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Nylocks, Karin Maria. "FEAR-PATHOLOGY ETIOLOGY: FEAR REACTIVITY, FEAR RECOVERY, AND REGULATORY RESOURCES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1582126029109518.
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Flessati, Eugene William. "The effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30577.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the applicability of several habituation models to fear processes with special reference to the effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear. The effects of anxious arousal on self-efficacy expectations were also explored.
Seventy-six female undergraduate students who reported a fear of snakes and met a minimum criterion of fear on a Behavioral Approach Test participated in the study. Subjects viewed a videotaped fear reduction program under either control or anxious arousal conditions. Fear and self-efficacy expectations were assessed repeatedly during the first session. During a follow-up session one month later, subjects were re-exposed to the feared stimulus under either control or anxious arousal conditions.
Although anxious arousal did not affect fear levels within-session, experiencing anxious arousal during fear reduction impeded reduction of subjective fear and, paradoxically, resulted in less heart rate response upon exposure to the feared stimulus following fear reduction. Return of subjective fear was experienced by all of the subjects except those who experienced fear reduction while in an anxious state and follow-up assessment in a calm state. These subjects experienced a substantial decrement in self-reported fear at follow-up. There was a failure to find a relationship between anxious arousal and self-efficacy.
The results were interpreted in terms of several habituation models. It was concluded that the results are better understood in terms of emotional processing models of fear.
Novel findings include evidence that: anxious arousal during fear modification impedes the return of fear, and that assessment in a calm state, following fear reduction while in an anxious state, blocks the return of fear. These findings are theoretically and clinically important.
The implications of the results to self-efficacy theory were discussed.
The clinical implications of the findings were also explored with special reference to relapse.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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McHenry, Shannon. "Sinful fear." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Soares, Sandra C. "Fear commands attention snakes as the archetypal fear stimulus? /." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-824-2/.
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Lakey, Holly. "The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20415.
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This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause.
In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian). These two directional case inflections are generally used to represent the notion of movement away from. In simple FCs in these languages, the movement away is the subject/Experiencer’s recoiling or desire to distance him-/herself from the fear Source. In this way the grammar of simple FCs of these languages mirrors, or metaphorizes, the reflexive avoidance behavior of the fear response.
In the subordinate clause of complex FCs in certain Indo-European languages (such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Old English, Baltic and Slavic languages, French, and Catalan), irrealis mood marking on the verb together with a negative particle that does not affect syntactic negation of the verb syntactically mark the potentiality of the feared event or state represented by the subordinate clause (which has not yet occurred and may not occur) and its undesirability for the subject/Experiencer of the fear verb in the main clause. In this way the negative particle + irrealis mood fear clause metaphorizes on the morphosyntactic level the primary semantic features of the emotion of fear: anticipation of a potential undesired event that the Experiencer seeks to negate. The analysis of complex FCs is followed by a case study proposing the evolution of these constructions in Latin from negative purpose clauses.
This dissertation includes previously published material.
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Donyo, Pema. "The Fear Factor: Determinants of Entrepreneurial Fear of Failure." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1670.
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This thesis aims to investigate determinants of fear of failure in entrepreneurial activity that could inhibit starting a business. The study uses cross-sectional, pooled OLS, and panel regressions. The dependent variable is fear of failure regarding entrepreneurship, measured with the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey question of whether fear of failure would prevent the responder from starting a firm. The unit of analysis is at country level. I categorize determinants into demographic, property rights, and procedural variables. A population of higher working age ratio (measured as the population aged 15-64 divided by the population aged 65 and over) correlates with a decreasing fear of failure. Additionally, stronger property rights appear to decrease fear of failure. I do not find a statistically significant relationship between fear of failure and procedural variables in my datasets. A binary variable for whether the country is in Asia appears to show a positive association with fear of failure, increasing it by ten percentage points. Since decreasing fear of failure is desirable to promote greater entrepreneurial activity, a better understanding of the determinants of fear of failure is essential to inform public policies to spur entrepreneurial growth. The findings from this study, while not conclusive, identify the importance of further research based on larger datasets and variables that are more robust.
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Roth, Cortes Rodolfo. "Nothing to fear but fear itself? : A qualitative study of men’s and women’s fear of crime." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Sociologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32709.
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The purpose of this study is to obtain a better understanding of what people fear might happen to them when being outside after dark. A lot of quantitative studies have been made on the subject of fear of crime to generalize and quantify people’s fears, but lacks any in-depth information about their fears and experiences. I have chosen to research about just that. Theories used are Doing gender and Ideal victims and I have interviewed 8 individuals about what they fear, why they fear it, where they think this fear comes from and other feeling and experiences associated with it. In my analysis we can see that there is a big difference in what individuals fear between men and women. The women in this study are more scared than the men to the point that they do not really venture outside after dark. Men on the other hand feel a bit more unsafe after dark, but never enough to avoid going outside. I also found that women feel shame over their pre-conceptions of men’s crime towards women. Men were mostly scared of assault and robbery while women are mostly scared of sexual assault, and their fears mostly derive from media and experiences people close to them have had.Syftet med denna studie är att få en bättre förståelse över var människor är rädda kan hända dem om de är ute när det är mörkt. Många kvantitativa studier har genomförts angående rädsla för brott för att kunna kvantifiera samt generalisera resultaten till en hel population. Detta resulterar i en förlust av djupet i individers rädslor kring att bli utsatta för brott. Jag har valt att forska om just det. Valda teorier är ”göra genus” och ”ideella offer” och jag har intervjuat 8 individer angående vad de är rädda för, varför de är rädda för det, vart de tror denna rädsla kommer ifrån samt andra känslor associerade med det. I min analys kan vi se att det finns en stor skillnad mellan vad män och kvinnorna i denna studie är rädda för. Kvinnorna var räddare än män till den punkten att de avstod från att gå ut under kvällar och nätter. Männen å andra sidan kände sig lite osäkrare när det var mörkt, men aldrig tillräckligt för att avstå från att gå ut. Jag fann även att kvinnor upplevde skam över deras fördomar mot mäns brott mot kvinnor. Män var främst rädda för misshandel och rån medan kvinnor var rädda för sexuella brott, och deras rädslor härstammade från media och erfarenheter individer nära dem hade upplevt.
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Purkis, Helena Margaret. "Why do we fear what we fear? evidence for a learning based account of stimulus fear relevance /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17989.pdf.
