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Journal articles on the topic 'Fear – Psychology'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Plamper, Jan. "Fear: Soldiers and Emotion in Early Twentieth-Century Russian Military Psychology." Slavic Review 68, no. 2 (2009): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27697958.

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This article provides an analysis of the locus of fear in military psychology in late imperial Russia. After the Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 Revolution, the debate coalesced around two poles: “realists” (such as the military psychiatrist Grigorii Shumkov) argued that fear was natural, while “romantics” upheld the image of constitutionally fearless soldiers. Jan Plamper begins by identifying the advent of modern warfare (foreshadowed by the Crimean War) and its engendering of more and different fears as a key cause for a dramatic increase in fear-talk among Russia's soldiers. He links these fears to literature, which offered—most prominentiy in Lev Tolstoi's Sevastopol Sketches (1855)—some of the vocabulary soldiers could use to express their fears. Mikhail Dragomirov's fear-centered military theory during the Great Reforms was the next milestone. Plamper closes by sketching the history of fear after World War I, from Iosif Stalin's penal battalions to the rehabilitation of military psychology under Nikita Khrushchev and beyond.

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2

Adam, David. "Psychology: Feeling the fear." Nature 505, no. 7482 (January 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/505157a.

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3

Daiches, Anna. "Fear and cloaking in psychology." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 117 (July 1998): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1998.1.117.9.

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4

Withers, Joanna. "The psychology of overcoming fear." Psych-Talk 1, no. 73 (September 2012): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstalk.2012.1.73.15.

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5

Burkhardt, Käthe, Helene Loxton, and Peter Muris. "Fears and Fearfulness in South-African Children." Behaviour Change 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.2.94.24837.

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AbstractThe present study examined common childhood fears in 9- to 13-year-old South-African children (N = 404) from white, coloured, and black cultural groups. Fears were assessed by means of two methods — the fear list method and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Results showed that fear rank orders as obtained with the fear list method were quite different from those derived from the FSSC-R. Furthermore, clear differences in fear levels were found among the three cultural groups. More specifically, coloured and black South-African children displayed significantly higher fear levels than white children. Finally, differences were also found as to the content of prevalent fears in the three cultural groups. For example, common fears in coloured and black children were more frequently related to violence than in white children.

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6

Gullone, Eleonora. "Developmental Psychopathology and Normal Fear." Behaviour Change 13, no. 3 (September 1996): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900004927.

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This paper reviews the extensive research examining developmental patterns in normal fear. Areas of focus include age, gender, and socioeconomic status differences in fear content, prevalence, and intensity. The structure and stability/duration of normal fears are also discussed. Finally, the crosscultural research in this area is reviewed. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate that fear decreases in prevalence and intensity with age. There are also major changes in the content of normal fear over the course of development. Such changes are characterised by a transition from infant fears which are related to immediate, concrete, and prepotent stimuli, and which are largely noncognitive, to fears of late childhood and adolescence which are related to anticipatory, abstract, and more global stimuli and events. Fears of late childhood and adolescence are also more cognitive. One of the prominent themes during these years is social evaluation. It is noteworthy that fears have been demonstrated to be largely transitory in nature, decreasing significantly in number and intensity over time and with maturation. Future research into normal fear should more closely examine the validity of current assessment techniques. There is also a need for research into the developmental correlates of fear, including individual differences and affective environmental experiences. In particular, research examining the correlates of normal fear within a developmental psychopathology framework is recommended.

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7

Öhman, Arne, and Susan Mineka. "Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning." Psychological Review 108, no. 3 (2001): 483–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483.

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8

Merckelbach, Harald, Marcel A. Van Den Hout, and G. Margo Van Der Molen. "Fear of Animals: Correlations between Fear Ratings and Perceived Characteristics." Psychological Reports 60, no. 3_part_2 (June 1987): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294187060003-240.1.

