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Journal articles on the topic 'FCCU'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Dixon, Robbie J., Maki Matsuka, Roger D. Braddock, Josh M. Whitcombe, and Igor E. Agranovski. "FCCU transition-probability model." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 45, no. 3-4 (February 2007): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2006.03.019.

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2

Nguyen, Thanh-Tuan, Ching-Hwa Cheng, Don-Gey Liu, and Minh-Hai Le. "A Fast Cross-Correlation Combined with Interpolation Algorithms for the LiDAR Working in the High Background Noise." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11070985.

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Processing speed and accuracy of measurements are important factors reflecting the performance quality of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. This study proposed a fast cross-correlation (fCC) algorithm to improve the computation loading in the LiDAR system operating in high background noise environments. To reduce the calculation time, we accumulated cycles of the receiver waveform to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. In this way, the stop pulse can be easily distinguished from the background noise by applying the cross-correlation (CC) on the accumulated receiver waveform with the first start pulse. In addition, the proposed fCC combined with variant interpolation techniques: the parabolic (fCCP), gaussian (fCCG), cosine (fCCC), and cubic spline (fCCS) to increase the measurement accuracy were also investigated and compared. The experiments were performed on the real-time LiDAR system under high background light intensity. The tested results showed that the proposed method fCCP achieved 879 ns per measurement, 38 times faster than the original CC method combined with the same parabolic interpolation algorithm (CCP) 33.5 μs. Meanwhile, the fCCS method resulted in the highest accuracy/precision, reaching 5.193 cm/8.588 cm, respectively. These results demonstrated that our proposed method significantly improves the measurements speed in the LiDAR system operating under strong background light.

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3

Maying, Yang, Rong Gang, Wang Shuqing, Lan Hongsen, Chen Qinghai, and Kang Biao. "FCCU Reactor - Regenerator Advanced Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 9 (June 1997): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43227-7.

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4

Chen, Jing. "The Modelling by Parameter Identification and Online Simulation in Refining." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 1769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1769.

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FCCU (fluid catalytic cracking unit) is a complex system featured by highly non-linear, time variable, long time delay, and close coupling. Studying the process mechanism of FCCU, this paper defines a mathematical model for coupling parameter identification and online simulation. In addition, the author proposes comprehensive tuning technologies for multiple optimization and also systematically describes the cause-effect statistical law for parameter variation based on the input-and-output quantitative relation. The memory, comparison and reasoning of operation experience can help to guide the optimization operation in production process.

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5

Tian, Wen De, Shan Jun Mu, Man Man Jin, Chun Li Wang, and Chuan Kun Li. "Dynamic Simulation of FCCU under Abnormal Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.235.

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The dynamic mathematical model of FCCU reactor was established. Reaction kinetics uses five parameter lumped model, with components emulated by similar hydrocarbons. Simulation system was built to simulate normal conditions, and the effect of some abnormal conditions on charred tank’s exit oxygen content, charred tank’s temperature (not cooled), charred tank’s temperature (cooled) were studied. Because the abnormal condition is the combustion of regenerator’s dilute phase’s extremity, this paper used the amount of carbon monoxide’s combustion to simulate this abnormal condition.With the variation of the charred tank’s exported oxygen content or temperature reflects the degree of dilute phase’s combustion. The results show that the dynamic simulation of the system can accurately simulate the cracking reactor abnormal condition.

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6

Yihui, Jin, and Ju Junrang. "Modelling and Advanced Process Control for FCCU." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 23, no. 8 (August 1990): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)51423-8.

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7

Gokhale, Anil V., and Victor L. Rice. "Real-time simulator for FCCU operator training." ISA Transactions 31, no. 3 (January 1992): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-0578(92)90080-3.

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8

Enache, Florin, Dan Dănulescu, Ion Bolocan, and Diana Cursaru. "The reduction of FCCU afterburning through process optimization and regenerator revamping." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq210430023e.

