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1
Awolusi, Olawumi Dele. "Policy and Non-Policy Factors: What Determines Foreign Direct Investments in Africa?" Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 4 (January 27, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i4(s).2691.
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Studies have been conducted on the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) destinations. However, there seem to be few studies on determinants in African countries. This paper evaluates the determinants of FDI inflows, by examining specific relationships between the determinants (policy and non-policy factors) and FDI inflows to Africa, using a panel dataset from 1980 to 2016. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) were used as the estimation techniques. The dependent variable, FDI inflows, was represented by the ratio of FDI flows to GDP, while the independent variables were agglomeration effects, trade openness, fiscal balance-macroeconomic condition, market size, economic instability, exchange rate, foreign aid, human capital development, corporate tax, and natural resource endowment. First-year lag of FDI (agglomeration effects), trade openness, market size, economic instability, foreign aid, human capital development, and natural resources (oil and metals) endowment have positive and significant effects on FDI inflows to Africa, while there is a negative relationship between FDI inflows to the continent and fiscal balance (public debt), exchange rate, and corporate tax. Consequently, government policies and non-policy factors played significant roles in facilitating FDI inflow into Africa during the study period. The p-value of the estimation (0.0001) further attests to the statistical significance of the results. Consequently, African countries must improve their regulatory framework to be able to attract more inflow of FDI. Efforts should also be made to reform and improve macroeconomic policies, institutional quality, and natural comparative advantages.
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Lamster, Ira B. "2017 FDI policy statements." International Dental Journal 68, no. 1 (February 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12386.
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Prof. Dr.d. M. Parmar, Prof Dr d. M. Parmar, and Prof Dr kishor V. Bhesaniya. "FDI Policy with Regard to Retailing in India." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2012/1.
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Prawati, Levana Dhia, Mahda Karina, and Sandra Angela Wijaya. "FDI and Tax Policy: Evidence from Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338803023.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment from one country into another country. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that affect the FDI inward in Indonesia. The research object used is the condition of FDI in Indonesia within 50 years from 1970 until 2019 with quantitative research methods. Data analysis was performed using the multiple linear regression and using software statistic E-views. The results shows that Tax Treaty has positive significant effect on FDI. Tax Incentive have no effect on FDI. Corporate Income Tax Rate has negative significant effect on FDI. Furthermore, GDP per Capita and Inflation Rate have no effect on FDI. Trade Openness have no effect on FDI. This indicates that double taxation avoidance agreements are legalized and active between Indonesia and other countries, enlarging the number of foreign direct investment entering Indonesia. The lower the corporate income tax rate imposed in Indonesia, enlarging the Foreign Direct Investment inward in Indonesia.
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Silajdzic, Sabina, and Eldin Mehic. "Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment: What Role for Investment Policy in Southeast Europe?" South East European Journal of Economics and Business 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0003.
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Abstract Institutions are generally perceived as an important determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Which institutions matter and why for FDI, remains however one of prominent questions in public policy debate amid complexities related to different institutional dimensions, and incomplete or even vague understanding of underlying mechanism(s) at work. In this paper we account for these ambiguities, and focus on institutions that reveal government efforts to design proper institutional and policy framework to attract FDI, as opposed to considering institutions in broader sense. Specifically, we contribute to FDI policy debate by analysing the impact of institutions measuring Investment policy and promotion on inward FDI flows in South East Europe (SEE). To this end we use a unique dataset that is comprised of specific, FDI related institutional indicators developed and published by the OECD. The results of this empirical investigation deeper our understanding on whether differences in FDI policies and institutional set-up across South East European (SEE) countries explain variations in inward FDI flows relaying on bilateral FDI flows and the gravity modelling technique. We bring novel evidence that investment policy efforts seemingly do pay off, highlighting the importance of progress and reforms embodied not only in FDI regulation, but also in FDI policy variables including FDI Promotion and Facilitation, Transparency, Privatisation policy and Public Private Partnership in attracting FDI in SEE. The analysed institutional effect properly accounts for the possible time-variant and context-dependant effect of institutions. The suggested importance of FDI policy variables seem valuable in terms of general FDI policy issues and trade-offs.
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Ni, Lin, Lei Li, Xin Zhang, and Huwei Wen. "Climate Policy and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in Chinese Cities." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416469.
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International investment is sensitive to environmental policies, and developing countries are worried about the withdrawal of foreign capital when adopting climate policies. This study treats the pilot policy of low-carbon cities as a quasi-experiment and uses urban panel data from 2006 to 2019 to investigate how climate policy affects foreign direct investment (FDI). Results show that climate policy has significantly reduced the FDI in Chinese cities but has promoted the quality of FDI. The regulatory pressure and innovation incentives brought about by climate policy change the quantity and quality of FDI in cities. Climate policy mainly reduces FDI in large cities and improves the quality of FDI in small cities. Moreover, the quality of FDI in capital outflow cities decreases, whereas that in capital inflow cities increases, thereby suggesting a potential transfer of FDI from large to small cities. In addition, the climate policy in innovative cities improves the quantity and quality of FDI but has a negative impact on FDI in non-innovative cities.
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Lamster, Ira B. "The 2019 FDI Policy Statements." International Dental Journal 70, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12560.
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Iammarino, Simona. "FDI and regional development policy." Journal of International Business Policy 1, no. 3-4 (October 29, 2018): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s42214-018-0012-1.
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BAILEY, David. "U.S. Policy towards Inward FDI." Journal of World Investment & Trade 4, no. 5 (2003): 867–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221190003x00291.