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Seligman (1971) proposed that, as a result of evolutionary processes, there is a genetic predisposition or preparedness to fear certain animals (e.g., snakes and spiders). Experimental and clinical studies have confirmed the notion of prepared fears of animals. Do prepared fears pertain to complete memory representations of these animals or are they related to specific, salient qualities that subjects attribute to these animals? A questionnaire designed to measure fear and avoidance of 30 small animals was administered to one group of 155 students while the characteristics of these animals (e.g., visual appearance, suddenness of movement, speediness) were rated by a second group of 116 students. For fear and avoidance as well as the perceived characteristics dimensions the animals were ranked on the basis of the scores that were given to them by the subjects. Spearman rank correlations of self-reported fear and avoidance with perceived characteristics were significant. This result suggests that subjects are prepared to associate fear not with complete representations of animals but with specific characteristics attributed to these animals.

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9

Majeed, Muhammad Mansoor, Zohra Saleem, Huma Sarwar, Zoobia Ramzan, Syeda Naureen Iqbal, and Meshal Muhammad Naeem. "The Psychology of Coronavirus Fear: Are Dentists of Pakistan Suffering from Corona-Phobia?" Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.301.1.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of anxiety and fear among Pakistani dentists due to COVID-19. METHODOLOGY: Data of 386 dentists evaluated who responded to the questionnaire sent via social media. Fear of coronavirus scale (FCV-19S) was used for evaluation of fear among Pakistani dentists. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. One way ANOVA, chi-square and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The overall mean FCV-19S score was 26.22 ± 4.907, which is on the higher end. Females showed higher fear scores as compared to males (p<0.001). A statistically significant difference between the scores of General Dental Practitioners (GDP) and specialists was also observed (p<0.001), Statistically, a significant difference was observed between all 4 age groups of dentists, young and elderly dentists demonstrating higher scores (F (3,382) = 8.618, p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that due to the current COVID-19 crisis, majority of the dentists of Pakistan are afraid and among them, females, GDPs, young and elderly dentists are found to be more anxious and have a greater fear of getting infected by coronavirus during COVID 19 Pandemic. KEYWORDS: Anxiety, Fear, Pakistani, Dentist, COVID-19 HOW TO CITE: Majeed MM, Saleem Z, Sarwar H, Ramzan Z, Iqbal SN, Naeem MM. The psychology of coronavirus fear: Are dentists of pakistan suffering from corona-phobia?. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):1-6.

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10

Sidebottom, A., and N. Tilley. "Evolutionary Psychology and Fear of Crime." Policing 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pan022.

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11

Rachman, S. "The psychology of fear and stress." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 6 (1989): 696–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90159-9.

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12

Rushton, J. Philippe. "The psychology of fear and stress." Personality and Individual Differences 10, no. 2 (January 1989): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90216-x.

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13

Papenfuss, Inka, and Brian D. Ostafin. "A preliminary comparison of fundamental fears related to anxiety." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 204380872110076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20438087211007601.

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In the quest to uncover lower order processes that underlie anxiety disorders, researchers have proposed a number of fundamental fears, which are thought to represent fears of inherently aversive stimuli that can explain a number of higher order constructs such as more specific fears. In a recent theoretical article, Carleton narrowed the list of potential fundamental fears down to three candidates: fear of death, fear of pain, and fear of the unknown. Carleton proposes that fear of the unknown represents the primary fundamental fear, suggesting that unlike the other two, fear of the unknown is inherently aversive and logically irreducible. The present study represents an initial empirical investigation of this hypothesis. In a cross-sectional study ( N = 373), fear of death, fear of pain, and fear of the unknown were assessed as simultaneous predictors of anxiety. Results showed that fear of the unknown was indeed the strongest unique predictor, while fear of pain also uniquely predicted anxiety, although to a lesser extent. While the results suggest that fear of the unknown may indeed be the most fundamental fear, the need for conceptual clarification and empirical work using diverse measures is discussed.

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Moraes, Antonio Bento Alves de, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Rosana de Fátima Possobon, and Áderson Luiz Costa Junior. "Fear assessment in brazilian children: the relevance of dental fear." Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa 20, no. 3 (December 2004): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-37722004000300011.