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Doerksen, Mark D. "Fighting Fear with Fear: A Governmental Criminology of Peace Bonds." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24224.
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Peace bonds are a legal tool of governance dating back to 13th c. England. In Canada, a significant change in the application of peace bonds took place in the mid-1990s, shifting their purpose from governing minor disputes between individuals to allowing for persons who have not been charged with a crime to be governed as if they had. Given the legal test for a peace bond has always been the determination of ‘reasonable fear’, the advent of these ‘specialized’ peace bonds suggests that the object of reasonable fear has changed. Despite their lengthy history, peace bonds have limited coverage in academic literature, a weakness compounded by a predominant doctrinal approach based in a liberal framework. The central inquiry of this thesis moves beyond this predominant perspective of ‘peace bonds as crime prevention’ by developing a governmental criminology, which deepens our understanding of the role of specialized peace bond law in contemporary society. Specifically, governmental criminology takes a Foucaultian critical legal studies approach, which acknowledges legal pluralism and sets out the historical context required for analysis. Ultimately, by unearthing underlying social, economic, and political power relations it is possible to critique the accompanying modes of calculation of fear and risk, thus challenging the regimes of practices that make specialized peace bonds possible. Specialized peace bonds merely manage the consequences of a criminal justice system limited by social, political, and economic circumstances, in a broader biopolitical project of integrating risky populations.
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Vice, President Research Office of the. "Freedom from Fear." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2698.
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Kabrick-Arneson, Evan C. "CAPE FEAR STORIES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/73.
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The following work is a collection of short stories, each of which is set in Southeastern North Carolina in a particular medium-sized town. The stories are concerned with the idea of place and with what it is like to have lived all of one’s life in one setting. Thus, the characters here range from childhood to old age, they are from various social classes, and they occupy varying roles in both traditional and non-traditional families. The concern of this collection is how people of all stripes occupy a single place for generations, and more specifically what the nature of community is.
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Ryan, Katherine M. "Methodological differences in Pavlovian fear learning, extinction and return of fear." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410147.
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Examining methodological differences in fear conditioning and extinction studies is a growing area of research, inspired by the recent ‘replication crisis’ in psychological research. Determining whether methodological differences of fear conditioning and extinction paradigms contribute to inconsistent findings is important in terms of the translational value of this paradigm as an experimental analogue of exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy. The aim of this thesis was to improve the experimental methodology of fear conditioning and extinction studies, by addressing three key questions: 1) Are there parameters of fear conditioning and extinction tasks that differentiate successful from unsuccessful extinction in studies with children and youth; 2) Do different types and combinations of within-phase subjective measures affect within-phase physiological and between-phase measures of fear conditioning and extinction; and 3) Does behavioural memory reconsolidation in the form of cue reactivation with versus without instructions differentially impact extinction and return of fear?
Question one was addressed by conducting a systematic review of 35 fear conditioning and extinction studies conducted with children and adolescents (Chapter 2, Ryan et al., 2019). This review revealed that successful extinction was observed in studies that used fear irrelevant shapes (CS) and tones (US) (recommended for all youth) or fear relevant faces (CS) and screams (US) (recommended only for adolescents) as well as those studies that used 8 – 12 CS trials per acquisition and extinction phase. The most commonly used and effective dependent measures were skin conductance responses (SCRs) and subjective ratings of CS valence, fearfulness and arousal. Fear potentiated startle (FPS) was also effective, however less commonly used with children. It was suggested that standard measures be adopted for subjective ratings
scales to assist in comparisons across studies. It was recommended that both physiological measures of SCRs and/or FPS be assessed, as well as within-phase subjective measures of US expectancy ratings and CS evaluations and between-phase measures of CS valence, CS arousal and subjective anxiety. Also, additional measures of contingency awareness and US intensity and pleasantness after the conditioning phase was recommended. The review identified unresolved issues and directions for future research to further clarify the most effective designs and measures.
The first experimental study (Chapter 3, Ryan et al., 2021) aimed to address one of the issues identified in Ryan et al. (2019) relating to whether different combinations of within-phase subjective measures of US expectancy and CS evaluations would influence skin conductance responses and between-phase subjective ratings of CS valence, CS arousal and subjective anxiety. The fear conditioning and extinction study involved 88 participants aged between 17- 25 years recruited from first year university psychology students. The Control condition (N =22) included the assessment of SCRs and between-phase ratings. Relative to the Control condition, the US Expectancy condition (N= 21) additionally included within-phase US expectancy ratings throughout each phase, the CS Evaluation condition (N = 21) additionally included within-phase CS evaluations, and the All Measures condition (N = 23) additionally included both within-phase US expectancy and CS evaluations. Within-phase subjective measures influenced learning by changes in arousal measured by SCRs, however they did not influence between-phase ratings. Rating the within-phase US expectancy alone resulted in successful conditioning, extinction and extinction retention of differential SCRs. Providing the within-phase CS evaluation alone resulted in successful conditioning but no extinction of differential SCRs although extinction did occur at the end of the test phase. For the control condition (no within-phase measures), there was also no extinction of SCRs that remained until the end of the test phase. Rating both within-
phase measures resulted in successful conditioning and extinction of differential SCRs; however, the arousal was elevated compared to other conditions. The All measures condition also had a return of differential SCRs during the test phase. It was concluded that researchers need to consider the aims and objectives of their study because different types and combinations of within-phase subjective ratings may influence the outcomes.
The second experimental study (Chapter 4, Ryan et al., under review) investigated a notable methodological difference in behavioural memory reconsolidation studies, in which some studies but not others include instructions before the cue reactivation manipulation. The goal was to determine whether instructions influence extinction and the return of differential fear responses. Participants were recruited from first year university psychology students (N = 109) with an age range of 17 - 40 years. Four conditions tested the role of instructions on cue reactivation by presenting the cue with (CS+ Instruct) and without instructions (CS+ Only) relative to two conditions that controlled for the role of instructions alone (Instruct Only) and no cue or instructions (Control). Participants completed acquisition, extinction and test phases within a single session, using fear relevant dog pictures and an aversive auditory unconditional stimulus (US). Measures included skin conductance responses (SCRs), within-phase US expectancy, between-phase CS evaluations and subjective anxiety. No condition differences were found - all conditions demonstrated extinction retention of SCRs in the test phase. There were also no condition differences in US expectancy ratings within-phase and CS evaluations between-phase. Subjective anxiety ratings also showed no differences between conditions, although fear reduced after extinction for all conditions. The findings found no support for instructions before cue reactivation and no support for behavioural memory reconsolidation.
