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1
Lannutti, Luigi. "Are returns on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), FDI determinants?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15546.
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Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) acquired an important role in the development process of the global economy. FDI inward stock was equivalent to an average of 32% of GDP for OECD countries in 2013. However, FDI affects a country’s Balance of Payments (BoP) in two ways: FDI flows are recorded in the BoP financial account while returns on FDI affect the BoP current account. Therefore, part of the positive contribution of inward FDI to a country on its financial account could be potentially offset by a negative contribution of FDI returns on the current account. The intent of this work is to complement the research on FDI determinants by introducing FDI returns as a variable in a gravity model where bilateral FDI outflows are the dependent variable. Moreover, using outward FDI flows as the dependent variable, the work allows looking at the behavior of Multinational Corporations (MNC) investing abroad. The results show that MNCs repatriate returns generating from the investments they make abroad. This is particularly true when high-income countries are involved: MNCs from high-income countries repatriate returns to their home countries from FDI made anywhere, while MNCs from middle-income countries repatriate returns from FDI in high-income countries. Repatriated returns are a relevant variable determining the value of FDI that a country makes in another country. The information on FDI returns is starting to become available to the public. This allows MNCs to sharpen their investment location decision models and national IPAs to better assess the two-fold BoP effects of promoting FDI.
2
Jurek, Martin. "Austria´s FDI." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16572.
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This diploma thesis focuses on Austrian foreign direct investments and more specifically on the internalization of Austrian companies into the Czech Republic. The aim is to thoroughly display the Austria's outward foreign direct investments, introduce the internationalization models and apply them in an analysis of Austrian companies present in the Czech Republic. The first step towards answering research questions is the presentation of a short theoretical background on foreign direct investment. Further, the main characteristics of Austrian investments are stated. Chapter two starts with term definitions. Thereby, a common under-standing of the most relevant terms is established. The thorough literature review illuminates the theories behind each model and its development. In the following step, the practical part of the paper is introduced. At first, assumptions from the internationalization models are derived. Afterwards, these assumptions serve as a foundation for the questionnaire's framework. The primary part of this chapter displays results of the empirical study. Finally, a conclusion is presented summing up the thesis's core findings. These findings are primarily direct answers to the research questions seeking to fulfill the main objective of the diploma thesis.
3
Rydqvist, Johan. "FDI and Currency Crises : Currency crises and the inflow of FDI." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-71.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if there are any changes in the inflow of Foreign Direct Investments before, during and after a currency crisis. The thesis is based on a theoretical framework and has an empirical part, which use a regression equation.
The theoretical framework presents a foundation of the incentives to mak FDI investments and the implications for a host country. Together with the possible link to the level of the real exchange rate in the host country, this thesis, based partly on previous paper written on the subject, presents a regression equation for an empirical analysis. The regression equation is based on a hypothesis about the changes in FDI inflow before, during and after the occurrence of a currency crisis in the host country.
The empirical analysis presents different results concerning the link between FDI and a currency crisis. The hypothesis stated in the thesis is that a currency crisis influences FDI inflows. This hypothesis is rejected. Moreover, a currency crisis can have both positive and negative effects on the inflow of FDI for the selected countries.
Results find further no similarities in regions or year of occurrence of the currency crises. The depth, length and structure of each currency crisis together with using the right definition of a currency crisis are two important factors relating to the outcomes in this study.
4
Birtch, Thomas Alexander. "The competitive advantage of FDI : a dynamic OLI view of FDI strategy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709488.
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Thanyakhan, Sutana. "The Determinants of FDI and FPI in Thailand: a Gravity Model Analysis." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Commerce Division, 2008. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080429.102238/.
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Thailand has been one of significant recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) among
developing countries over the last 30 years, and has recorded rapid and sustained growth
rates in a number of different industrial categories. Thailand has shown a clear policy
transition for foreign investment over time from an import-substitution regime to an
export-oriented regime. Before the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis (1985-1996), Thailand had
the fastest growing level of exports in manufactured goods among Asian economies. FDI
plays a significant role in the Thai economy. Thailand has been pursuing different foreign
investment policies at different times depending on the development objectives and
economic situation in the country.
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the determinants of FDI and foreign
portfolio investment (FPI) in Thailand using the extended Gravity Model. Panel data is
used to estimate and evaluate the empirical results based on the data for the years 1980 to
2004. It also examines the FDI flows between different locations and their geographical
distances in Thailand. The primary research question addresses what factors motivate,
attract, and sustain the FDI and FPI in Thailand. In addition, this study also examines the
effects of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis on the inflows of FDI and FPI into Thailand.
The results show that the inflows of FDI in Thailand, which are supply-driven, are
significantly influenced by its 21 largest investing partners. The 1997 Asian Financial
Crisis has no impact on the determinants of the inflows of FDI into Thailand, but positively
influences the inflows of FPI into Thailand. Our results also show that increases in GDP
and trade between investing partners and Thailand potentially attract more FDI and FPI
into Thailand. Investing partners closer to Thailand draw more portfolio investment into Thailand than distant partners emphasising that distance has a negative impact on the
portfolio investment but a negligible impact on the FDI.
6
Kim, Jae-Yeon. "The evolution of South Korean outward FDI : internationalisation strategies, FDI motives, and location choice." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98021/.
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This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) motives and the location choice of internationalising firms. Based on data from South Korea, this thesis comprises three empirical chapters examining, from different aspects, South Korean internationalisation. The first empirical chapter is conceptualised work, exploring how South Korean firms invest abroad. It covers the way in which South Korean firms give consideration to 1) the economic structure and the dynamic country specific advantages in the host and home countries, 2) the growth of firms in emerging countries, and 3) their own competitiveness through the strategic- use of assets such as technology. These location choice strategies very with the host countries. Additionally, it examines the Korean outward FDI model by distinguishing between the motives for FDI, and discusses the development over time of the relationship between South Korean FDI motive and location choice, and it then identifies trends. The second empirical chapter analyses, by motive, factors that influence South Korean firms to locate their foreign subsidiaries in China. It discusses the factors by province, and takes into account the impact of the global financial crisis upon the location choice (by Chinese province) of South Korean firms. The third chapter studies how South Korean firms locate their FDI in the United States in order to obtain a strategic asset. It examines the relative importance of various location determinants of Korean high-tech industries and knowledge-intensive services. Specifically, the empirical works study how Korean firms internationalise. South Korean outward FDI in developing countries is mainly for the purpose of efficiency-seeking and export promotion motives; these transform over time to efficiency-seeking and market-seeking. On the other hand, the initial motivations for investing in developed countries were strategic asset-seeking and export promotion motives; these then developed into strategic asset-seeking and market-seeking FDI.
7
Al, Jaber S. A. "Analysis of FDI in UAE." Thesis, Coventry University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511443.
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Hellqvist, Christian, and Martin Boman. "Swedish FDI in Africa : Locational determinants of FDI from the perspective of the OLI paradigm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176158.
