat trifluoroacetic acid to afford a colourless salt, [H4(cyclam)][CF3COO]4 (2). 2 crystallizes in a centric space group (monoclinic, P21/c), with a = 8.7442(11), b = 10.5121(11), c = 15.2469(20) Å, β = 102.526(15)°, V = 1368.1(3) Å3, and Dcalc = 1.593 g cm−3 for Z = 2. Final values of R = 0.059 and Rw = 0.067 were obtained for 1336 independent observed (I > 3σ(I)) reflections. Extensive interionic hydrogen bonding between the cyclam cations, which adopt exodentate conformations, and anions results in network polymeric hydrogen bonding (1-D for 1, 2-D for 2). The networking in 1 is intrinsically polar because one chloride anion and the [FeCl5(OH2)]2− complex anion are involved in networking between the H4(cyclam)4+ cations. The implications of the crystal structures are discussed from the perspective of rational design of polar solids.

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36

Sharifah, Aishah Syed Salim, Hanizam Shah Saidin, Norlia Baharun, S. A. Rezan, and Hussin Hashim. "Microstructural Study of Reduced Malaysian Ilmenite by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation in Nitrogen Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.265.

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The reduction of Malaysia Ilmenite (FeTiO3) with coal by carbothermal reduction under N2 atmosphere was studied. Characterization of raw materials was done by XRD, XRF, Optical Microscopy (OM) and SEM analysis. Isothermal experiments were carried out using the pellets in a horizontal tube reactor with continuously flowing gas. From the experiments, 0-10 wt. % of FeCl3 was added in the ilmenite-coal mixtures before reduction. The mixture was reduced at 1100°C for 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The addition of FeCl3 acted as a catalyst and increased the rate of reduction. The microstructures of the reduced sample were porous with the addition of FeCl3. Furthermore, defects were observed due to increase release of Cl2 and CO during reduction. FeCl3 acted as catalyst in the gasification of coal by the Boudouard reaction. SEM analysis indicates that the microstructure of the particles was coarsened due to the addition of catalyst. Besides that, there was less agglomeration of metallic iron particles at higher addition of FeCl3. The effect of FeCl3 on the morphology iron was the nucleation of microscopic iron rich zones in the reduced sample. Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Iron Chloride, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation, Titanium Oxycarbonitride.

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37

Niu, Yanping, Ya Li, Haoran Sun, Chuanyao Sun, Wanzhong Yin, and Hongfeng Xu. "Elimination of Ferric Ion Effect on Separation between Kyanite and Quartz Using Citric Acid as Regulator." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060599.

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Ferric ions produced during grinding influence the flotation separation between kyanite and quartz adversely. In this study, citric acid was used as a regulator to eliminate the effect of ferric ions on the separation of kyanite from quartz with sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector. The microflotation test results indicated that the quartz was selectively activated by FeCl3 and maintained significant quartz recovery. However, the citric acid could selectively eliminate the effect of ferric ions on the quartz and minimally influenced the kyanite. Contact angle tests demonstrated that FeCl3 significantly increased the interaction between NaOL and quartz, resulting in the high hydrophobicity of quartz, and the addition of citric acid made the quartz surface hydrophilic again but slightly influenced the kyanite. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that FeCl3 facilitated NaOL adsorption onto the quartz surface, and the addition of citric acid eliminated the activation of FeCl3 on the quartz, resulting in the nonadsorption of NaOL onto the quartz surface. However, the FeCl3 and citric acid exhibited a negligible effect on NaOL adsorption onto the kyanite surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the citric acid eliminated FeCl3 activation on the quartz.

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38

Roesky, Herbert W., Ulrich Seseke, Mathias Noltemeyer, and George M. Sheldrick. "Darstellungen und Strukturen viergliedriger Metall-Stickstoff-Ringe." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-0908.

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Abstract Ph3P=NSiMe3 (1) reacts with InCl3 , SnCl2 and FeCl3 to yield (Ph3P=N)2(InCl2)2 • 2DMF (2a), (Ph3P=N)2Sn2Cl4 • 2 CH3CN (3a) and (Ph3P=N)2 (FeCl2)2 (4). The X-ray single crystal structures of 2a, 3a and 4 are reported. The compounds form four-membered rings consisting of alternating metal and nitrogen atoms. 2a and 4 are symmetrical, but 3a has both a Sn(II)Cl and a Sn(IV)Cl3 group in the four-membered ring.

