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Kurz, Dariusz, and Agata Nowak. "Analysis of the Impact of the Level of Self-Consumption of Electricity from a Prosumer Photovoltaic Installation on Its Profitability under Different Energy Billing Scenarios in Poland." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020946.
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Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have been gaining popularity on a continuous basis and the current global political situation is only accelerating energy transformation in many countries. Objectives related to environmental protection and use of RES set by different countries all over the world as well as the European Union (EU) are becoming priorities. In Poland, after years of a boom in photovoltaic (PV) installations, the Renewable Energy Sources Act has been amended, resulting in a change to the billing system for electricity produced by individual prosumers. The change in the billing method, also in pursuance to the provisions of EU laws, has contributed to the inhibition of the PV installation market for fear of energy prices and investment payback time. In this paper, by using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, three mechanisms of billing of electricity from prosumer micro-installations—based on the net-metering principle and net-billing principle (using monthly and hourly prices)—have been analysed. Particular attention has also been paid to the aspects of electricity self-consumption and energy storages, which play a significant role in the economy of PV installations in the net-billing system.
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Rupasov, Aleksander. "Finland in Search of Foreign Policy Guidelines." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016509-8.
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The article analyzes Finland's attempts to find a solution to current foreign policy problems in the interwar period. The main problem was the search for possible allies and guarantors of independence. The solution to this problem was complicated by a complex of factors: the limited interest of the great powers in accepting obligations guaranteeing the preservation of independence by Finland, the political and military weakness of possible allies (Latvia and Estonia), contradictions in relations with Sweden (not least caused by domestic political aspects both in Finland and Sweden), fears about Poland's foreign policy ambitions, potentially dangerous Finnish involvement in crisis situations Domestic political consensus on the issue of foreign policy orientation seemed to be achieved in the mid-1930s. However, the so-called Scandinavian orientation did not even partially solve the security problem. By the beginning of the pan-European crisis, the search for guarantors of independence remained an unresolved problem.
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Legvold, Robert, and Jan T. Gross. "Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz." Foreign Affairs 85, no. 6 (2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20032185.
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Krzyżaniak, Aleksandra. "Dialectic of Fear: Centre-Liberal Media Discourse on Gender, LGBTQIA+ and Abortion in Contemporary Poland." Literatura Ludowa 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/ll.4.2022.005.
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References to fear are often associated with narratives created by right-wing parties and media, especially while talking about issues such as gender, LGBTQIA+ or abortion. However, similar practices can be found in centre-liberal discourse, proving that the creation and reproduction of the dialectic of fear can apply to all agents, no matter their political affiliation. The article aims to challenge popular academic perceptions of the sources of fear by proposing a counterperspective that means to shift perception on agents of polarisation. Used examples focus on contemporary Polish mainstream centre-liberal newspapers which reproduce fear in their narrative, adding to both local and worldwide phenomena of political polarisation and radicalisation.
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Szumski, Jerzy. "Fear of Crime, Social Rigorism and Mass Media in Poland." International Review of Victimology 2, no. 3 (January 1993): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809300200303.
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The article presents the results of the few victimisation surveys carried out in Poland. They reveal relatively low levels of crime in Poland, but which are not correlated with the official criminal statistics. The article criticises the method for compiling criminal statistics adopted by the Polish police, a method which enables enforcement agencies to manipulate the statistics on the dynamics of crime. Despite the low fear of being victimised, the results of socio-logical and legal empirical studies show that Polish society is rigorous as far as controlling crime is concerned. The article argues that the main cause of this stems from a mass media information policy which is not based on objective facts nor on scientific findings, and which did not change following the destruction of so-called ‘real socialism’.
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Balicki, Janusz. "Islamophobia in Poland in the Context of the Migration Crisis in Europe." Ecumeny and Law 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2021.09.1.06.
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The high level of fear of Islam in Poland arose in spite of the fact that Poland has very few Muslims, just 0.1% of the population. This phenomenon began to surface in 2004, after Poland’s accession to the EU but grew considerably in 2015, during the so-called migration crisis in Europe. Public opinion polls indicate that it can be described by the term “Islamophobia”, which is often used in the literature of social and political sciences. The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for such a high level of fear of Muslims in Poland and the negative attitude towards Islam, given that it is contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, with which Polish society mostly identifies. The article consists of three parts. Part one presents the reaction of the EU Member States to the migration crisis in Europe. The second part analyzes the position of the United Right (Pol. Zjednoczona Prawica) political coalition in Poland, towards immigrants and refugees from Muslim countries. Part three confronts the stands of the United Right in Poland and the position of the Catholic Church towards Islam.
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Novita, Shally, Dhini Andriani, Erika, Mariusz Lipowski, and Małgorzata Lipowska. "Anxiety towards COVID-19, Fear of Negative Appearance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Their Relationship with Well-Being during the Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study between Indonesia and Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 7525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127525.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive changes in almost all aspects of human life, including emotional states such as anxiety and fear, perspectives about healthy lifestyles, and psychological outcomes. This study aimed to disentangle the mechanisms that underlie the relationships of anxiety towards COVID-19 and fear of negative appearance with well-being, we also investigated the effects of cultural variations on levels of anxiety, fear of negative appearance, healthy lifestyles, and well-being. A total of 881 Indonesians (n = 172) and Poles (n = 709) participated in this study. Participants completed self-report measures of psychological well-being, anxiety, fear of negative appearance, compulsive exercise, and eating disorders. Multigroup structural equation modelling (SEM) was used. The results showed no statistically meaningful relationship between anxiety towards COVID-19 and well-being. However, it was found that, in the Polish sample, compulsive exercise and eating disorders mediated the relationship between fear of negative appearance and well-being. Cultural differences were also found in the mean scores of all examined constructs, with eating disorders being an exception. Therefore, this study highlights cultural aspects that determine emotional states, healthy lifestyles, and well-being.