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The global flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Africa have increased steadily in recent years but the research on what determines the location of these investments is scarce. Research focusing on FDI flows from small and open economies such as Sweden is even more uncommon. From the locational factors found in the OLI paradigm we developed a model that was tested on a dataset of 25 African countries over the period of 2007 to 2010. The model proved inadequate in explaining the African inward FDI flows from Sweden. However, it well explains the aggregated inward FDI flows from firms around the world to Africa. Our results implies that the locational determinants derived from the OLI paradigm are inadequate in explaining Swedish FDI flows to Africa and maybe even in explaining flows from a small and open economy to developing countries. The answer to the question of what locational determinants are important for Swedish companies investing in African countries should perhaps be sought for elsewhere.
9
Lukac, Dusko. "Key success factors for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) the case of FDI in western Balkan." Hamburg Diplomica-Verl, 2005. http://d-nb.info/988912082/04.
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Lukac, Dusko. "Key success factors for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) : the case of FDI in western Balkan /." Hamburg : Diplomica-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988912082/04.
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Chorell, Hugo, and Emma Nilsson. "Chinese FDI in the Oil Sector : Can they be explained by the prevalent theory on FDI?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6352.
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China has experienced a phenomenal growth during the last years. With this economic
development comes a great need for energy. Energy to fuel the domestic production. As the
domestic resources in China have shown to be insufficient, one way to get the energy
demanded is to go onto the international market. China has, thus, started undertaking FDI in
oil to be able to feed the domestic needs. In this thesis we will discuss these investments and
investigate if prevalent theories on FDI can explain the FDI that have taken place. Our
conclusion is that the FDI undertaken has been resource-seeking investment. Since the
Chinese oil companies are state-owned and regulated so that they can not act as profitmaximizing
firms, our thesis will show that the Chinese FDI in the oil sector therefore only
partly can be explained by the theories on FDI.
12
Ratiphokhin, Rattiya. "Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of FDI in Thailand : A Case Study of FDI from Singapore." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9392.
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The thesis analyzes the determinants of Singaporean foreign direct investment in Thailand during the years 1981-2009, taking into account the relevant previous studies. The research comprises of analyzing the patterns of Singapore’s OFDI to Thailand, literature reviews of theories and empirical studies of Singaporean OFDI in general, and also an econometric analysis of the determinants of Singapore’s total FDI in Thailand. Singapore is the largest overseas investors in Thailand when compare to other countries in ASEAN. More specifically, Singaporean investors make the decision to invest abroad, in this case is Thailand, base on home country factors and host country factors. In terms of home country factors, Singaporean FDI in Thailand is caused by the limited Singapore’s domestic market and also rapid changing in the comparative advantages of Singapore. While, for host country factors, the econometric approach is utilized to observe in this study. In form of econometric analysis, the two regression models with time series data between the years 1981 and 2009 are employed to analyze. To be exact, in the first regression model, the Singaporean FDI in Thailand (RFDI) is treated as the dependent variable, while the growth rate of Thai domestic market (GRGDP), the Thai real wage rate (RWAGE), the relative price of Thailand and Singapore (PTS), the nominal relative exchange rate (EXR) and the dummy variable of the Asian crisis (AC) are treated as dependent variables. While, in the second model, RFDI is also the dependent variable but PTS and EXR are combined to be the real relative exchange rate of Thailand and Singapore or RER (PTS*EXR). However, in order to reach the conclusion of observing the determinants of Singaporean FDI in Thailand, OLS technique is utilized in two regression models. The OLS results present that GRGDP, PTS and RER have an influence on RFDI. Further, the long run relationship between the variables is also observed in this study by using the Johansen cointegration test. The results of the test indicate that there are conintegrating equations or the long-run relationships among the variables in model 1 and model 2. Apart from that, the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) is also employed with the purpose of illustrating that when RFDI of two models deviate from their long- run equilibrium, an adjustment to pull the actual RFDI to the long-run equilibrium will take place. However, empirical evidences present that the speed of adjustment is rather rapid in both of models.
13
Liu, Xuepeng. "Essays on trade, FDI and development." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Zhou, Ying. "The impact of corruption on FDI." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522062.
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Jia, Fei. "FDI linkage : impacts, determinants, and policies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/724/.
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Pereira, André Filipe Simões. "Tax effects on FDI in Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10821.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste estudo tem como objetivo, avaliar e perceber qual a extensão do impacto dos impostos no investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE) em Portugal, desde 1996 até 2013. Outras variáveis consideradas relevantes pela literatura existente, nomeadamente de natureza económica e legal, foram também testadas para perceber qual o seu efeito no IDE. Utilizando dois conjuntos de dados, sendo eu o primeiro contém apenas informação sobre o valor total de IDE, sem discriminar os países de origem desses fluxos financeiros. O segundo conjunto de dados, contém informação sobre os fluxos de IDE, informação essa, que está desagregada por ano e país de origem. Foram corridas duas regressões OLS, para ambos os conjuntos de dados. A primeira, que testa os efeitos das variáveis fiscais, ficou provado que a taxa de imposto nominal e os encargos com a Segurança Social, estão negativamente correlacionados com o IDE. Na segunda regressão, que testa o efeito das variáveis económicas e legais, verifica-se que o investimento público tem correlação positiva com o IDE. Os resultados das regressões são iguais para ambos os conjuntos de dados.
The objective of this study is to understand and evaluate the extent to which taxes impact foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in Portugal, from 1996 to 2013. Other variables that previous literature considered important, were also tested for economic and legal effects. This work has a cross section data and a panel data, the first uses the total amounts of FDI flows, disregarding the country of origin. The second, contains data that discriminates those flows by country of origin. Two regressions were tested to both data sets, one testing for fiscal effects and other for economic and legal effects. The regression for fiscal effects, show that nominal tax rates and social security as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) are negatively correlated with FDI. The regression looking for economic and legal effects, shows that Public investment as a percentage of GDP has a positive correlation with FDI. The results hold for both data sets.
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Abbas, Haitham, and Edon Saliju. "FDI Determinants : The case of BRICS." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50430.
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One of the major factors that affect economic growth is FDI - Forgein Direct Investment. BRICS is a newly formed trade bloc that includes 5 of the largest, most heavily populated, and most emerging economies in the world, their economies share various characteristics, yet they also have various differences. The purpose of the thesis is to find the determinants of FDI in this trade bloc. Those determinants were specifically chosen based on multiple accredited previous literature. In this thesis a panel data regression is performed for these 5 partners with data ranging from 1995 to 2018. The results of the thesis were both predicted and surprising, as two determinants were in accordance with the past literature, however the other two determinants had other results, both of these variables had opposite signs compared to their predicted signs that were expected from the chosen previous literature. Our research tries to answer the question of how do these determinants affect FDI inflows, in order for countries to make strategies to attract it.
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Tudane, Abiel. "Corruption distance and FDI in Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27754.