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39

Akdeniz, Z., and M. P. Tosia. "Ionic Conduction and Molecular Structure of Molten FeCl3." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 53, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-1206.

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Abstract Former experiments on molten FeCl3 have shown that, as for AlCl3 , melting is accompanied by a transition from sixfold to essentially fourfold coordination. However, in contrast to AICI3, the FeCl3 melt near freezing has an appreciable ionic conductivity. We propose a model for the structure of FeCl3 melt as consisting of closely packed Fe2Cl6 bitetrahedral molecules in equilibrium with (Fe2Cl5) + and (Fe2Cl7)- ionised species.

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40

Yussuf, Abdirahman, Mohammad Al-Saleh, Salah Al-Enezi, and Gils Abraham. "Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole: The Influence of the Oxidants and Monomer on the Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (July 18, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4191747.

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Conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique for a period of four hours at room temperature using pyrrole monomer (mPPy) in aqueous solution. Different oxidants such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium persulphate (N2H8S2O8) and surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (C12H25NaO4S) were used. The produced PPy samples were characterized by using different techniques such as the electrical resistivity by four probe technique, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of the oxidants has been investigated and compared. It was found that both oxidants, FeCl3 and N2H8S2O8, have decreased electrical resistivity as a function of temperature, which means increased conductivity. However, FeCl3 has achieved better performance than N2H8S2O8, where it has achieved a lower resistivity of about 60 ohms at room temperature, which indicates higher conductivity of PPy samples with FeCl3 as an oxidant. Similarly, further investigation of FeCl3 oxidant has been conducted by varying its concentration, and its influence on the final properties was reported. It has been observed that the morphology of PPy samples has a significant influence on the conductivity. It was found that 0.1 M and 0.05 M concentrations of FeCl3 oxidant and monomer, respectively, have achieved better thermal stability, which is FeCl3/mPPy ratio of 2 as an optimum value. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the structural formation of polypyrrole from pyrrole monomer during the synthesizing process.

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41

Aleinikovas, Marius, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Aistė Povilaitienė, Benas Šilinskas, Mindaugas Škėma, and Lina Beniušienė. "Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050645.

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Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number of wood parameters, which can also lead to changes in resistance to wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates the effects of hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 with and without commercial tannins, also without additives and fresh wood) on decay and mould fungi resistance of modified wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), walnut (Juglans regia), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). For wood samples, the resistance against wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot) and the resistance against mould fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were assessed. The study findings showed that wood modified with iron compounds could cause a higher resistance to wood-destroying fungi. The weight losses of the modified and control wood, caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, differed for coniferous and deciduous: the average weight loss of treated pine, spruce, and fir wood caused by C. puteana was higher than that caused by T. versicolor, while these differences on maple and walnut wood were not significant. The wood hydrothermal treatment with Fe2Cl3 with and without tannins significantly reduced the weight loss caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, and the treatment with Fe2O3 slightly improved the decay resistance. For the wood, hydrothermally modified with FeCl3 and FeCl3 + tannins, the mould area for both tested Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was smallest for the wood of all tested tree species compared to other treatments. A different response was obtained for coniferous and deciduous tree species wood. The spruce wood, followed by fir wood, treated with FeCl3 with and without tannins, was the most resistant against the mould fungi. Relatively low resistance against the mould fungi was fixed for the maple wood treated by various iron compounds, except the treatment with Fe2O3 + tannins, which gave a very positive response against the Penicillium sp.

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42

Ciciliano, Jordan C., David R. Myers, Meredith E. Fay, Yumiko Sakurai, Renhao Li, Andrew Lyon, and Wilbur A. Lam. "New Insights Into The Mechanisms Of Ferric Chloride-Induced Thrombosis: a Reductionist Microfluidic Approach." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2308.2308.