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Chakraborty, Paromita. "FDI Policy in India: With Special Reference to the Multi-Brand Retail FDI Policy." Indian Journal of Public Administration 68, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00195561211058442.
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This article attempts to trace the FDI policy in India from India’s Independence till the economic liberalisation in 1991 and onwards. It highlights how different regimes approached the FDI policy in India, from ‘hostility’ to ‘accommodation’ to ‘collaboration’. The article then looks at the multi-brand retail FDI policy which was recently introduced in India. This policy was one of the hallmarks of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA II) regime and marked a significant push towards a more extensive economic reforms programme. It clearly stated that if this policy is operationalised, it will result in a big boost in investments in our country. However, most of the Indian states, the Left parties and various regional parties opposed the introduction of FDI in the multi-brand retail sector. They stated that this policy would harm the Indian economy in the long run. The article also focuses on two important stakeholders of this policy, namely the farming sector and the unorganised retailers. It looks at the advantages and the disadvantages of the multi-brand retail FDI policy on these two sectors along with their responses.
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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, and Harish Iyer. "Structural Economic Vulnerability, Trade Policy and FDI Inflows." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 08, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993317500053.
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This paper investigates two questions: first, how does countries' structural economic vulnerability (EVI) affect their foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; second, how does EVI influence FDI inflows when host countries further liberalize their trade policies. The empirical analysis provides evidence that EVI influences negatively FDI inflows and that, in the context of greater trade policy liberalization, this vulnerability deters FDI only when it exceeds a certain threshold. These results call for enhanced cooperation between national governments and the international community to address developing countries, least-developed countries' EVI in order to ensure greater FDI inflows, which are critical for their economic development.
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Xin, Xian, Kang Yu, and Xiangyong Tan. "Have China’s FDI Policy Changes Been Successful in Reducing Its FDI Regional Disparity?" Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 4 (August 1, 2008): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008027.
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From the very beginning of China’s open door policy in 1979, China’s preferential FDI polices have generally favored the coastal provinces, which has led to a pronounced regional disparity in FDI. Since 1992, the Chinese government has implemented a series of polices to reduce FDI regional disparity and diversify inward FDI to Western and Central provinces. This article uses a regression–based approach to assess the contribution of China’s preferential FDI policy changes toward FDI regional disparity. Our results suggest that the contribution of China’s regionally preferential FDI polices in inward FDI disparity decreased from 24 percent in 1990 to 13 percent in 2005. China’s preferential FDI policy changes dominate all the other factors in reducing China’s inward FDI regional disparity during this period.
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Simelyte, Agne, and Manuela Tvaronaviciene. "Innovative Foreign Direct Investment Policy: Latvia’s Case." Marketing and Management of Innovations 13, no. 3 (2022): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.3-12.
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As globalization accelerates, the influence of innovative foreign capital on economic development and employment level becomes more significant. However, the impact of FDI on the standard of welfare and economic development is controversial. The demand to promote or target innovative FDI has increased as it has been seen as an innovative tool to stimulate regions’ economic growth or intervene in economic structure changes by orienting it in the most favourable way for the host country. Interest in attracting foreign direct investment has increased since the 1980s as it is one of the external financing sources for both developing and developed countries. However, scientists still argue whether the impact of foreign capital on economic growth is positive or negative. Some researchers state that inward FDI is limited to a short-term positive impact. In contrast, others maintain that the performance of multinational corporations cannot harm the host country at all, and FDI only positively influences economic growth. Modern economic science questions whether it is worthwhile for the state to interfere with the market and stimulate the identified target business sectors with the help of innovative FDI policy. In this way, even significant market flaws are revealed, and some companies are doomed to fail. The benefits of FDI are obvious: the creation of new jobs, «know-how», and the tendency to increase exports. In this sense, the host country should attract specific MNCs motivated towards expanding business through research and development. The article proposes a targeted, complex, innovative FDI policy while applying the ANP method. The methods applied in this research include Analytic Networking Method based on the SWOT approach. The ANP has been chosen as a qualitative method based on the experts’ opinion, allowing determining the best or several alternatives. The findings & value added of the study demonstrated that to gain a competitive advantage, Latvia should attract more innovative FDI into the service business area, followed by manufacturing. The research contributes to the internalization theory while emphasizing the importance of promoting innovative FDI.
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Šimelytė, Agnė, Kęstutis Peleckis, and Renata Korsakienė. "ANALYTICAL NETWORK PROCESS BASED ON BOCR ANALYSIS AS AN APPROACH FOR DESIGNING A FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT POLICY." Journal of Business Economics and Management 15, no. 5 (November 27, 2014): 833–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2014.976836.
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Foreign direct investment is significantly important for the emerging market countries or countries in transition. Scientific literature provides plenty of evidence that FDI may have both negative and positive influence on economic growth. However, research proves that just specific type of FDI may bring benefit to the host country. Thus, a targeted FDI policy is essential for directing foreign capital into problematic business areas or regions. The goal of the article is to propose a complex targeted FDI policy, the employment of which would give benefits to the host country and achieve its strategic goals. Benefit-opportunities-costs-risks analysis and analytic network process method are used for the empirical research. Final results reveal that Lithuania, attracting FDI into research and development area, gains great benefits and exploits opportunities. At the same time, the highest costs might be generated while implementing a FDI policy in this area. A FDI policy towards service sectors would cause the least amount of risks. These results are significant for academics as the basis for further research, and decisions-makers as guidance for the development of the national FDI policy.