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The majority of empirical studies that investigate the relationship of corruption and FDI tend to find that there is a strong relationship between corruption and FDI, although the findings are mixed in this regard; some have found the opposite while others have resulted in inconclusive results. This paper uses an institutional approach to corruption and seeks to advance the concept of "corruption distance" as it relates to FDI in context of Africa, it therefore investigated the manner in which the perceived level of corruption in the African continent affects the level of FDI counties in Africa are able to attract. The paper analyses corruption and FDI where the home countries are developing economies in Africa in order to obtain a greater insight regarding relationships in African investment using a panel data set of 45 African countries from 2003 to 2013. The research findings support the view that corruption distance has a negative effect on FDI in Africa. Given the levels of corruption in Africa, even expectations that more corrupt countries would be more likely to invest in less corrupt countries where confirmed. Our evidence confirms that the flow of FDI in Africa is mostly influenced by countries who on average are less corrupt that African countries. The paper finds that that there is a negative relationship between corruption and FDI where the home country is less corrupt than the host African country and concludes that the potential for FDI towards Africa to be great if the institutional quality underpinning the investment climate in African countries where to improve.
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TARALASHVILI, TAMAR. "Interstate soft conflicts, trade and FDI." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/291111.
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Questa tesi contribuisce alla letteratura sull'impatto economico dei conflitti tra stati. La tesi contribuisce concentrandosi sull'analisi empirica dell'effetto dei conflitti "soft" sui flussi commerciali e sugli IDE bilaterali. I conflitti "soft" tra stati derivanti dal fallimento della diplomazia, quando un'operazione militare sembra troppo radicale, possono agire come uno strumento politico e avere un impatto negativo sulle relazioni bilaterali. E poiché oggigiorno i paesi tendono a evitare la violenza e l'intervento militarizzato, i conflitti “soft” interstatali diventano esplicitamente interessanti da studiare.
L'approccio empirico si basa sull'uso di dati panel bilanciati con osservazioni annuali e sull'adozione del modello gravitazionale coerente con la teoria, aumentato da una nuova misura del conflitto "soft" interstatale.
I risultati ottenuti per mezzo di stimatori standard del modello gravitazionale mostrano che i conflitti “soft” hanno un impatto negativo statisticamente significativo e prolungato sia sul commercio bilaterale che sugli stock di IDE, indipendentemente dal controllo per le variabili omesse (presenza di accordi commerciali regionali, diversi tipi di sanzioni e controversie interstatali militarizzate) e diverse specificazioni del modello. I nostri risultati dimostrano che l'impatto di diversi tipi (indiretto: contro il paese in generale e diretto: contro una specifica organizzazione) dei conflitti “soft" interstatali è abbastanza eterogeneo tra commercio e IDE. Entrambi i tipi di conflitti “soft” hanno un significato impatto negativo sul commercio, mentre nel caso degli IDE, abbiamo trovato rilevanza solo per i casi diretti.
I risultati dimostrano che l'impatto dei diversi tipi di conflitti “soft" interstatali - indiretto, ossia contro il paese in generale e diretti, contro una specifica organizzazione o impresa - è abbastanza eterogeneo tra commercio e IDE. Entrambi i tipi di conflitti “soft” hanno un significativo impatto negativo sul commercio, mentre nel caso degli IDE, l'evidenza riguarda solo i conflitti diretti. This thesis contributes to the literature on the economic impact of interstate conflicts. The thesis contributes by focusing on the empirical analysis of effect of soft conflicts on bilateral trade and FDI. Interstate soft conflicts arising from the failure of diplomacy, when a military operation seems too radical, can act as a policy tool and have a negative impact on bilateral relations. And since nowadays countries tend to avoid violence and militarized intervention, interstate soft conflicts become explicitly interesting to study. The empirical approach is based on the use of balanced panel data with annual observations and on a theory-consistent structural gravity framework augmented by a new measure of interstate soft conflict. The results from standard gravity estimators show that interstate soft conflicts have a statistically significant and sustained negative impact on both bilateral trade and FDI stocks, regardless of the control for omitted variables (presence of regional trade agreements, different types of sanctions and militarized interstate disputes) and different model specifications. The results demonstrate that the impact of different types of interstate soft conflicts – indirect, against the country in general and direct, against a specific organization or firm - is quite heterogeneous between trade and FDI. Both types of soft conflicts have a significant negative impact on trade, while in case of FDI, we found significance only for direct cases.
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Byun, Jae-Woong. "New theoretical foreign direct investment (FDI) model : the Korean FDI in the European Union as a case study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35470.
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Menghini, Massimiliano. "UIO based quadrotor FDI using kinematic model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18064/.
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This thesis addresses the fault diagnosis problem
of sensors of a quadcopter system based on GNSS/IMU. The
model considered is a rigid body with 6DoF. Considering its
linearized kinematic model, the proposed FDI scheme is based
on a generalized bank of observers (GBO) designed with the
UIO theory. The fault scenario is composed by multiple but not concurrent faults. The designed scheme is tested using detectability and isolability analysis, identifying the weaknesses of the FDI scheme and investigating appropriate solutions for the fault diagnosis purposes. Afterwards, the scheme was reconfigured by applying the proposed solutions and analyzing that all the requirements in terms of isolability and detectability were met.
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Chung, Jea-Weon. "The FDI strategies of South Korea's chaebols." Thesis, Online version, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.249410.
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Bengü, Kaya. "FDI and Growth: The Case of Turkey." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18801.
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Since 1980 foreign direct investment (FDI) has become the vital determinant of economic growth of the host country. FDI plays important role on improving the host country market, productivity, human capital, and brings new technological progresses, it also creates various job opportunities. Turkey is the unique country among the Islamic and Middle Eastern countries because of her close relationships with European countries, Russia, USA, Asia and Middle East. Her geographical location advantages, cheap labor cost and emerging market potential attract foreign investors. This paper aspires to analyze the impacts of economic growth on FDI in the case of Turkey. Many studies find a positive effect between these variables but it is hard to determine if FDI affects growth or if growth affects FDI. The direction of the causality between FDI and economic growth is examined by using Johansen Cointegration and Granger causality tests. The results show that whilst FDI and growth have long-run relationships, in the short-run the direction of relationship runs from economic growth to FDI. After determining the direction of the causality, time series data of Turkey is used to test if economic growth has significant impact on FDI by applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation model. The findings turn out that the amount of FDI is affected positively by economic growth in Turkey.
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Badinger, Harald, and Peter Egger. "Spacey Parents and Spacey Hosts in FDI." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3924/2/wp154.pdf.
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Empirical trade economists have found that shocks on foreign direct investment (FDI) of some parent country
in a host country affect the same parent country´s FDI in other hosts (interdependent hosts). Independent of this, there is evidence that shocks on a parent country´s FDI in some host economy affect other parent countries´ FDI in the same host (interdependent parents). In general equilibrium, shocks on FDI between any country pair will affect all country-pairs´ FDI in the world, including anyone of the two countries in a pair as well as third countries (interdependent third countries). No attempt has been made so far to allow simultaneously for all three modes of interdependence of FDI. Using cross-sectional data on FDI among 22 OECD countries in 2000, we employ a spatial feasible generalized two-stage least squares and generalized moments estimation framework to allow for all three modes of interdependence across all parent and host countries, thereby distinguishing between market-size-related and remainder interdependence. Our results highlight the complexity of multinational enterprises´
investment strategies and the interconnectedness of the world investment system (authors' abstract).Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Pathan, Saima Kamran. "Three essays on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28624.