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Operating the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) in afterburning conditions can increase the regenerator temperatures above the metallurgical design leading to mechanical failures of the cyclones and plenum chamber. This paper presents the methodology applied in a commercial FCCU to investigate the afterburning causes and the technical solutions that can be implemented to reduce the afterburning. Thus, by evaluating the regenerator temperature profile, regenerator as-build design and the internals mechanical status, it was concluded that the main cause of afterburning was the non-uniform distribution and mixing of air and catalyst. The industrial results showed that optimizing the catalyst bed level, stripping steam, reaction temperature and equilibrium catalyst (e-cat) activity reduced the afterburning by 39%. Other process parameters such as feed preheat temperature, slurry recycling and excess oxygen did not have a significant influence on afterburning because of air and catalyst maldistribution. Revamping the regenerator to assure a symmetrical layout of cyclones reduced the afterburning by 86%, increased the fines retention in FCCU inventory and provided a better regeneration of the spent e-cat. The reduction of operating temperatures at around 701?C removed the risk of catalyst thermal deactivation and therefore the e-cat activity was increased by 10.2 wt.%.

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9

García-Dopico, M., A. García, and A. Santos García. "Modelling coke formation and deactivation in a FCCU." Applied Catalysis A: General 303, no. 2 (April 2006): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.02.026.

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10

Ray, A. K., Y. N. Tiwari, R. Singh, and S. Tarafder. "Prediction of remaining life of a FCCU reactor plate." Engineering Failure Analysis 7, no. 2 (April 2000): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(99)00012-6.

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11

Cepero-Díaz, Ariel Omar, and Ana Isabel González-Santos. "Estimación de estado de una unidad de craqueo catalítico fluido con filtro desaromatizado de Kalman." Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2018.19n1.002.

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12

Liu, Li Li, Jin Sheng Sun, Lan Mei, and Yan Hong Wang. "Design and Optimization FCCU Absorption-Stabilization System through Process Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 1400–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.1400.

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In this preparation, FCCU main fractionator and corresponding absorption-stabilization system are systemically simulated on the basis of industrial data. Through analysis, a heat exchanging column is added to improve the flowsheet before rich gas cooler to make good use of heat of the compressed rich gas. To decrease LPG lost along with dry gas, a dry gas compression-expansion refrigeration circle is proposed to offer refrigeration capacity in place of the cooling water for the absorber pumparounds. Compared with the regular scheme, energy consumption and C3+ components in dry gas is reduced respectively by 17.18% and 7.16% and LPG yield is increased by 0.41% simultaneously.

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13

Penteado, J. C., C. O. R. Negrao, and L. F. S. Rossi. "NUMERICAL APPROACHES FOR A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF AN FCCU REGENERATOR." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v7i1.61745.

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This work discusses a mathematical model of an FCCU (Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit) regenerator. The model assumes that the regenerator is divided into two regions: the freeboard and the dense bed. The latter is composed of a bubble phase and an emulsion phase. Both phases are modeled as a CSTR (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor) in which ordinary differential equations are employed to represent the conservation of mass, energy and species. In the freeboard, the flow is considered to be onedimensional, and the conservation principles are represented by partial differential equations to describe space and time changes. The main aim ofthis work is to compare two numerical approaches for solving the set of partial and ordinary differential equations, namely, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta and implicit finite-difference methods. Although both methods give very similar results, the implicit finite-difference method can be much faster. Steady-state results were corroborated by experimental data, and the dynamic results were compared with those in the literature (Han and Chung, 2001b). Finally, an analysis of the model’s sensitivity to the boundary conditions was conducted.

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14

Santi, Sintha Soraya, Renanto, and Ali Altway. "Heat Integration Between HVU and FCCU to Improve Energy Saving." Advanced Science Letters 23, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 11804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.10521.

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15

Dittmar, Rainer, and Gunter Reinig. "Model Predictive FCCU Main Fractionator Control - Robustness and Adaptation Aspects." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 6 (May 1997): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43525-7.

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16

Zhang, Xu, Yuanyuan Zou, and Shaoyuan Li. "Enhancing incremental deep learning for FCCU end-point quality prediction." Information Sciences 530 (August 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.04.013.

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17

Li, Mengying, Yi Zheng, and Shaoyuan Li. "Moving Horizon Optimal Estimation for Temperature Distribution of FCCU Riser Reactor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 36 (July 16, 2018): 12136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01541.