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PALDIEL, MORDECAI. "FEAR AND COMFORT: THE PLIGHT OF HIDDEN JEWISH CHILDREN IN WARTIME-POLAND." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6, no. 4 (1992): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/6.4.397.
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Pavlova, Maria. "The military-political aspect of Polish-American relations in 2020." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015883-8.
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The article examines key aspects of political and military cooperation between Poland and the United States in 2020. The main attention is paid to on-going discussions about Poland's involvement in NATO nuclear programs and the development of the idea of creating a base for the permanent deployment of the US troops in Poland.
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Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw. "Flying Through the Fear Barrier." Index on Censorship 14, no. 2 (April 1985): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228508533861.
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The story of the TKN — the Society for Academic Courses, known as the ‘Flying University’ — which was set up to counter the omissions and distortions in state education. ‘Our greatest achievement was breaking the barrier of fear, bringing people together for the purpose of self-education, and simply sustaining the will to carry on.’ Two distinguished representatives of the thriving ‘alternative culture’ in Poland visited the USA and Britain respectively last year. One spoke about the activities of the ‘Society for Academic Courses’ which is responsible for university lectures in private apartments, trying in particular to set the record straight as regards Polish history; and the other spoke about the successes of the leading Catholic publishing house which has just celebrated its 25th anniversary. Professor Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, while visiting the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, gave an interview to Marek Nowak, the full text of which appeared in Studium Papers (Ann Arbor) 3/1984; a condensed version is printed below. During a visit to London, Jacek Wozniakowski described the work of the Znak publishing house, of which he is the Director. (See box ‘Znak: Making people's voices heard.’)
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ROGOWSK, Mateusz. "The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nature-Based Tourism in National Parks. Case Studies for Poland." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).25.
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The study aims concern to nature-based tourism in national parks, to compare visitor behavior and visitors’ spatial and temporal distribution in national parks during the COVID-19 (2020) and pre- COVID-19 period (2017–2019). The research is based on a pyroelectric sensors data, entrance fees and questionnaire survey of visitors, in order to: (1) assess the spatial and temporal distribution and changes of visitors, (2) characterize changes in visitors’ behavior. The visitor number and spatial and temporal distribution changed during COVID-19 period. The visitor’s behavior identifies three visitor clusters depending on the strength of COVID-19 pandemic impact on stay on national parks: High fear visitors (HFV), Low fear visitors (LFV) and No fear visitors (NFV). Each cluster represents a different attitude toward the pandemic and its effects. The research was conducted in two national parks in Poland: Stołowe Mountains National Park and Karkonosze/Giant Mts. National Park. The resulting data were compared with data from previous years. A total of 935 respondents participated in the survey, which demonstrated a significant impact of the ongoing pandemic on many aspects of the behaviors. Most visitors argued that the pandemic had not changed their behavior because society began to perceive national parks as safe destination with a low probability of infection.
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Długosz, Zbigniew, and Szymon Biały. "Selected aspects of permanent emigration from Poland (2001-2010)." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 23, no. 23 (March 1, 2014): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0002.
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AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to describe permanent emigration from Poland during the first decade of the 21st century. This period of time was characterised by major political and economic changes in Poland and elsewhere in the world. The paper is based on data obtained from the GUS Demographic Yearbook for the years prior to 2011. The spatial analysis in the paper is based on the current administrative division of Poland - voivodships. This includes the number of migrants and their demographic and social structure. Finally, the paper addresses the direction of migrant flow in terms of absolute numbers and rates of change.
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Wosiek, Małgorzata, and Ryszard Kata. "Trade at the Polish-Ukrainian borderland—selected economic aspects." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8528.
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The purpose of the study is to characterize and assess the influence of selected economic factors on the value of purchases made by Ukrainian citizens in Poland at the border (so-called unregistered turnover on customs declarations). The ex-change rate andlabour migration as well as the impact of political disorders that occurred at the end of 2013 in Ukraine were analysed in detail. The analysis covered the period 2009—2017. Data were derived from the questionnaires of the Statistical Office in Rzeszów, Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland, State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy. The analysis of correlation and regression were used as the basic research tools. The results of the study show that political events affected cross-border trade indirectly through, inter alia, the exchange rate, which limited the expenses made by Ukrainian citizens in Poland. However, this impact was not strong enough to reverse the upward trend in cross-border shopping. The analyses did not provide statistically significant indications of a cause-and-effect relationship between labour migration flows of Ukrainian citizens to Poland and cross-border trade.
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KLODZIŃSKI, MAREK. "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PART TIME FARMING IN POLAND." Sociologia Ruralis 27, no. 1 (April 1987): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1987.tb00318.x.
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CHO, Kang Sok. "THE RECOGNITION AND REPRESENTATION OF POLAND IN MODERN KOREAN LITERATURE – FOCUSING ON 2 NOVELS WRITTEN IN LATE COLONIAL PERIOD." International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (November 29, 2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2016.02.02.
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This paper examines the aspects of the recognition and representation of Eastern Europe in modern Korean literature, especially focusing on the case of Poland. The late colonial period(1930~1945) needs to be considered as significant phase when we are trying to grasp the major aspects of representation and recognition of Poland and Eastern Europe in modern Korean literature. In the literary works written by writers of late colonial period, such as Kim Kwang-gyun (김광균), Lee Hyo-sok (이효석), and Lee Tae joon (이태준), we can observe that there were much similar historical and political situations between Poland and Korea. That’s why Korean writers often tried to mention Poland’s situation in metaphorical and analogical ways to express their political opinions, avoiding the censorship of Japanese government. This paper deals with those aspects in modern Korean literature.
