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Saha, Rony Kumer, and Chaodit Aswakul. "Incentive and Architecture of Multi-Band Enabled Small Cell and UE for Up-/Down-Link and Control-/User-Plane Splitting for 5G Mobile Networks." Frequenz 71, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2017): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2016-0014.
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Abstract In this paper, a multi-band enabled femtocell base station (FCBS) and user equipment (UE) architecture is proposed in a multi-tier network that consists of small cells, including femtocells and picocells deployed over the coverage of a macrocell for splitting uplink and downlink (UL/DL) as well as control-plane and user-plane (C-/U-plane) for 5G mobile networks. Since splitting is performed at the same FCBS, we define this architecture as the same base station based split architecture (SBSA). For multiple bands, we consider co-channel (CC) microwave and different frequency (DF) 60 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) bands for FCBSs and UEs with respect to the microwave band used by their over-laid macrocell base station. All femtocells are assumed to be deployed in a 3-dimensional multi-storage building. For CC microwave band, cross-tier CC interference of femtocells with macrocell is avoided using almost blank subframe based enhanced inter-cell interference coordination techniques. The co-existence of CC microwave and DF mmWave bands for SBSA on the same FCBS and UE is first studied to show their performance disparities in terms of system capacity and spectral efficiency in order to provide incentives for employing multiple bands at the same FCBS and UE and identify a suitable band for routing decoupled UL/DL or C-/U-plane traffic. We then present a number of disruptive architectural design alternatives of multi-band enabled SBSA for 5G mobile networks for UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, including a disruptive and complete splitting of UL/DL and C-/U-plane as well as a combined UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, by exploiting dual connectivity on CC microwave and DF mmWave bands. The outperformances of SBSA in terms of system level capacity, average spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and control-plane overhead traffic capacity in comparison with different base stations based split architecture (DBSA) are shown. Finally, a number of technical and business perspectives as well as key research issues of SBSA are discussed.
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Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Bishal Gyawali, Anupa Rijal, Abhishek Sapkota, Marieann Högman, Arjun Karki, Torben Sigsgaard, Dinesh Neupane, and Per Kallestrup. "Community-based management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Nepal—Designing and implementing a training program for Female Community Health Volunteers." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 3 (March 25, 2022): e0000253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000253.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Nepal. Female community health volunteers (FCHVs) have proven effective in the delivery of reproductive, maternal, and child health services in Nepal and recently in the prevention and management of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Evidence on their roles in COPD management is not yet available. The aim of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate a training program for FCHVs regarding COPD prevention and management. The training program was part of a cluster-randomized trial of a 12-month intervention to improve COPD outcomes in a semi-urban area of Western Nepal. A six-day workshop consisting of thirty hours of training was developed for FCHVs. Training materials incorporated introduction to COPD, risk factors and symptoms, COPD status assessment guide for FCHVs, guidance on breathing techniques, and exercises for people living with COPD. Pre- and post-test questionnaires were administered to assess the change in knowledge of FCHVs, post training skills assessment followed by semi-structured interviews assessed FCHVs’ satisfaction with the training program. The findings of the pre- and post- test assessments showed a significant improvement in FCHVs’ COPD-related knowledge from a median (interquartile range) score of 12 (3–16) before to 21 (21–22) (p<0.001) after the training program. The qualitative assessment revealed the feasibility of FCHVs’ training on COPD and their acceptability to deliver the intervention package within the community. It also indicated that implementing future training with an extended period and a few days break in-between could enhance the effectiveness. Training of FCHVs in COPD management is feasible and leads to improvement in knowledge. The motivation shown by FCHVs to deliver the intervention could inform and guide community programs and policies for COPD prevention and management in Nepal and similar settings.
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Tekes, Gergely, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Barbara Bank-Wolf, Reinhard Maier, Heinz-Jürgen Thiel, and Volker Thiel. "Chimeric Feline Coronaviruses That Encode Type II Spike Protein on Type I Genetic Background Display Accelerated Viral Growth and Altered Receptor Usage." Journal of Virology 84, no. 3 (November 11, 2009): 1326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01568-09.