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This thesis examines the effects of joining currency unions and trade agreements as well as political risk on FDI. It also engages in the empirical examination of the Eclectic Paradigm. The aim of this research is to extend the current knowledge on the determinants of FDI, as various empirical studies have found mixed results. The first empirical chapter investigates the impact of membership of currency unions and trade agreements on FDI inflows, outflows, and net FDI (inflows-outflows) by using pooled OLS estimation method for a sample of 180 countries during the period of 1970 to 2007. The second empirical chapter analyses the impact of political risk on FDI inflows into OECD countries by using pooled OLS estimation and fixed effects panel data methods throughout the period of 1975 to 2009. The third empirical chapter examines the relationship between determinants of FDI from the perspective of Eclectic Paradigm for the sample of 196 countries for the period of 1970 to 2009. My study uses up-to-date large macro datasets for long periods. Insights are provided on the impact of regional trade agreements and currency unions on FDI, a topic on which the literature is relatively scarce. Similarly, another contribution is the analysis of FDI outflows and net FDI, which did not receive much attention in previous studies. This thesis further investigates the impact of political environment in the country on FDI inflows using a wide range of political indicators. Lastly, the investigation presented here confirms the predictions of the Eclectic Paradigm, as ownership, location and internalization-specific advantages seem to play an important role in the investment decisions of MNE. Finally, some implications for investors and governments as well as suggestions for further studies are presented at the end of the thesis.
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Ingemarsson, Eric, and Teodor Bjurling. "Determinants of FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44455.
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A closely related factor to economic growth is FDI - Foreign Direct Investment. Foreigninvestment in a country made in order of utilizing specific markets or certaincharacteristics of a region. Sub-Saharan Africa is a region receiving remarkably smallfraction compared to its peer regions considering the sources of natural resources andother riches. The purpose of the thesis is to find the determinants of FDI in Sub-SaharanAfrica. The determinants are a selected set of variables based on the research of previousstudies in the field of study. A panel data regression is performed for 23 Sub-Saharancountries with data from 1997 to 2017. The result of the regression demonstrated similarresults regarding the affiliation between the variables of the model and the independentvariable, FDI as previous studies. The findings of the study do not answer the question ofwhy certain other regions of developing economies receive larger amounts ofinvestments. However, our hope is that the findings of this study will gain furtherresearch on the area
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LIU, Zhuomin. "Testing backward linkages of FDI in China." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2005. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/econ_etd/19.
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Inward FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) affects productivity of local industries through three channels- direct effects, horizontal spillovers, and vertical linkages. This study focuses on the backward linkages of FDI in the 28 two-digit manufacturing sectors in China, as well as their horizontal and forward linkage effects. Two related tests, firm level pooled data test 1999-2002 and industrial level panel data test 1994-2003 are conducted to investigate whether backward linkages from multinational buyers brings productivity gain to local suppliers. Firm level tests provide convincing evidence that increase backward linkage of FDI will lead to productivity gains. This includes not only total factor productivity, but also labor productivity. Industry level tests, when conducted with and without time dummy variables, give different results: estimations with time dummy variables give little or sometimes negative results on the coefficients of backward linkage, while those without time dummy variables give positive and significant findings. Our estimation results also suggest positive effects of horizontal spillovers for both tests. Forward linkage is found to be negative in general. In sum, among the three spillover channels, backward linkage and horizontal spillovers are found to be beneficial to local industries, which is consistent with previous studies and the Chinese government’s incentives to attract more foreign direct investment.
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Reuter, Ulrich. "The double dividend of more equally distributed FDI : analyzing regional variation in the FDI-growth nexus across Chinese cities." Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6144.
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Hyun, Jae-Hoon. "Korean automotive FDI in Europe : the effects of economic integration on motivations and patterns of FDI and industrial location." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369852.
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Sarno, Y. "Towards a better understanding of driving factors for FDI allocation : a country's goodwill : a new host country's FDI determinant?" Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/18429/.
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This Thesis proposes a new approach to explaining the allocation of foreign direct investments (FDI), by applying the accounting framework for valuating a company’s intangible assets at a country level. This framework allows us to identify a valuable group of a country’s assets that previously had not been taken into account: a group of assets that forms a country’s Goodwill, or national Goodwill. National Goodwill includes all those unmeasurable, unquantifiable or not easily identifiable assets that add to (or subtract from) a country’s market value and that can, in turn, generate FDI inflows. The research shows how a simple accounting method identifying a company’s goodwill can be adapted into a formula that proxies a country’s Goodwill. By identifying and then quantifying a particular country’s Goodwill, for a large sample of countries, this Thesis postulates that it is possible to test the power of a country’s Goodwill to explain the cross-sectional and time-series variation in FDI flows for a broad set of countries. The ultimate aim of this research is, by placing the difficult to factor, yet extremely important -‘intangible assets’ of a country,- into a more quantifiable form, to provide a much needed specificity to our understanding of the factors that more accurately define a country’s value and attractiveness for FDI investments.
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Granath, Magdalena, and Maren Sluiter. "Do property rights matter to FDI? : A cross-sectional study of property rights, institutions and FDI in middle income countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40187.
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Property rights are an important subject of economic theory and as a product of institutional qualities an essential determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The purpose of this study is to examine how middle income countries with, on average, weak property rights can attract investments from abroad, given their (formal) institutions, and if differences in institutional qualities have an effect on FDI inflows. Using a panel approach to observe a sample of 20 countries over ten years, we find that there is mixed evidence supporting this theory. Whilst the theoretical background suggests that institutional qualities do affect a country’s ability to attract or deter investments, we cannot conclude a significant effect in our results. Furthermore, the study concludes that certain products of institutional qualities (democracy, corruption) can lead to mixed effects on the net inflows of FDI, but that an important determinant is the market-size of the country.
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Karlsson, Johannes, and Marcus Pettersson. "Effects of FDI on Emerging Markets : An exploratory study of nineteen emerging markets and the real effects of inward FDI." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96075.
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The world is globalizing and so are the businesses within. Today a more integrated global economy increases the usage of foreign direct investments to a larger extent than ever before. In recent decades a shift of the perception of foreign direct investments has occurred from being something negative and disadvantageous for the host market to a more positive and advantageous opportunity for emerging markets. Historically, foreign direct investments were seen as capital movement between developed countries to increase market shares, nowadays, foreign direct investments are more focused on emerging markets to manufacture products at a lower cost and exploit the natural resources. The real effects and implications of foreign direct investments for the host country are a contested topic within the research field. Both positive and negative effects can be found in previous research. In this thesis, the focus is on understanding the effects that foreign direct investment has on emerging markets. This is conducted by analyzing relevant statistical data for a 10-year period and compare the findings against the perception of this phenomenon in previous research. The outcome of this study shows both positive and negative effects derived from FDI can be found by analyzing the collected data. The real effects of foreign direct investments are limited since several factors could be a key driver behind the changes of the measured effects. Nonetheless, in some analyzed changes there is a possibility to see patterns that correlate with inward foreign direct investments.
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Norgren, Axel, and Martin Olsson. "Institutional Dynamics in the Global FDI Network : Examining The Co-evolution of Institutions and FDI with Stochastic Actor-Oriented Modelling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176549.