Three general conclusions were drawn from the results of the systematic review and the two experimental studies: 1) Parameters of fear conditioning and extinction tasks can differentiate successful from unsuccessful extinction; 2) Different types and combinations of within-phase subjective measures affect physiological measures of fear conditioning and extinction studies; and 3) Cue reactivation with or without instructions during behavioural memory consolidation does not impact extinction and the return of fear. Future research implications and recommendations are discussed. The findings from the current PhD program of research have methodological implications for future fear conditioning and extinction studies and add to the literature focused on improving scientific rigour and the replication crisis in psychological research.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Pissiota, Anna. "Fear, Startle, and Fear-Potentiated Startle : Probing Emotion in the Human Brain." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Psychology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3479.
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The present thesis explored the neurobiological basis of three aspects of defense behaviors in humans. Positron emission tomography methodology was used, and changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured as an index of neural activity. Firstly, brain function was studied in a group of patients suffering from combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, using a symptom provocation paradigm with combat sounds in order to elicit fear. Exposure to auditory trauma reminders relative to neutral sounds was associated with increased rCBF in sensorimotor areas, the cerebellar vermis, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the right amygdala, whereas decreased activity was observed in the retrosplenial area of the posterior cingulate cortex. Secondly, the neural circuitry mediating the acoustic startle response and its habituation was studied in a group of healthy subjects. During acoustic startle stimulation as compared to a resting condition, increased rCBF was found in a medial posterior area of the pons corresponding to the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. As a result of startle repetition, altered activity was found in the cerebellum, pointing to its involvement in startle habituation. Thirdly, neural activity associated with startle modulation by phobic fear was studied in a group of subjects with specific animal phobias during exposure to pictures of their feared and non-feared objects, paired and unpaired with acoustic startle stimuli. As a result of startle potentiation, increased rCBF was found in the left amygdaloid-hippocampal region, and medially in the affective division of the anterior cingulate cortex. In conclusion, these results provide evidence for the involvement of limbic and paralimbic brain areas during fear provocation and fear-potentiated startle and for a similar neurocircuitry underlying startle in humans and animals.
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Samson, Deborah Christine Veronica. "Contrast effects in fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31484.
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The purpose of this research was to determine if fear is subject to the contrast effect that pervades psychophysical and other psychological phenomena. A contrast is said to occur when the judgement of a target stimulus is inversely related to the stimulus that preceded it; hence, it was expected that the response to a fearful stimulus should be inversely related to the response made to the preceding fear stimulus.
The occurrence and nature of contrast effects were investigated in two laboratory studies of fearful people. In the first experiment, sixty-five university students were exposed on separate occasions to two fearful stimuli (spiders and snakes). The first exposure session was manipulated so that experimental groups differed in the amount of fear evoked by the stimulus (high fear, moderate fear, and low fear). Exposure to the second animal was designed to produce a moderate level of fear in all subjects. During exposure to the animals, measures of subjective fear and heart rate were taken. Results suggested that a contrast effect had occurred. Compared to a control group of subjects who experienced moderate fear on two occasions, subjects who had a high fear response to the initial stimulus showed a decrease in fear to the second stimulus. Subjects who had a low fear response to the initial stimulus showed an increase in fear to the second stimulus. This increase in fear was evident in subjective and physiological indices. None of the effects was evident when participants were reassessed one week later, suggesting that the fear contrast effect is transient.
Four theories were evaluated with regard to their ability to
account for the above findings. None of the theories could sufficiently explain the results, suggesting that a combination of at least two is necessary.
The purpose of the second experiment was to replicate the above findings, and to investigate three additional aspects. These included: a) the participant's awareness of contrast effects, b) the role of perceived similarity of the context and target stimuli, and c) the interaction between mood states and prior context. A 2 by 3 factorial design was utilized with prior context (high fear, low fear) as the first factor, and mood induction (happy, sad and no mood induction) as the second factor. Subjective fear and heart rate were recorded during exposures to the feared stimuli. In addition, perceived similarity of the target and context was examined using three questionnaires, each assessing a different dimension of similarity. Awareness of contrasts was assessed with a post-experimental questionnaire. In the absence of mood induction, contrast effects occurred as they had in the first experiment. In the conditions involving mood induction, an interaction was evident. A happy mood blocked a low-to-moderate fear contrast, and a sad mood blocked a high-to-moderate fear contrast. Contrary to expectations, none of the similarity questionnaires was related to the magnitude of the contrast effect. Finally, subjects did not appear to be aware of their own experience of a fear contrast.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Taylor, Steven. "The overprediction of fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32178.
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Stimulus and response expectations play a central role in cognitive formulations of fear and avoidance. Research on this subject has been primarily concerned with the identification of various forms of expectations and their associated biases. Comparatively little is known about the cognitive structures or processes that produce biased expectations. The studies reported in this dissertation were intended to investigate the mechanisms of one bias of fear expectations, the overprediction of fear. This is a common phenomenon in which fearful people tend to overestimate the amount of fear that they will experience upon exposure to a threatening stimulus. Although overprediction is of interest in its own right, it is also important in that it promotes excessive avoidance behaviour, and so contributes to the maintenance of fear.
A theoretical framework, called the stimulus estimation model, was proposed for conceptualizing the overprediction of fear. This model consists of an algebraic expression of the elements of overprediction and a set of candidate cognitive mechanisms that generate the algebraic relations. The essence of the algebraic expression is that the overprediction of fear arises from the overprediction of the threatening elements of the feared stimulus, and the underprediction of the elements that confer safety. One of the cognitive components of this model, the selective recall model, states that overprediction arises from the selective retrieval of memories of highly fearful reactions to aversive events. Another cognitive component, the differential-weighting model, proposes that overprediction arises because environmental information about sources of safety has a greater influence on reported fear than on predicted fear.
The first experiment tested the selective recall model with a priming paradigm. One group of 50 spider-fearful subjects was required to recall highly fearful encounters with spiders (fear-relevant priming). A second group of 50 spider-fearful subjects was required to recall spider-irrelevant experiences (fear-irrelevant priming). The selective recall model predicts that the overprediction of fear in a subsequent fear-evoking task would be greatest after fear-relevant priming compared with fear-irrelevant priming. Contrary to expectation, predicted fear did not differ between the priming conditions. Reported fear was greatest after fear-relevant priming.