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18

Zhong, Chonglin, Yi Zheng, Shenghu Xu, and Shaoyuan Li. "Enhanced exergy cost optimization of operating conditions in FCCU main fractionator." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 26, no. 8 (August 2018): 1750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.06.013.

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19

Li, Quan-shan, Da-zi Li, and Liu-lin Cao. "Modeling and optimum operating conditions for FCCU using artificial neural network." Journal of Central South University 22, no. 4 (April 2015): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2651-2.

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20

MihetÌ§, Maria, Vasile Mircea Cristea, and Paul SÌ§erban Agachi. "FCCU simulation based on first principle and artificial neural network models." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.312.

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21

Cunic, J. D., M. G. Bienstock, and A. M. Edelman. "Wet gas scrubbing: State of the art in FCCU emission control." Environmental Progress 6, no. 4 (November 1987): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670060414.

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22

Gao, Jinsen, Jian Chang, Xingying Lan, Yong Yang, Chunxi Lu, and Chunming Xu. "CFD modeling of mass transfer and stripping efficiency in FCCU strippers." AIChE Journal 54, no. 5 (2008): 1164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.11444.

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23

Mamudu, Angela, Moses Emetere, Felix Ishola, and Dorcas Lawal. "The Production of Zeolite Y Catalyst From Palm Kernel Shell for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (March 30, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871228.

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Exorbitant costs of fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) catalysts coupled with their ever-increasing demand have led researchers to develop alternative materials from indigenous sources. In this study, the zeolite Y component of the FCCU catalyst was synthesized from palm kernel shells. Leaching was carried out with the aid of citric acid to remove impurities. The synthesis process was done using alkaline hydrothermal treatment while varying reagent concentration and reaction time. The resultant products were characterized using XRF, XRD, FTIR, BET, and SEM analysis. The XRD and XRF showed a high silicate content level, while an 85% reduction in iron oxide impurities was observed after leaching. The process carried out at a duration of 9 hours, a temperature of 80°C with a NaOH molarity strength of 2 mol/L, had the highest SiO2 and Si/Al ratio value. A spongy, porous zeolite crystal was formed with the presence of hydroxyls in its sodalite cage. All samples had a combination of types II & I adsorption isotherms, Si/Al ratio of 2–5, and specific surface area within 80–260 m2/g, which indicates the presence of intermediate mesostructured Zeolite Y catalyst. Synthesized zeolite Y showed a more significant gap in its structural formation as the addition of NaOH decreased the grain size by 14.3%. FTIR highlighted the significant functional groups present in the novel compound, which, when compared to previous works, proves its suitability.

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24

Xuemin, TIAN, TU Ling, and DENG Xiaogang. "INFERENTIAL CONTROL BASED ON A MODIFIED QPLS FOR AN INDUSTRIAL FCCU FRACTIONATOR." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 2 (2006): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060402-4-br-2902.01063.

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25

Garcia-Dopico, M., and A. Garcia. "Modeling and Simulation of the Fluidized Bed and Freeboard of an FCCU Regenerator." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 52, no. 6 (January 2017): 716–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-017-0765-y.

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26

Efthimiadis, E. A., E. F. Iliopoulou, A. A. Lappas, D. K. Iatridis, and I. A. Vasalos. "NO Reduction Studies in the FCC Process. Evaluation of NO Reduction Additives for FCCU in Bench- and Pilot Plant-Scale Reactors." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 22 (October 2002): 5401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020265h.

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27

Shashi, Shashi, Roberto Cerchione, Rajwinder Singh, Piera Centobelli, and Amir Shabani. "Food cold chain management." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 792–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2017-0007.

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Purpose Since last few years, cold chain management (CCM) has gained growing interest among practitioners, policymakers, researchers and academicians. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review focused on food cold chain management (FCCM) over the last 16 years to identify state of the art in the literature, highlight research gaps and define appropriate research questions (RQs) for future research. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzes the content of 89 research articles published on the topic of food cold chain (FCC) from 2001 to 2016 within different journals. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were taken into consideration to shortlist research articles. Henceforth, the authors scrutinized the FCC industry to offer some effective strategies to tackle the chain complexities. The authors also draw interwoven between FCC infrastructure, integration, stakeholders’ interest, value addition, partners’ performance and overall food cold chain performance (FCCP) into a conceptual framework. Findings This paper identifies four research gaps in the literature of FCC concerning the most popular approaches used for the FCCP measurement, the performance measurement metrics, the factors which negatively affect the FCCP and the main sustainability issues in FCC. Originality/value This study identifies RQs which represent possible areas of investigation to improve the body of the FCCP evaluation and management. Furthermore, the FCC practitioners, food authorities and researchers might find this review useful, as it draws a clear picture of research in the respective domain.