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ABSTRACT Persistent infection of domestic cats with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) can lead to a highly lethal, immunopathological disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Interestingly, there are two serotypes, type I and type II FCoVs, that can cause both persistent infection and FIP, even though their main determinant of host cell tropism, the spike (S) protein, is of different phylogeny and displays limited sequence identity. In cell culture, however, there are apparent differences. Type II FCoVs can be propagated to high titers by employing feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) as a cellular receptor, whereas the propagation of type I FCoVs is usually difficult, and the involvement of fAPN as a receptor is controversial. In this study we have analyzed the phenotypes of recombinant FCoVs that are based on the genetic background of type I FCoV strain Black but encode the type II FCoV strain 79-1146 S protein. Our data demonstrate that recombinant FCoVs expressing a type II FCoV S protein acquire the ability to efficiently use fAPN for host cell entry and corroborate the notion that type I FCoVs use another main host cell receptor. We also observed that recombinant FCoVs display a large-plaque phenotype and, unexpectedly, accelerated growth kinetics indistinguishable from that of type II FCoV strain 79-1146. Thus, the main phenotypic differences for type I and type II FCoVs in cell culture, namely, the growth kinetics and the efficient usage of fAPN as a cellular receptor, can be attributed solely to the FCoV S protein.
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Rawal, Lal B., Yuewen Sun, Padam K. Dahal, Sushil C. Baral, Sudeepa Khanal, Abriti Arjyal, Shraddha Manandhar, and Abu S. Abdullah. "Engaging Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) for cardiovascular diseases risk screening in Nepal." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): e0261518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261518.
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Introduction Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have become the leading public health problems worldwide and the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is one of the major NCDs. Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) in Nepal are the key drivers to implementing frontline health services. We explored the potential for engaging FCHVs for CVD risk screening at the community level in Nepal. Methods We used multiple approaches (quantitative and qualitative) for data collection. The trained FCHVs administered CVD risk screening questionnaire among 491 adults in rural and urban areas and calculated the CVD risk scores. To maintain consistency and quality, a registered medical doctor also, using the same risk scoring chart, independently calculated the CVD risk scores. Kappa statistics and concordance coefficient were used to compare these two sets of risk screening results. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were conducted. Two focus group discussions among the FCHVs were conducted to determine their experiences with CVD risk screening and willingness to engage with CVD prevention and control efforts. Results The mean level of agreement between two sets of risk screening results was 94.5% (Kappa = 0.77, P<0.05). Sensitivity of FCHV screening was 90.3% (95% CI: 0.801–0.964); and the specificity was 97% (95% CI: 0.948, 0.984). FCHVs who participated in the FGDs expressed a strong enthusiasm and readiness to using the CVD risk screening tools. Despite their busy workload, all FCHVs showed high level of motivation and willingness in using CVD risk screening tools and contribute to the prevention and control efforts of NCDs. The FCHVs recommended needs for providing additional training and capacity building opportunities. Conclusion We conclude that there is a potential for engaging FCHVs to use simple CVD risk screening tools at the community level. The findings are promising, however, further studies engaging larger number of FCHVs and larger population would warrant feasibility of such tools within the existing healthcare systems in Nepal.
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Feng, Yadong, Chunhua Jiao, Yang Cao, Ye Zhao, Yanfang Chen, Lin Fang, and Ruihua Shi. "A Comparison of a Fully Covered and an Uncovered Segmented Biodegradable Esophageal Stent in a Porcine Model: Preclinical Evaluation of Degradation, Complications, and Tissue Reactions." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8690858.
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Aims. This study was to compare the degradation, complications, and tissue reactions of two segmented biodegradable esophageal stents in a porcine model.Methods. Uncovered biodegradable segmented stents and fully covered biodegradable segmented stents (FCBDS) were transplanted into the porcine esophagus lumen. Data on biodegradation, complications, and tissue reactions were collected and compared.Results. All animals kept good general conditions. No severe complications and stents migration occurred. Stents degradation commenced at week 3. Compared with uncovered stents, stents structure breakage and complete stents absorption in FCBDS were postponed for 1-2 weeks. Hyperplasia was prominent at early stage and ameliorated at late stage after stents insertion. Tissue reactions in FCBDS were milder than those in uncovered stents in the early stage. A longer degradation period was present in FCBDS than in uncovered stents, while FCBDS induced tissue reaction at late stage was mild.Conclusions. Biodegradable esophageal stents with a segmented trunk may be further evaluated in refractory benign esophagus strictures. This FCBDS may be advantageous compared with uncovered stents for a longer degradation period.
