Relevant bibliographies by topics / FEA 3-D

Academic literature on the topic 'FEA 3-D'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Yamaguchi, Tadashi, Yoshihiro Kawase, and Shota Ishimura. "3-D adaptive FEA with weighted node density technique." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 1201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2020-0005.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a method to create 3-D finite element meshes automatically using the Delaunay tetrahedralization with the weighted node density technique. Using this method, the adaptive finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out for the calculation of the magnetic field of an eddy current verification model to clarify the usefulness of the method. Moreover, the error evaluation function for the adaptive FEA was also discussed. Design/methodology/approach The method to create the 3-D finite element meshes using the Delaunay tetrahedralization is realized by the weighted node density technique, and Zienkiewicz-Zhu’s error estimator is used as the error evaluation function of the adaptive FEA. Findings The magnetic flux density vectors on the node in the error evaluation function for the adaptive FEA should be calculated with the weighted average by the reciprocal of the volume of elements. Originality/value This paper describes the method to create 3-D finite element meshes and the comparison among calculation methods of the magnetic flux density vectors on the node for the error estimator.
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Arslan, Mehmet Ali, and Oğuz Kayabaşı. "3-D Rail–Wheel contact analysis using FEA." Advances in Engineering Software 45, no. 1 (March 2012): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2011.10.009.

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Ahmad, Hilton. "Stress Distribution in Composite Double-Lap Bolted Joints Incorporating with Clamp-Up." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.152.

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A 3-D FEA has been carried out to determine the stress distribution in bolted double-lap bolted joints using ABAQUS CAE and compared with available closed-form equations. As friction load in bolted joint is transferred through-the-thickness, the 3-D finite element model gave more reliable stress distribution than simplistic 2-D closed form (incorporated with clamp-up). Similar trend in stress distribution were found for closed-form and FEA approaches.
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Cheng, Bo, and Guang Pan. "Analysis and Structure Optimization of Radial Halbach Permanent Magnet Couplings for Deep Sea Robots." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7627326.

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Permanent magnet couplings (PMCs) can convert the dynamic seal of transmission shaft into a static seal, which will significantly improve the transmission efficiency and reliability. Therefore, the radial Halbach PMC in this paper is suitable as the transmission mechanism of deep sea robots. A two-segment Halbach array is adopted in the radial PMC, and the segment arc coefficient can be adjustable. This paper presents the general analytical solutions of the distinctive Halbach PMCs based on scalar magnetic potential and Maxwell stress tensor. The analytical solutions of magnetic field are in good agreement with 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) results. In addition, an initial prototype of the radial Halbach PMC has been fabricated, and the analytical solutions of magnetic torque are compared with 3-D FEA and experiment results. This paper also establishes an optimization procedure for PMCs based on the combination of 3-D FEA, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). 3-D FEA is performed to calculate the pull-out torque of the samples from Latin hypercube sampling, then BPNN is used to describe the relationship between the optimization variables and pull-out torque. Finally, GA is applied to solve the optimization problem, and the optimized scheme is proved to be more reasonable with the FEA method.
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Jones, D. P., J. L. Gordon, D. N. Hutula, J. E. Holliday, and W. G. Jandrasits. "Application of Equivalent Elastic Methods in Three-Dimensional Finite Element Structural Analysis." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883704.

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This paper describes use of equivalent solid (EQS) modeling to obtain efficient solutions to perforated material problems using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3-D-FEA) programs. It is shown that EQS modeling in 3-D-FEA requires an EQS constitutive relationship with a sufficient number of independent constants to allow the EQS material to respond according to the elastic symmetry of the penetration pattern. It is also shown that a 3-D-FEA submodel approach to calculate peak stresses and ligament stresses from EQS results is very accurate and preferred over more traditional stress multiplier approaches. The method is demonstrated on the problem of a transversely pressurized simply supported plate with a central divider lane separating two perforated regions with circular penetrations arranged in a square pattern. A 3-D-FEA solution for a model that incorporates each penetration explicitly is used for comparison with results from an EQS solution for the plate. Results for deflection and stresses from the EQS solution are within 3 percent of results from the explicit 3-D-FE model. A solution to the sample problem is also provided using the procedures in the ASME B&PV Code. The ASME B&PV Code formulas for plate deflection were shown to overestimate the stiffening effects of the divider lane and the outer stiffening ring.
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Benmessaoud, Youcef, Frédéric Dubas, and Mickael Hilairet. "Combining the Magnetic Equivalent Circuit and Maxwell–Fourier Method for Eddy-Current Loss Calculation." Mathematical and Computational Applications 24, no. 2 (June 4, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca24020060.

