Academic literature on the topic 'FD. Public relations'

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the effect of investments in internal investor relations (IR) departments on firm outcomes. We find that companies initiating internal professional IR experience increases in disclosure, analyst following, institutional investor ownership, liquidity, and market valuation relative to a matched sample of control firms. We also examine the differential impact the exogenous shock of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) had on firms with an established professional IR department. We find these IR firms more than doubled their level of public disclosure post-Reg FD. Despite IR firms losing a potential communications channel following Reg FD adoption, we find they did not suffer adversely and instead show a post-Reg FD increase in analyst following, institutional investors, and liquidity relative to a control sample of similar non-IR firms. This implies that the effectiveness of professionalized internal IR increased post-Reg FD consistent with IR firms being relatively better positioned to navigate the more complicated regulatory environment. JEL Classifications: D82; M41; G11; G12; G14; G24 Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper with the exception of the membership data from the National Investor Relations Institute, which is a proprietary dataset.

The objective of recent disclosure regulation (e.g., Regulation Fair Disclosure [FD]) is to reduce selective disclosure, the practice of releasing financial information to selected users before publicly disclosing the information. Prior to FD, providers used narrow distribution reporting activities, such as phone calls and one-on-one meetings with analysts, reviews of analysts' earnings estimates, and analysts' contracts with suppliers and firm employees, to communicate private financial information to selected users at the expense of uninformed users. Public interest theorists view regulation as a means to protect the public. We predict that if FD is effective, providers will move away from narrow reporting activities and reduce the probability that selected users can achieve a competitive advantage over the general investing public. In addition, assuming that reducing selective disclosure increases the number of market participants receiving information, we argue that the importance of assurance services will increase since FD (1) reduces users' ability to evaluate the credibility of provider information based on personal relationships with providers, and (2) increases the pressure on provider investor relations personnel to monitor the amount and credibility of information disclosed to decrease the likelihood that market participants view the information released as unreliable. Due to the lack of available empirical data related to narrow reporting activities and the importance of assurance services, we employ a field-based questionnaire of providers and users to address these issues. Results indicate that (1) providers and users perceive that narrow distribution reporting activities still exist, and (2) reducing users' personal access to providers may increase the importance of assurance services. The study increases our understanding of how regulation to reduce selective disclosure may protect the public by examining its impact on corporate disclosure activities and policies.

Introduction. Issues of studying the central origins and development of оccupational pathology in the faces of flight personnel define a need for the application of neurophysiological and neuropsychological methods of research. Material and methods. The levels of constant potential (LCP), characteristics the somatosensory caused potentials (SSVP), neuropsychological features in 95 patients with оccupational neurosensory deafness (ONSD) and 35 cases in a group of comparison are studied. Methods of the statistical analysis with a definition of W-of criterion of Shapiro-Uilka, Mann-Whitney›s U-criterion, coefficient of correlation of Spirmen, the discriminant analysis are applied. Results. in ONSD at patients the quantity of cases with the increased values of average LCP were established to prevail significantly in comparison with those in patients of a group of comparison (39% and 13% respectively, р = 0.03), strengthening of neuropower exchange in right and left frontal, central, left central, left parietal, right temporal assignments, increase in duration of the latent period of N18, N30 components are registered (р < 0.05). The condition of the cognitive sphere was characterized by the easily expressed violations of functions of analytical and synthetic thinking, оral-aural memory, visual, long-term memory, reciprocal coordination, impressive speech. Correlation connection between the index of N13-N20 and indices characterizing a condition of long-term memory, reciprocal coordination, the expressional speech is established (rs=0.45; 0.28; 0.28 at р =0.008; 0.04; 0.03 respectively), an index the between hemispheres of the relations Fd-Fs and latency of P25 and N30 (rs = 0.53 and 0.29 at р =0.009; 0.02 respectively). Diagnostic signs of brain deficiency at patients with ONSD were indices of visual gnosis, reciprocal coordination, LCP in right central, central parietal assignments of a brain, duration of the latent period of N30, N18-N20 (F=9.14; 5.43; 6.08; 4.41 4.77; 4.34 respectively). Conclusions. Violations of power metabolism in the frontal and central and parietal and temporal assignments of a brain, a functional condition of the central carrying-out structures, disorganization of cognitive activity were established to be a consequence of the impact of aviation noise and the reason of brain deficiency.

This study aimed to examine the effect of financial development (FD) and private credit booms on economic growth. This study used the data of 58 countries (27 DCs and 31 LDCs), from the period 1973 to 2012, by applying the method of Panel Cointegration. This study involved the FD index made of four indicators of banking sector depth, activity, and efficiency indicators. The estimation results showed that LDCs gave more positively significant response to FD than DCs. This is because the LDCs’ financial systems are dominantly Bank based or their banking sector is more developed than other institutions and markets. Whereas, the credit boom to private sector (which is taken as indicator of FD) inversely affect the economic growth rate. Such relation can be caused by lack of credit recovery, more defaulting loans, insolvency, and huge public debt, that hence leads to a financial crash like that of 2008 financial crisis.