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28

Oloruntoba, Adefarati, Yongmin Zhang, and Chang Samuel Hsu. "State-of-the-Art Review of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalyst Regeneration Intensification Technologies." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062061.

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Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the workhorse of modern crude oil refinery. Its regenerator plays a critical role in optimizing the overall profitability by efficiently restoring the catalyst activity and enhancing the heat balance in the riser reactor. Improvement in the device metallurgy and process operations have enabled industrial regenerators to operate at high temperatures with a better coke burning rate and longer operating cycle. Today, the carbon content of regenerated catalyst has drastically reduced to less than 0.1 wt.%. However, the unit is still plagued with operational complexities and insufficient understanding of the underlying dynamic, multiscale intricacies. Recent process-intensification strategies provide insights into regenerator performance improvement potentials. In this review, the importance of the uniform distribution of spent catalysts through structural modification and operational manipulations of the catalyst distributor is discussed. The knowledge of the role of baffles in enhancing excellent gas–solid interaction has been increasing, but skepticism due to its complex hydrodynamic effects on gas–solid flows fends off operators from its application, a critical evaluation of its implication in the regenerators is covered. The understanding of the contribution of air/steam distributor design and feed gas injection techniques for even contact with spent catalyst leading to the improvement in FCC performance is also investigated. The reliability of FCC components is equally a big concern, as unplanned shutdown and enormous economic losses are being witnessed due to device failure. To this end, mitigation approaches to damaging afterburn and high-temperature erosion problems with respect to process control and geometric adjustment in the bed, freeboard, cyclone separators and collection ducts are explored. Emission limits for fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) and products are consistently ratcheting downward; the commingled turnkey solutions to reducing pollutants generation are also reviewed.

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29

Goh, K. "Control design for nonlinear process models using linear robust control methods: An FCCU Example." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1-2 (1997): S595—S600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00114-2.

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30

Goh, Keat-Choon, Fen Wu, and Steve Walsh. "Control design for nonlinear process models using linear robust control methods: An FCCU example." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21 (May 1997): S595—S600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87567-9.

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31

Zhu, Xiaohua, and Ning Wang. "Splicing process inspired cuckoo search algorithm based ENNs for modeling FCCU reactor-regenerator system." Chemical Engineering Journal 354 (December 2018): 1018–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.200.

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32

SINGH, BINAY, SRISHTI SAHU, N. DIMRI, PRABHA K. DASILA, AMIT A. PAREKH, SANTOSH K. GUPTA, and A. K. DAS. "Seventeen-lump model for the simulation of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU)." Sādhanā 42, no. 11 (October 6, 2017): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12046-017-0729-2.

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33

Xu, Zhen, and Qian Chen. "Nonstationary System Monitoring Using Cointegration Testing Method." Key Engineering Materials 347 (September 2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.347.245.

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Cointegration testing method from economics area is introduced for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis for nonstationary engineering systems. The cointegration testing method seeks a a linear combination of a set of nonstationary stochastic variables, which describes long-run dynamic equilibrium relation of the nonstationary variables. This feature provides a possibility for researchers in engineering areas to utilize the cointegration testing method for nonstationary system monitoring and fault diagnosis. To verify the feasibility and performance of the cointegration testing method, an example based on a simulated nonstationary fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) system is discussed. The results of the example show that the cointegration testing method has a potential in engineering system monitoring and fault diagnosis.

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34

Benham, Kelly, and Chris Kuehler. "INTEGRATING ALBEMARLE RESOLVE DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY WITH NOVEL PETRO-CANADA PROCESS CONCEPTS IN COMMERCIAL FCCU OPERATIONS." Chemical Engineering Communications 194, no. 6 (March 2, 2007): 720–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440601098722.