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In this paper, a hybrid model in Cartesian coordinates combining a two-dimensional (2-D) generic magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) with a 2-D analytical model based on the Maxwell–Fourier method (i.e., the formal resolution of Maxwell’s equations by using the separation of variables method and the Fourier’s series) is developed. This model coupling has been applied to a U-cored static electromagnetic device. The main objective is to compute the magnetic field behavior in massive conductive parts (e.g., aluminum, magnets, copper, iron) considering the skin effect (i.e., with the eddy-current reaction field) and to predict the eddy-current losses. The magnetic field distribution for various models is validated with 2-D and three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element analysis (FEA). The study is also focused on the discretization influence of 2-D generic MEC on the eddy-current loss calculation in conductive regions. Experimental tests and 3-D FEA have been compared with the proposed approach on massive conductive parts in aluminum. For an operating point, the computation time is divided by ~4.6 with respect to 3-D FEA.
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Yokoyama, T., V. Cingoski, K. Kaneda, and H. Yamashita. "3-D automatic mesh generation for FEA using dynamic bubble system." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 35, no. 3 (May 1999): 1318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.767204.

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Liu, Sha, Jian Fu Zhang, Ping Fa Feng, Ding Wen Yu, and Zhi Jun Wu. "Determination of Constitutive Equation Parameters for Face Milling 3-D Simulation via Pressure Bar and Orthogonal Cutting Tests." Materials Science Forum 723 (June 2012): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.723.136.

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Material constitutive equation plays an important role in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of metal cutting process. This paper proposes a method to obtain parameters for Power Law model of a Japanese type of alloy steel (SCM440H) for 3-D FEA of face milling process, involving pressure bar experiments and orthogonal metal cutting experiments. Since pressure bar test cannot reach the high strain rate occurred in cutting process, orthogonal cutting experiment was combined to obtain parameters for material model. By this method, the ideal parameters for FEA of the face milling process were finally determined. Face milling experiments were performed to verify the accuracy of the model built.
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Jiang, Tengfei, Chenglin Wu, Jay Im, Rui Huang, and Paul S. Ho. "Impact of Grain Structure and Material Properties on Via Extrusion in 3-D Interconnects." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-ta12.

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In this paper, the effects of Cu microstructure on the mechanical properties and extrusion of though-silicon vias (TSVs) were studied based on two types of TSVs with different microstructure. A direct correlation was found between the grain size and the mechanical properties of the vias. Both an analytical model and FEA were used to establish the relationship between the mechanical properties and via extrusion. The effect of via/Si interface on extrusion was also studied by FEA. The results suggest small and uniform grains in the Cu vias, as well as stronger interfaces between the via and Si led to smaller via extrusion, and are thus preferable for reduced via extrusion failure and improved TSV reliability.
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Sha, Sha, Anqi Geng, Yuqin Gao, Bin Li, Xuewei Jiang, Hui Tao, Lei Luo, et al. "Review on the 3-D simulation for weft knitted fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211012527.

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There are different kinds of geometrical models and physical models used to simulate weft knitted fabrics nowadays, such as loop models based on Pierce, piecewise function, spline curve, mass-spring model, and finite element analyses (FEA). Weft knitting simulation technology, including modeling and yarn reality, has been widely adopted in fabric structure designing for the manufacturer. The technology has great potentials in both industries and dynamic virtual display. The present article is aimed to review the current development of 3-D simulation technique for weft knitted fabrics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Koyamada, Koji. "Techniques for visualizing 3-D FEM results using tetrahedral cells." Kyoto University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/74651.

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Kiridena, Vijitha S. "A 3-D search and interpolate algorithm for remeshing in large deformation FEM metal forming analysis." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182439927.

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Grasso, Eva. "Modelling visco-elastic seismic wave propagation : a fast-multipole boundary element method and its coupling with finite elements." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730752.