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Fear frequently interferes with dental treatment procedures, producing delays and poor technical quality results. Patients exhibit avoidance and escape behaviors that may be related to aversive childhood experiences in dental treatment situations. The aim of this study was to identify the most frequent children's fears, including dental ones, using an adaptation of the FSSC-R. This instrument was used to assess 549 children divided in three groups: (G1) private school children, (G2) public school children and (G3) public school children who were surveyed during dental treatment. Results indicated higher dental fear scores for females when compared with male children. Considering all groups studied, "injection" was the 5th higher fear for the group G3, 8th for the group G1 and 14th for the group G2. Family relationship items such as "parents fighting", "parents yelling at you", "hearing my parents argue", were considered frequent fears, suggesting that family conflicts may contribute to children's emotional problems.

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15

Bender, Michael. "Notes on ‘Operation Fear’." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 324 (December 2019): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2019.1.324.42.

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This reflective paper is an update to the observations I made concerning working in a food ba>nk, at the BPS Southwest ‘PublicHealth and SocialJustice’ conference in April, 2018 (Wainwright, 2018), orientated towards clinical psychology.

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16

Sipes, Gregory, Max Rardin, and Bernard Fitzgerald. "Adolescent Recall of Childhood Fears and Coping Strategies." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3f.1215.

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Ninth grade students ( N = 2728) wrote essay responses to the questions: “Most of us, as children, were afraid of something—the dark, dogs, being alone. What caused you the greatest fright when you were young? Show, by example, how you reacted to fear. What has helped you to overcome or conquer fear?” Reported fears and coping strategies were recorded by subjects' sex and fears were categorized as singular, primary, or secondary. Fear and coping strategy categories were recorded once only for any subject. Fear of the dark was most frequently mentioned, with People, Spooks, Being Alone, and Animals being other frequently mentioned fears. Sex differences were found for singular or primary fears, with boys significantly more fearful of Animals and Heights and girls significantly more afraid of Being Alone, Death/Injury, Insects, and Fathers. About half of all subjects reported coping strategies, with nearly 55% reporting the strategy of Reason/Age. Boys reported significantly more In vivo Densensitization/Flooding and Destroy coping strategies, with girls reporting significantly more People, Escape, and Took Control strategies. Possible explanations for the various reported fears are provided.

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17

Norton, Peter J., and Katharine Sears Edwards. "Anxiety Sensitivity or Interoceptive Sensitivity." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 1 (January 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000269.

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Abstract. The construct of anxiety sensitivity (AS) – the fear of anxiety-related symptoms – has been highly influential in current conceptualizations of anxiety disorders in general, and panic disorder specifically. However, given documented associations between AS and both non-anxiety psychological disorders as well as medical/health conditions, the extent to which measures of AS are assessing a specific fear or anxiety symptoms versus a broader fear of interoceptive or bodily sensations is unclear. Confirmatory factor analysis of data from 373 participants failed to suggest whether fears of anxiety-related symptoms were factorially distinct from fears of non-anxiety-related bodily sensations, although analyses indicated that while fears of anxiety-related symptoms were more closely associated with panic disorder severity than were fears of non-anxiety-related symptoms, both were similarly and strongly associated with hypochondriacal fears. Implications for the construct of AS, and the broader construct of somatic fears, are discussed.

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18

Kendler, K. S., C. O. Gardner, P. Annas, and P. Lichtenstein. "The development of fears from early adolesence to young adulthood: a multivariate study." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (February 25, 2008): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002936.