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35

Yang, Shipin, and Ning Wang. "A P systems based hybrid optimization algorithm for parameter estimation of FCCU reactor–regenerator model." Chemical Engineering Journal 211-212 (November 2012): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.040.

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36

Lin, Jia-Jiang, Feng Xu, and Xiong-Lin Luo. "Dynamic Optimization of Continuous-Batch Processes: A Case Study of an FCCU with CO Promoter." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 51 (November 22, 2019): 23187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03416.

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37

Taşkin, Harun, Cemalettin Kubat, Özer Uygun, and Seher Arslankaya. "FUZZYFCC: Fuzzy logic control of a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) to improve dynamic performance." Computers & Chemical Engineering 30, no. 5 (April 2006): 850–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2005.12.016.

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38

Tian, Xuemin, Ling Tu, Minghui Yang, and Sheng Chen. "Inferential control with the aid of modified QPLS-based soft sensor for an industrial FCCU fractionator." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 11, no. 1/2 (2010): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2010.035280.

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39

García-Dopico, M., and A. García. "Modelling fluidized catalytic cracking unit stripper efficiency." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 21, no. 1-1 (2015): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq130918009g.

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This paper presents our modelling of a FCCU stripper, following our earlier research. This model can measure stripper efficiency against the most important variables: pressure, temperature, residence time and steam flow. Few models in the literature model the stripper and usually they do against only one variable. Nevertheless, there is general agreement on the importance of the stripper in the overall process, and the fact that there are few models maybe it is due to the difficulty to obtain a comprehensive model. On the other hand, the proposed model does use all the variables of the stripper, calculating efficiency on the basis of steam flow, pressure, residence time and temperature. The correctness of the model is then analysed, and we examine several possible scenarios, like decreasing the steam flow, which is achieved by increasing the temperature in the stripper.

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40

Zhao, Rui-Feng, Bo Ren, Guo-Peng Zhang, Zhong-Xia Liu, and Jian-Jian Zhang. "Phase Transition of As-Milled and Annealed CrCuFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy Powder." Nano 13, no. 09 (September 2018): 1850100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201850100x.

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The CrCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) powder was synthesized by mechanical alloying. The effects of milling time and subsequent annealing on the structure evolution, thermostability and magnetic property were investigated. After 50[Formula: see text]h of milling, the CrCuFeMnNi HEA powder consisted of a major FCC phase and a small amount of BCC phase. The crystallite size and strain lattice of 50[Formula: see text]h-ball-milled CrCuFeMnNi HEA powder were 12[Formula: see text]nm and 1.02%, respectively. The powder exhibited refined morphology and excellent chemical homogeneity. The supersaturated solid solution structure of the as-milled HEA powder transformed into FCC1, FCC2, a small amount of BCC and [Formula: see text] phase in annealed state. Most of the BCC phase decomposed into FCC (mainly FCC2 phase) and [Formula: see text] phases, and the dynamic phase transition was almost in equilibrium at 900[Formula: see text]C. The saturated magnetization and coercivity force of the 50[Formula: see text]h-ball-milled CrCuFeMnNi HEA powder were respectively 16.1[Formula: see text]emu/g and 56.2[Formula: see text]Oe.

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41

Roni, Kiagus Ahmad, Atika Dewi, and Muhammad Arief Karim. "Biodiesel from Jelantah Oil with Catalyst FCCU Base Chemical Al2O3 Based Speed of Statement and Comparison of Reaction." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 2914–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8195.

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42

Mansur, Dieni, Aminuddin Aminuddin, and Verina J. Wargadalam. "Production of Bio-hydrocarbon from Refined-Bleach-Deodorized Palm Oil using Micro Activity Test Reactor." Reaktor 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.2.75-80.