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Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu, and Nicolae Bogdan Ianc. "Fiscal Policy, FDI and Macroeconomic Stabilization." Review of Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2016-0038.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of counter-cyclical fiscal policies and FDI inflows on macroeconomic stabilization in the selected Euro area countries. Performing a panel data analysis for 9 economies over the timespan 1980-2014 and, using a Pooled Mean Group estimator, it was shown that a counter-cyclical fiscal policy, associated with a lower tax burden during turbulent economic times, contributes to the reduction of output volatility. At the same time, increased FDI inflows positively influence the macroeconomic stabilization. In addition, a reduced volatility of investment inflows has a positive impact on the economic growth stabilization, but this result is sensitive to the way the tax burden is calculated. In a nutshell, the findings show that, in the long-run, authorities should resort to counter-cyclical fiscal policies and encourage FDI inflows to stabilize the economy and, thus, reduce the amplitude of business cycles.
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World Dental Federation, FDI. "Editorial: The 2018 FDI Policy Statements." International Dental Journal 69, no. 1 (February 2019): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12474.
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Asghari, Maryam. "Inward FDI, Growth and Environmental Policy." International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge 1, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p288-298.
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Gnangnon, Sena Kimm. "Trade policy space and foreign direct investment inflows." Review of International Business and Strategy 30, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-05-2019-0056.
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Purpose This study aims to use a quantitative measure of trade policy space to investigate empirically whether trade policy space influences foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to countries. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis covers an unbalanced panel data set of 158 countries, over the period 1995–2015 and uses the two-step system generalized methods of moments approach. Findings The results suggest that the impact of trade policy space on FDI inflows is positive and increases as countries enjoy greater trade policy space. Furthermore, advanced economies tend to experience a higher positive impact of trade policy space on FDI inflows than less advanced economies. Research limitations/implications These findings highlight the relevance of trade policy space for countries’ FDI inflows. Practical implications The analysis shows that non-trade related constraints to trade policy could reduce trade policy space and adversely influence FDI inflows, which are critical for countries’ economic growth and development. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this topic has not been addressed in the literature.
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Bauerle Danzman, Sarah. "Foreign direct investment policy, domestic firms, and financial constraints." Business and Politics 22, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 279–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.13.
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AbstractThe past three decades have witnessed a spectacular evolution in policies toward foreign direct investment (FDI). Whose interests do these policy innovations reflect? While existing theory suggests popular pressure drives openness, I argue reforms occur when shifts in financial access change local economic elites’ policy preferences toward FDI. When large domestic firms no longer have access to cheap credit through political connections, liquidity constraints outweigh firms' preferences to exclude foreigners. Economic elites then pressure governments to pursue liberal FDI policy environments. Using a combination of measures of FDI policy for up to 166 countries from 1973–2015, I find increases in financial constraints are robustly associated with decreases in foreign equity restrictions, and this relationship is strongest when domestic political institutions favor business interests. A financing constraints explanation of FDI policy reform has important implications for explanations of policy change, theories of business power amid increased interdependence, and expectations over the distributive effects of globalization.
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Ge, Yuqing, Yucai Hu, and Shenggang Ren. "Environmental Regulation and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from China’s Eleventh and Twelfth Five-Year Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062528.
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This paper investigates environmental regulation and its impact on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. Based on the Chinese province-industry-level panel data in the period 2001 to 2015, we use a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) model to evaluate pollution haven behavior in the context of China’s 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans SO2 emissions reduction policy. The results show that the policy leads to fewer FDI inflows to its highly-polluting industries in provinces with tougher pollution reduction targets. In addition, the environmental policy has significantly inhibited FDI inflows in provinces with stricter environmental enforcement, while investment in provinces with worse environmental enforcement is insensitive to environmental policy. These findings are consistent with pollution haven behavior. In contrast, FDI in industries with high levels of technology is not significantly influenced by the policy, whereas the FDI in industries with low levels of technology shows a negative response to environmental policy. This is overall evidence confirming a pollution haven effect (PHE), although technology differences could alleviate the negative effects of environmental regulation on inward FDI.
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Boly, Amadou, Seydou Coulibaly, and Eric N. Kéré. "Tax Policy, Foreign Direct Investment and Spillover Effects in Africa 1." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 306–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejz032.
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Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows are crucial for economic development. To attract them, countries have typically used reductions in corporate income tax (CIT) rates. This paper empirically assesses the impact of such CIT rate changes on FDI net inflows in Africa. Using a dynamic spatial Durbin model with fixed effects, our results show that cuts in CIT rates increase FDI net inflows in the host country and in the neighbouring countries in the short and long run. These results are robust to the use of alternative spatial weighting matrices as well as the inclusion of additional controls in the baseline specification. Furthermore, we find a strategic complementarity in FDI inflows between the countries in our sample, suggesting that an increase in FDI inflows in a host country is likely to stimulate FDI inflows of its neighbours.
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Wang, Deqing, Qian Huang, Tianzhi Ye, and Sihua Tian. "Research on the Two-Way Time-Varying Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development Based on Functional Data Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116033.