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Rachwał, Marcin. "Voter turnout at the national level in Poland – selected aspects." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.5.
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The article addresses the issue of voter turnout at the national level in Poland in 1990–2019. In particular, the author focused on 2019, when the turnout in parliamentary elections was the highest throughout the period under analysis. The aim of the study is to determine the reasons for this increase in the electoral activity of Polish citizens. The analysis leads to the conclusion that after the Law and Justice party took power in 2015, significant modifications of the social system, including the political system, ensued, thereby altering selected features of the electoral situation and raising the level of political emotions. The outcome involved a significant increase in voter turnout in 2019, when the elections to the European Parliament, as well as to the Polish parliament (the Sejm and Senate) were held. The study employs the following methods: analysis and criticism of literature (sources), the systemic method, and statistical methods.
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Bogacka, Emilia. "Safety perceptions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 20, no. 3 (October 4, 2021): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.6567.
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Motives: The pandemic situation created unique opportunity to undertake research in the context of the changed living conditions of the population. Aim: The main purpose is to assess broadly understood safety perceptions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. The key research tool used was a survey questionnaire (270 respondents), complemented by observations in Poznań (Poland) and photographic documentation. Hometown was chosen due to imposed restrictions on movement. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed people’s life in many aspects and therefore affected perceived safety. Level of fear of the pandemic was varied and so was keeping up to date with information about the pandemic outcomes. Before the pandemic people felt safer in the analysed various places. Implication of the pandemic for everyday behaviour was significant, resulting e.g. in leaving home when it is absolutely necessary, working from home. Most of the imposed restrictions were rated positively.
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Žídek, Libor. "Transformation in Poland." Review of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 237–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10135-011-0015-x.
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Transformation in Poland The paper analyses transformation process in Poland between 1989 and 2004. The goal of the paper is to clarify the most important steps in the economic policy that were carried out in this period. The structure of the paper follows this general goal. We first of all analyse economic development of the country before the fall of the communist regime because this determined the whole following process. Then we shortly mention political development that had a significant impact on the transformation process, and its results. In the next part we concentrate on the main steps in the economic transformation, and consequently devote place to specific aspects - for example privatisation. The final part analyses the main economic indicators of this period. We conclude that the transformation process achieved its main economic goal and the economy's ability to grow increased.
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Wootton, David. "The Fear of God in Early Modern Political Theory." Historical Papers 18, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030899ar.
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Abstract A group's collective identity is a complex phenomenon which is always difficult to delineate and understand, but however one does so, historical antecedents must be a crucial element. This year's "Presidential Address" explores this important question, which was raised in an earlier presidential discourse. On that occasion, Robert Craig Brown noted that "historical knowledge is an essential component of a nation's sense of cultural identity. ' ' Professor Wallot elucidates this theme: without a concept of what you have been, you cannot know who you are, or what you can be. As one of the characters in Joy Kogama's novel Obasan observes, "you are your history. If you cut off any of it, you're an amputee. ' ' Professor Wallot sets out to explore this problem by examining the Lower Canadian identity between roughly 1780 and 1815, in order to place the colony within the context of the culture of the North Atlantic world. Though Quebec/Lower Canada has often been portrayed as a closed society, relatively homogenous in its attitudes, cut off from its intellectual roots, and somewhat unsympathetic to new ideas, study of aspects of its culture suggest otherwise. The colony had access to contemporary international thought, in all of its variety, and was more than a passive observer in the clash of ideas and the rhythms of cultural change then current in Europe. In arriving at these conclusions, the author presents a two-part defence; in the first part of his paper, he examines the means of cultural diffusion, the role of printed materials in the formation of attitudes and the rapidity with which European ideas were transferred to Quebec. He concludes that, when one removes the time required to transmit these ideas, the colony was aware of, and deeply involved in, the intellectual cross-currents of the North Atlantic world. The author then proceeds to test the validity of this point by examining three quite different aspects of public culture: the discussion aroused by the fear of overpopulation and consequent impoverishment; the banking system and money, and finally, parliamentary theory and practice. In each of these fields, Professor Wallot concludes, the colony's cultural élite, at the very least, was aware of, and responsive to, recent European thought. In a society which boasted nearly universal literacy, this conclusion suggests a culture far more up-to-date than previous work would lead us to expect.
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Hoffmann, Tomasz. "Selected aspects of the Europeanization of public administration in Poland." Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa 10, no. 10 (June 30, 2021): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6330.
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The main research purpose of the following article is to indicate selected models and methods of the Europeanisation of public administration, as well as their legal and social aspects. As a result of the research material selection, the article also attempts to indicate how certain conditions have influenced the processes of Europeanization. The political and legal context of preparing public administration (both government and local) for effective participation in the European Union public policies was also highlighted.
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Sopiński, Michał. "Legal and political aspects of war reparations from Germany." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego III, no. III (December 29, 2022): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1824.
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This article presents the issue of war reparations from Germany in political and legal terms. The settlement of property claims resulting from war between states is a problem in which political factors always play the most important role in addition to legal issues. The article discusses the conceptual difference between indemnisation of war and war reparations, the legal basis of the war reparations demanded by Poland from Germany for the consequences of World War II in a broad political context, including the development of Polish-German relations after 1945. Great emphasis is placed on the arrangements of the Potsdam Conference and the legal analysis of the question of the legality of the Polish People's Republic's renunciation of war reparations from Germany in 1953. Finally, the article briefly presents the contemporary efforts of the Polish authorities to obtain war reparations from Germany.