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Catalytic cracking of vegetable oil for the production of bio-hydrocarbons had been developed. In this study, the catalytic cracking of Refined-Bleach-Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) had carried out over Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) equilibrium catalyst in a micro activity test reactor at 510°C under various catalyst to oil (CTO) ratio of 1.20 - 2.01 g/g. The catalytic cracking of RBDPO had produced the organic liquid product (OLP) containing bio-hydrocarbon, water, gas, and coke on the catalyst converted to CO2 during the catalyst regeneration process. The increase in CTO ratio from 1.20 to 2.01, OLP yield decreased from 80.48% to 70.12%. The OLP was separated into gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO), and heavy cycle oil (HCO) based on boiling point difference by a simulated distillation gas chromatography (SimDis GC). High gasoline fraction as 31.56% was produced at CTO of 2.01 g/g. The gasoline fraction contained olefins, aromatics, paraffin, iso-paraffins, and a small amount of naphthenes and oxygenates. The presence of chemicals in the gasoline fraction influenced the research octane number (RON) of the fuel.Keyword: bio-hydrocarbon; catalytic cracking; micro activity test reactor; RBDPO

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43

Sankararao, B., and Santosh K. Gupta. "Multi-objective optimization of an industrial fluidized-bed catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) using two jumping gene adaptations of simulated annealing." Computers & Chemical Engineering 31, no. 11 (November 2007): 1496–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.12.012.

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44

Guzmán, Gustavo Navas, Francy L. Martínez Cruz, and Juan Pablo Osorio Suárez. "PREDICTION OF THE FCC FEEDSTOCKS CRACKABILITY." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 5 (December 31, 2009): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.453.

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This paper presents a statistical model for prediction of feedstock’s crackability (potential to generate valuable products on catalytic cracking process), based on experimental reactivity data by microactivity test (MAT - Microscale Fixed Bed Reactor) and detailed physicochemical characterization. A minimum amount of experimental tests corresponding to feed properties (typically available at refinery) is used to build a more complete description of feedstocks including chemical composition and hydrocarbon distribution. Both measured and calculated physicochemical properties are used to predict the yields of main products at several MAT reaction severities. Different well known functions correlating yields and conversion (previously tested with experimental data MAT) allows the evaluation of maximum point of gasoline yield. This point is used like a crackability index and qualitative point comparison of feedstock’s potential. Extensive feedstocks data base from Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP) with a wide range of composition were used to build the model, including the following feeds: 1. Light feedstocks - Gasoils of refinery and laboratory cuts from different types of Colombian crude oils and 2. Heavy feedstoks - Residues or feedstocks combined (blending of gasoil [GO], atmospheric tower bottom [ATB], demetallized oil [DMO] and demetallized oil hydrotreated [DMOH] in several proportions) from the four fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU) at Ecopetrol S.A. refinery in Barrancabermeja - Colombia. The results of model show the prediction of valuable products such as gasoline for different refinery feedstocks within acceptable accuracy, thus obtaining a reliable ranking of crackability.

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Kasat, Rahul B., and Santosh K. Gupta. "Multi-objective optimization of an industrial fluidized-bed catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) using genetic algorithm (GA) with the jumping genes operator." Computers & Chemical Engineering 27, no. 12 (December 2003): 1785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(03)00153-4.

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Arandes, Jose M., Iñaki Abajo, Javier Bilbao, Josune Aokziti, and Hugo I. De Lasa. "Consistency of the ten-lump kinetic model for cracking: Study in a laboratory reactor and use for simulation of an FCCU." Chemical Engineering Communications 190, no. 2 (February 2003): 254–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440302145.

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Suksamran, Amnart, Nawarat Worauaychai, Nattaya Tosangthum, Thanyaporn Yodkaew, Rungtip Krataitong, Pongsak Wila, and Ruangdaj Tongsri. "Effect of Aluminum Addition on Al_xCoFeMnNiZn Multi-Component Production." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.53.

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Five multi-component alloy (MCA) formulations of CoFeMnNiZn (MCA01), Al0.5CoFeMnNiZn (MCA02), Al1.0CoFeMnNiZn (MCA03), Co5Fe5Mn30Ni20Zn40 (MCA04) and Al8.4Co4.6Fe4.6Mn27Ni18.4Zn37 (MCA05) were prepared by mechanical alloying and melting process (MAM). Five-component alloys of MCA01-MCA05 were designed using empirical formulae for high entropy alloys. Phase formation and microstructure were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that MCA01 was partially melted by MAM process. However, MCA02-MCA05 could be melted and cast by MAM process. The microstructures of as-cast MCA02 and MCA03 showed dendritic solidification. Nevertheless, the as-cast MCA04 showed microstructure similar to that of Ni-based superalloy, i.e., the as-cast MCA04 consisted of γ matrix and γ′ phase. Moreover, egg type core shell structure was found in the interdendritic regions of the MCA05 alloy. In addition, the Al-added MCA02 and MCA03 alloys showed crystal structures of FCC1, FCC2 and BCC. MCA04 alloy demonstrated crystal structure of FCC whereas MCA05 alloy had crystal structures of FCC and Primitive Cubic.