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This thesis addresses the relationship between institutions and foreign direct investments (FDI). While the issue of how institutions attract FDI (selection) is quite well-researched, the empirical evidence for institutions spreading through FDI (influence) is more ambiguous. We argue that past studies have neglected issues of endogeneity and interdependence in their modelling. We amend these issues by using a Stochastic Actor-Oriented network model which allows for interdependent and endogenous processes. The thesis also addresses the mechanisms governing the general relation between FDI and institutions and what these can tell us about institutional change and the process of globalisation. The model provides no evidence that FDI helps to spread institutions from home to host countries, but it does provide evidence that the selection effect can be an important dynamic between FDI and a certain set of institutions. Finally, we argue that FDI does not seem to be a contributory factor to institutional convergence.
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Talerngsri, Pawin. "The determinants of FDI distribution across manufacturing activities in an Asian industrialising country : a case of Japanese FDI in Thailand." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10921/.
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This research identifies and investigates the 'industry-level determinants' of FDI in the context of Asian industrialising countries by using the data on Japanese foreign direct investment in Thailand. It differs from previous empirical studies for non-industrialised countries in three important aspects. Firstly, the previous studies (e. g. Lall and Mohammad, 1983) focus on the determinants of FDI in terms of monopolistic characteristics of industries in which foreign firms operate (e.g. technological intensities and scale economies). The present study, on the other hand, examines the influences of locational-specific characteristics of host industries such as factor endowments, trade costs, and policy factors. More distinctively, it examines the effects of vertical (input-output) linkages among Japanese firms. These effects have rarely been investigated in the context of Asian industrialising countries. Thirdly, it constructs the highly disaggregated data on FDI (4-digit ISIC level), using a broad range of information gathered from various published sources. Such data allow the present analysis to examine in detail the 'pattern' and 'determinants' of FDI distribution across segmented stages of manufacturing production rather than broadly defined industrial sectors. On analysing descriptively the manufacturing distribution of FDI, it was found that Japanese FDI in Thailand was not evenly distributed across manufacturing activities. Some capital- / technology-intensive industries like rail equipment (ISIC 3842) and aircraft (ISIC 3845) did not receive (or host) any FDI during a specified period (1954-1995). On the other hand, other relatively labour-intensive industries like TV, radio, and communication equipment industry (ISIC 3832) and motor vehicle industry (ISIC 3843) received disproportionately large values of FDI. Based on the locational approach to the determinants of FDI in non-industrialised countries, several hypotheses were formulated and quantitatively tested by using cross-sectional data (1985,1990, and 1995). The empirical findings lend strong and consistent support to the postulated hypotheses. It is to be hoped that these empirical findings will not only enhance our understanding of the industry-level determinants of FDI in the context of Asian industrialising countries but also stimulate further work on this line of research.
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VICHETH, Pisey. "The impact of South-South FDI : knowledge spillovers from Chinese FDI to local firms in the Cambodian light manufacturing industries." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2018. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/33.
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The study of the extent to which incoming FDI results in ‘spillovers’ (technology, R&D, management practices and know-how) has so far yielded only mixed results, and research has largely been restricted to north-north and north-south interactions; this study develops a model of knowledge spillovers based on previous literature and extends inquiry into south-south FDI by investigating spillovers from Chinese FDI to the Cambodian garment and light manufacturing industries. Several significant factors including the nature and extent of FDI linkages, local industry absorptive capacity, nature of the network relationship, and local firms’ learning orientation have been found to influence the extent to which knowledge spillovers occur. These variables are integrated within this paper which develops a conceptual model of knowledge spillovers based on the Awareness-Motivation- Capability framework to examine knowledge spillovers derived through both horizontal and vertical linkages. One area of interest examined in the study is the FDI influence on domestic firms’ export performance since light manufacturing represents the most significant portion of Cambodia's total export products. The thesis, addresses two primary questions: (1) when, where and under what conditions are significant knowledge spillovers created? And (2) what are the effects of the spillovers on domestic companies' technological capability and export performance? The research contributes to the previous literature by further developing the theory on the realisation of knowledge spillovers as well as exploring the nature and channels of knowledge spillovers from South-South FDI in labour-intensive industry, an area of study previously unexplored. Our results show that knowledge spillovers occur through both horizontal and vertical linkages and Cambodian firms receive more spillovers from Chinese FDI than they do from FDI from developed countries.
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Tao, Yanfang (Alice), and Dezhi (Steven) Zhu. "The Entry of FDI in China's Water Industry." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3426.
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Since 2002, a new phenomenon has emerged that MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) have invested in China’s Water Industry (CWI), which belongs to the state-owned and monopolized industries with characteristics of low efficiency, low profitability, intensive investment, as well as price limitations. From the view of economic rational law, all capital has the economic nature to pursue the profit maximizing. However, this new phenomenon did not show this economic rationality of capital. It impels our motivation to make a research on the topic. Therefore, the aim of our dissertation is to answer the questions of why, where and how of FDI in China’s Water Industry.
Since few existing theories can answer our proposed questions, we adopt the SCP (Structure-Conduct-Performance) approach in Industrial Economics and OLI (Ownership-Location-Internalization) theorem in FDI theories as a deductive base to create a new applicable CIF (Country-Industry-Firm) model, which can be used to answer the questions of why, where and how of FDI in China’s Water Industry.
Then, we use a positivistic philosophy to try the newly created model with multiple research methods: a case study and a survey. We focus on a typical and empirical case: Vivendi Water in China. Consequently, we analyze the data in detail.
After the empirical research study, we conclude that the Country Factors, Industry Factors and Firm Factors are the main factors which facilitate FDI in China’s Water Industry. They also determine the preferred mode & locations of FDI in this particular field as well.
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Hellblom, Lisa, and Linda Thilén. "The Determinants of Chinese FDI to developing Countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13151.
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Outward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years and a con-siderable part is going to developing countries. This thesis examines the determinants of Chinese outward FDI to developing countries. Data from 2003 to 2008 has been col-lected from 104 developing countries which have received Chinese FDI.The analysis is based on the results of a semi-gravity model. The variables included in the regression are resource-richness, GDP, openness to trade, bilateral trade with China, and distance from Beijing. As expected by the authors, Chinese FDI was found to be strongly correlated with resource-richness and the existence of trade ties between China and the recipient country. Quite disturbingly, the results show a strong relationship be-tween Chinese FDI and corruption. A negative correlation was confirmed for the level of GDP, openness to trade, and distance to Beijing, along with the authors‟ expecta-tions.
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Jiang, Fuming, and fuming jiang@anu edu au. "Foreign pharmaceutical firms' FDI entry strategies into China." Swinburne University of Technology, 2001. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050407.095122.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) in China is popular these days and this also applies to
the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. China seems to be a promising market for
pharmaceuticals with over 1.2 billion potential consumers. This huge number of people
together with the outstanding economic performance attracted multinational
pharmaceutical firms that were looking for a new market for their products. By the end
of 1998, China had established over 1,500 pharmaceutical enterprises with foreign
investment and 117 of which were invested by foreign pharmaceutical firms. Foreign
pharmaceutical firms invested their capital and technology in what is likely to be
developed as the world�s largest pharmaceutical market in the future with the
expectation they will earn an excellent return in the longer term.