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Studying how to achieve mutual promotion between financial development and foreign direct investment inflow contributes to the Chinese government’s work of formulating rational financial policy and FDI policy from a holistic point of view and promoting the healthy and ordered growth of the entire economy in China. Based on the provincial panel data from 2007 to 2018, this paper constructs comprehensive evaluation indexes for financial development and introduces functional data analysis (FDA) methods, extracts functional β-convergence from functional linear regression to analyze the two-way time-varying relationship and convergence and divergence between financial development and FDI in the country and the eastern, central, and western regions. The empirical results show that the mutual influence of FDI and financial development presents regional differences. In general, FDI has a promoting effect on financial development, while financial development has an inhibitory effect on FDI, and there is basically no convergence effect. Based on these conclusions, if the governments of various regions in China want to reduce the differences in financial development, promote coordinated financial development, and promote sustainable financial development, they should actively implement financial development policies, optimize the financial environment, and implement differentiated foreign investment policies to promote regional financial development.
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Gopalan, Sasidaran, Rabin Hattari, and Ramkishen S. Rajan. "Understanding foreign direct investment in Indonesia." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 15, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-01-2016-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Indonesia. It is interested specifically in analysing and deliberating on two important policy questions: First, are all kinds of FDI useful from a policy perspective and what does the existing data on FDI reveal about the type of FDI inflows into Indonesia? Second, does the existing data help understand the extent of de facto bilateral linkages between Indonesia and other countries? Design/methodology/approach The paper offers an in-depth case study of Indonesia using extensive exploratory data analysis on FDI inflows into Indonesia. As discussed in the paper, the data investigation uses and reconciles available FDI data both from national and international sources to understand the usefulness of such data for policy analysis. Findings A data investigation of the trends in different types of FDI flows reveals a discernible downward trend in the ratio of mergers and acquisitions (M&A)–FDI ratio over the years. The paper argues that from a sequencing perspective, while a medium-to-long-term framework encouraging both domestic and foreign Greenfield investments could help Indonesia regain its growth luster, in the near term much more attention needs to be paid to FDI inflows in the form of M&As. Further, reconciling FDI and M&A data might help identify the original sources of FDI flows because existing data are based on flow of funds rather than ultimate ownership. Practical implications Since the Asian financial crisis, Indonesia has successfully embarked on a phase of economic and political transition post-Suharto, with the cornerstones of such a strategy being a process of greater democratisation and decentralisation. However, there have been growing concerns of economic growth stagnation in recent years. One of the policies to revive the economy’s lustre adopted by the government has been to attract greater FDI inflows. In this light, this paper examines the dynamics of FDI into Indonesia and deliberates on what kinds of FDI policymakers should focus on attracting to restore the country’s growth lustre. Originality/value The question of whether a policy to attract FDI should be careful in distinguishing the kind of FDI it wants to attract has not been sufficiently addressed in the related literature. This paper provides a framework to understand the different macroeconomic policy implications of types of FDI and provides extensive data analysis to not only understand the types of FDI but also sources of bilateral FDI inflows to Indonesia by reconciling FDI and M&A data.
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Giri, A. K., and Deven Bansod. "Establishing finance-growth linkage for India: a financial conditions index (FCI) approach." International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, no. 5 (December 2, 2019): 1032–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-10-2017-0422.
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Purpose The global financial crisis of 2008 emphasized the need for monetary policy authorities to have a more comprehensive view of the conditions prevailing in the economy before deciding their policy stance. The purpose of this paper is to outline the construction of a financial conditions index (FCI) and investigate the possible co-integrating relationship between the economic growth and FCI. Design/methodology/approach The study employs the PCA methodology, with appropriate augmentations to handle the unbalanced panel data-sets and constructs a FCI for India. It tests the growth-predicting power of FCI by applying the auto regressive distributed lags approach to co-integration and verifies if the FCI is co-integrated with real GDP growth. It also discusses construction of a financial development index (FDI) which tracks the financial markets through M3, market capitalization and credit amount to residents. Findings The constructed FCI has a quarterly frequency and is available starting 1998q2. The long-run coefficient of FCI while predicting the real GDP growth is significant at 10 percent. The results confirm that a more-broader index FCI outperforms a narrower index FDI in growth prediction. Research limitations/implications By showing that FCI is a better growth predictor than FDI, the study establishes the importance of including the foreign exchange markets, bond markets and stock markets while summarizing the conditions in the economy. The authors hope that the FCI would be helpful to the monetary authorities in their policy decisions. Originality/value The paper adds to the few existing studies studies dealing with FCI for Indian economy and constructs a more comprehensive index which tracks multiple markets simultaneously. It also fills the gap in literature by evaluating the correlating relationship between FCI and economic growth.
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Aregbeshola, Rafiu Adewale. "Foreign direct investment and policy framework: New Granger causality evidence from African countries." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 5 (November 28, 2014): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i5.709.
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The strategic importance of foreign direct investment in the contemporary economies has been tremendous.While various countries (developed and developing economies) have benefitted from the direct and spillovereffects of FDI, which range from improved technology and knowledge diffusion through to individual andcorporate capability enhancement, FDI outflow remains largely channelled to the developed countries, andthe rapidly developing countries in Asia and South America. Evidence suggests that the developmentenhancingeffects of FDI are felt more highly in the developing economies, such as economies in Africa.However, FDI inflow to the developing economies has been very low. Using data generated from the AfricanDevelopment Indicators (ADI) between 1980 and 2008 in econometric estimations, this paper finds thatgovernment policies (especially fiscal and monetary policies) play significant roles in facilitating FDI inflow tothe African countries studied. The study thereby suggests an improved regulatory framework to make Africamore attractive to inflow of FDI.
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Lesmana, Adi. "THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE TAX POLICY ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM ASIAN COUNTRIES." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 25, no. 4 (January 20, 2023): 647–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v25i4.1729.