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Kosmowski, W. "The position of the polish bishops’ conference on LGBT+ – philosophical, theological, clinical and political aspects." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.998.
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IntroductionPracticing medicine cannot disregard cultural conditions. Philosophy and religion are elements of culture. For several years in Poland, various circles have discussed the extensive LGBT issues. A document of Polish Bishops on this subject appeared on 28.08.2020. In 2018, 91.8% of people over 16 years old in Poland declared affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church (Statistics Poland 2020).ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to present different perspectives of effects of that publication, including ethical evaluation and references to clinical practice.MethodsStatements of protagonists and antagonists of this document in Polish were analyzed. Collected arguments were divided into types: philosophical – by philosophy branches (e.g. ethics, philosophical anthropology), theological and clinical.ResultsAs of 29.09.2020 – 85,200 results in the Google Search after typing (in Polish) “Polish Episcopal Conference LGBT”. The use of philosophical arguments by both parties results from the adaptation of different systems, e.g. regarding philosophical anthropology, some assume the immutability of human nature, others – its variability and susceptibility to shaping, e.g. human sexuality. Some emphasize the importance of non-discrimination, while others indicate the need to consider human essence in determining directions of actions.ConclusionsProfessionals should help everyone, regardless of conditions, in accordance with conscience and contemporary medical knowledge [Polish Code of Medical Ethics]. They should try to understand patients and the context of symptoms. Familiarizing oneself with arguments of both sides helps in this. But polemical language makes dialogue difficult. What for one is a “venerable tradition”, for another is a “stereotype” or “discrimination”.
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Mosiej, Józef. "Rural Landscape Development Policy in Poland – Some Aspects of Sustainability." EU agrarian Law 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2019-0005.
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AbstractIn the recent years, when it comes to topics concerning rural areas and agriculture, sustainability has become a key term resonating in the political, economical, social and environmental discussions. These issues are discussed across the globe and Poland is not an exception. There are many features that have impact on sustainability. Among others it is situation in agricultural production, employment in agriculture, access to the land and situation at the land market, aspects of the environmental protection or the administrative structure of the country. Therefore, the main objective of the presented paper is to a comprehensive summary of different aspects influencing rural development in Poland with an emphasis on sustainability. Based on the conducted analysis it can be stated that even though many positive changes have been implemented in the Polish reality, there are still many issues with need to be urgently addressed.
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Kudrzycki, Zbigniew. "German-Soviet relations in the aspect of Eastern Prussia during the Polish-Bol-shevik war on the forum of the Legislative Sejm of 1919–1922." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 308, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134773.
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Regaining independence after 123 years of partitions led to various difficult problems faced by the Polish state. The main issue of the first months of freedom was the appointment of crucial organs of state authorities that would be legitimised by the nation to rule lawfully. On 28 November 1918, Józef Piłsudski, the interim Head of State, issued a second decree on the Legislative Sejm elections and set its date to 26 January 1919. The First Sejm of the 2nd Republic of Poland handled a wide array of internal problems and relations with other countries, which was an obvious scope of duties for the time of its operation. When it came to the relations with neighbours, its mem-bers devoted the majority of their attention to Polish-Russian (Soviet) arrangements. The issue of German-Russian relations was also discussed. It was caused by the interest of political parties in the state’s foreign policy and their fears for Poland’s security. The parties aimed at presenting their stands on the contemporary problems in Pol-ish-Russian relations in the context of German-Russian cooperation, but also wanted to affect said relations with their activities and interpellations.
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Pazio-Wlazłowska, Dorota. "II International Seminar of Cultural Linguistics. Values in the Language Picture of the World of Lithuanians and Poles. Folk, National, Multi-ethnic, and Multicultural Heritage." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.17.
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The second international seminar on cultural linguistics “Vertybės Lietuvių ir Lenkų pasaulėvaizdyje. Liaudiškasis, tautinis, daugiatautis ir daugiakultūris paveldas” was held online between September 24th and 25th, 2020. It was organized by the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University and the Institute of Polish Philology of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin. More than 30 academics from Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and Ukraine attended the seminar. Participants discussed various aspects of the linguistic image of the world of the Slavs and Balts. Attention was paid, in particular, to the lexical representation of concepts (homeland, home, rye, bread, patriotism, anger, fear, truth, mother, etc.), metaphors, phraseological units, folk phraseology and prospects for its further research, lexicographic sources, and categorization problems.
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Hill, Annette, Mette Mortensen, and Joke Hermes. "Fear: Introduction to special issue." European Journal of Cultural Studies 24, no. 4 (August 2021): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13675494211033297.
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Fear needs dealing with. Fear demands to be abated, countered or turned into something else, contributing and curtailing how we ‘do’ being human beings. This special issue of the European Journal of Cultural Studies addresses fear within media and popular culture, adopting a cultural studies approach to fear in a variety of socio-cultural and political contexts. A cultural studies approach allows us to enhance the horizon of understanding cultural practices, mediation and the subjective experience of fear as something we need to work through, in a process of recognition and shock, action and reaction, understanding and reflection. This focus on ‘working through fear’ offers new insights into the intensely subjective aspects of fear as it is creatively explored in representations within drama and documentary, photography and art, and in user-generated content, memes and political satire, and as it is embodied and experienced by people in the context of their realities. In addition, it shows how fear generates energy, anxiety and even desire. Rather than offering a generalizing account, this issue seeks to address fear in specific contexts, localities and from specific roles and perspectives.
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Laurent, Thierry. "Prosper Mérimée et la Pologne." Cahiers ERTA, no. 24 (2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538953ce.20.019.13221.