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The numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in unbounded media is a topical issue. This need arises in a variety of real life engineering problems, from the modelling of railway- or machinery-induced vibrations to the analysis of seismic wave propagation and soil-structure interaction problems. Due to the complexity of the involved geometries and materials behavior, modelling such situations requires sophisticated numerical methods. The Boundary Element method (BEM) is a very effective approach for dynamical problems in spatially-extended regions (idealized as unbounded), especially since the advent of fast BEMs such as the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) used in this work. The BEM is based on a boundary integral formulation which requires the discretization of the only domain boundary (i.e. a surface in 3-D) and accounts implicitly for the radiation conditions at infinity. As a main disadvantage, the BEM leads a priori to a fully-populated and (using the collocation approach) non-symmetrical coefficient matrix, which make the traditional implementation of this method prohibitive for large problems (say O(106) boundary DoFs). Applied to the BEM, the Multi-Level Fast Multipole Method (ML-FMM) strongly lowers the complexity in computational work and memory that hinder the classical formulation, making the ML-FMBEM very competitive in modelling elastic wave propagation. The elastodynamic version of the Fast Multipole BEM (FMBEM), in a form enabling piecewise-homogeneous media, has for instance been successfully used to solve seismic wave propagation problems in a previous work (thesis dissertation of S. Chaillat, ENPC, 2008). This thesis aims at extending the capabilities of the existing frequency-domain elastodynamic FMBEM in two directions. Firstly, the time-harmonic elastodynamic ML-FMBEM formulation has been extended to the case of weakly dissipative viscoelastic media. Secondly, the FMBEM and the Finite Element Method (FEM) have been coupled to take advantage of the versatility of the FEM to model complex geometries and non-linearities while the FM-BEM accounts for wave propagation in the surrounding unbounded medium. In this thesis, we consider two strategies for coupling the FMBEM and the FEM to solve three-dimensional time-harmonic wave propagation problems in unbounded domains. The main idea is to separate one or more bounded subdomains (modelled by the FEM) from the complementary semi-infinite viscoelastic propagation medium (modelled by the FMBEM) through a non-overlapping domain decomposition. Two coupling strategies have been implemented and their performances assessed and compared on several examples
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Frăţilă, Mircea. "Contribution à la prise en compte des pertes fer dans la modélisation des machines électriques par éléments finis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10142/document.

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La prise en compte des pertes fer dans les machines électriques est une étape cruciale lors du processus de conception. L’objectif de ce travail a donc été de valider l’implémentation d’un modèle de pertes fer tout en effectuant une modélisation précise des machines électriques étudiées. Le choix s’est porté sur l’utilisation de modèles de calcul des pertes en post-traitement d’un code par éléments finis. Ainsi, différents modèles analytiques ont été comparés en régime sinusoïdal et non sinusoïdal (sans cycles mineurs) en termes de précision, afin de choisir le plus adapté pour une implantation dans code_Carmel. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que la prise en compte des cycles mineurs peut être améliorée en remplaçant le terme classique de Steinmetz par un modèle d’hystérésis ou par un modèle analytique adapté. L’implémentation et la précision du modèle analytique ont été évaluées d’abord sur des systèmes simples puis sur plusieurs machines tournantes. La comparaison des résultats simulés avec les mesures issues des essais à vide montre une bonne concordance et démontre la capacité du modèle à estimer les pertes fer avec une bonne précision pour une large gamme de machines électriques et pour les deux types d’alimentations utilisés (sinusoïdale et MLI)
Taking into account the iron losses in electromechanical machines is a crucial step during the design process. The aim of this study was to validate the implementation of an iron loss model at the same time performing an accurate modelling of the electrical system. Our choice was to use models in a post-processing stage of a finite element code. Thus, four analytical models were compared for, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply, (without minor cycles) in terms of accuracy, in order to choose the most suitable to be implanted in code_Carmel. We have shown that the inclusion of minor loops can be improved by replacing the classical Steinmetz term by a hysteresis model or by a suitable analytical model. The implementation and the accuracy of the analytical model were evaluated first on simple systems, and after on several rotating machines. Comparing the simulated results with measurements ones showed good agreement and demonstrated the ability of the model to estimate the iron losses with good accuracy for a wide range of electrical machines and for different supply (sinusoidal and PWM)
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Lindholm, Martin, Metin Uçar, and Nermin Dzanic. "The load carrying unit of articulated haulers : Analysis of the welded connections." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5818.

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Detta examensarbete handlar om finita element analys av svetsade förband i korgen på Volvo dumpern A40E. Det genomfördes i samarbete med Volvo CE i Braås. Uppgiften var att ge företaget en lämplig lösning för att minska mängden svetsskarvar på den främre delen av lastenheten. För att uppnå detta har en rad analyser genomförts med hjälp av CATIA och ANSYS på både de befintliga och de justerade (potentiella ersättare) svetsade förbanden. Analyserna visar att utmatningshållfastheten av svetsade förband huvudsakligen beror på inbränningsdjupet. Med andra ord, förstärka svetsförband genom större inbränning är mer fördelaktigt än att använda mer svets på utsidan. Slutsatsen blev att både produktionstid och kostnad kan minskas genom justering av de svetsade förbanden. Eftersom svetsförband på lastenheten är sammankopplade bör mer omfattande studier som inkluderar alla svetsar genomföras för att uppskatta effekterna av liknande justeringar.