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Abstract The ferric chloride (FeCl3) murine model of thrombosis is used extensively in hematology, in which application of ferric chloride (200 mM to 1M) to the adventitial side of mouse arteries results in occlusive thrombosis. This effect has historically been attributed to the denudation of endothelial cells by way of free iron-induced oxidative stress. Recently, a well-designed SEM analysis revealed that endothelial cells actually remain intact, and that erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium prior to platelets (Barr, et al, Blood, 2013). The same study found that washed red blood cells exposed to FeCl3 adhere to endothelial cells in vitro. These novel findings inspired us to comprehensively investigate the mechanisms of FeCl3-induced thrombosis via an in vitro reductionist approach: interrogating the effect of FeCl3 on individual blood components in the absence and presence of endothelial cells. To this end, a microfluidic channel was designed to approximately recreate the in vivo blood/FeCl3 interface (Fig 1). By using a microfluidic platform, we were able to tightly control ferric chloride influx; determine the shear rate in the “artery” ; visualize the effects of ferric chloride on isolated blood components in a controlled environment; and quantitatively track clot characteristics such as composition, size, and time to occlusion. We found that a wide range of ferric chloride concentrations causes aggregation of whole blood in our system, even in the absence of endothelial cells. In addition, FeCl3 causes “clotting” of plasma proteins and blood cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig 2A). Once aggregation is initiated, however, FeCl3 concentration does not affect the time required for stable clot formation. Interestingly, at low concentrations, the presence of blood cells are the slowest to form clots while cell/plasma mixtures (platelet-rich plasma and whole blood) are the fastest, perhaps due to plasma proteins forming net-like structures that enhances cell binding and aggregation. (Fig 2B) This universal aggregation effect of FeCl3 led us to posit a charge-based hypothesis. Mechanistically, as Fe3+ ions bind negatively charged surfaces, such as cell membranes and plasma proteins, the intrinsic charge equilibrium of blood may shift, resulting in protein and cell aggregation. Indeed, erythrocyte suspensions exposed to Al3+, which is chemically similar to Fe3+, resulted in cell aggregation. In contrast, erythrocyte suspensions exposed to Cr3+, which forms substitutionally inert water complexes in solution and thus would not be expected to bind protein and cell surfaces, did not result in aggregation (Fig 2C). This suggests that inner-sphere complexation of Fe(III) to plasma proteins/endothelial or blood membranes may have a mechanistic role in FeCl3-induced thrombosis and further explains how the sheet-like protein aggregates could act as Fe3+ linkers that effectively enhances cell binding. However, a complete understanding of FeCl3-induced thrombosis requires the inclusion of endothelial cells. To that end, we used our previously developed technique to “endothelialized” microfluidic channels (Tsai, et al, JCI, 2012) (Fig 3A). We found that the effect of FeCl3 on endothelial cells is likewise concentration dependent: they remain viable at low FeCl3 concentrations (<50 mM) but have compromised cell membranes at higher concentrations (Fig 3B). However, the dead endothelial cells remain intact, corroborating the results of Barr et al. As shown in Fig 3C, FeCl3-induced clotting of platelet-rich plasma nevertheless occurs when endothelial cells are alive. This would suggest that at varying apparent FeCl3 concentrations, the primary means of clotting will differ. If endothelial cells are dead, it is posited that a normal clotting cascade would proceed, in addition to the Fe3+ based aggregation of negatively charged blood components. Overall, our microfluidic studies reveal that FeCl3 has multiple dose-dependent effects involving aggregation of different components of blood and endothelial cells. In addition, we discovered a novel mechanism in which charge effects may have a role in FeCl3-induced thrombosis that is independent of biological ligand-receptor interactions. Further studies are needed to determine how these charge effects interact with the biological aspects of FeCl3-induced thrombosis and the implications for data interpretation when using this model system. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Turfan, Nezahat, and Ekrem Mutlu. "Determination of Resistance Cumhuriyet-75 and Selimiye-95 Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Varieties Against to Some Abiotic Stress Factories." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i7.923-929.1899.

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In this study, resistance mechanism of two wheat genotypes against salt, heavy metal, lime and drought (50%) treatments were investigated in summer Cumhuriyet-75 and winter Selimiye-95. According to results chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid level increased in FeCl3, drought and 225 mM NaCl in Cumhuriyet-75 but they were higher at NaCl, FeCl3 and ZnCl2 treatments in Selimiye-95 comparison to control. While H2O2 content rose all stres treatments in both varieties but Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in Selimiye with all applications. The amount of proline is lower in Cumhuiyet-75 but higher in Selimiye-95. Total soluble protein was found higher at salt concentartion and drought in both varieties. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Süperoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in salt and FeCl3 in Selimiye-95 but SOD ativity were higher at salt treatments in Cumhuriyet-75. And also in both varieties APX and Guaiacol peroxidase (GuPX) increased at FeCl3 but Catalase (CAT) were higher in only FeCl3 in Cumhuriyet-75. As a result Selimiye-95 showed tolerance to salt and FeCl3 with high photosynthetic pigment, proline and soluble protein content with lower MDA but it is sensitive to NiCl2 and drought. Whereas Cumhuriyet-75 cultivar is resistan to drought, FeCl3 and 225 mM NaCl depended on pigment, protein content and APX, CAT, GuPX and SOD activities. When all the data are taken into consideration, it was concluded that the responses of the varieties to the treatments changed according to the type and concentration of stress, and Selimiye-95 variety was tolerant compared to Cumhuriyet-75 variety.