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Prosper Mérimée and Poland Prosper Mérimée (1803‐1870), writer and scholar, member of the French Academy, has often evoked in his correspondence, his fictional accounts and his historical studies, the political and cultural past of Poland as well as its conflicting relations with Russia during the 19th century. Unlike many of his romantic contemporaries, he was rather insensitive to the plight of the Poles and made no effort to understand them better. His fear of revolutionary convulsions, his anti‐Catholic prejudices, his too superficial knowledge of local realities and his growing love for Russia throughout his life, probably explain his views. However, we should not forget his friendship with some Poles in exile in France and his support for the Historical and literary library of Paris.
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Laurent, Thierry. "Prosper Mérimée et la Pologne." Cahiers ERTA, no. 24 (2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538953ce.20.019.13221.
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Prosper Mérimée and Poland Prosper Mérimée (1803‐1870), writer and scholar, member of the French Academy, has often evoked in his correspondence, his fictional accounts and his historical studies, the political and cultural past of Poland as well as its conflicting relations with Russia during the 19th century. Unlike many of his romantic contemporaries, he was rather insensitive to the plight of the Poles and made no effort to understand them better. His fear of revolutionary convulsions, his anti‐Catholic prejudices, his too superficial knowledge of local realities and his growing love for Russia throughout his life, probably explain his views. However, we should not forget his friendship with some Poles in exile in France and his support for the Historical and literary library of Paris.
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Boguszewski, Rafał, Marta Makowska, Marta Bożewicz, and Monika Podkowińska. "The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Religiosity in Poland." Religions 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11120646.
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Background: Poland is one of Europe’s most religious societies. Methods: The article presents the results of an online survey conducted in April 2020 during the period of the Polish government’s strictest restrictions to date in response to the pandemic. A quota sample of 1001 adult Poles was surveyed. Results: Around one-fifth (21.3%) of people declared that they spent more time praying and engaging in other religious practices than previously. As many as 61.3% of people who previously practiced religion several times a week spent more time on these practices, and, more interestingly, religious observance also increased among people who had previously practiced only once every few years (15.9%) and those who had not previously practiced at all (7.4%). People who previously practiced sporadically or not at all, but who began to pray more during the pandemic, are found to be distinguished from others by a greater fear of losing their job. Spending more time on religious observance is shown to be related to, e.g., disregard for some government restrictions, possession of less knowledge about COVID-19, and a greater tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. Conclusions: Overall, religious practices increased during the Polish spring lockdown. Although these increases are unlikely to be long-lasting, changes in religiosity caused by COVID-19 appear to be a real phenomenon. As the pandemic continues, more research on different aspects of this phenomenon is needed.
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Kłonczyński, Arnold. "Political and Economic Aspects of the Relations Between Poland and Sweden in 1945-1989." Studia Maritima 28 (2015): 125–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sm.2015.28-07.
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Gruszczak, Artur. "Sweden and the Migration Crisis: Political and Security Aspects." Studia Europejskie - studies in European Affairs 24, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.3.2020.3.
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This article aims to make an insight into the conditions of immigration policy and actions undertaken by the Swedish authorities and political parties in the face of the migration crisis in Europe after 2015. A hypothesis presented here assumes that a decisive evolution of the attitudes of the Swedish authorities, political parties, and society towards a restrictive approach to immigration arose from the awareness of the negative consequences of migration management for the Swedish socio-economic model and the political scene. The theoretical framework used in this article is the concept of policy responsiveness, including the ability of political authorities to respond effectively and lawfully to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Process tracing was applied as a research method useful for following the transformation process of Sweden’s immigration policy. Statistical data, documents issued by the government and political parties, as well as the subject literature were the sources utilised in the research. Conclusions drawn from the research point to the tightening of immigration policy as a result of the fear of a prolonged pull effect on foreigners and concern surrounding the appropriate handling of immigration in full accordance with the adopted model of immigration policy.
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Hrckova, Jana, and Michael C. Zeller. "The everyday abnormal and the quest for normalcy." Intersections 7, no. 4 (2021): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v7i4.817.
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Illiberal regimes and societies test resilience and provoke resistance, especially from targeted minority groups. But this abstraction can obscure the complexity of specific events and participants’ emotional motivation. What are the emotional and cognitive responses of protest participants within illiberal contexts? This article investigates this question by focusing on LGBT-rights protest participants in contemporary Poland. Using testimony from in-depth semi-structured interviews with participants from 2019 equality marches, we identify emotional and cognitive responses that centre around a quest for normalcy. Illiberal politics in Poland, especially when contrasted with perceptions about LGBT acceptance in neighbouring countries, have made everyday life 'abnormal,' where LGBT individuals fear increasing violence and feel unable to act normally. Protest participation opens a space where LGBT individuals and allies can feel normal. This experience of normalcy effectively claims recognition of one's 'normal' humanity. In turn, this builds resilience within participants to endure the deterring effects of everyday life and to continue their advocacy for LGBT rights.
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Tishelman, Carol, Jonas Hultin-Rosenberg, Anna Hadders, and Lars E. Eriksson. "Fearing fear itself: Crowdsourced longitudinal data on Covid-19-related fear in Sweden." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0253371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253371.
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Background The Covid-19 pandemic has had unprecedented effects on individual lives and livelihoods as well as on social, health, economic and political systems and structures across the world. This article derives from a unique collaboration between researchers and museums using rapid response crowdsourcing to document contemporary life among the general public during the pandemic crisis in Sweden. Methods and findings We use qualitative analysis to explore the narrative crowdsourced submissions of the same 88 individuals at two timepoints, during the 1st and 2nd pandemic waves, about what they most fear in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic, and how their descriptions changed over time. In this self-selected group, we found that aspects they most feared generally concerned responses to the pandemic on a societal level, rather than to the Covid-19 disease itself or other health-related issues. The most salient fears included a broad array of societal issues, including general societal collapse and fears about effects on social and political interactions among people with resulting impact on political order. Notably strong support for the Swedish pandemic response was expressed, despite both national and international criticism. Conclusions This analysis fills a notable gap in research literature that lacks subjective and detailed investigation of experiences of the general public, despite recognition of the widespread effects of Covid-19 and its’ management strategies. Findings address controversy about the role of experts in formulating and communicating strategy, as well as implications of human responses to existential threats. Based on this analysis, we call for broader focus on societal issues related to this existential threat and the responses to it.