The potential health benefits of laughter are recognized in relation to several chronic diseases. However, no study has yet investigated the association between laughter and functional dyspepsia (FD). The purpose of this study was to investigate this issue in a young Japanese population. Methods: This study was conducted on 8923 Japanese university students. Information on the frequency of laughter and types of laughter-inducing situations, digestive symptoms (Rome III criteria) were obtained through a self-administered, web-based questionnaire. Results: The percentage of respondents who laughed out loud almost every day was 64.3%. On the other hand, 1.8% of the subjects reported that they rarely laughed. No association was found between the total frequency of laughter and FD. Laughing while talking with family and friends almost every day was significantly inversely associated with FD (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28–0.81); p for trend was 0.003). On the other hand, laughing while watching TV or videos and laughing while looking at comics or magazines independently showed a positive correlation with FD (TV or videos: adjusted OR, 1–5 times a week: 1.74 (95% CI: 1.16–2.60); comics or magazines: adjusted OR, 1–5 times a week: 1.78 (95% CI: 1.08–2.81)). Conclusion: In this young Japanese population, no association between laughter frequency and FD was observed although laughing while talking with friends and family was independently and inversely associated with FD.

In the late 1960s, driven by the increasing capacity of computational data processing, statistics that linked school success with students' social backgrounds became the main argument in favor of the idea that schools -even the public ones- did little more than reproduce class inequalities and legitimize them by attributing school failure to the poor intellectual abilities of subordinate class students. Both in England and France, critical theories about education questioned the curriculum, which they saw as arbitrary and related to the interests and tastes of the privileged classes, as well as the authority of the teacher, transmitter of these contents and legitimizer of educative but especially social failure, of children from low strata. This apparent consensus is explicitly broken with the turn of the century, and authors such as Bernard Charlot in France and Michael FD Young in England, converge on pointing to knowledge as the central factor in educational work. The objective of this article is to examine the approaches of the two authors on this point, to compare both perspectives, and to propose overcoming visions of some distances that separate them. It concludes with a theoretical critique of both perspectives, an attempt of an overcoming synthesis, underlining the value of knowledge as a central factor in educational activities.

Purpose To explain and analyze the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission’s complaint filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against AT&T Inc. alleging repeated violations of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure), and against three of AT&T’s Investor Relations executives for aiding and abetting those violations. Design/Methodology/Approach Describes the SEC’s allegations and AT&T’s response and recommends practice points that issuers and their legal counsel can draw from the enforcement action. Findings The SEC’s suit against AT&T and its three IR executives serves as an important reminder that the SEC remains committed to ensuring the full and fair disclosure of information by issuers and is willing to litigate Regulation FD-based enforcement actions when it deems necessary. Practical Implications Every public company must develop systems to manage selective disclosure risks in its investor relations program. Originality/Value Practical guidance from experienced corporate governance, litigation, capital markets, securities enforcement and regulation lawyers.

Abstract Background Subjects who carry one or two ɛ2 alleles of the APOE gene are protected from cardiovascular disease due to low LDL-cholesterol levels. However, 10–18% of ɛ2 homozygotes (ɛ2ɛ2) develop Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD), which is characterized by extensive remnant lipoprotein accumulation, making it a good model to study the effect of remnants on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Important causal factors for FD, or an “FD like phenotype” in ɛ2 heterozygotes (ɛ2ɛ3), are thought to be adiposity and insulin resistance. However, to date this relation was only evaluated in cross-sectional studies. Purpose To evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of adiposity and insulin resistance on the presence and development of FD in ɛ2ɛ2 or an “FD-like” phenotype in ɛ2ɛ3 subjects. Methods For this study we included 18042 subjects with an APOE measurement from two Dutch population-based cohorts; the PREVEND cohort (follow-up 4.1 (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0–4.4) years) and the Rotterdam Study (follow-up 10.1 (IQR 5.6–10.8) years). Subjects with an ɛ3ɛ3 genotype (n=10391) and ɛ4 carriers were excluded (n=5265). FD and “FD like” phenotype were defined as triglyceride levels &gt;3 mmol/l or use of lipid lowering medication. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effect of age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on FD lipid phenotype. Changes in adiposity measures and insulin resistance between baseline and follow-up were compared in subjects with and without development of FD at follow-up. Results In total, 2386 subjects were included of whom 118 participants had ɛ2ɛ2 and 2268 had ɛ2ɛ3 of whom 68% completed a follow-up visit. Subjects mean age was 59±14 years and 44% were male. In ɛ2ɛ2 subjects, 19% (n=23) had FD at baseline and 16% (n=11) developed FD during follow-up. In ɛ2ɛ3 subjects 13% (n=305) had an “FD like” phenotype at baseline and 11% (n=146) at follow-up. Cross-sectional determinants for the presence of an FD or “FD like” phenotype at baseline were male sex, BMI, waist circumference and non-lipid MetS criteria. In ɛ2ɛ2 subjects who developed FD during follow-up, markers of adiposity and insulin resistance did not change compared to baseline. However, these FD patients more often had adiposity (BMI, weight and waist circumference) and T2DM at baseline, compared to those and who did not developed FD. Conclusions These results show for the first time that adiposity and insulin resistance are important risk markers for future development of FD or “FD like” phenotype in ɛ2ɛ2- and ɛ2ɛ3 subjects. The increased susceptibility of ɛ2 carriers for development of an FD lipid phenotype by adiposity and insulin resistance might be due to impaired remnant clearance consequent to decreased binding affinity of APOɛ2 to the LDL-receptor in combination with degradation of the heparan sulfate receptor by insulin resistance (mediated by sulfatase 2 activation). Odds Ratios for FD lipid phenotype Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): UMC Utrecht; Erasmus MC; UMC Groningen