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The phenomenon of Corporate Tax Rate (CTR) reduction to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been an interesting subject given the lack of consensus from empirical studies. This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between CTR and FDI, and examine factors that influence FDI inflows. Using data for 28 Asian countries from 1999 to 2014, we find that CTR has a significant negative effect on FDI inflows. FDI inflows increase by 4.38% due to a 1% CTR reduction. We also find that other economic factors, such as economic openness, market size, and exchange rates play an important role in attracting FDI inflows.
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BELLAQA, Bashkim, and Halil Bajrami. "Foreign Direct Investment, Management and Their Role in Economic Development - Kosovo Case." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 8, no. 3 (August 21, 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/jfbs.v8i3.833.
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One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
Keywords:
One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Policy Management, Correlations, Remittances
JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24
JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24
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Liu, Xiaohui. "Foreign Direct Investment and Industry Characteristics:Evidence from Chinese Industries." Journal of International Business and Economy 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2003.1.3.
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This paper examines empirically the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Chinese industry using cross-sectional data. The relationship between industry characteristics and the sectoral distribution of FDI is tested based on different sample groups. A test for endogeneity justifies the use of two-stage least square estimation in order to avoid inconsistent results. The evidence suggests that FDI in Chinese industries is significantly influenced by the market size, exports, firm size and the policy towards FDI. The findings from this study generate important policy implications regarding how governments can encourage FDI into technology-intensive industries.
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Evans, Pearl, Peter Kariuki, and Fredrick Wafula. "EFFECT OF FISCAL POLICY ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT INFLOWS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1472.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of fiscal policies on Kenya's foreign direct investment inflows. The independent variable included fiscal policy with external public debt, domestic debt, infrastructure and tax.
Materials and Methods: The research attempts to explain the FDI inflows in Kenya and was calculated quarterly on the basis of FDI inflows in the nation. For 20 years (January 1998-December 2017) secondary data were gathered annually. In order to investigate the association between the variables the study utilized a descriptive research methodology using a time series model. For data analysis objectives, Python software was utilized.
Results: Regression of coefficients results shows that government expenditure on infrastructure and FDI are positively and significantly. It was also revealed that external debt and FDI are negatively and significantly related. Domestic debt and FDI are negatively and significantly related. The results regression results showed that taxation measured as tax revenues and FDI are positively and significantly related.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study findings validate the internalization theory. Findings indicate that the theory is applicable in the study of investments. In addition, the findings may in future serve as platform for additional studies in the same subject for other academics, students and researchers. Investors would benefit from the recommendations set out in this study to attract more FDI investment by implementing trade-balanced actions, limiting corruption, implementing income-collection tax policies and promoting international trade to ensure competitiveness in Kenyan products.
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Lamster, Ira B. "Implications of the 2016 FDI Policy Statements." International Dental Journal 67, no. 1 (February 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12306.
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Bárcena-Ruiz, Juan Carlos, and María Begoña Garzón. "Environmental Policy, North-South Trade and FDI." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 17, no. 4 (January 4, 2017): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-016-0241-0.
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Febrina, Puspa, and Sumiyarti ,. "PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN MAKROEKONOMI DAN KUALITAS KELEMBAGAAN TERHADAP FOREIGN DI¬RECT INVESTMENT DI ASEAN 6." Media Ekonomi 22, no. 3 (December 20, 2014): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v22i3.3194.
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<p><em>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow is one of the most important factor in the era of globalization. FDI in domestic receives extraordinay attention due to FDI could expand the production and enchance the performance of financial market. In the atmospher of globalization, FDI is one of the tools for developing countries to increase their economy. This research aims to analyze the factors the influence FDI capital inflow into ASEAN countries, i.e. Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnamin 2000-2012. This research is using the methods of analysis panel data to determine the factors that influence the FDI inflows in ASEAN-6. The factors that influence FDI inflows are Gross Domestic Product, Macroeconomics policy index, institutional quality index, and labor force ratio. Based on the analysis panel data result shows that Gross Domestic Product, Macroeconomics policy index, institutional quality index have positive and significant impacts to FDI in ASEAN-6.</em></p>
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De Santis, Roberto A., and Frank Stähler. "Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes." German Economic Review 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00444.x.
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Abstract This paper studies the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policy stringency in a two-country model with trade costs, where FDI could be unilateral and bilateral and both governments address local pollution through environmental taxes. We show that FDI does not give rise to ecological dumping because the host country has an incentive to shift rents away from the source country toward the host country. Environmental policy strategies and welfare effects are studied under the assumption that parameter values support FDI to be profitable.
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Zhou, Xinhui, Yuzhe Li, Weidong Zhao, Yun Zhang, and Ziyu Yan. "COVID-19 and China’s Foreign Direct Investment Inflow- Stress Tests Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting Model and Policy Implications." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 8 (April 11, 2023): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v8i.7270.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is essential to world economic growth, global industrial chain optimization, technology diffusion, and product innovation. This study identifies several macro-level factors affecting FDI inflow to China after discussing possible mechanisms through which COVID-19 influences FDI. Then, it tests three different stressful scenarios simulating the COVID-19 influence on China’s FDI inflow with a regression model estimated by extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) in Python. Results show that the rampant COVID-19 pandemic and increasing global investment risks would have a substantial and negative impact not only on global FDI size, investment rules, and investment structure, but also on FDI inflow to China. Without effective measures being taken, from January 2020 to March 2022, losses in China’s annual FDI inflow could reach 5.71 percent to 11.28 percent, but the country’s actual annual FDI inflow is much higher. The extraordinary measures adopted by the Chinese government include preventing pandemic measures that are prompt and effective as well as targeted macroeconomic regulation policies. They make a rapid recovery or even improvement in China’s economic fundamentals, which in turn enhance China’s attractiveness to FDI and the FDI size, more than offsetting the negative effect of COVID-19 on FDI inflow to China. Finally, this paper proposes several countermeasures in macro-economic regulation and industrial policy adjustment to prevent and mitigate the negative influence of COVID-19 on FDI.