The work presented in this master thesis is about the finite element analysis of the welded connections in load carrying unit of the articulated hauler, Volvo A40E. It was performed in cooperation with Volvo CE in Braås. The task was to provide the company with an appropriate solution to reduce the amount of weld used on the front part of the load carrying unit. To accomplish this, a series of analyses utilising CATIA and ANSYS was performed on both existing and adjusted (potential replacement) welded connections. The analyses brought to light the fact that the fatigue resistance of welded connections significantly depends on the penetration depth. In other words, reinforcing the welded connections by deeper penetration is more beneficial than providing support from outside through thicker weld. It was concluded that applying adjusted welds lessens both the production time and cost. Nevertheless, since the welds on the load carrying unit are correlated; more extensive studies covering all welds should be carried out to estimate the impacts of similar replacements.

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Lu, Chia-Chuan, and 盧家釧. "3-D LTCC and CPW-Fed Dual-Mode Ring Filters." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48095133472014320304.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
93
In the beginning of this thesis, I mention the basic theory and characteristics of ring resonators. Afterwards, I make use of the advantage of LTCC process to realize the 3-D coupling structure and to design dual-mode ring filters. Here, I base on different design specifications to design two broadband and two narrowband ring filters. The narrowband filters have the fractional bandwidth less than 15%. The wideband filters have the fractional bandwidth larger than 25%. In addition, I make use of the CPW-fed microstrip method to implement the 3-Dcoupling structure in the single substrate. With this approach, the uniplanar circuit design implemented in single substrate can be extended to 3-D design. Thus, the 3D ring filters become possible. Since the embedded microstrip lines used in the LTCC ring filters and the microstrip lines used in the CPW-fed microstrip ring filters possess serious dispersion phenomenon and radiation loss. One can use strip lines to avoid these disadvantages. Therefore, I further use the method of CPW-fed strip lines to realize the 3D coupling structure to modify the ring filters. Observed form the measurement, the insertion loss of this kind filter can be greatly improved (Insertion Loss < 1dB).
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Hung, Sheng-Tang, and 洪聖唐. "A 3-D FEM Numerical Model Using Unstructured Grids to Study Nutrients Circulation in Dapeng Bay." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96643352273664230617.

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碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
102
Coastal lagoon is tend to encounter some impact of disturbance especially in rainfall events. During the heavy rain, the nutrients may transport from landside to lagoon by inflow. The abundance of nutrients may caused ecosystem loss of balance. Dapeng Bay is located in southwestern Taiwan, which is an enclosed shallow coastal lagoon. Recently Dapeng Bay is developing into an international tourist and recreation area by Tourism Bureau, MOTC. In order to study the water quality and ecosystem impact after the develoment projects, we established a high resolution 3-D FEM numerical water dynamical model by using unstructured grids, and the model is not only coupled with biology states variables but also using on case studies. Wet and dry seasons are clear seasonal phenomena in southern Taiwan. Heavy rainfall has significant influence on the salinity of surface water, local effects near the two discharges would bring high concentration of nutrients to the territorial water.Therefore, this study is based on the long term observation data. Assuming silicon and phosphorus nutrients are adequate supply, we added both tidal circulation and meteorological factors to simulated the nitrogen base biology simulation. The results show that Dapeng Bay is a nutrients excess area. After we calculated the model results of fluxes of phytoplankton carbon and compared the results to eutrophication standard defined by Nixon, we discovered that the water body of Dapeng Bay has already become eutrophic in the early spring, and it even have phenomena of hypertrophication after the heavy rainfall events. The biological model simulation results are summarized and analyzed that although tidal inlets dredging project and strong wind stress help to improve the water circulation of Dapeng Bay, but the nutrients fluxes of model results show that a large influx of nutrients would still accumulate in Dapeng Bay during the rainfall events.
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Santos, Abel Dias dos. "Tool descriptions and contact strategies used in the static explicit FEM code ITAS3D for simulation of 3-D sheet metal forming processes." Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/11599.

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Santos, Abel Dias dos. "Tool descriptions and contact strategies used in the static explicit FEM code ITAS3D for simulation of 3-D sheet metal forming processes." Tese, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/11599.

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Hamtilová, Martina. "Hodnocení morfologie patra u BCLP pacientů s palatoláliemi." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312781.