When a firm decides to establish an overseas operation, it has to decide whether to
pursue the venture alone or with a joint venture partner (Bell, 1996). For most
manufacturers that want to invest abroad, the first-best entry strategy remains the sole
venture (SV), and joint venture (JV) would be a second-best invest entry strategy (Root,
1994), because JV is inferior to SV which allows investing firms to maximise the
returns on ownership-specific advantages (Caves, 1982) and to have full control over
the business operations. Foreign pharmaceutical firms who invested in China during the
period from 1980 to 1998 basically chose either a SV or JV entry mode, and over 84
percent of the foreign pharmaceutical firms chose a JV entry mode rather than a SV,
even though foreign investors have been allowed to set up 100 percent solely foreign
owned sole venture operations in China since the passage of �Law of the People�s
Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises� at the Fourth Session of the Sixth
National People�s Congress on 12 April 1986. This research was designed to investigate
why the large majority of pharmaceutical firms preferred the second-best entry mode for
entering into the Chinese market.
This research has incorporated in Root (1994), Mockler and Dologite�s (1997)
conventional foreign market entry mode framework, and the relevance of Kumar and
Subramaniam�s (1997) contingency entry mode framework is acknowledged. Fieldwork was mainly conducted in China by personal interviews as well as mail questionnaire surveys over a period of three months in 1999 and 44 companies participated in total.
Using multiple indicators by means of logistic regression analysis to examine the effects
of groups of factors on entry mode decision choice between SV and JV options. Seven groups of factors (independent variables) were examined: China environmental factors, China market factors, China production factors, parent firm�s home country/region factors, parent firm�s product factors, parent firm�s resource commitment factors, and parent firm�s decision task related factors. This research has found that the probability for establishing joint ventures with Chinese partner (s) is significantly and positively related to the importance of China environmental factors and market factors. Parent firm�s decision task related factors had a positive impact on firms� decision to choose a SV entry mode. Bivariate analyses have also discovered a number of individual variables that had significant impacts on firms� entry mode choice decisions.
The research did not show sufficient evidence to support that China production factors,parent firm�s home country/region factors, parent firm�s product factors, and parent firm�s resource commitment factors had significant influences on foreign pharmaceutical firms� entry mode decisions, although the results showed expected directions of the relationships between the entry mode choice and independent
variables.
This research has contributed to the entry mode theory literature in the way of developing, as the result of the research in this thesis, an eclectic framework for better understanding of theories in choosing an entry mode between a sole venture and a joint venture in the context of foreign direct investment into the Chinese market, particularly it has discovered significant variables that affected the foreign pharmaceutical firms� FDI entry mode decisions into the Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing industry during the period of 1980~1998. The framework can be used as a base by researchers to
develop further the theories of foreign market entry strategies and to test its relevance in
other industries or countries.
This research has also extended its examinations to some other important issues in relations to foreign direct investment in China. They are the difference between early and late entrants, and between eastern and western firms on FDI entry mode decisions, foreign pharmaceutical firms� FDI decision formulation, FDI implementation, FDI
performance evaluation, joint venture partner and operation location selections in China were also analysed and discussed in this thesis.
Further research with larger sample size into the interrelationships among strategic FDI decision formulation, entry mode choice,strategy implementation and evaluation would be worthwhile to help understand the entire process of strategic FDI planning and implementation.
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Moustafa, Eman. "FDI, privatization, corruption, and economic growth in Egypt." Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/39285/.
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This thesis investigates, theoretically and empirically, the impact of FDA and privatization on economic growth in Egypt and identifies the channels through which FDI affects economic growth over the period 1970-2015. In addition, the thesis investigates the impact of corruption on FDI in Egypt over the period 1970-2015. The literature survey in chapter two argues that both FDI and privatization increase the rate of economic growth, while corruption has a negative impact on FDI. After reviewing institutional and regulatory frameworks of FDI and privatization in Egypt in chapter three, the econometric framework of cointegration and error correction mechanism are used in chapter four to capture the linkages between FDI, privatization and economic growth in Egypt. Our results reveal that privatization has a positive effect on the long run economic growth in Egypt. The effect of FDI on economic growth, however, depends on the sectoral distribution of these FDI inflows. FDI inflows have a positive impact on the short run economic growth in Egypt. However, in the long run, FDI inflows indicate a negative, yet limited, impact on the economic growth as FDI inflows are concentrated in the primary sector, mainly the petroleum sector. Thus, we conclude that the focus of FDI policies in Egypt is misspecified. The challenge should not only be to attract FDI, but also to derive macroeconomic benefits from FDI by focusing on the sectors that derive positive spillovers of FDI. Finally, the determinants of FDI in Egypt are identified in chapter five to explore how corruption affects FDI inflows. The time series framework of cointegration and error correction mechanism are applied. Our results indicate a positive yet insignificant relationship between FDI and corruption in Egypt. Since corruption is not found to hinder FDI inflows, treating corruption should be based on sound legal procedures that infringe neither the freedom of FDI nor on the degree of openness of the economy, which are the real stimulants of FDI in Egypt.