Hayes and Williams’ Family Law, now in its sixth edition, provides critical and case-focused discussion of the key legislation and debates affecting adults and children. The volume takes a critical approach to the subject and includes ‘talking points’ and focused ‘discussion questions’ throughout each chapter which highlight areas of debate or controversy. The introductory chapter within this edition provides a discussion of the law’s understanding of ‘family’ and the extent to which this has changed over time, a detailed overview of the meaning of private and family life within Article 8 of the ECHR, and a discussion of the Family Justice Review and subsequent developments. Part 1 of this edition, supplemented by the ‘Latest Developments’ section, outlines the most up-to-date statistics on the incidence of marriage, civil partnerships and divorce, discusses recent case law on the validity of marriage such as Hayatleh v Mofdy [2017] EWCA Civ 70 and K v K (Nullity: Bigamous Marriage) [2016] EWHC 3380 (Fam), and highlights the recent Supreme Court decision (In the Matter of an Application by Denise Brewster for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) [2017] 1 WLR 519) on the pension rights of unmarried cohabitants. It also considers the litigation concerning the prohibition of opposite-sex civil partnership registration from the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Steinfeld and Keidan v Secretary of State for Education [2017] EWCA Civ 81 to the important decision of the Supreme Court in R (on the application of Steinfeld and Keidan) (Application) v Secretary of State for International Development (in substitution for the Home Secretary and the Education Secretary) [2018] UKSC 32. This edition also provides an in-depth discussion of the recent Supreme Court decision in Owens v Owens [2018] UKSC 41 regarding the grounds for divorce and includes discussion of Thakkar v Thakkar [2016] EWHC 2488 (Fam) on the divorce procedure. Further, this edition also considers the flurry of cases in the area of financial provision on divorce such as Waggott v Waggott [2018] EWCA Civ 722; TAB v FC (Short Marriage: Needs: Stockpiling) [2016] EWHC 3285; FF v KF [2017] EWHC 1903 (Fam); BD v FD (Financial Remedies: Needs) [2016] EWHC 594 (Fam); Juffali v Juffali [2016] EWHC 1684 (Fam); AAZ v BBZ [2016] EWHC 3234 (Fam); Scatliffe v Scatliffe [2016] UKPC 36; WM v HM [2017] EWFC 25; Hart v Hart [2017] EWCA Civ 1306; Sharp v Sharp [2017] EWCA Civ 408; Work v Gray [2017] EWCA Civ 270, and Birch v Birch [2017] UKSC 53. It also considers the recent decision of the Supreme Court in Mills v Mills [2018] UKSC 38 concerning post-divorce maintenance obligations between former partners, and the Privy Council decision in Marr v Collie [2017] UKPC 17 relating to the joint name purchase by a cohabiting couple of investment property.Part 2 focuses on child law, examining the law on parenthood and parental responsibility, including the parental child support obligation. This edition includes discussion of new case law on provision of child maintenance by way of global financial orders (AB v CD (Jurisdiction: Global Maintenance Orders)[2017] EWHC 3164), new case law and legislative/policy developments on section 54 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (parental orders transferring legal parenthood in surrogacy arrangements), and new cases on removing and restricting parental responsibility (Re A and B (Children: Restrictions on Parental Responsibility: Radicalisation and Extremism) [2016] EWFC 40 and Re B and C (Change of Names: Parental Responsibility: Evidence) [2017] EWHC 3250 (Fam)). Orders regulating the exercise of parental responsibility are also examined, and this edition updates the discussion with an account of the new Practice Direction 12J (on contact and domestic abuse), and controversial case law addressing the tension between the paramountcy of the child’s welfare and the protected interests of a parent in the context of a transgender father’s application for contact with his children (Re M (Children) [2017] EWCA Civ 2164). Part 2 also examines the issue of international child abduction, including in this edition the Supreme Court’s latest decision, on the issue of repudiatory retention (Re C (Children) [2018] UKSC 8). In the public law, this edition discusses the Supreme Court’s clarification of the nature and scope of local authority accommodation under section 20 of the Children Act 1989 (Williams v London Borough of Hackney [2018] UKSC 37). In the law of adoption, several new cases involving children who have been relinquished by parents for adoption are examined (Re JL & AO (Babies Relinquished for Adoption),[2016] EWHC 440 (Fam) and see also Re M and N (Twins: Relinquished Babies: Parentage) [2017] EWFC 31, Re TJ (Relinquished Baby: Sibling Contact) [2017] EWFC 6, and Re RA (Baby Relinquished for Adoption: Final Hearing)) [2016] EWFC 47).