Thus, contrary to the selective-recall model, the magnitude of overprediction was smallest in the fear-relevant priming condition.
The second experiment tested the differential-weighting model. One hundred and twenty-one spider-fearful subjects were randomly allocated to one of two groups. One group received minimal safety information about a fear-evoking task. The second group received a high level of safety information about the task. It was found that the groups did not differ in their fear predictions, but the high information group made lower fear reports than the low-information group. As a result, the provision of safety information increased the magnitude of overprediction, thus supporting the model.
The third experiment attempted to replicate and extend the findings of Experiment 2, using a sample of 224 snake-fearful subjects. Danger and safety information were compared in their effects on predictions and reports of fear. All information effects were nonsignificant. The results of further analyses suggested that this was due to inadequate experimental manipulations rather than to an inadequacy in the model. The algebraic expression of the stimulus estimation model was supported by a series of analyses, including structural equation modeling. Thus, in the case of the fear of snakes, support was found for the hypothesis that the overprediction of fear is caused by overpredictions of the dangerousness, activity level, and size of the snake, and underpredictions of the safety and controllability of the situation. In the final chapter, the utility of the stimulus estimation model was considered, implications for other fear-relevant phenomena were set out, and directions for further investigation were explored.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Barnett, Jennifer A. "Fear in the outdoors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0013/MQ28538.pdf.
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McGrath, Joanna Ruth. "Fear following brain injury." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325266.
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Kirk, Raymond Clarence. "Fear : measurement and modification." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5821.
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The avoidance and response prevention (RP) literatures are reviewed. This review highlighted a number of persistent issues, revealed a need for the development of sensitive fear assessment measures and showed a number of parameters that enhance response prevention's efficacy in reducing conditioned fear. This thesis examined (i) a number of RP parameters across escape-from-fear and passive avoidance baselines, using in the latter situation, multivariate fear assessment measures; and (ii) the psychopharmacological actions of the benzodiazepine, diazepam, and beta-adrenergic blockers, propranolol and atenolol, across passive avoidance, conditioned suppression of licking and signal detection behavioural baselines.
In experiment one, escape-from-fear behaviour was found to be insensitive to 100 - and 200 - non-reinforced 5 second CS presentations (RP). Massed RP was reported to be superior to distributed RP and protracted RP (2 hr) more efficacious than 1 hr RP in reducing conditioned fear and hastening avoidance extinction in experiment two. Social facilitation of RP (experiment three) enhanced RP effects when assessed by the time fear assessment measure but had less effect on RP when assessed by the approaches and first entry latency measures. This differential sensitivity of the fear assessment measures was also reported for diazepam, propranolol and atenolol - assisted RP (experiments three and four).
Experiment five examined the separate and combined administration of diazepam and propranolol on disinhibiting licking behaviour. Diazepam was more effective than the combined treatment, which in turn was more effective than propranolol alone, with atenolol having little effect in disinhibiting licking behaviour.
Experiment six established a signal detection behavioural baseline which was used to independently assess possible diazepam - and propranolol-induced changes in stimulus discrimination from possible drug-induced changes in response-bias (experiment seven). Both diazepam and, propranolol failed to affect response bias, whereas stimulus discrimination was attenuated by propranolol but unaffected by diazepam administration.
The response prevention results were discussed in terms of a modified two process theory presented in chapter two, which emphasised the relative sensitivity of and the relationship between the fear assessment measures in discriminating RP effects on conditioned fear and avoidance behaviour. The drug results were discussed in terms of the respective modes of anxiolytic action of the benzodiazepines and beta-adrenergic blockers. This signal detection results were discussed in terms of matching model and signal detection analyses of choice behaviour. Implications of these results to avoidance theory and research as well as to the assessment and treatment of fear motivated human neurotic behaviours were discussed with suggestions for future research being presented.
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Yoo, Seungyeon. "Fear in public spaces." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5591.
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SUMMARY The project Fear in Public Spaces investigates and highlights emotions of possible crime in urban context. In cities nowadays there are many public spaces with anonymous people around you. The word public might be equated with risky. Also, I have a personal experience with crime in public spaces when a man was watching me over a toilet cubicle wall a few years ago. In my individual view, I feel insecure in many public spaces after that experience. My research is based on the analysis of sequences and details of spaces where I feel anxious. I identified three such places, a toilet cubicle, in front of a subway station ticket machine and the space under a bridge. The goal is to make people aware about possible crimes in a joyful way. As I bring out my fear in a humoristic way, my fear can affect someone like me, but also the humoristic part can give positive affect to people who enjoy public spaces. As an Interior Architect, I explore how public spaces affect us derived from emotions and human behavior. I create spaces by describing crime to the public. Using symbols, text and artwork, I interact with your emotions and behavior. How you react to the project depends on you and your experiences.
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Harmon, Clare L. "Fear of Inclement Weather." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2079.
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De, Villiers Ronelle. "Fear of success revisited." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18292.
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Bibliography: pages 149-173.The unresolved question of whether Fear of Success is a motive or a measure of gender-role stereotypes is at the centre of the confusion about this construct. The purpose of the present study was to re-explore the nature of Fear of Success through the relationship of this construct to other theoretically related variables. The list of variables included Self-Efficacy, Autonomous and Social Achievement Values, Attitudes Towards Women, Positive and Negative Affect and Age. Cronbach and Meehl's (citedin Tresemer, 1976a) statement that the nomological net of propositions in which a construct is embedded must show predicted relationships with that construct, fostered the expectation that at least some of these variables would predict Fear of Success. It was anticipated that establishing a relationship with either the sociological or the personality constructs would clarify the nature of Fear of Success. The sample consisted of 240 white, English-speaking Capetonian women. The sample was restricted to women from the same cultural group so as to avoid the introduction of confounding variables, and to facilitate comparison of the results with the bulk of the research, most of which has been conducted in America. Furthermore, subjects were drawn from the working population· rather than students, as many researchers in this field have done, so that results would be generalizable to the workplace. Each subject was administered a questionnaire containing the following scales: Good and Good's(1973) Fear of Success Scale, The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule which was developed by Watson, Clark and Tellegen (1988), Tipton, Everett and Worthington's(1984) Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Spence and Helmreich's (1972) Attitudes Towards Women Scale and the Autonomous and Social Achievement Values Scale which was compiled by Strümpfer (1975).