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The diploma work was based on the evaluation of dental casts of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) with a mean age of 10. Patients consist of two groups, patients without defect in speech and with speech impairment (palatolaly). Palatolalies in the literature are primarily associated with velopharyngeal insufficiency. The study tested the working hypothesis that in the failure of speech is involved a different, specific in some way, palatal shape. Dental casts were scanned using a laser scanner and analyzed by 3-D geometric morphometry and multivariate statistics: principal component analysis (PCA), linear regression analysis and finite element analysis (FESA). Using linear regression it was found that the shape of the palate is affected in younger individuals by age, and so had to be 5 patients excluded for further analysis. Patients with palatolaly have lower variability the palatal shape than patients without palatolalie, so their palates are similar to each other and have a specific shape. Palates are wider and lower than in individuals without speech disorder and they have a characteristic deepening behind the anterior part of the palate. We assume that these features in palate morphology primarily the lower arch and the substantial deepening are most likely to affect the...
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Books on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Stine, R. L. Nightmare in 3-D. New York: Pocket Books, 1996.

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Nightmare in 3-D: Ghosts of Fear Street #4. New York: Pocket Books, 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials. FAA R&D program review, NAS plan, CAMI mission, and program plan: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, May 3, 4, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Stine, R. L. Nightmare in 3-D. Turtleback Books Distributed by Demco Media, 1996.

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Stine, R. L. Nightmare In 3-D. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2012.

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Martin, Ann M. Schattenwelt. Albtraum in 3- D. Loewe Vlg., Bindlach, 2000.

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Hilary, Sarah. Tastes Like Fear (D. I. Marnie Rome 3). Headline Publishing Group, 2016.

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Stine, R. L. Nightmare in 3-D (Ghosts of Fear Street #4). Aladdin, 1996.

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Martin, Ann M. Nightmare in 3-D #4 (Ghosts of Fear Street). Rebound by Sagebrush, 1999.

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Martin, Ann M. Pesadilla En Tres Dimensiones / Nightmare in 3-D (Coleccion Fantasmas de Fear Street. Tandem Library, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Kaneko, T., and T. Kanomata. "5.3.19 Mn x Fea–xAs." In Magnetic Properties of d-Elements, Alloys and Compounds Under Pressure, 356–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41834-1_197.

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Oryu, S., S. Gojuki, T. Hino, E. Uzu, and H. Kamada. "A Study of the Deuteron D-state Probability in the $$^3\overrightarrow {He} {(\overrightarrow d ,p)^4}He$$ Reaction." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’98, 371–74. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6798-4_66.

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Uesaka, T., H. Sakai, H. Okamura, A. Tamii, T. Ohnishi, Y. Satou, N. Sakamoto, et al. "$${}^3\overrightarrow {{\rm{He}}} {\rm{ (}}\vec d,p{)^4}{\rm{He}}$$ Reaction at Intermediate Energies." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’99, 497–500. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6287-3_90.

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Gojuki, S., and S. Oryu. "Polarization Effects of the 3/2+ Resonance on the 3He(d,p)4He Fusion Reaction." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’02, 135–38. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6728-1_31.

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Brison, Jean-Pascal. "p-Wave Superconductivity and d-Vector Representation." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 165–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64623-3_6.

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AbstractSince the mid-80s, new classes of superconductors have been discovered in which the origin of superconductivity cannot be attributed to the electron–ion interactions at the heart of conventional superconductivity. Most of these unconventional superconductors are strongly correlated electron systems, and identifying (or even more difficult, predicting) the precise superconducting state has been, and sometimes remains, an actual challenge. However, in most cases, it has been demonstrated that in these materials the spin state of the Cooper pairs is a singlet state, often associated with a ‘d-wave’ or ‘$$s +/-$$ s + / - ’ orbital state. For a few systems, a spin-triplet state is strongly suspected, like in superfluid $$^3$$ 3 He; this leads to a much more complex superconducting order parameter. This was long supposed to be the case for the d-electron system Sr$$_2$$ 2 RuO$$_4$$ 4 , and is very likely realized in some uranium-based (f-electron) ‘heavy fermions’ like UPt$$_3$$ 3 (with multiple superconducting phases) or UGe$$_2$$ 2 (with coexisting ferromagnetic order). Beyond the interest for these materials, p-wave superconductivity is presently quite fashionable for its topological properties and the prediction that it could host Majorana-like low energy excitations, seen as a route towards robust (topologically protected) qubits. The aim of these notes is to make students and experimentalists more familiar with the d-vector representation used to describe p-wave (spin triplet) superconductivity. The interest of this formalism will be illustrated on some systems where p-wave superconductivity is the prime suspect.
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Gojuki, S., H. Kamada, E. Uzu, and S. Oryu. "Analysis of the $$^3{\rm{\vec He}}{(\vec d,p)^4}{\rm{He}}$$ Reaction at E lab =270 MeV." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’99, 501–4. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6287-3_91.