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Brunalas, Benas. "Fear Without Rationality: Emotions in Lithuanian Foreign Policy." Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 36, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2017-0002.
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Abstract The paper reflects on the conception of the phenomenon of fear employed in the international relations theory. A critique of understanding of fear as a rational incentive of conventional international relations theories paves the way for the notion of fear as an emotion. It is argued that the behaviour of states in international politics should be explained via their psychological and emotional aspects. The paper proposes to connect the arising of and experiencing fear with collective memory and the imagery entrenched in nations’ subconscious. It also proposes to distinguish the two levels of arising of and experiencing the emotion of fear, namely the attempt to consciously arouse fear and its nonconscious experience. On the first level, mnemonic-emotive agents consciously activate collective emotions via the nation’s collective memory. On the second, once the contents/imagery of the society’s subconscious are activated, the aroused emotions are nonconsciously experienced by the society. The paper offers a case study from the Lithuanian foreign policy: its relations with Russia. Discourse analysis of Lithuania-Russia relations, where President Dalia Grybauskaitė plays an active and important role in discourse formation, suggests that the formation of Lithuanian foreign policy, with regard to Russia, is affected by the emotion of fear.
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Greve, Werner. "Fear of Crime Among the Elderly: Foresight, Not fright." International Review of Victimology 5, no. 3-4 (May 1998): 277–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500405.
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The seemingly paradoxical result that despite their much lower objective risk of criminal victimization older persons show significantly higher fear of crime than younger ones has become a commonplace within criminology in the last two decades. It is argued that this so-called ‘victimization-fear-paradox’ can be resolved by theoretically and empirically differentiating cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of fear. Additionally, gerontological concepts partially explain the linkage between objective risk of victimization and fear on the one hand and age and fear on the other. In particular, arguments from a gerontopsychological perspective reveal that older people are by no means irrational but, on the contrary, behave in an adequately cautious way because they know about their higher physical vulnerability. It is due to their carefulness that older people are in fact less often victims of crime than younger ones. Results from a nationwide representative victim-survey in Germany are presented in order to support and illustrate these arguments. It is concluded that a closer look at the concept of ‘fear of crime’, as well as at the victimological data, explains a finding which seems to be unexpected from the ‘paradox's’ point of view: fear of crime is not a major problem of the elderly's daily life.
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Węglińska, Agnieszka. "The Image of Germany in Social Media: Political and Social Aspects of Public Service Media in Poland." Central European Journal of Communication 13, no. 1 (July 21, 2020): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.13.1(25).4.
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The goal is this paper is to analyze the image of Germany and Germans in social media platforms of Polish Television (Telewizja Polska — TVP). Through a web content analysis the study aims at presenting main societal and political aspects in the daily functioning of public service media. The outcome is therefore presented in a broad social and historical context, including relations between Germany and Poland. The main factors shaping bilateral relations such as stereotypes, trans-border cooperation and the presence of the German minority in Poland are presented. The empirical part of the paper comprises content and discourse analysis of TVP’ s social media related to the image of Germans and Germany over a period of three months in 2018.
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Sawicka, Janina, Mariola Szewczyk-Jarocka, and Anna Nowacka. "Financial aspects of unregistered employment in Poland and other Eastern European countries." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6873.
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A review of the specialist literature and analysis of own study results reveal that a scale of the phenomena of undeclared work is both globally and locally significant and differentiated. Comparative research for the entire geographical area is difficult, as these are countries with very diverse economies. This was due to historical conditions, dynamic of socio-political changes and ties with other political alliances, membership in organizations and economic partnerships. The aim of the empirical research was to identify the financial aspects of undertaking work in the grey zone from the workers point of view. The study target group were chosen from unemployed registered at the Municipal Employment Office in Płock, Mazovia Region. Results show that the unemployed turn to undeclared work for financial reasons, such as higher reimbursement, unsatisfactory income or excessively high social insurance contributions. Respondents assessed their financial situation most often as bad, and indicated difficulties in finding work through registered employment. People who undertake work in a grey zone are predominantly those from low income groups, socially excluded, migrants, long time unemployed.
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Wałdoch, Marcin. "Dociekliwi jako nowy ruch społeczny: aspekty polityczne realizacji prawa dostępu do informacji publicznej w Polsce." Politeja 16, no. 4(61) (December 31, 2019): 379–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.61.21.
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The Inquisitives as a New Social Movement: Political Aspects of Exercising the Right for the Access to Information in Poland
In this paper, the author analyzes the new social movement labeled „The Inquisitives”. It apparently has its roots in political thought and in philosophy of „the right to know”. Poland adopted the Act on Access to Public Information (2001) to give citizens the formal right to inquire about the public affairs. The information society strives for information about political issues, and about political-public affairs. The author of this paper has stated two hypothesis that (1) a new social movement – the Inquisitives has been occurring in Poland and (2) access to public information has been used for political struggle. The author aims to explore aims, genesis, background, roles, functions, and political values of The Inquisitives within categories such as political scandals, corruption, interest groups, power concentration.
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Sarotte, M. E. "China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example." International Security 37, no. 2 (October 2012): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00101.