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De, Kock Michiel Josias. "The FDI potential of Botswana and Tanzania compared." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50490.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: FOI has become a very important tool for the socio-economic development in developing countries. Three important factors need to exist before an investor will decide to invest in a foreign country. These factors are the presence of an ownership specific advantage, location advantages in the host country and superior commercial benefits for the investor. In order to detennine the host countries potential to attract FDI was it therefore important to analyse the second factor, which are the country specific advantages. The host country detenninants of UNCfAD and the ideal investment criteria of WAIPA have been combined in order to get a standardized framework for analysis and comparison. The starting point was therefore to analyse the availability of resources within these countries. In Botswana can we see that the diamond mining industry is the largest econOITllC contributor and in Tanzania do we find that their agricultural sector is the biggest economic contributor. In both instances do these countries have to import their oil, seeing that they are not producing their own petroleum products. Tanzania is exploring some opportunities with regard to oil reserves and also offers significant incentives for companies in this instance. In the case of Tanzania are the islands of Zanzibar a large tourist attraction and in Botswana does the Okavango delta offer a variety of tourist attractions. The potential of attracting FDI within these tourist industries is very large with regard to both countries. The domestic market in Tanzania is also much larger compared to that of Botswana and can offer the foreign investor with some great opportunities. Due to the small size of the domestic market in Botswana are they focusing more on export manufacturing and can we also see that their total exports are much larger than that of Tanzania. Exports under AGOA as a percentage of total exports to the US are currently almost double in Botswana compared to Tanzania. Through their membership to the SADe do both these countries have access to the European markets under the EU Free Trade Agreement. The European markets are also the largest markets for export in both cases. Efficiencies with reference to the banking system and physical infrastructure are also better in the case of Botswana. Botswana is rated as having one of the best banking systems in Africa. In order for Tanzania to improve trade within its region will it be important to upgrade their road and rail transport. The lack of skilled labour is a very big problem within both countries. The skill shortage is further worsened by the inefficiency of the education systems in order to address these problems. Electricity and' telecommunication is also very expensive in both countries, but can be addressed if the privatisation process within these sectors are speeded up. The biggest problem that both these countries face though is the significant impact that the HIV/AIDS virus is having and going to have on their current and future development. The tax laws in both these countries are very favorable and we can see that Tanzania and Botswana both have more attractive corporate tax rates than most of the other SADe states. Both countries are aiming at attracting FDI through export manufacturing and this is promoted through incentives such as duty· free imports of raw materials and special tax conceSSIOns. We can therefore see that both these countries have a lot of positive aspects, which will attract the foreign investor. The risk factor in combination with the negative factors will have to be weighed up against the positive factors, but in the end will it be the investor that has to decide which country 's characteristics suites its specific requirements best.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Direkte Buitelandse Belegging het 'n belangrike broan geword vir die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van ontwikkelende lande. Drie belangrike faktore is geidentifiseer wat teenwoordig moet wees alvorens so 'n buitelandse investering sal plaasvind, naamlik 'n eienaar spesifieke voordeel, tuisland liggingsvoordeel asook 'n besondere kommersieIe voordeel. Die liggingsvoordeel verwys na die spesifieke eienskappe van die gasheerland. Vir die doel van hierdie werkstuk wat is om te bepaal wat die potensiaal van die gasheerland is om buitelandse investering te lok, was dit dus belangrik om 'n reeks faktore te identifiseer wat gebruik kan word om as raamwerk van vergelyking te dien. Die gasheerland vereistes soos uiteengesit deur UNCTAD en die eienskappe van WAIPA is gekombineer om hierdie raamwerk te skep. Eerstens word daar dus gekyk na die natuurlike hulpbronne in hierdie twee lande. Nie een van die twee lande beskik oor olie hulpbronne nie en moet al hul olieverwante produktte invoer. Toerisme is 'n groot bron van inkomste en in die geval van Botswana speel die Okavango delta 'n groot roI. In Tanzania is die eilande van Zanzibar weer 'n groot toeriste aantrekking wat nog baie potensiaal vir ontwikkeling bied. Landbou in Tanzanie is die oorheersende ekonomiese aktiwiteit, waar die ontginning van diamante weer die grootse bydraende faktor tot die ekonomie van Botswana is. Tanzanie se plaaslike mark is ook baie groter as die van Botswana en het dus ook baie potensiaal vir ontwikkeling. A.g.v. Botswana se klein plaaslike mark word daar ook meer gefokus op uitvoer vervaardiging. Botswana vaar ook tans beter met die uitvoer van produkte na Amerika onder die AGOA wetgewing en totale uitvoere onder AGOA as persentasie van totale uitvoere na Amerika is bykans dubbel die van Tanzanie. Beide lande is lede van die SADC en geniet dan ook die voordele van die vrye handelsooreenkoms met die Europese Unie wat ook in beide gevalle die grootste uitvoermarkte van hierdie lande is. Onder die effektiwiteitseienskappe kan ons sien dat Tanzanie 'n drastiese verbetering aan hul pad en spoorvervoer netwerke moet aanbring om handel in hul streek te verbeter. Die hoe koste van elektrisiteit en telekommunikasie in beide lande is ook 'n bron tot kommer, maar kan beter aangespreek word indien die privatiseringsproses in hierdie sektore versnel word. Een van die grootste faktore wat ook dringende aandag in beide die lande sal moet geniet is die groot tekort aan 'n opgeleide werkerskorps. In beide gevalle sal die onderwysstelsels drastiese veranderings moet aanbring om hierdie probleem aan te spreek. Die rol wat HIV/VIGS speel m.b.t. lewenskwaliteit in hierdie lande is ook 'n bron van kommer wat die huidige en toekomstige ontwikkeling van hierdie lande gaan beinvloed. Korporatiewe belasting in beide lande is beter as in meeste van die ander SADC state. Die feit dat beide lande fokus op die uitvoervervaardigingsmark is daar baie goeie aansporingsinisiatiewe om die belegger te lok, soos bv. geen doeane tariewe op die invoer van rou produkte nie, in kombinasie met spesiale belasting toegewings. Dit is dus duidelik uit hierdie werkstuk dat elke land verskeie positiewe asook negatiewe aspekte het. Die uiteindelike keuse sal op die skouers van die belegger berus nadat aIle voor en nadele teen mekaar opgeweeg is oor watter land die beste aan sy spesifieke vereistes voldoen.
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Bennett, Robert. "Escape FDI and economic consequences : an institutional perspective." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74835.
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Academic literature has increasingly shown escape foreign direct investment (FDI) to be a strategic motive used by firms investing abroad to diversify their risk to their home market. Internationalisation allows firms to mitigate the risk of being based in uncertain environments characterised by underdeveloped institutions and economic weakness (institutional voids), which are seen as comparative disadvantages. By expanding abroad, firms reduce their dependence on the home market for their revenues and profits. To date, most existing research has explored the characteristics, drivers and motivations for outbound FDI from emerging economies, but has paid relatively less attention to the economic consequences of such investments. The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the economic consequences of escape FDI. Understanding the economic consequences of escape FDI will enable managers of South African multinational firms (MNEs) to develop and implement internationalisation strategies that create value, as measured by an increase in market capitalisation, for the firm.
Quantitative, explanatory research methods were adopted in order to gain new insights into the economic consequences of escape FDI. The study adopted a longitudinal, multi-industry design and was deductive in nature. The population was 85 firms, which were investigated over a 5-year period, with an interval between 2013 and 2018. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics followed by confirmatory regression analysis.
The key finding was that South African MNEs who invested in emerging markets, particularly in multiple host countries in Africa whilst adopting a “portfolio approach” to their international investments, delivered exceptional performance, creating significant value in the process. The secondary finding was that individual firms who either invested in emerging markets or developed markets created and destroyed value evenly, confirming existing literature that firms are heterogeneous and that a firms place in time and space, and thus context, matters fundamentally.
The findings from this research add to the extant literature in the field of international business by introducing the “portfolio approach” to international investment strategy and performance. The implications for management is that firms need to understand their ownership advantages in designing and implementing international investment strategies because escape based FDI and related economic performance can have profound direct consequences for the firm itself, but indirectly on the wider community as a whole.Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MPhil (International Business)
Unrestricted
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Kimino, Satomi. "Determinants and impacts of inward FDI in Japan." Thesis, Aston University, 2008. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10900/.
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The research consists of three empirical studies. The first examines how source country characteristics affect the aggregate FDI inflows in the Japanese economy during the period of 1989-2002. Our results demonstrate that the stable investment climate of the home country is an essential factor indicating FDI inflows to Japan. By contrast, the export performance of the source country is negatively correlated with FDI inflows, indicating that international trade and FDI are substitutes. The second study identifies the determinants of foreign penetration across Japanese manufacturing sectors at the three-digit level during the period of 1997-2003. More importantly, this study examines the moderating effects of keiretsu affiliations on the relationship between various sectoral characteristics and foreign participation. The evidence of both horizontal and vertical keiretsu impacts on foreign penetration depends on not only different proxy measures used for inward FDI, but also on the level of technological sophistication in given sectors. In general, our results demonstrate that horizontally linked keiretsu are positively associated with foreign productions in knowledge-intensive sectors. By contrast, this effect becomes a significant entry barrier to foreign employment in low-tech sectors. The final study evaluates the impacts of a foreign presence on the productivity of Japanese manufacturing firms over the period of 1997-2003. Our results suggest that spillover effects largely differ according to the level of absorptive capacity of indigenous firms.