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Kueh, Jerome, and Yong Sze Wei. "FDI-Led-Growth in Malaysia: Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing Approach." International Business Research 11, no. 11 (October 11, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n11p46.
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This study intends to investigate the validity of the foreign direct investment, FDI-led-growth hypothesis in Malaysia in this era. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach is adopted to examine the impact of FDI inflow towards growth of Malaysia based on annually data from 1980 to 2016. Empirical results indicate that FDI inflow has significant positive impact on economic growth. This implies that FDI inflow remain important tool for stimulating economic growth of Malaysia. In addition, there is a negative impact of FDI inflow on economic growth during the 1997 Asian Financial crisis and positive impact during the 2008 Global Financial crisis. In terms of policy recommendation, the policy makers should continue to develop strategies to further attract FDI that will contribute to increasing the productivity in the country.
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Chang, Rongping, Bei Wang, Yan Zhang, and Lingxue Zhao. "Foreign Direct Investment and Air Pollution: Re-Estimating the “Pollution Haven Hypothesis” in China." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113759.
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This paper focuses on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and air pollution. Based on the relaxation of China’s FDI regulation policy as well as the “China Environmentally Extended Input-Output” database, we utilize a difference-in-differences methodology and investigate the casual effects of FDI liberalization on air pollution intensity. The empirical results demonstrate that FDI reduces the air pollution intensity. However, it is more pronounced in sectors with higher levels of absorption ability and human capital. The reduction in air pollution is mainly driven by technical effects through the enhancement of total factor productivity and technological efficiency. FDI can help achieve the green development goals in developing countries with a more liberalized policy.
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De Abreu Campanário, Milton, Marcello Muniz da Silva, Milton De Freitas Chagas Junior, and Leonel Cesarino Pessoa. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: DIAGNOSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR A PUBLIC POLICY AGENDA FOR BRAZIL." Internext 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 125–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18568/1980-4865.61125-158.
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The research analyses the viability to adopt policies to enhance Brazilian Foreign Direct Investment FDI. Based on statistical data and on literature review, the policy agenda frames the underling questions surrounding FDI. There is not yet a theoretical framework to deal with emergent countries economic outward FDI. There exist strong evidences that capital flows through FDI generate externalities in the following domains: macroeconomic, international trade, and microeconomic (in themes closed related to industrial organization and innovation). The theoretical proposition has its grounds in the conception that international capital flows are absolutely compatible in the following contexts: monetary, commercial, industrial organization and innovation policies. A better positioning of national enterprises internationally may result in growing partnership within the foreign environment. Brazil has not yet a set of policies to deal with inward and outward Brazilian FDI flows, without necessarily jeopardizing macroeconomic policy and the related monetary and currency stabilization goals. Summing up, it is contended that FDI stimulus by means of public policies may contribute not just to a better competitiveness and innovation of Brazilian enterprises but also to assure balanced growing and economic structural change.
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TAST, Jelena, and Snezhana HRISTOVA. "Motives and Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Republic of Macedonia." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v6.2(12).02.
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In order to design appropriate Foreigh Direct Investment (FDI) attraction policies there is a need of exploring which are the key motives and determinants of FDI inflow in the host-country.
The aim is to see whether the Republic of Macedonia follows the global trends due to FDI in transition countries and, in this regard, to research the reasons for the low FDI inflow in the country.
The paper is organized as follows. In introduction we point the importance of FDI inflow in transition countries, and in this context we emphasize the importance of the motives, and therefore the determinants that conditioned the FDI inflow. Section I review the theoretical framework on the FDI determinants, with particular reference to the OLI paradigm. Section II analyses the inflow and structure of FDI in the Republic of Macedonia. In order to explore the FDI motives and determinants in the Republic of Macedonia, which will serve as a reference framework for defining the future direction of policy related to FDI in the Republic of Macedonia, in the third part an empirical research has been conducted in the form of a questionnaire. The conclusion defines the key findings in context of the policy for attracting FDI in the Republic of Macedonia.
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Quang, Phung Thanh, Ehsan Rasoulinezhad, Nguyen Nhat Linh, and Doan Phuong Thao. "Investigating the determining factors of sustainable FDI in Vietnam." China Finance Review International 12, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-10-2021-0207.
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PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to analyze the sustainable inward FDI pattern of Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThis paper intends to analyze the sustainable FDI pattern of Vietnam using the gravity theory and panel data approach for the annual data over the period of 2007–2020.FindingsVietnamese FDI volume is positively affected by political and social factors, globalization and green energy consumption, while geographical distance is a major obstacle to the increase of FDI inflows of the country.Practical implicationsAs the main practical policy implications, issuing policies for sustainable economic growth, launching the novel strategy of green FDI neighborhood policy and regionalism through free trade agreements are recommended.Originality/valueTo the best of author's knowledge, there has not been any in-depth academic study focusing on the Vietnam's sustainable FDI. In addition, three robustness checks have been conducted to ensure the validation of empirical findings.
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Hyeseon, Na. "Do Policy and Institutional Variables Play a More Significant Role in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment to Eastern Africa than They Do in Other Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa?" Korean Journal of Policy Studies 33, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps33202.