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Uzu, Eizo, Shinsho Oryu, and Makoto Tanifuji. "$$^2{\rm{\vec H(}}\vec d,p{{\rm{)}}^3}{\rm{H}}$$ Reaction Calculations at 20–120 keV by the Four-Body Yakubovsky Equations with the Paris Potential." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’95, 97–101. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9427-0_14.

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S. P., Leo Kumar, and Avinash D. "Finite Element Analysis of Chip Formation in Micro-Milling Operation." In Applications and Techniques for Experimental Stress Analysis, 202–13. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1690-4.ch013.

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Finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical technique in which product behavior under various loading conditions is predicted for ease of manufacturing. Due to its flexibility, its receiving research attention across domain discipline. This chapter aims to provide numerical investigation on chip formation in micro-end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It is widely used for medical applications. The chip formation process is simulated by a 3D model of flat end mill cutter with an edge radius of 5 μm. Tungsten carbide is used as a tool material. ABACUS-based FEA package is used to simulate the chip formation in micro-milling operation. Appropriate input parameters are chosen from the published literature and industrial standards. 3-D orthogonal machining model is developed under symmetric proposition and assumptions in order to reveal the chip formation mechanism. It is inferred that the developed finite element model clearly shows stress development in the cutting region at the initial stage is higher. It reduces further due to tool wear along the cutting zone.
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Wan, Benli, Bin Hu, Yuntao Li, and Yuhong Zhu. "Study on Effect of Electromagnetic Characteristics of Deformed 304 Stainless Steel on Eddy Current Testing." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/saem200003.

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The induced ferrite and other high magnetic microstructures content changes are studied when 304 austenitic stainless steel stripe specimens are tested under different uniaxial tension deformation, namely its deformation less than 50%. Furtherly, the correlation is plotted between the resulting magnetic permeability or coercivity caused by these microstructures and deformation. Meanwhile, the optimal eddy current excitation frequency under different deformation was obtained, which was consistent with 3-D finite element analysis (FEA). Besides, other various factors affecting the quality of eddy current testing (ECT), such as temperature and conductivity, are also considered comprehensively during the tensile test. The results of the experiment and simulation calculation show that when the deformation is within 50% that necking deformation has occurred, the magnetic permeability of specimens increases with deformation, and gradually begin to have the magnetic properties of weak ferromagnetic materials, which also changes the optimal excitation frequency, which varies from 60 kHz to 110 kHz. Because of the electromagnetic response noise increase, the impedance plane diagrams of defects distort simultaneously, which leads to the quantitative evaluation error of defects.
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Sanna, Andrea, and Fabrizio Lamberti. "3-D Visualization on Mobile Devices." In Handbook of Research on User Interface Design and Evaluation for Mobile Technology, 558–75. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-871-0.ch033.

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Recent improvements in technology of last generation mobile devices (smartphones, Personal Digital Assistants, Ultra-Mobile PCs) have opened up challenging new scenarios in 3-D ubiquitous visualization. Entertainment, cultural heritage, telemedicine, and distance learning are only a few of the disciplines that can take advantage of 3-D model visualization on mobile and hand-held devices. This chapter investigates the main methodologies used to display and navigate complex scenes and heavy datasets on mobile devices. Both local and remote rendering software techniques are considered with respect to solutions based on hardware acceleration. Moreover, issues related to the design of suitable graphics user interfaces are tackled. Finally, a solution for high performance visualization based on the remote rendering approach and enabling interactive manipulation of 3-D scenes composed by millions of polygons at 30 frames per second even on 50 Kbit/s wireless communication channels is presented.
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Conference papers on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Jian-ping Bi and Xin-li Wang. "Analysis on crankshaft of 12V190 engine using 3-D FEA method." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987112.

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Bartolini, Lorenzo Maria, Lorenzo Marchionni, Maurizio Spinazzè, Giulio Claudio Vignati, and Luigino Vitali. "Advanced 3-D FEA Modelling for a Modern and Multidisciplinary Pipeline Design Approach." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61282.