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The Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989 remains a taboo topic in the People's Republic of China (PRC); the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) still detains participants and suppresses online, popular, and scholarly discussions of it. The twentieth anniversary of the end of the transatlantic Cold War, however, saw the release of new sources from high-level contacts between the CCP and foreign leaders. These new sources, combined with older ones, show the extent to which Chinese political leaders were obsessed with the democratic changes in Eastern Europe and were willing to take violent action to prevent similar events on their territory. This obsession has received mention from a few scholars, but until now it has played too small a role in the current understanding of Tiananmen. New evidence documents that one of the main motivations for the CCP in deploying the army in June 1989—on the same day as semi-free elections in Poland—was its desire to combat possible contagion from the events in Europe. These sources also show that the CCP knew it had little to fear from reprisals by the United States, which it predicted would take “no real countermeasures.”
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Barwiński, Marek. "Polish Interstate Relations with Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania After 1990 in the Context of the Situation of National Minorities." European Spatial Research and Policy 20, no. 1 (July 3, 2013): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/esrp-2013-0001.
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When we compare the contemporary ethnic structure and national policy of Poland and its eastern neighbours, we can see clear asymmetry in both quantitative and legal-institutional aspects. There is currently a markedly smaller population of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians living in Poland than the Polish population in the territories of our eastern neighbours. At the same time, the national minorities in Poland enjoy wider rights and better conditions to operate than Poles living in Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania.
Additional complicating factor in bilateral relations between national minority and the home state is different political status of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine and different processes of transformation the consequence of which is differentiated state of political relations of Poland with its eastern neighbours. Lithuania, like Poland, is a member of EU, Ukraine, outside the structures of European integration, pursued a variable foreign policy, depending on the ruling options and the economic situation, and Belarus, because of internal policy which is unacceptable in the EU countries, is located on the political periphery of Europe.
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Mookherjee, Nayanika. "Aurality of images in graphic ethnographies: Sexual violence during wars and memories of the feelings of fear." Sociological Review 70, no. 4 (July 2022): 686–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380261221108843.
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This article examines the role of graphic ethnography in mapping the objects and feelings of fear through the silence of images, through the aurality of this silence. By aurality, I refer to the sounds and feelings felt by the reader when seeing these images in their colours, visuality and contexts which are not brought out by words and texts alone. The article explores the new sociographies that emerge from this intercitationality of visceral fear, from the aurality of this dread, that survivors of sexual violence during the Bangladesh war of 1971 feel till today. It suggests that we need to go beyond the search for the ‘unsayable and unseeable’ to understand how survivors and their quotidian existence are intertwined with these objects of fear. Nothing is unseeable or unsayable for survivors here as they live through fear ‘as an environment’. The article explores the intertextual, intercitational registers between my book The Spectral Wound and my co-authored graphic novel, Birangona, in order to bring out the reparative aspects of graphic ethnography and the new forms of knowledge production.
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Gawłowski, Robert. "Report from the 3rd International Scientific Conference “The Faces of Asian Statehood. Civilization, Cultural, Political, Legal and Economic Aspects”." Polish Political Science Yearbook 38, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2009025.
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On the 21st and 22nd of May 2009, an International Scientific Conference "The Faces of Asian Statehood. Civilization, Cultural, Political, Legal and Economic Aspects" was held in Toruń, Poland. The event took place thanks to the joint initiative of the Asia and Paci! c Society and its Chairman Adam Marszałek – the main organizing institution, Institute of Political Science & Institute of International Relations – University of Nicolaus Copernicus, Toruń, Poland, as well as local (President of Toruń) and regional (Marshal of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region) authorities. Joanna Marszałek- -Kawa was the Scientific Manager of the sessions. Members of the Organizing Committee include also Lucyna Osińska, Robert Gawłowski, Joanna Modrzyńska and Mariusz Popławski.
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Gwiazda, Anna. "The Substantive Representation of Women in Poland." Politics & Gender 15, no. 02 (January 31, 2019): 262–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000909.
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AbstractThis article examines the substantive representation of women in Poland after the 2015 parliamentary elections. By looking at the case of the Black Protests, in which tens of thousands of demonstrators, wearing black, defended women's rights by protesting a proposed total abortion ban, it revisits the existing approaches to substantive representation. Hanna Pitkin's definition is used as a starting point, but then broader questions concerning women's interests, agents, and sites of representation are considered. This article identifies a variety of interests but argues that in Poland, conservative interests dominate in parliament, although feminist interests are voiced too, especially by nonelected agents in extraparliamentary sites. This article makes an important contribution to the research on women's political representation because it deals with unexplored aspects of representation in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Pawlak, Piotr. "Political dispute in Poland in the eyes of Facebook slacktivists." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2021.26.1.2.
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This text is a report from research on selected aspects of the crisis of democracy in Poland. The problem of the analysis focuses on questions about the attitude of the participants in the political dispute towards opponents, the possibility (and method) of reaching an agreement and the assessment of the situation. I chose the area of analysis considering social media a transparent platform for political dispute (especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic). The essence of the research was to find respondents clearly involved in the political dispute. I choose Facebook, among the other things, because this platform creates a place of many actively operating thematic groups which gathers supporters of particular political options. This fact facilitate reaching respondents with the preferred characteristics. The survey was conducted in the period 13/12/2020 to 25/01/2021 on the basis of the author’s form consisting of 15 questions. The research sample consists of 220 respondents: 126 women and 94 men aged 14 to 72 years old. Appropriately for the nature of the variables and the sample size, the contingency coefficient and the Kruskal-Wallis test were calculated, together with the statistical significance of the obtained results. All analyzes were performed on the basis of SPSS software version 26 and Microsoft Excel.