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Li, Ke. "Empirical investigations on FDI in the transition economies /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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SUNG, Ming-haur, and 宋明豪. "Types of FDI in PRC and FDI Economic Impact to PRC." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16216656760828529107.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
91
Types of FDI in PRC and FDI Economic Impact to PRC By M. H. SUNG Abstract The theoretical framework of this research is derived from Thompson and Poon’s empirical study on FDI styles proposed by Kojima, and G. Chow’s studies on Chinese economy. A simultaneous equation system, which includes 7 equations, is introduced and 3SLS estimation is applied. Time series data from 1979 to 2001 released by PRC State Statistics Bureau are analyzed. At the 5% level of significance, the real output of PRC and the dummy variable that stands for 1992 policy are major factors for PRC to attract FDI from the US, HK, and Taiwan, while the exchange rate of PRC is the major factor for her to attract FDI from the Japan, HK, and Taiwan. In terms of the significant estimates of co-efficient, US investments to PRC tend to be a “horizontal integration-oriented” type of investment, where Japanese investments to PRC, on the opposite, tend to be a “vertical integration-oriented” one, which lends supports to Kojima’s proposition. The type of FDI from Taiwan and HK is a mixture of the previous two. Every one-dollar renminbi FDI inflow induces 3.36 dollars of PRC’s local investments, which suggests that the FDI has a demonstrative effect to PRC’s local investments. The complementarity between the FDI and PRC local investments has also implicated that PRC in 1979-2001 could be in the phase of “Saving Gap” of Chenery & Strout’s “Two-Gap Theory.”
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YOU, RU-XUAN, and 游濡瑄. "FDI, Financial Development and Economic Growth：Evidence from Nine Major FDI Countries." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vmbpg6.
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碩士逢甲大學
財稅學系
106
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether countries with foreign direct investment (FDI) growth will also affect economic growth and then join financial development indicators. At the same time, we will observe the impact of FDI and financial development on economic growth. The financial indicators used in this paper are: In the new financial development indicators created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2016, the current academic research rarely uses this new indicator. In order to overcome the deficiencies of a single indicator as a financial development indicator, creating an indicator sums up financial institutions and financial markets. Depth, performance in service and efficiency form the ultimate indicator of financial development. This article covers the period from 1980 to 2015 and has ranked the top 20 FDI inflows in the “World Investment Report” for five consecutive years from 2012 to 2016. There are a total of nine countries, ranked according to the 2016 FDI rankings as follows: United States, United Kingdom In China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Brazil, Australia, India, and Canada, the research method uses the tracking ARDL Model, which was proposed by Pesaran et al. (1999). The empirical research results can be divided into total sample and cross-sectional estimates. The long-term relationship between the total sample shows that FDI has a positive but not significant effect on economic growth; FD has a significant positive effect on economic growth; and per capita GDP has a positive impact on economic growth. There is a significant negative effect. Cross-sectional empirical results can clearly see the impact of FDI, financial development, and per capita GDP on the economic growth of the country in the nine sample countries. First, the six countries in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, and Singapore have positive FDI effects on their economic growth. The financial development scores of these six countries are all high, indicating that advanced countries in financial development will affect the country. The impact of FDI on economic growth. Second, FDI in Brazil, China, and Australia have a negative impact on economic growth. Among them, Brazil, China, and Australia are ranked by the bottom three as the average financial development indicators, indicating that financial development is more backward than the country, which will affect the country's FDI's impact on economic growth.
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Shim, Kieun. "Border effects and FDI /." 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3214509.
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"Direct versus indirect FDI." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, 1999. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/wp/epub-wu-01_1a1.
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Lin, Rong-Siou, and 林蓉秀. "FDI and Export Spillovers." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4cv9us.
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Lu, Ya-Yuan, and 呂雅媛. "Trade Liberalization and FDI." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99473345164808791416.
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碩士輔仁大學
經濟學系碩士班
103
In the past decade, many multinational enterprises (MNEs) tend to invest overseas by building the plant and provide their merchandise to surrounding countries. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of trade liberalization on foreign firms FDI decisions in the presence of different market sizes and cost asymmetry. This thesis considers both Bertrand and Cournot competition. We find that under both Bertrand and Count competition, the efficient foreign firm may choose to FDI in the small market if the trade cost is high. Under free trade, both firms will choose to FDI in the large market under Cournot competition. The cost-efficient (-inefficient) firm will locate at the large (small) market under Bertrand competition. That is to say, trade liberalization is harmful to the small market in acquiring the cost-efficient firm’s FDI under both Bertrand and Cournot competition.
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HSIAO, SHU FEN, and 蕭淑芬. "CAPACITY CONSTRAINT AND FDI." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67488798450822588785.
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碩士南台科技大學
國際企業系
93
Abstract This paper builds a model of three-country-two-firms model. The manufacturers of two countries are called the native and foreign manufacturer separately. The native and foreign manufacturers produce the homogeneity products to the third country to be engaged in Cournot competition. Due to the competitive price in the international market, both native and foreign companies have their production lines to be made by the third party to lower productive cost. As the wage of local labor is much higher than the third world, some manufacturers even think of doing FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in their overseas factories. For our Government needs taxation from the firms to enhance the social welfare. There are two ways for them to have enterprise to pay for it: (i) Limit investment amount（capacity constraint） for the individual. (ii) Levy a tax on FDI. According to the model, we are going to discover the optimal amount of foreign investment or tax rate of FDI. And analyze which policy will benefit to the Government. In Chapter 2, we suppose that the native manufacturer will export their product overseas with 100%. Therefore, Government will need to set up the limited amount for overseas investment. If the wage of domestic enterprise is 4 times of the third party, Government has to restrict the oversea investment amount. On the contrary, Government can fully open FDI to the firm. In Chapter 3, we suppose that the native manufacturer can also sell their product in domestic market. Under this condition, we study the most suitable investment amount of the firm which can do no harm to Government’s taxation. And the research showed (i) if the wage of native company is 4 times higher than foreign’s. (ii) If the demand of oversea market is higher than native. Government will need to set up the oversea investment limited amount（capacity constraint）. In the opposite direction, Government shall not open FDI.( Foreign Direct Investment ). In Chapter 4, we supposed Government has decided to levy taxes on the native manufacturer for foreign direct investment. And what the optional tax rate for the Government is the one we shall reveal in this chapter. When the wage of native market rises, Government takes the action to compensation the loss of the domestic firms; On the contrary, Government needs to have the firm to pay the high tax on it in order to keep them stay in the domestic market. Key word：Foreign Direct Investment（FDI）、Capacity Constraint、Trade Policy