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The paper aims to assess whether policy and institutional variables are significant factors in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to eastern Africa. The assessment is based on the determinants of FDI in a sample of 30 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries between 2005 and 2016. Employing panel data methodology, I investigate whether policy and institutional variables play a more significant role in attracting FDI to eastern Africa than they do in other SSA countries. The results indicate that these variables are more significant factors for attracting FDI to eastern Africa than they are for the other SSA regions. The paper concludes that eastern Africa’s current FDI promotion policies are working. In particular, ensuring a stable macroeconomic situation and a favorable profit tax rate as well as building good institutions have proven to be good tools for attracting FDI to eastern Africa.
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Nwagu, Kingsley. "The impact of macroeconomic variables on foreign direct investment in Nigeria." Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research 16, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55217/102.v16i1.615.
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This study's main goal is to determine the effect that specific macroeconomic factors have on the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into Nigeria. The ex post facto research design was adopted, and it used exchange rate, inflation rate, monetary policy rate (MPR), and gross domestic product growth (GDP) rate as the macroeconomic variables. The quantity of inflow between 1986 and 2020 was made up of FDI (dependent variable). Because the model variables were integrated in a mixed order of both level and first difference, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was used. The selected macroeconomic variables and FDI were bound by a long-run connection, according to the results of the ARDL bounds test for cointegration. The calculated short-run coefficients showed that GDP growth rate and monetary policy rate were the primary macroeconomic variables that considerably increased FDI inflow in Nigeria, whereas inflation and exchange rate were the major macroeconomic variables that significantly decreased FDI inflow. In the long term, the GDP growth rate and the exchange rate had a beneficial influence on FDI influx, whereas the monetary policy rate had a large negative effect. According to these empirical findings, it is advised that Nigeria's monetary authorities should support strong GDP growth, exchange rate stability, and efficient monetary policy rates in order to draw FDI into the country and create efficient foreign exchange policies that will attract foreign investors.
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MERCURIO, Bryan, and Daria KIM. "Foreign Direct Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Why Singapore and not Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 10, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2015.12.
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AbstractThis article began as mere curiosity over what appeared to be a paradox – Singapore and Hong Kong share countless economic and geopolitical similarities and compete vigorously for foreign direct investment (FDI), yet only the former has become a pharmaceutical hub while the latter struggles to attract any FDI in the sector. To find the reason for the “drastic” difference in pharmaceutical FDI, we compare the economic, legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks of the two jurisdictions focusing on the factors that have been identified in the economic literature as having the most relevance for FDI decision-making. The analysis discounts economic and legal factors before finding variances in policy and regulatory frameworks as the critical difference accounting for the disparity in the pharmaceutical FDI. Given that Hong Kong occasionally considers transforming itself into the “pharmaceutical centre for the Asia-Pacific”, this article calls for a change in policy approach and strategy before this aspiration is considered more realistically.
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Ye, Min. "Policy Learning or Diffusion: How China Opened to Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (December 2009): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s159824080000672x.
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When China embarked on economic reform in the late 1970s, its leaders aspired to learn from Japan's developmental policies that were restrictive of foreign capital. In the 1990s, China strove again to emulate Japan and South Korea in restricting foreign direct investment and promoting indigenous corporations. Despite these efforts, China's industrial catch-up was in fact led by FDI, in sharp contrast to the classic Japanese/Korean paradigm where FDI was strictly circumvented. Why was China unsuccessful in learning restrictive FDI policies? How did a new developmental path emerge in China? The answer lies in China's strong networks with diaspora communities. Through a diffusion mechanism, ties between local governments and diaspora capital helped initiate and catalyze China's FDI liberalization, despite the central efforts to learn from Japan and South Korea. Two critical reform episodes are examined: (1) the establishment of special economic zones and (2) the reform of state-owned enterprises.
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Cheng, Hsiao, and Victor Gastañaga. "Factors Affecting Foreign Direct Investment — with an Analysis of the Disparity between the Coastal and Western Regions of China." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 04 (December 2001): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000632.
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We review the literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) and provide an empirical analysis of factors affecting FDI. Conjectures of the disparity of FDI between the coastal and western regions of China and policy recommendations are also made.
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Aneta, Hintošová, and Barlašová Terézia. "THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT PROMOTION POLICY IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA." Public Administration Issues, no. 5 (2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2021-0-5-27-40.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is generally considered as an important driver of economic growth and employment opportunities. In particular, countries in transition are adopting their investment promotion policies to attract FDI and direct it to the required sectors and regions. Public financial support in the form of investment incentives is used as one of the direct tools of investment promotion policy. However, this financial support is only considered effective in attracting FDI if the country attains the minimum threshold of quality of the business environment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate development of investment promotion policy, especially the provision of financial and fiscal investment incentives, as well as the level of economic freedom with regard to attracting FDI in Slovakia. The findings indicate that the preference of particular forms of investment incentives by the Slovak government has changed over time. The results of the regression analysis further show that while financial incentives have a positive statistically significant effect on FDI inflows, in the case of fiscal stimuli this effect is surprisingly negative. Based on our results, the overall level of economic freedom seems to not have a statistically significant effect on attracting FDI in Slovakia. The study contributes to the literature by providing a rationale for investment promotion policy reform and by offering some implications for governments seeking to attract targeted FDI.