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In the last thirty years the attention of the offshore pipeline industry has been strongly focused on submarine pipelines crossing harsh environments and subject to severe operating conditions of temperature and pressure. Pipeline structural integrity may be threaten by large free-spanning sections between rocky peaks and deep depressions that may be coupled with the pipeline propensity to develop lateral/vertical deflection due to severe service conditions (high pressure/high temperature). For short flowlines, pipeline walking is an additional issue to be verified and faced during design and the application of an integrated approach between flow assurance, installation, geotechnics and pipeline design is a must. All these features characterize new load scenarios for which intervention works are mandatory to control the development of excessive loads and deformations within acceptance criteria. 3-Dimensional Finite Element Models permit to anticipate the pipeline global response under design loads taking into account the expected (during design phase) and/or actual (after measurements of the as-built) 3-Dimensional pipeline configuration. In case that mitigation measures are to be installed along the pipeline route, their effectiveness can be verified and optimized. Potential failure events in the most promising mitigation measure strategy can be investigated and anticipated at design stage. This paper describes the most relevant capability of the pre- and post-processing tools developed in MATLAB environment and based on ABAQUS Finite Element.
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Mishra, Vikalp, and Krishnan Suresh. "Efficient Analysis of 3-D Plates via Algebraic Reduction." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87031.

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3-D finite element analysis (3-D FEA) is not generally recommended for analyzing thin structures such as plates and shells. Instead, a variety of highly efficient and specialized 2-D numerical methods have been developed for analyzing such structures. However, 2-D methods pose serious automation challenges in today’s 3-D design environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient yet easily automatable 3-D algebraic reduction method for analyzing thin plates. The proposed method exploits standard off-the-shelf finite element packages, and it achieves high computational efficiency through an algebraic reduction process. In the reduction process, a 3-D plate bending stiffness matrix is constructed from a 3-D mesh, and then projected onto a lower-dimensional space by appealing to standard 2-D plate-theories. Algebraic reduction offers the best of both worlds in that it is computationally efficient, and yet easy to automate. The proposed methodology is substantiated through numerical experiments.
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Huang, Yunkai, Heyun Lin, Jianguo Zhu, and Youguang Guo. "Magneto-thermal analysis of a high-speed SMC motor based on 3-D FEA." In 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peds.2009.5385889.

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Huang, Yunkai, Jianguo Zhu, Youguang Guo, and Qiansheng Hu. "Core Loss and Thermal Behavior of High-Speed SMC Motor Based on 3-D FEA." In 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2007.383662.

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Ehnes, Dale L., James J. S. Stone, and Kai-Nan An. "Biomedical Imaging Analysis and Mesh Generation for Three-Dimensional Finite Element Models." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0326.

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Abstract The methodological procedure for generating three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) geometry models from CT or MRI medical imaging scan data was developed in this study. Medical images of a human scapula and a fifth proximal phalangeal bone were used to demonstrate the techniques of image processing and generation of 3-D FEA models. The biomedical imaging quality and its effects on the outcome of the FEA geometry model was also studied.
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Garg, Ajay. "2-D Finite Element Analysis of Engineering Components." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0741.

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Abstract Design and analysis of engineering components can be categorized under the theory of continuum mechanics, plates/shells or beams. Closed form solutions for determining deformations and stresses are available for simple structures with simple boundary conditions. In the cases of complex structures, boundary conditions and loads, analytical solutions are not readily available. Finite element analysis (FEA) can be performed to resolve the simulation barrier of these analytically indeterminate structures. Similar to analytical approach, FEA can simulate the components through solid, plate/shell or beam elements. Finite element analysis through 3-D solid elements is costly and may require time in weeks, which may not be at the disposal of an analyst. Axi-symmetric components and components with an infinite radius of curvature (flat surfaces), but with complex cross sections can be modeled by 2-D axi-symmetric and plate elements, respectively. Two dimensional finite elements require less time and hardware support than three-dimensional elements. Two development cases of successful application of 2-D finite elements instead of 3-D finite elements are discussed. Experimental and analytical verification of FEA results, and guidelines for checking finite element mesh discretization error are presented.
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Lin, Qian, Si-Wei Chen, Hai-Feng Wu, Dan-Hui Hu, Liu-Lin Hu, and Xiao-Ming Zhang. "A 7.0–8.0 GHz High Efficiency Medium Power Amplifier Design and 3-D Modeling for FEA." In 2019 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaeac47372.2019.8997641.

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Sun, C., and Y. Liang. "Magnetic simulations of a fully superconducting 10 MW class wind generator based on 3-D FEA." In 2015 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2015.7157798.