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Cheng, Shu Fen, Yao Ting Tu, Chin Yuan Huang, Jia Rong Chen, and Chi Ying Lai. "Characteristics and Removal Efficiency of Washing with Different Reagent for Soil Contaminated by Leads of Various Sources." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2613.

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Lead is a common pollutant found in soil. The characteristics of lead contaminated soil may vary depending on various sources of lead pollutants and different soils. In this research, samples were collected from soils contaminated by lead of different sources including discarded slag, lead smelting plant and gunnery firing range for conducting characteristic analyses. The samples were also subject to washing using seven different cleaning agents including acids such as HNO3 and HCl, cationic exchangers such as AlCl3, FeCl3, CaCl2 and MgCl2, as well chelating agent such as EDTA-4Na to study the efficiency of these agents of removing leads of various bindings in the contaminated soil. The results show that he most effective cleaning agents are HNO3, HCl, and EDTA-4Na, FeCl3 and AlCl3 for the exchangeable fraction of lead, HNO3, HCl and FeCl3 for carbonate bond fraction of lead, HNO3, HCl followed by EDTA-4Na and FeCl3 for Fe-Mn oxides bond fraction of lead; HNO3, HCl and FeCl3 for the organic bond fraction lead and HCl for the residual fraction of lead.

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45

Weichert, Holger, Carina von Jagemann, Stefanie Peschel, Moritz Knoche, Dieter Neumann, and Wilfried Erfurth. "Studies on Water Transport through the Sweet Cherry Fruit Surface: VIII. Effect of Selected Cations on Water Uptake and Fruit Cracking." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 6 (November 2004): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.6.0781.

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Water uptake through the exocarp of intact sweet cherry [Prunus avium (L.)] fruit was determined gravimetrically in an immersion assay (25 °C). Fruit with sealed pedicel/fruit juncture were incubated in water during the first interval (0 to 0.75 hour) and in 10 mm salt solutions of selected cations during the second (0.75 to 1.5 hours) and third interval (1.5 to 2.25 hours) of an experiment. Rates of water uptake (F) were calculated for first, second and third intervals (FI, FII and FIII, respectively) and salt effects indexed by the ratios FII/FI and FIII/FI. AgNO3 (FII/FI = 0.65), NaCl (0.70), BaCl2 (0.67), CdCl2 (0.69), CuCl2 (0.42), HgCl2 (0.58), and SrCl2 (0.69), and the salts of trivalent cations AlCl3 (0.50), EuCl3 (0.58), and FeCl3 (0.49), significantly decreased water uptake into mature `Sam' fruit as compared to the water control (0.87). KCl (0.82), NH4Cl (0.85), CaCl2 (0.75), MgCl2 (0.88), MnCl2 (0.81), and ZnCl2 (0.72) had no effect, LiCl (1.00) increased uptake. Similar data were obtained for FIII/FI. The effect of FeCl3 on water uptake was independent of the presence of CaCl2, AlCl3, or CuCl2, as sequential or simultaneous treatment with these salts reduced water uptake to the same extent as with FeCl3 alone. Increasing FeCl3 concentration up to 1 mm decreased uptake, higher concentrations had no further effect. FeCl3 and CaCl2 to a smaller extent decreased water uptake in developing `Regina' sweet cherry fruit (55 to 91 days after full bloom). FeCl3 had no significant effect on water uptake along the pedicel/fruit juncture, but markedly reduced uptake through the exocarp of all cultivars investigated (`Burlat', `Early Rivers', `Hedelfinger', `Knauffs', `Regina', `Sam', `Summit', and `Van'). Effects of CaCl2 on water uptake were limited to `Burlat', `Early Rivers', and `Hedelfinger'. CaCl2 and FeCl3 both decreased fruit cracking, but FeCl3 was more effective. The mode of action of mineral salts in decreasing water uptake and fruit cracking and their potential for field use are discussed.

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Rufford, Thomas E., Denisa Hulicova-Jurcakova, Zhonghua Zhu, and Gao Qing Lu. "A comparative study of chemical treatment by FeCl3, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 on microstructure, surface chemistry, and double-layercapacitance of carbons from waste biomass." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0186.