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Akbar, Minhas, and Ahsan Akbar. "An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan." Studies in Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2015-0001.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the trends in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in Pakistan and to identify the key determinants of FDI for the period of 2000-2013. The country experienced a continuous surge in FDI inflows from 2000-2008. On the contrary, the phase of 2009-2013 has been characterized by a persistent decline in FDI in Pakistan. This slump is mainly attributed to political and economic instability as wells as poor law and order situation in the country. Keeping these periods with differing results in perspective, multiple regression analysis is employed to empirically analyze the key determinants that are expected to explain variation in FDI in Pakistan. The selected variables were found significant determinants of FDI in Pakistan. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), degree of trade openness and regime of dictatorship have a significant positive effect on FDI. While, terrorism attacks foreign debt, exchange rate, political instability, and domestic capital formation are negatively significant determinants of FDI inflows in Pakistan. Considering the dynamic changes in the broad macro factors in economy, this study provides a fresh perspective on the factors that determine FDI in Pakistan. Moreover, the study findings provide important insights to policy makers to design policy measures that enhance FDI inflows in Pakistan.
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Sikwila, Mike Nyamazana, Godwell Karedza, and Yvonne Lindiwe Sikwila. "Foreign Direct Investment Inflows into Zimbabwe." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 5-1 (July 1, 2017): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0095.
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Abstract The authors sought to explore factors that influenced foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zimbabwe between 1990 and 2014. In spite of Zimbabwe being one of the richest countries, with respect to mineral endowment in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region there was a paradox of less FDI attracted into the country. We include the investment policy stability (IPS) variable that has been ignored in the current literature; yet, the investment centre policies in any given developing country influence FDI inflows. The authors used Ordinary Least Square regression analysis technique to estimate an investment equation for Zimbabwe using Time-Series annual data obtained from the UNCTAD and World Bank database. The results suggest that investment policy stability; trade openness of the country; inflation rate and growth in real domestic product have a significant influence on the FDI inflows into the country. In conclusion, the results suggest that investment policy stability played an important role in attracting FDI into the country. Also, the results are expected to give a useful insight to policymakers that are responsible for attracting FDI inflows into Zimbabwe and other developing countries.
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Brooks, Douglas H., Emma Xiaoqin Fan, and Lea R. Sumulong. "Foreign Direct Investment: Trends, TRIMs, and WTO Negotiations." Asian Development Review 20, no. 01 (January 2003): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110503000010.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased dramatically in recent decades. As developing countries, particularly in Asia, remove restrictions and implement policies to attract FDI inflows, trade and investment have become increasingly intertwined. As such, there have been growing calls for a multilateral framework of foreign investment rules to be negotiated under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper reviews recent developments in FDI flows and their impacts in developing Asia, and the importance of the policy context in which those flows occur. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of including FDI in WTO negotiations, and related policy options for developing Asian economies.
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Nguyen, Phi-Hung, Thi-Ly Nguyen, Hong-Quan Le, Thuy-Quynh Pham, Hoang-Anh Nguyen, and Chi-Vinh Pham. "How Does the Competitiveness Index Promote Foreign Direct Investment at the Provincial Level in Vietnam? An Integrated Grey Delphi–DEA Model Approach." Mathematics 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2023): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11061500.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important factor in building a strong economy for a country, particularly in developing and emerging markets. Both domestic enterprises and policy makers have been motivated to attract FDI for the benefits of FDI, such as technological transfers, spillover benefits, and rising competition. There is a need for a functional model to assess how the competitive index affects FDI attractiveness. Therefore, in this study, the authors use an integrated model of Grey Delphi, the Data Envelopment Analysis Super Slack-Based Measure Model (DEA–Super SBM), and the Malmquist Model (DEA–Malmquist) to evaluate the FDI attractiveness of Vietnamese provinces from 2017 to 2021. Firstly, ten critical dimensions of the provincial competitive index (PCI) affecting the number of FDI by cases and amount of FDI capital were validated via the Grey Delphi method. Secondly, the Super-SBM model is applied to assess the FDI efficiency of 63 provinces in Vietnam from 2017 to 2021. Then, the DEA–Malmquist model is employed to analyze the total change in the productivity of 63 provinces’ FDI performance in Vietnam. The findings of this study revealed that the efficiency of FDI in Vietnam’s provinces is relatively low, and there is a significant variation in the attractiveness of FDI among the provinces. This study can provide valuable insights for policy makers and other stakeholders in developing effective strategies to attract FDI and foster economic development.
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Zhao, Chang, and Bing Wang. "Does China’s Low-Carbon Pilot Policy Promote Foreign Direct Investment? An Empirical Study Based on City-Level Panel Data of China." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910848.
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As an important driving force of China’s economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) may be affected by China’s low-carbon pilot policy. Therefore, this paper regards the low-carbon pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the difference-in-difference (DID) model and the panel data of 189 cities in China from 2011 to 2018 to explore the actual impact and intermediary mechanism of low-carbon pilot policy on FDI. The study found that low-carbon pilot policy has a significant promotion effect on FDI, and industrial optimization and upgrading is an important way. At the same time, we construct the difference-in-difference-in-difference (DDD) model, and discuss the heterogeneity of policy effect caused by resource endowments and the individual characteristics of government officials in the process of policy implementation. The results indicate that resource-rich cities can enhance the promotion effect of low-carbon pilot policy on FDI. Similarly, when the mayor of the pilot city is a female, or obtains a master’s degree or a doctorate degree, or majored in non-economics, respectively, the policy effect will be more obvious. In addition, in order to verify the reliability of the research conclusions, this paper also uses a placebo test and data truncation to conduct a series of robustness tests.