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Zhang, Chuanwei, Le Gu, and Dezhi Zheng. "Tribological Property Analyses of DLC Films on Ceramic Ball Surfaces With 3-D FEA Method and Experiments." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61068.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are excellent candidates to improve tribological properties of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic elements. Particular attentions have been paid to the preparation and analysis of DLC films on rings and discs. However, few researches on fabrication of DLC films on ball surfaces were carried out, especially on ceramic ball surfaces, because it is hard to achieve uniform coatings on ball surfaces. In this paper, DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were studied with both experiment and FEA method. DLC films were deposited on Si3N4 ceramic ball and disc surfaces with plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition techniques (PIII-D). Surface topography of ceramic balls before and after coated with DLC films showed that DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were uniform. Tribological tests under dry friction were conducted with a ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc and, alternatively, one of the two surfaces was coated with DLC films. The tests demonstrated that DLC films on disc surfaces were worn, while ball surface films were partly flaked. 3-D FEA models of ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc were built and the ceramic ball/disc was coated with DLC films alternatively. DLC films were supposed to be bonded with ceramic substrates. The FEA stress fields in DLC films and on film/substrate interface showed that DLC films had great effects on stress distribution due to the low frictional coefficient and material difference from substrates. The friction force caused an increment of the stress near surfaces during sliding process, and the material difference leaded to discontinuous stress distribution on film/substrate interface. The shear stress on film/substrate interface was very slightly different between DLC films coated on ceramic balls and discs. Under almost the same shear stress, the flakes and wear of DLC films were mainly determined on the adherence of DLC films to ceramic substrates.
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Reports on the topic "FEA 3-D"

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Dagro, Amy M., Philip J. McKee, Reuben H. Kraft, Timothy G. Zhang, and Sikhanda S. Satapathy. A Preliminary Investigation of Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury in a Three-Dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Model (FEM) of the Human Head During Blast-Loading. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada588181.

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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.
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Ramakrishnan, Aravind, Ashraf Alrajhi, Egemen Okte, Hasan Ozer, and Imad Al-Qadi. Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-038.

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Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Tang, Jiqin, Gong Zhang, Jinxiao Xing, Ying Yu, and Tao Han. Network Meta-analysis of Heat-clearing and Detoxifying Oral Liquid of Chinese Medicines in Treatment of Children’s Hand-foot-mouth Disease：a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0032.

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Review question / Objective: The type of study was clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). The object of study is the patients with HFMD. There is no limit to gender and race. In the case of clear diagnosis standard, curative effect judgment standard and consistent baseline treatment, the experimental group was treated with pure oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine(A: Fuganlin oral liquid, B: huangzhihua oral liquid, C: Lanqin oral liquid, D: antiviral oral liquid, E: Huangqin oral liquid, F: Pudilan oral liquid, G: Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.)and the control group was treated with ribavirin or any oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine. The data were extracted by two researchers independently, cross checked and reviewed according to the pre-determined tables. The data extraction content is (1) Basic information (including the first author, published journal and year, research topic). (2) Relevant information (including number of cases, total number of cases, gender, age, intervention measures, course of treatment of the experimental group and the control group in the literature). (3) Design type and quality evaluation information of the included literature. (4) Outcome measures (effective rate, healing time of oral ulcer, regression time of hand and foot rash, regression time of fever, adverse reactions.). The seven traditional Chinese medicine oral liquids are comparable in clinical practice, but their actual clinical efficacy is lack of evidence-based basis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the network meta-analysis method to integrate the clinical relevant evidence of direct and indirect comparative relationship, to make quantitative comprehensive statistical analysis and sequencing of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine with the same evidence body for the treatment of the disease, and then to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the efficacy and safety of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine to get the best treatment plan, so as to provide reference value and evidence-based medicine evidence for clinical optimization of drug selection. Condition being studied: Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in pediatrics caused by a variety of enteroviruses. Its clinical manifestations are mainly characterized by persistent fever, hand foot rash, oral herpes, ulcers, etc. Because it is often found in preschool children, its immune system development is not perfect, so it is very vulnerable to infection by pathogens and epidemic diseases, resulting in rapid progress of the disease. A few patients will also have neurogenic pulmonary edema Meningitis, myocarditis and other serious complications even lead to death, so effectively improve the cure rate, shorten the course of disease, prevent the deterioration of the disease as the focus of the study. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the research of antiviral treatment. Many clinical practices have confirmed that oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine can effectively play the role of antiviral and improve the body's immunity.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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