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BackgroundCommon fears change over development. Genetic and environmental risk factors for fears are partly shared across fears and partly fear-specific. The nature of the changes in common and fear-specific genetic and environmental risk factors over time is unknown.MethodSelf-reported fears were obtained at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 from 2404 twins in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. A multivariate longitudinal twin analysis was conducted with Mx.ResultsEighteen individual items formed four fear factors: animal, blood-injury, situational, and social. The best-fit model had no quantitative or qualitative sex effects or shared environmental effects, but included a strong common factor with a stable cross-time structure with highest loadings on situational and lowest loadings on social fears. New common and fear-specific genetic risk factors emerged over development. With increasing age, genetic effects declined in overall importance and became more fear-specific. Cross-time continuity in specific genetic effects was highest for animal and lowest for social fears. Social fears had a ‘burst’ of specific genetic effects in late adolescence. Individual-specific environmental factors impacted both on the general fear factor and on specific fears. Compared to genetic effects, the impact of the unique environment was more time-specific.ConclusionsGenetic and environmental risk factors for individual fears are partly mediated through a common fear factor and are partly fear-specific in their effect. The developmental pattern of these risk factors is complex and dynamic with new common and specific genetic effects arising in late adolescence and early adulthood.

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19

Tomkiewicz, Joe, and Kenneth Bass. "Changes in Women's Fear of Success and Fear of Appearing Incompetent in Business." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (December 1999): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.1003.

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The primary purpose of this research was to examine whether fear of success and of appearing incompetent among women have changed recently. Another purpose was to examine whether such fears differed among women who hold Traditional views and those who hold Progressive views about the roles of women in the workplace. The Fear of Success Scale, the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale, and the Attitude Toward Women Scale were completed by 61 male and 52 female graduating seniors. Significant differences were found between the groups for scores on the Attitude Toward Women Scale, but none between the sexes for scores on the Fear of Success Scale or the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. Significant differences were found, however, on the latter two scales when women were separated into Traditional and Progressive groups.

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20

Tateo, Luca, Giuseppina Marsico, and Jaan Valsiner. "The Pandemic Atmos-Fear." International Perspectives in Psychology 11, no. 2 (April 2022): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000041.

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Abstract. Psychology has been challenged by its own terminological limitations, in which phenomena of large-scale, field-like kind force us to innovate with our theoretical tools. Phenomena with global impacts – epidemics, pandemics, famines, and the like – remain on the periphery of psychology’s theoretical efforts. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 is no different. Like previous pandemics, it reveals the difficulty of dealing with phenomena on a global scale and understanding the inherent organization of the cloud-like phenomena. Psychological research has mainly focused on individual traumatic experiences, impacts, and consequences. Less attention has been paid to how people in different societies make meaning of these changes in everyday life. Psychologically, people want to control the pandemic, while in reality we simply escape from it. All of the measures instituted in response to it are escape-oriented, not glorious accounts of winning a war on the invisible enemy. Theoretically, we learn from the current experience the relevance of how humans escalate and circumvent the proliferation of the panic of fear through building and demolishing borders in mind and society. We all are living in a sort of atmos-fear, a culturally cultivated state of affective limbo that is easy to trigger and difficult to modulate. How do human beings deal with this core issue of feeling safe/unsafe, and how does it affect individual and collective conduct? This paper attempts to demonstrate how the COVID-19 example can theoretically illuminate new perspectives of international psychology that will become increasingly more crucial in a future where global events are likely to recur.

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21

Roser, Traugott. "The Reality of Fear: Preaching in a Frightened World." International Journal of Homiletics, Supplementum Duke Conference (November 25, 2019): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ijh.2019.39485.

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Fear is a recurrent theme in today’s popular culture. Film director Steven Spielberg’s lifelong work presents the full range from awe and fear to terror, heading towards a deeply humanist approach of overcoming fear. This article puts homiletics into the context of current sociocultural discourse by applying the concept of ‘paradigm scenario’ (Ronald de Sousa) to fear in media culture and preaching. Preaching, like film, works with emotions such as fear and anxiety, initiating strong physical and mental reaction. To preach within a fearful world demands that one be aware of the psychology of fear. As much as preachers are ready to face their personal fears, they abstain from frightening others. At best, preaching is the art of supporting people to live life liberated by the gospel, speaking up against those who create an atmosphere of fear. The gospel provides numerous paradigm scenarios of courage and vision.

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22

Pickersgill, Mary J., John D. Valentine, Tamar Pincus, and Hala Foustok. "Girls' Fearfulness as a Product of Mothers' Fearfulness and Fathers' Authoritarianism." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (December 1999): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.759.