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Wojdon, Joanna. "The Impact of Communist Rule on History Education in Poland." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2012.040105.
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This article analyzes textbooks and curricula for primary schools in Poland published between 1944 and 1989 to show how the communist regime attempted to influence Polish history education via political change and educational reform. The article focuses on five aspects of this influence: Marxist methodology of history, portrayals of political parties, promotion of a “scientific“ worldview, justification of new boundaries and alliances of the People's Poland, and a new pantheon of national heroes. In conclusion, the article investigates the effectiveness of history education in shaping Polish collective memory under the communist regime.
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Kubas, Sebastian. "The trajectory of the process of democratization in Poland in the light of theory, political praxis and external evaluation: 1989–2019." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 57 (September 15, 2020): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.57.1.
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In 1989 Poland decided to implement a democratic regime, but its future was uncertain then. Today, after 30 years of the development of the process of democratization, one can say that the road to democracy is winding. The article analyzes the Polish example of the process of democratization between 1989–2019. It refers to existing theories of the process of democratization and the evaluation of democracy. Although Poland passed through the phases of the erosion of a non-democratic regime, transition and democratic consolidation, the situation after 2015 suggests that there are trends that can reverse the process of democratization. It will be argued that the institutional and behavioral aspects of the process of democratization in Poland cannot be perceived as a linear process.
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Peterie, Michelle, and David Neil. "Xenophobia towards asylum seekers: A survey of social theories." Journal of Sociology 56, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319882526.
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In recent decades, there has been a global rise in fear and hostility towards asylum seekers. Xenophobia – or ‘fear of the stranger’ – has become a pressing issue in a range of disciplines. Several causal models have been proposed to explain this fear and the hostility it produces. However, disciplinary boundaries have limited productive dialogue between these approaches. This article draws connections between four of the main theories that have been advanced in the existing literature: (1) false belief accounts, (2) xenophobia as new racism, (3) sociobiological explanations and (4) xenophobia as an effect of capitalist globalisation. While this article cannot provide an exhaustive review of theories of xenophobia, it aims to present a useful comparative introduction to current research into the social aspects of xenophobia, particularly as these theories have been applied to asylum seekers. In bringing together divergent models, it also invites interdisciplinary engagement.
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Leheza, Yevhen, Yuliia Dorokhina, Oleksandr Shamara, Serhii Miroshnychenko, and Vita Moroz. "Citizens ‘participation in the fight against criminal offences: political and legal aspects." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 69 (July 17, 2021): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.12.
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The aim of the research is to reveal political and legal aspects at international level in the field of citizens' participation in the fight against crime. Attention is paid to the most common forms of public participation: patrolling; provide information on criminals or criminal acts committed; participation in anti-corruption measures; assistance in the resocialization of offenders; aiding victims of crime; strengthening the security of one's own property; participation in information on anti-criminal measures. Methodologically it is a documentary research. In conclusion, the benefits of public participation in crime prevention, based on international crime prevention, can be divided into two groups: basic and additional. The main advantages are reduction of crime and delinquency; improve security in relevant areas of cities; reducing citizens' fear of crime; strengthening the service function of the police forces in relation to the inhabitants of territorial communities; improve police partnerships with the public.
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Matviienko, Matviienko, and Mykola Doroshko. "The 1920 Ukrainian-Polish Alliance and Its Implications." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-3.
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The article describes the internal political situation in the UPR and Poland before the conclusion of the Treaty of Warsaw in 1920. The authors argue that in the context of the end of World War I and the rebuilding of the world geopolitical order the UPR and the Republic of Poland were destined to establish allied relations with a view to strengthening their restored statehood and ensuring security in the Baltic-Black Sea region. However, the signature of the Treaty of Warsaw failed to preserve stable interstate cooperation between Ukraine and Poland due to a range of internal political and external factors. This situation cast a shadow over the preservation of the independence of the UPR and Ukrainian-Polish partnership. The military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland broke apart due to inextricable external and internal aspects. It was a rearguard action and could not struggle against the strengthened Bolshevist Russia without the support of the Entente states. In the meantime, the 1920 Treaty of Warsaw was significant not only for Ukrainians who continued to fight for the independence of the UPR with the assistance of Poland until the end of 1921. The authors assume that the joint opposition of Ukraine and Poland in the summer of 1920 dashed the Kremlin’s marches on Poland, Romania, and Germany that could turn into a tragedy for those states and Europe as a whole. The authors stress that the Baltic states such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania gained their independence because of the military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland and its struggle against the Bolshevist Russia. Poland got a chance to strengthen its statehood, as Moscow was significantly weakened by the war with the UPR and peasants’ insurrections in Ukraine. Keywords: UPR, Republic of Poland, Entente, Treaty of Warsaw, allied relations.
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Balogun, Bolaji. "Race and racism in Poland: Theorising and contextualising ‘Polish-centrism’." Sociological Review 68, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 1196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026120928883.
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Whilst scholarship has sought to consider migration in Poland, there has been a lack of engagement with the ways in which race and racism interact with migration. In this article, I map the figures in the Polish imaginary of European, and examine whether Poland has different, if related, histories of racial thinking. I ask how such histories have been conceived, shaped and mediated. To examine this, I focus on the lived experiences of sub-Saharan African immigrants and children of immigrants (Black/mixed-race) who are often portrayed as non-Europeans and seen by some as ‘not quite Polish’. In doing so, this article provides an insight into the racial contours of Polish self-conception. I call this logic ‘Polish-centrism’ – a focus on some aspects of Polish culture to the exclusion of a wider view of the world. It is within this logic that I examine what it means to be Black and Polish in Poland.