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The effect of chemical treatment on the capacitance of carbon electrodes prepared from waste coffee grounds was investigated. Coffee grounds were impregnated with FeCl3 and MgCl2 and then treated at 900 °C. The resultant carbons were compared with activated coffee ground carbons prepared by ZnCl2 treatment. The carbon treatment processes of FeCl3 and MgCl2 were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis. Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2 and CO2 adsorption were used to characterize the activated carbons. Activation with ZnCl2 and FeCl3 produced carbons with higher surface areas (977 and 846 m2/g, respectively) than treatment with MgCl2 (123 m2/g). Electrochemical double-layer capacitances of the carbons were evaluated in 1 M H2SO4 using two-electrode cells. The system with FeCl3-treated carbon electrodes provided a specific cell capacitance of 57 F/g.

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Ju, Dong Ying, Pei Bian, Ge Letu Qing, Da Ling Lu, and Hong He. "Magnetite Nanoparticles Surface Coating SiO₂ and Magnetic Properties Evaluation." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1366.

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Magnetite nanoparticles were obtained by liquid phase precipitation method in which the pH value of [FeCl2⋅4H2O], [FeCl3⋅6H2O] and [NaOH] solution were controlled. Then the magnetite nanoparticle were scattered in water solution and put in [Na2SiO3] and [HCl], the resultant of reaction SiO2 can be coated on magnetite nanoparticles surface. The morphology and magnetite properties of the coated nanoparticles were evaluated by XRD, TEM, FTIR and VSM. The SiO2 thin film with nanometer size was coated on surface of nanoparticle, so that the magnetic value is decreased with the coating thickness increasing.

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Demant, Udo, Elke Conradi, Ulrich Müller, and Kurt Dehnicke. "Formamidinhim-Hexachloroferrat(III) Synthese und Kristallstruktur / Formamidinium-Hexachloroferrate(III) Synthesis and Crystal Structure." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 40, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1985-0324.

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[HC(NH2)2]3FeCl6 was obtained together with other products from the reaction of S4N4 with HCl in H2CCl2 in the presence of FeCl3. Its crystal structure was determined from X-ray diffraction data (473 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.047). Lattice constants: a = 961.6, c = 876.4 pm; tetragonal, space group P42/m, Z = 2. Of the two crystallographically independent formamidinium ions HC(NH2)2⊕, one exhibits positional disorder; the other one has C-N bond lengths of 128 pm. The FeCl63⊖ ions have symmetry C2h, but the deviation from Oh is small.

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Mardhatillah, Athina, Mutakin Mutakin, and Jutti Levita. "FeCl3-catalyzed Synthesis of Dehydrodiisoeugenol." International Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (November 17, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n1p1.

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Dehydrodiisoeugenol (DDIE) synthesis has been performed by modifying a method recommended by Leopold with a different ratio of isoeugenol and FeCl3 (1.9:1). FeCl3 was chosen as catalyst due to its efficiency and environment-friendly property. This modification yielded 22.93 % of product. The product, a white crystalline form, was characterized using thin layer chromatography, melting point, UV, IR, HRMS, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as HPLC, employing pure DDIE as the standard. TLC chromatogram showed Rf 0.32 using n-hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2). The crystals melted at 138-139 oC, while its UV maximum was detected at l 273 nm. IR spectrum showed a specific broad O-H stretch at 3437.15 cm-1, C-H aromatic and C-H alkene at 3163.26 and 3024.38 cm-1, C-H alkyl stretch at 2951.09 and 2927.94 cm-1. An overtone peak of aromatic was detected at 2100 to 1700 cm-1. C-O peak was detected at 1126.43 cm-1. HPLC showed that this compound was eluted at 11.886 minutes after it was injected to a C18 column 250 x 4 mm using a mixture of methanol and double distilled water (73:27) for mobile phase. HRMS spectra predicted that the molecular structure is C20H22O4 as showed by abundance peak at m/z 327.1595 of [M+H]+. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR indicated that the synthesized compound contains 13 types of proton and 20 types of carbon. Herein we reported that white needle-like crystals of DDIE using FeCl3 as catalyst had been synthesized, moreover the decreasing of the catalyst reduced the yield of the product.

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Silva, M. P., C. Santos, A. Hengeltraub, and G. M. Gualberto. "Transverse magnetoresistance in FeCl3 GIC." Synthetic Metals 87, no. 1 (February 1997): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80089-6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'FeCl3'

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