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Data from 27 girls of 10 to 12 years were obtained on the Fear Survey Schedule for Children–Revised and from their parents on the Fear Survey Schedule for Adults–III and the California F Scale. Analyses indicated fathers' authoritarianism scores and mothers' fear scores have independent associations with children's fears and suggested greater behavioural overcontrol by fathers and the greater propensity of mothers to communicate threatening information.

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23

Salcuni, Silvia, Daniela di Riso, Claudia Mazzeschi, and Adriana Lis. "Children's Fears: A Survey of Italian Children Ages 6 to 10 Years." Psychological Reports 104, no. 3 (June 2009): 971–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.3.971-988.

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The aim of this study was to explore children's fears. The article reports on average factor scores of a study carried out in Italy using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (here, the “Fear Survey”; Ollendick, 1983) with normal 6- to 10-yr.-old children (931 girls, 914 boys). Participants were 1,845 children, recruited in mainstream classrooms. Respondents were asked to complete the schedule indicating their fears and the intensity of such fears. A principal components analysis yielded a four-factor structure (1: Death and Danger, 2: Injury and Animals, 3: Failure and Criticism, 4: Fear of the Unknown). Average factor scores showed significant differences across the factors and according to sex and age. Girls reported significantly higher fearfulness than boys. Age differences were found on some factors.

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24

Chambless, Dianne L. "Fear of fear: A reply to Reiss." Behavior Therapy 19, no. 1 (1988): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(88)80059-5.

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25

Chambless, Dianne L., and Edward J. Gracely. "Fear of fear and the anxiety disorders." Cognitive Therapy and Research 13, no. 1 (February 1989): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01178486.

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26

Uddin, M. Naveed, and Mohsin Uddin. "Psychology of pandemics and fear of epidemic." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211794.

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Infectious outbreaks have stirred the psychological health and mental wellbeing of individuals on a global basis. It is evident from the 1918 influenza in addition to the current COVID-19. Psychological factors are significant for comprehension and overseeing cultural issues related with pandemics, like the spreading of extreme dread, anxiety, and xenophobia that happen when individuals are compromised with infection. The research aims to identify how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individual’s psychological wellbeing and how the psychodynamic approach can resolve such an issue. Developing a sense of detachment from oneself and the growing fear of being infected significantly affects an individual psychological wellbeing. This analysis concentrates predominantly on applying the psychodynamic approach to ascertain individual’s psychological threats during the COVID-19 crisis. This research focuses on revealing the variations generated from the psyche of individuals due to the COVID-19. It also aims to highlight the impact that COVID-19 have created on the mental health of individual beings. Moreover, the pandemic consequence on the individual’s overall lifestyle has discussed in the study.

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27

Farrall, S. "Social Psychology and the Fear of Crime." British Journal of Criminology 40, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.3.399.

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PARKIN, J. IM. "FEAR, TRUST, AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RISK." Australian Planner 30, no. 2 (July 1992): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1992.9657560.

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29

Novoselov, V. M. "INFODEMIA SARS-CoV-2: PSYCHOLOGY OF FEAR." Ученые записки Института психологии РАН 2, no. 3 (2022): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.38098/proceedigs_2022_02_03_07.

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30

Hoffart, Asle, Ann Hackmann, and Harold Sexton. "Interpersonal Fears among Patients with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34, no. 3 (May 2, 2006): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465806002980.

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To study the role of catastrophic interpersonal cognitions in panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, a questionnaire listing such items – the Interpersonal Panic Fear Questionnaire (IPFQ) – was constructed and administered to English and Norwegian samples. The results of the factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure of interpersonal fears: fear of negative evaluation, fear of being trapped and separated from safe persons and places, and fear of being neglected. The corresponding three IPFQ scales had satisfactory internal consistency and sensitivity to change following therapeutic intervention, discriminated well between diagnostic groups, and correlated moderately with measures of other dimensions of panic disorder and agoraphobia. The construct validity of the interpersonal fears was further supported by mostly significant relationships between the IPFQ scales and a measure of agoraphobic avoidance, when the contribution of intrapersonal (physical, loss of control) fears was controlled.