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Dall’Oglio, Immacolata, Rachele Mascolo, Anna Portanova, Angela Ragni, Patrizia Amadio, Martina Fiori, Marco Tofani, et al. "Staff Perceptions of Family-Centered Care in Italian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study." Children 9, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9091401.

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Family Centered Care (FCC) in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) included family involvement in the care process of newborns and infants. Staff perceptions of FCC may influence clinical practice and management strategies in NICUs, with an impact on quality and humanization of the care. The Family-Centred Care Questionnaire-Revised (FCCQ-R) was adapted for the NICU setting, therefore the FCCQ-R@it-NICU was developed and used for the present study in 32 Italian NICUs. We calculated internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha correlation between Current and Necessary dimensions of the scale using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Furthermore, we investigated which characteristics could influence staff perceptions of FCC in NICUs. 921 NICU professionals participated in the study. The FCCQ-R@it-NICU revealed good internal consistency (0.96) and good correlation between dimensions (p < 0.05). Statistical and significant differences in Current and Necessary dimensions were found and some demographic characteristics were found predictable on FCC practice. The FCCQ-R@it-NICU is a valid tool to investigate staff perceptions about FCC in NICU settings. Profession, education level and work experience seem to positively influence the perception of what is required for FCC practice within NICUs.

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Wang, Jinxin, Zhongwei Wang, Xiuzhen Ma, Guojin Feng, and Chi Zhang. "Locating Sensors in Complex Engineering Systems for Fault Isolation Using Population-Based Incremental Learning." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020310.

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Fault diagnostics aims to locate the origin of an abnormity if it presents and therefore maximize the system performance during its full life-cycle. Many studies have been devoted to the feature extraction and isolation mechanisms of various faults. However, limited efforts have been spent on the optimization of sensor location in a complex engineering system, which is expected to be a critical step for the successful application of fault diagnostics. In this paper, a novel sensor location approach is proposed for the purpose of fault isolation using population-based incremental learning (PBIL). A directed graph is used to model the fault propagation of a complex engineering system. The multidimensional causal relationships of faults and symptoms were obtained via traversing the directed path in the directed graph. To locate the minimal quantity of sensors for desired fault isolatability, the problem of sensor location was firstly formulated as an optimization problem and then handled using PBIL. Two classical cases, including a diesel engine and a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU), were taken as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results show that the proposed method can minimize the quantity of sensors while keeping the capacity of fault isolation unchanged.

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Igbagara, Princewill. "Simulation of an Industrial Carbon Black Reactor Using Collision Kinetics." European Journal of Physical Sciences 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejps.753.

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Purpose: Objective of the work was to test efficacy of the proposed flame chemistry and collision kinetics for prediction of process parametres through determination of the effect of basic process parameters on yield (which includes but not limited to grade of carbon black produced). Methodology: The research methodology in this work was simulation of an industrial Carbon Black Reactor based on reaction kinetics from flame chemistry which assumes that primary particle formation and particle growth is strictly by collision of molecular nuclei with gas molecule as proposed by the collision theory. Decant oil from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) of the Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Company Limited of Nigeria represented by naphthalene was used as feedstock in the simulation while methane gas is the fuel for combustion needed to attain the reaction temperature. Findings: Results showed an excellent quantitative prediction of trends by models. Qualitative predictions gave far higher parameter values, something easily attributable to the excessively high values of kinetic data used for model testing. Recommendation: The simplifying assumptions of these models completely ignored microscopic phenomena such as interface mass and heat transfer and other similar processes. Consequently, the model can be improved upon by introducing some of these processes as identified.

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