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Lyon, Tess Emily. "Fear and Political Rhetoric." Thesis, Department of Philosophy, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16133.
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In 2016, the resurgence of Pauline Hanson and her One Nation Party to the Senate has dominated Australian political discourse. Specifically, her statements about Islam and Muslims have sparked discussion about the role of political speech in our democracy. In this thesis, I seek to address the question at the heart of this tension: should politicians’ fear-mongering rhetoric be defended, or does it inflict serious trauma on our societies? I do so by focusing on the nature of fear as a political emotion; its structure, its effects on individuals and democratic society, and its costs. Fear, I argue, is at the heart of our problem with fear-mongering rhetoric. In the first section of this thesis, I contextualise this thesis as a contribution to the recent turn to ethics within liberalism, and as an extension on Martha Nussbaum’s extensive philosophical treatment of political emotions in liberal democracy. In the second section, I set up the cognitive account of political fear that I will use throughout this thesis. I demonstrate its role in perpetuating a range of phenomena incompatible with a pluralist society, including significant epistemic harms. In the third section, I turn to the effects specific to fear-mongering political rhetoric, and in the fourth, I weigh up the effects of fear against our commitment to freedom of speech. My unique contribution to this field is to point out that fear as an emotion is at the root of why fear-mongering speech is objectionable in a liberal democracy. If we do not acknowledge the emotional root and carrying force of this kind of speech, we fail to see what is at stake in debate over fear-mongering political rhetoric: it critically compromises citizens’ capacity to engage in political discourse. I make the following disclaimer at the outset: for much of this thesis, Senator Hanson serves as a token for politicians and political candidates who say discriminatory, fear-mongering things about Islam and Muslims. She is not alone, but she is the most visible. It is for this reason that I tend to use her as a signpost for the broader array of fear-mongering political rhetoric to take place in Australian political discourse of the last few years.
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Malmquist, Jennie, and Christoffer Lindberg. "Fear queer eller välkomna nya perspektiv? To Fear Queer or Welcome new Perspectiv?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-31865.
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Vi ämnar undersöka hur attityder gentemot queerteorier har förändrats och påverkat några prästers yrkesutövande. Målsättningen är att synliggöra utifall queerteorier på Bibeln används på ett aktivt praktiskt sätt eller enbart på ett akademiskt plan. Vi har använt oss av queerteorier utformade av Judith Butler och Gayle Rubin. Genom en intervjustudie utförda med kvalitativ analys, har vi kommit fram till att queerteorier tycks sträcka sig enbart till den akademiska sfären. I diskussion ställer vi oss frågan: vad queerteoriernas funktion är och varför de inte appliceras i större utsträckning?Nyckelord: Queer, Bibeln, Svenska kyrkan, Heteronormativitet
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Vilensky, Michael. "Fear as a Magnifying Glass: The Relationship Between Fear Intensity and Size Perception." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1329237590.
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Salomonsson, Birgitta. "Fear is in the air : Midwives´ perspectives of fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy and fear of childbirth in nulliparous pregnant women." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medicinsk psykologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85650.
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Introduction: In Western countries, about one pregnant woman in five experiences a considerable fear of childbirth (FOC). Consequently FOC is an important topic for midwives, being pregnant women’s main care givers. Also, although many aspects of FOC have been studied, almost no studies have into detail applied a theoretical frame of reference for studying pregnant women’s expectations for their upcoming labour and delivery. Therefore, the theory of self-efficacy, here regarding pregnant women’s belief in own capability to cope with labour and delivery, has been applied with the aim to better understand the phenomenon of FOC. Aim: The overall aims of the thesis were to describe midwives´ perceptions and views on FOC and to expand the current knowledge about expectations for the forthcoming birth in nulliparous women in the context of FOC. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Method: Study I had a descriptive design. In total 21 midwives, distributed over four focus-groups, participated. Data were analysed by the phenomenographic approach. Studies II and III had cross sectional designs. Study II comprised 726 midwives, randomly selected from a national sample that completed a questionnaire that addressed the findings from Study I. Study III included 423 pregnant nulliparous women. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), self-efficacy by the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). Study IV had a descriptive interpretative design. Seventeen women with severe FOC were conveniently selected from the sample of Study III and individually interviewed. Content analyses, both deductive and inductive, were performed. Conclusions: Swedish midwives regard severe FOC as a serious problem that influences pregnant women’s view on the forthcoming labour and delivery. Midwives at antenatal care clinics, compared to colleagues working at labour wards, experience a greater need for training in care of pregnant women with severe FOC. Self-efficacy is a useful construct and the self-efficacy theory an applicable way of thinking in analysing fear of childbirth. The self-efficacy concept might be appropriate in midwives’ care for women with severe FOC.
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Antoniadis, Elena Anna. "Discriminative fear conditioning to context expressed by multiple measures of fear in the rat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29181.pdf.
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Anderzén, Carlsson Agneta. "Children with cancer : focusing on their fear and on how their fear is handled /." Örebro : Örebro universitetsbibliotek, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1196.
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Crowley, Lee. "Christ as advocate and fear." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Alshalan, Abdullah. "Cyber-crime fear and victimization." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-01232006-095728.
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Charteris, Jennifer. "Where angels fear to tread." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Educational Studies and Human Development, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2288.
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This study relates my experience as a new Head of English, facilitating
Information Communication Technology Professional Development
promote innovative practice in a secondary school. It describes my journey,
learning about leadership and change management. I trialled initiatives in
an attempt to promote a more constructivist teaching and learning culture
within the department.
The story documents English teachers' Information and Communication
Technology skills, knowledge and understandings in using ICTs in their
classes and examines to what extent and in what ways their beliefs impact
on the design of their classroom learning environments. The literature
review examines the impact of ICT on teaching and learning, online
learning, ICT professional development, and leadership.
Computer access, reliability, time and the teachers' pedagogy (geared to
high stakes assessment) were identified as barriers to the implementation of
ICT initiatives. Leadership in times of change requires a reflective process
which promotes collaboration. An inflexible approach, as outlined in this
study, fosters resistance.
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Chiu, Ka-cheung, and 招嘉章. "Elderly victimization: paradox of fear." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978034.
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Cullen, Patrick K. "Neurobiological mechanisms of fear generalization." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618903.