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Dygdon, Judith A., Anthony J. Conger, and Esther Y. Strahan. "Multimodal Classical Conditioning of Fear: Contributions of Direct, Observational, and Verbal Experiences to Current Fears." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (August 2004): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.133-153.

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The authors propose that a multimodal classical conditioning model be considered when clinicians or clinical researchers study the etiology of fears and anxieties learned by human beings. They argue that fears can be built through the combined effects of direct, observed, and verbally presented classical conditioning trials. Multimodal classical conditioning is offered as an alternative to the three pathways to fear argument prominent in the human fear literature. In contrast to the three pathways position, the authors present theoretical arguments for why “learning by observation” and “learning through the receipt of verbal information” should be considered classical conditioning through observational and verbal modes. The paper includes a demonstration of how data, commonly collected in research on the three pathways to fear, would be studied differently using a multimodal classical conditioning perspective. Finally, the authors discuss implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention of learned fears in humans.

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LaBar, Kevin S. "Beyond Fear." Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (August 2007): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00498.x.

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Neurobiological accounts of emotional memory have been derived largely from animal models investigating the encoding and retention of memories for events that signal threat. This literature has implicated the amygdala, a structure in the brain's temporal lobe, in the learning and consolidation of fear memories. Its role in fear conditioning has been confirmed, but the human amygdala also interacts with cortical regions to mediate other aspects of emotional memory. These include the encoding and consolidation of pleasant and unpleasant arousing events into long-term memory, the narrowing of focus on central emotional information, the retrieval of prior emotional events and contexts, and the subjective experience of recollection and emotional intensity during retrieval. Along with other mechanisms that do not involve the amygdala, these functions ensure that significant life events leave a lasting impression in memory.

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Brewster, Fanny. "Courage and Fear: Weathering the Collective Racial Storm." Psychoanalytic Review 109, no. 1 (March 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/prev.2022.109.1.3.

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During the past 2 years our American collective has seen a return to political demonstrations and increased activities towards a deepening consciousness related to raciality. This article asks that we look at racism within the contexts of our collective American psychology and our personhood. This perspective considers Jungian psychology and its influences on the development of this form of psychoanalysis in America. Is this the work of psychology—to increase understanding and compassion among individuals of different ethnicities? The article explores the grievous and grief that is a necessary aspect of racial suffering for individuals of color. The individuation that Jungian psychology oftentimes references can be applied to the individual personhood of those within an Africanist cultural group. Discussion in the article acknowledges this inclusion as well as the idea of furthering a consciousness of Africanist people as valued members of American society.

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Sorrentino, Richard M., Yang Ye, and Andrew C. H. Szeto. "Uncertainty Management: To Fear of Not to Fear?" Psychological Inquiry 20, no. 4 (December 11, 2009): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10478400903333528.

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35

Cook, Michael, and Susan Mineka. "Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fear-irrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98, no. 4 (1989): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.98.4.448.

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36

Fagerström, Ritva. "Fear of a Cataract Operation in Aged Persons." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3_suppl (June 1993): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1339.

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Self-reports of fear from 100 patients (25 men and 75 women 71 to 76 years old) having two cataract operations were investigated. 33% of the patients reported having fear and 32% felt tension about the operation performed on the first eye. Women feared the operation significantly more than men. Fears were significantly associated with hypochondriasis, hysteria, and hypomania (unadjusted) as indicated by correlations with scores on the Mini-Mult MMPI. The cataract operation restored sufficient visual acuity for reading (minimum E-test value 0.40 or 1.8-cm high letters at a distance of 6 meters) to 79% of the subjects. The experience of a good operation result on the first eye significantly reduced the fear of the cataract operation on the second eye and at the same time the fear of becoming blind. Other factors reducing fear included positive experiences of a safe and painless cataract operation.

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37

Belfiore, Elizabeth. "Pleasure, Tragedy and Aristotelian Psychology." Classical Quarterly 35, no. 2 (December 1985): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800040222.

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Aristotle'sRhetoricdefines fear as a kind of pain (lypē) or disturbance (tarachē) and pity as a kind of pain (2.5.1382 a 21 and 2.8.1385 b 13). In hisPoetics, however, pity and fear are associated with pleasure: ‘ The poet must provide the pleasure that comes from pity and fear by means of imitation’ (τ⋯ν ⋯π⋯ ⋯λέου κα⋯ ɸόβου δι⋯ μιμήσεως δεῖ ⋯δον⋯ν παρασκευάζειν14.1453 b 12–13). The question of the relationship between pleasure and pain in Aristotle's aesthetics has been studied primarily in connection withcatharsis.Catharsis, however, raises more problems than it solves. Aristotle says nothing at all about the tragiccatharsisin thePoeticsexcept to state that tragedy accomplishes it. Though he gives a more complete account ofcatharsisin thePolitics, the context of this passage is so different from that of thePoeticsthat its relevance is questionable. A more promising, but largely neglected, approach to Aristotle's theory of tragic pleasure and pain is through a study of his psychological works. Here, Aristotle describes a number of emotional and cognitive responses to kinds of objects that include works of art. These descriptions support an interpretation of thePoeticsaccording to which (1) a tragedy is pleasurable in one respect and painful in another, and (2) pity and fear, though painful and not in themselves productive of pleasure, are nevertheless essential to the production of theoikeia hēdonē, ‘proper pleasure’, of tragedy. This interpretation has the advantage of not depending on a particular view ofcatharsis. It also makes much better sense than alternative views, once its seemingly paradoxical aspects are explained with the help of the psychological works.

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Eigenberger, Martin E. "Fear as a Correlate of Authoritarianism." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1395.

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A preliminary study investigating the relationship between authoritarianism and self-reported fear was conducted Significant correlations were found between scores on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale and the Fear Perception Index. Theoretical explanations for the relationship were explored using assumptions drawn from evolutionary psychology.

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Vervoort, T., L. Goubert, H. Vandenbossche, S. Van Aken, D. Matthys, and G. Crombez. "Child's and Parents' Catastrophizing about Pain is Associated with Procedural Fear in Children: A Study in Children with Diabetes and Their Mothers." Psychological Reports 109, no. 3 (December 2011): 879–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.15.16.21.pr0.109.6.879-895.

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The contribution of the child's and parents' catastrophizing about pain was explored in explaining procedural pain and fear in children. Procedural fear and pain were investigated in 44 children with Type I diabetes undergoing a finger prick. The relationships between parents' catastrophizing and parents' own fear and estimates of their child's pain were also investigated. The children and their mothers completed questionnaires prior to a routine consultation with the diabetes physician. Children completed a situation-specific measure of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS–C) and provided ratings of their experienced pain and fear on a 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS). Parents completed a situation-specific measure of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale For Parents (PCS–P) and provided estimates of their child's pain and their own experienced fear on a 0–10 NRS. Analyses indicated that higher catastrophizing by children was associated with more fear and pain during the finger prick. Scores for parents' catastrophizing about their children's pain were positively related to parents' scores for their own fear, estimates of their children's pain, and child-reported fear, but not the amount of pain reported by the child. The findings attest to the importance of assessing for and targeting child and parents' catastrophizing about pain. Addressing catastrophizing and related fears and concerns of both parents and children may be necessary to assure appropriate self-management. Further investigation of the mechanisms relating catastrophizing to deleterious outcomes is warranted.

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HOROWITZ, MARDI J. "The Psychology of Fear and Stress, 2nd ed." American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 10 (October 1989): 1346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.10.1346.

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41

George, Hannah. "The Fear of Failure-considerations for Educational Psychology." Psych-Talk 1, no. 103 (October 2022): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstalk.2022.1.103.46.