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Contextual fear conditioning involves pairing a novel context (conditioned stimulus) with several footshocks (unconditioned stimulus) that serve to condition fear to that context. As the retention interval between training and testing increases context specificity is lost. In other words, the fear memory is no longer precise or context-specific, but has generalized to novel contexts at remote time points. In an attempt to investigate the neural pattern of an imprecise contextual memory trace as a function of time, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization to for Arc mRNA as a measure of neuronal activation following expression of a precise vs. imprecise context fear memory. Expression of a contextually precise memory involved increased Arc mRNA expression in both the dorsal and ventral CA1 regions of the hippocampus as well as the ACC and IL. Expression of a contextually imprecise fear memory involved Arc mRNA expression in the ventral CA1, ACC, IL, and the PL suggesting that both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are involved in the expression of a remote contextually imprecise memory. Further, inactivation of the ACC at remote time points returned the context memory to a precise state, but had no effect on memory for the training context. Taken together, these data suggest that as a context fear memory ages, both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex interact in the expression of the memory trace resulting in the loss of precision. Preventing this interaction through inactivation of the ACC allows the hippocampus to express the contextually precise memory. In addition to the systems investigation of fear generalization, we also investigated a potential synaptic mechanism of the phenomenon. Specifically, we discovered that mice lacking a GABAB1 receptor subtype, GABAB1a, exhibit a loss of context discrimination compared to wild-type animals. Animals lacking GABAB1a receptors showed a significant, but not complete loss of context specificity 24 hours post-training. GABAB1a knock out mice exhibited a complete loss of context discrimination by 5 days post-training. However, knock out mice exhibited normal context discrimination immediately following training, suggesting that GABAB1A receptors are necessary for the retention, but not acquisition, of context discrimination. Our results indicate that presynaptic inhibition is required for the maintenance of context.
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Alpaugh, Cathryn V. "Fear of crime in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91086.
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Fear of crime is as much a reality as crime itself. Our reactions to the problem of crime may influence or interfere with our day-to-day activities. Yet not everyone is a victim of crime, nor does everyone perceive crime as being a serious problem.
The author tests hypotheses about the relationships between the fear of crime and, (1) prior victimization, (2) perceived seriousness of crimes and (3) size of the community (population size); suggesting that all of these relationships will be positive--the higher the score for these three variables the higher the score for fear. Also, it was hypothesized that these relationships would be greater (a) for women than for men, and (b) for personal crimes than for property crimes.The survey was sent to a sample of registered motor vehicle owners in the state of Virginia; a sample of 952 was used in this study.
All of the relationships were positive. Only two of the sub-hypotheses were supported: that the relationship between perceived seriousness and fear of crime was greater for women than for men, and that the relationship between population size and fear of crime was greater for women than for men.
Implications of the results and the limitations of the study are discussed. Suggestions are made for future research.M.S.
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Cullen, Patrick Kennedy. "NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF FEAR GENERALIZATION." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1374536919.
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Lynch, Joseph Francis III. "Estrogenic Modulation of Fear Generalization." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1466095867.
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Chiu, Ka-cheung. "Elderly victimization : paradox of fear /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18649701.
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Ellena, Giulia <1990>. "The spatial logic of fear." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9598/1/Ellena_Giulia_tesi.pdf.
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Peripersonal space (PPS) is the multimodal sensorimotor representation of the space surrounding the body. This thesis investigates how PPS is modulated by emotional faces, which represent particularly salient cue in our environment. Study 1 shows that looming neutral, joyful, and angry faces gradually facilitate motor responses to tactile stimuli. Conversely, looming fearful faces show no such effect. Also, at the closest position in PPS, multisensory response facilitation is lower for fearful than neutral faces. Study 2a addresses the hypothesis that fearful faces promote a redirection of attention towards the peripheral space. In line with this, it shows that motor responses to tactile stimuli are facilitated when a looming fearful face is associated with the appearance of a visual element presented in the periphery, rather than close to the face. Also, this effect is found in near space and not in far space. This result suggests that a near looming fearful face elicits a redirection of attention to the peripheral space. Such effect is not found for neutral, joyful, or angry faces (Study 2b). Study 3 shows that the redirection of attention in PPS by fearful faces is accompanied by a modulation of the electrophysiological signal associated with face processing (N170). Finally, Study 4 shows that the skin conductance response to looming fearful, but not joyful or neutral faces, is modulated by the distance of the face from participants’ body, being maximal in the near space. Together these studies show that, at variance with other emotions, fearful faces shift attention to other portions of space - than that of the face - where the threat may be located. It is argued that this fear-evoked redirection of attention may enhance the defensive function of PPS, when most needed, i.e., when the source of threat is nearby, but its location remains unknown.
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Ågren, Thomas. "Erasing Fear : Effect of Disrupting Fear Memory Reconsolidation on Central and Peripheral Nervous System Activity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-180202.
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Fear memories, here defined as learned associations between a stimulus and a physiological fear reaction, are formed through fear conditioning. In animals, fear memories, present in the lateral amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. This thesis examines the attenuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans, using measures of both the central and peripheral nervous system activity. Serotonergic and dopaminergic genes have previously been tied to both fear conditioning and anxiety disorders, where fear conditioning mechanisms are important. In order to evaluate the possible role of fear memory reconsolidation mechanims in the effect on fear and anxiety by these genes, this thesis also compare the reconsolidation disruption effect between different serotonergic and dopaminergic genotypes. Study I examined the attentuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans using reacquisition as a measure of the return of fear. Moreover, study I investigated the impact of differences in serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles on this process. Study II examined the attentuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans using reinstatement as a measure of the return of fear. Study II also investigated the impact of differences in serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles on the process of fear memory reconsolidation. Study III used psychophysiology and fMRI to localize the functional neural activity mediating the fear memory reconsolidation disruption effect. In summary, this thesis provides evidence that fear memories are attenuated by reconsolidation disruption in humans and that serotonergic and dopaminergic alleles influence this process. Moreover, this thesis support that human fear memory reconsolidation is amygdala-dependent, suggesting an evolutionary shared memory mechanism.
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Paulsson, Meryem. "Effekten av fear appeals : en studie om marknadsföringsstrategin fear appeals och dess påverkan på mottagaren." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Avdelningen för Företagsekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-204.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study if there are any relations between the perceptions of a fear appeal message in relation to the individual experiences of the area. Furthermore to give a general view over research made on fear appeals. The research is made in a qualitative approach were the case study is used. Interviews were used to get relevant information from the chosen respondents. The results if the thesis indicates that there is a relation depending on individual experiences during the perception of a fear appeal message. Those who had considerable experiences from their past, expressed a reaction on the message bud did not act after the recommendation in the message. Those respondents who hadn’t any emotional experiences to relate too were mainly focused on the information in the message.