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Barber, Nigel. "Reducing Fear of the Laboratory Rat: A Participant Modeling Approach." Teaching of Psychology 21, no. 4 (December 1994): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2104_5.

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A participant modeling technique was used in the classroom to reduce students' fear of a laboratory rat. Introductory psychology students received a mild level of exposure (holding the rat's transparent transport box) and witnessed peer volunteers actually handling the animal. These procedures were effective in reducing fear as measured by a validated fear questionnaire in a pretest—posttest design. Even the mild exposure reduced fear significantly. Fear reduction was greater for the volunteers. Women were initially more fearful, but their fear reduction was equal to that of men.

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43

Van den Bergh, Omer, Paul Eelen, and Frank Baeyens. "Brief exposure to fear stimuli: Imagery ability as a condition of fear enhancement and fear decrease." Behavior Therapy 20, no. 4 (1989): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80134-0.

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Bush, David E. A., Francisco Sotres-Bayon, and Joseph E. LeDoux. "Individual differences in fear: Isolating fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes." Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 4 (August 2007): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20261.

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Moore, Susan M., and Eleonora Gullone. "Fear of Weight Gain: Its Correlates among School-Aged Adolescents." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1305.

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Curtis, John M., and Valerie M. Susman. "Factors Related to Fear of Marriage." Psychological Reports 74, no. 3 (June 1994): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3.859.

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The present paper identified elements which seem to influence fear of marriage or certain avoidant patterns associated with marital commitment. Because census bureau data suggest that increasing numbers of individuals have either delayed marital commitment or avoided it entirely, further research has become necessary to ascertain possible influences. Although the literature suggests men have traditionally had more problems making marital commitments, more women are also avoiding marriage. Some related factors were fears about loss of identity, control, or finances and about accepting adult responsibility. Careful attention to such fears might help clinicians focus more consistently on previously unlabeled impediments to marital commitment.

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Cole, Geoff G., and Arnold J. Wilkins. "Fear of Holes." Psychological Science 24, no. 10 (August 27, 2013): 1980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613484937.

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Lightsey, Owen Richard, Anita G. Wells, Mei-Chuan Wang, Todd Pietruszka, Ayse Çiftçi, and Brett Stancil. "Emotion-Oriented Coping, Avoidance Coping, and Fear of Pain as Mediators of the Relationship Between Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Pain-Related Distress Among African American and Caucasian College Women." Counseling Psychologist 37, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 116–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000007312991.

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The authors tested whether coping styles and fear of pain mediate the relationship between positive affect and negative affect on one hand and pain-related distress (PD) on the other. Among African American and Caucasian female college students, negative affect, fear of pan, and emotion-oriented coping together accounted for 34% of the variance in PD among African American woman and 40% of the variance in PD among Caucasion women. Emotion-oriented coping and fear of pain fully mediated the relationship between negative affect and PD among Caucasian women and partly mediated the relationship between negative affect and PD among African American women. Results suggest that reducing college women's reliance on emotion-oriented coping and their fears of pain may help reduce PD.

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MERCKELBACH, HARALD, MARCEL A. VAN DEN HOUT, and G. MARGO VAN DER MOLEN. "FEAR OF ANIMALS: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FEAR RATINGS AND PERCEIVED CHARACTERISTICS." Psychological Reports 60, no. 3c (June 1987): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1203.

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Schnall, Simone, and James D. Laird. "FACING FEAR: EXPRESSION OF FEAR FACILITATES PROCESSING OF EMOTIONAL INFORMATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.513.

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Evidence shows that manipulating the expressive component of fear can influence the processing of emotional information. Participants unobtrusively produced the expressive behaviors typical of fear, anger or happiness. Participants producing the expression of fear were faster at classifying verbal material with emotional content than participants producing the expressions of happiness or anger. These effects were especially pronounced for participants who were generally sensitive to their own bodily cues, as indicated by their degree of field-dependence measured by the Rod-and-Frame Task (Witkin & Asch, 1948). The results suggest that one way of eliciting the cognitive consequences of fear is by inducing the embodied expressive behavior.

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