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Bluett, Ellen J. "Does the Way Exposure Exercises are Presented Matter? Comparing Fear Reduction Versus Fear Toleration Models." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3894.
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Exposure therapy is considered to be a first line treatment for a variety of anxiety disorders as supported by several review studies. However, there is no clear understanding of how it works. The present study examined how framing exposure exercises impacted outcomes in socially anxious individuals. We conducted a brief two-session exposure-based intervention, including experiential exercises from each therapeutic rationale, with homework assigned between sessions. We were specifically interested in the efficacy of four brief skills interventions: (a) fear reduction, (b) psychological flexibility, (c) values rationale, and (d) control for reducing public speaking anxiety from first to second exposure session. By combining participants at Utah State University and the University of Colorado Boulder, 81 individuals were randomized to participate in the study. Consistent with our prediction, individuals receiving an active intervention improved to a greater extent on major outcome measures of social anxiety compared to the control group. No significant differences were found between active interventions. Results showed no significant group differences in SUDs change at session 1 or session 2. Additionally, at session 1 those who received an active intervention displayed more within-session exposure engagement than individuals in the control condition. Importantly, there was no difference in between-session exposure engagement (number of exposures attempted) between groups. Overall, the results from this study suggest that there may not be one right way to implement exposure. Furthermore, there may be an overarching mechanism by which exposure works.
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Caswell, Timothy Andrew. "The fear of femininity vs. the fear of death and attitudes towards lesbians and gay men." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=263.
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Hakim, Bercovich Dana. "The fear society : deisign for safety." Thesis, Konstfack, Ädellab/Metallformgivning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-3231.
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Creating an environment that is both physically and psychologically safe is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Our contemporary society have become to be known as the “fear society”, in which fear and anxiety occupies a growing part from our lives then ever been seen before, we fear from the “other”, fear from epidemics, fear from godless, fear from crime and terrorism etc. Not every fear is common to all, while some fears are built in and are universal, others are the result of the culture that we live in and exist in a specific region or time. Another important difference to mention is between the private fear and the political one.The political fear is emerging from the society or have implications on the society while the private fear is concerning the person that is experiencing the fear. It is easier to control and lead a group that is shearing the same fears.Those in society who inform us must be committed to maintaining a perspective based on realistic assessments of risk, rather than an agenda based on politics or profit. My investigation of fear stretched from the human relations to the living environment, our urban planning and houses ,to our everyday surrounding and products . I was looking for the connection between our fears and the products that being design and invente and study the field of design for safety. As the city, the urban spaces became a center of violence in the last decades, the discussions on the connection between the urban environment and planing to prevent violence started in the 20th century in their physical context, behavioural context and processive context. To began with the theory Defensible Space in 1972, with an emphasis on the natural surveillance, territorial concerns and access control in the neighbourhood, to the “Broken Windows” theory which argues that vandalism and negligent in the city can encourage the “violation” of other norms of behaviour. And from the urban environment and the secure space of the private home to the use of product that surround us in our everyday lives, indoors and out. There I have found designers that give us practical solution for future safety and others that are offering us objects that will help us feel secure. Unfortunately, it is still not possible to protect us from all kind of crime or criminal.The good news is that design can help in making us feel secure and keeping us safe in mind. We definitely need the illusion of safety, so that we can live in a healthy way
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Pohjola, V. (Vesa). "Dental fear among adults in Finland." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292385.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dental fear and dental attendance, oral health habits and dental condition. A further aim was to study the association between subjective oral impacts and dental fear. The nationwide two-stage stratified cluster sample (n=8028) represented Finnish adults aged 30 years and older. The data were collected in interviews, with questionnaires and at clinical dental examinations. Dental fear was measured with the question: “How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?” and subjective oral impacts with the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between dental fear and dental attendance, oral health habits, dental condition and subjective oral impacts, taking into consideration the possible confounding and/or modifying factors (e.g. age, gender and education). Of Finnish adults aged 30 years and older, 10% were very afraid and 30% somewhat afraid of visiting a dentist. Those with high dental fear were more likely to report subjective oral impacts than were those with lower fear. Age modified the effect of the association between dental fear and dental attendance, oral health habits and dental condition. Among all age groups, except the 30- to 34-year-olds, irregular attenders were more likely to be very afraid of visiting a dentist than regular attenders were. Dental condition was also poorer among those with high dental fear than among those with lower fear. The association between dental fear and number of decayed teeth was positive in all age groups. Among the age group 65+ years, the numbers of missing and sound teeth were positively, and among the age group 30-34 years negatively, associated with dental fear. Among the age group 65+years, those who brushed their teeth less than twice a day were more likely to have high dental fear than were those who brushed at least twice a day. Regular smokers were more likely to have high dental fear than were those who smoked occasionally or not at all. Dental fear is very common among adults in Finland. Because those with dental fear use dental services irregularly, they are likely to need emergency care. However, those for whom oral health services have been provided regularly since childhood seem to continue to use these services regularly in spite of high dental fear. Dental teams should be aware of the increased oral health risks that smoking, irregular attendance and poor tooth-cleaning habits cause among those with dental fear. Treating dental fear could have positive effects on subjective oral impacts by reducing psychological and social stress as well as improving regular dental attendance and oral health. Birth cohort or age should be taken into account when associations between dental fear and dental attendance, oral health habits and dental condition are studiedTiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää hammashoitopelon ja hammashoitopalveluiden käytön, suunterveyteen liittyvien tapojen sekä hammasterveyden välisiä yhteyksiä. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia suunterveyteen liittyvien ongelmien yhteyttä hammashoitopelkoon. Kaksivaiheinen ryvästetty otos (n=8028) edusti suomalaista 30 vuotta täyttänyttä väestöä. Tutkimuksessa käytetty tieto koottiin haastattelujen, kyselyjen ja suun kliinisen tutkimuksen avulla. Hammashoitopelkoa selvitettiin kysymyksellä ”Onko hammaslääkärissä käynti mielestänne: ei lainkaan pelottavaa, jonkin verran pelottavaa, erittäin pelottavaa?” ja suun terveyteen liittyviä ongelmia OHIP-14-kyselyllä. Logististen regressioanalyysien avulla tutkittiin hammashoitopelon ja palveluiden käytön, suunterveyteen liittyvien tapojen ja ongelmien sekä hampaiden terveyden välistä yhteyttä huomioiden mahdollisia sekoittavia ja/tai vaikutusta muovaavia tekijöitä (mm. ikä, sukupuoli, koulutus). Suomalaisista aikuisista 10 % pelkäsi hammashoitoa kovasti ja 30 % jonkin verran. Kovasti hammashoitoa pelkäävät raportoivat suunterveyteen liittyviä ongelmia useammin kuin vähän tai ei lainkaan pelkäävät. Ikä vaikutti siihen, millainen yhteys oli hammashoitopelon ja hammashoitopalvelujen käytön, suun terveyteen liittyvien tapojen ja hammasterveyden välillä. Kaikissa muissa ikäryhmissä paitsi ikäryhmässä 30–34 epäsäännöllisesti hoidossa käyvät pelkäsivät hammashoitoa todennäköisemmin kuin säännöllisesti hoidossa käyvät. Kovasti pelkäävillä oli myös huonompi hammasterveys kuin vähemmän pelkäävillä. Kaikissa ikäryhmissä kovasti hammashoitoa pelkäävillä oli useampia reikiintyneitä hampaita kuin jonkin verran tai ei lainkaan pelkäävillä. Poistettujen hampaiden lukumäärän lisääntyessä kovan hammashoitopelon todennäköisyys pieneni ikäryhmässä 30–34 ja kasvoi ikäryhmässä 65+. Näissä ikäryhmissä sama ilmiö oli havaittavissa myös terveiden hampaiden lukumäärän muuttuessa. Ikäryhmässä 65+ hampaansa harvemmin kuin kahdesti päivässä harjanneet pelkäsivät hoitoa todennäköisemmin kuin vähintään kahdesti päivässä harjanneet. Säännöllisesti tupakoivat pelkäsivät hammashoitoa todennäköisemmin kuin epäsäännöllisesti tai ei lainkaan tupakoivat. Hammashoitopelko on yleistä Suomessa. Koska pelkäävät käyvät hoidossa epäsäännöllisesti, hammaslääkärit kohtaavat pelkääviä potilaita usein akuuttivastaanotolla. Ne, jotka ovat tottuneet hammashoitopalveluiden säännölliseen käyttöön lapsuudesta alkaen, näyttävät jatkavan palveluiden säännöllistä käyttöä pelosta huolimatta. Hammashoitotiimien tulee huomioida hammashoitoa pelkäävien epäsäännöllisen hoidossa käymisen, puutteellisten kotihoitotottumusten ja tupakoinnin suunterveydelle aiheuttama kohonnut riski. Hammashoitopelon hoitamisella olisi positiivisia vaikutuksia suunterveyteen liittyvään elämänlaatuun, koska pelon hoito vähentää psykologista ja sosiaalista stressiä, lisää säännöllistä hoidossa käyntiä ja parantaa suun terveyttä. Syntymäkohortti tai ikä pitää huomioida tutkittaessa hammashoitopelon yhteyttä hammashoitopalveluiden käyttöön, suunterveyteen liittyviin tapoihin ja hammasterveyteen
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Togman, Richard. "Patriotic sex : fertility, fear and power." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58764.
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Decades of research has shown the relative futility of government efforts to manipulate the fertility rate of their citizens and that there is a distinct lack of correlation between population growth and indicators of state power. However, over 145 states currently have ongoing and costly efforts to shape the reproductive behavior of individuals to achieve an idealized rate of aggregate population growth. These states differ culturally, economically, and politically, but their population control policies have ever only followed four models. Why do states pursue population policies that have robust histories of failure and invest scarce resources in programs which show little promise of advancing state interests? Why do states that differ on many objective metrics maintain population policies that are broadly similar and have proven historically ineffective? In this dissertation I find that states do not react to the objective facts of their situations but instead respond to an enduring set of ideas that are generated at the international level. I demonstrate this by tracing the evolution of thinking on population growth and how competing models of the effects of population have driven state policies. Through the use case studies, including France, Germany, Russia, India and China, I illustrate how these competing ideas motivate state intervention in the private reproductive lives of millions of individuals.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Chubaty, Donna. "Victimization, fear, and coping in prison." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57504.pdf.
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Grizzle, Eric Tait John. "Exploring fear and Freud's The uncanny." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3666.
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Zar, Margareta. "Diagnostic aspects of fear of childbirth /." Linköping : Univ, 2001. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2001/ibv78s.htm.
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Alehagen, Siw. "Fear pain stress hormones during labor /." Linköping : Univ, 2002. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2002/med730s.pdf.
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Manson, Therese. "Implicit theories of fear and anxiety /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsm288.pdf.
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Stoll, Kathrin. "Fear of childbirth among young Canadians." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42575.
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In my secondary analysis of a large online survey data set (n = 3,680 university
students), I used both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques to better
understand factors contributing to students’ fear of childbirth. Albert Bandura’s social
learning theory served as my conceptual framework to guide the development of a 6-item
fear of birth scale and my selection of covariates that may be associated with fear of birth
among Canadian students. I triangulated themes inductively derived from comments about
labour and birth (n=1337) written by female respondents who scored in the high and low
range on the fear of birth scale with the quantitative results to improve understanding of
the phenomenon.
Fear of childbirth affected approximately 1 in 7 female students; very few male
students exhibited fear of birth (< 4%). Concerns over physical changes during pregnancy
and birth were strongly associated with Cesarean section (CS) preference among male and
female students. Having learned about pregnancy and birth through the media was
associated with higher fear scores, compared to other sources of information. When
examining predictors of childbirth fear in a logistic regression model, I found two factors
decreased fear of birth: increased confidence in students’ knowledge of pregnancy and
birth and having witnessed a birth first hand.
Qualitative themes extended my understanding of the fear of birth scores, by
indicating that fear of pain is a dominant dimension of childbirth fear among female
students. Obstetric interventions, such as elective CS, are favoured by students with high
fear of birth, and seen as a way to circumvent the pain of childbirth. Women with high and
low fear of birth supported the theme that mode of delivery is a woman’s choice; however,
students with low fear of birth were more likely to view birth as a natural and normal
process and express concerns that obstetric interventions may carry unacceptable risks.
Comments from students with high fear of birth supported the themes that pain of
childbirth is unmanageable and birth is a painful and frightening ordeal. Findings from my
study have important implications for education, practice and research.