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Omer, Mazin, Axel Kroeger, Anand Ballabh Joshi, Murari Lal Das, Lina Ghassan Younis, Vivek Kumar Singh, Chitra Kumar Gurung, and Megha Raj Banjara. "Role of female community health volunteers for visceral leishmaniasisdetection and vector surveillance in Nepal." Health Promotion Perspectives 10, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2020.09.
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Background: As visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has recently expanded in previously non-endemic areas of Nepal, the health system is facing new challenges. Female community health volunteers(FCHVs) are playing an important role for VL elimination in Nepal. This study aimed to analyze the actual and potential role of FCHVs for VL elimination program as well as community awareness of the disease (VL) and protective measures. Methods: We used a concurrent embedded mixed methods design. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with FCHVs of 22 VLendemic villages of 3 districts. Concurrently quantitative data were collected through formal interviews of 203 household heads of the same villages. Results: FCHVs are able to perform their duties in an efficient way with the support of their families and specific incentives. FCHVs in the VL-endemic region have a good ability to recognize the VL suspects and refer to health facilities. The feedback by the district health office on referred patients was weak thus missing the opportunity of involving FCHVs in the 6-months follow up. In houses with a previous VL case knowledge levels of prevention and treatment ofVL were significantly better than in houses without a previous VL case. More people in houses with a former VL patient were aware on VL transmission. Conclusion: FCHVs are playing an important role for VL elimination in Nepal through detection of suspected cases and referral and may play a role in vector surveillance.
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Hyoju, Sanjiv Kumar. "The impact on case findings by transferring clinical breast examination skills to female community health volunteers in limited resources country like Nepal." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e11094-e11094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e11094.
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e11094 Background: In limited resources countries, patients with breast cancer present to the hospital in the late stage because of lack of awareness, screening program. Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) may be the only means of detecting the breast cancer early in countries with limited resources since mammography is less likely to be cost effective approach and CBE by surgeons are also not possible because of limited health care facility. Hence CBE by FCHVs seems to be more feasible. This study was conducted to observe the skill transfer to FCHVs for detection of clinical abnormalities in breast by determining kappa agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CBE by FCHVs considering CBE by the Surgeon as gold standard. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted in Eastern Nepal for period of one year from June 2008 to May 2009. Total 1238 women were examined by both a FCHV and the Surgeon. The results were analyzed to find out interobserver kappa agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for detection of clinical abnormalities in breast following CBE by FCHVs considering CBE by the Surgeon as gold standard. Results: Total 1238 women received CBE by both a FCHV and the Surgeon. The interobserver kappa agreement for the detection of clinical abnormalities in breast was 67% indicating a good agreement exists between the FCHVs and the Surgeon’s CBE Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of “FCHVs’ CBE” to detect clinical abnormalities in breast in comparison to “the Surgeon’s CBE” as gold standard were 70%, 95%, 74% and 94% respectively. Conclusions: In view of good CBE skills transfer to FCHVs for detection of clinical abnormalities in breast, the effective training of FCHVs may diagnose and refer the women with clinical breast abnormalities to the hospital for further investigation and treatment.
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Li, Juanjuan, Guoying Meng, Guangming Xie, Aiming Wang, Jun Ding, Wei Zhang, and Xingwei Wan. "Study on Health Assessment Method of a Braking System of a Mine Hoist." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040769.
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This paper presents a method for calculating the health degree (HD) of a braking system of a mine hoist combined with three-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment (TLFCA) and a back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Firstly, the monitored values of a sensor are fused by multi-time fusion and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment values (FCAVs) of the health condition (HC) of the sensor are obtained. Secondly, the FCAVs of all sensors in a subsystem are fused by multi-sensor fusion, and FCAVs of the subsystem are obtained. Then the FCAVs of all subsystems are fused by multi-subsystem fusion and FCAVs of the system are obtained. All the FCAVs are fed into a pre-trained neural network, and the corresponding HD of the sensor, subsystem and system is obtained. Finally, the practicability, reliability and sensitivity of the proposed method are verified by the monitored values of the test rig. This paper presents a method to provide technical support for intelligent maintenance, and also provides necessary data for further prognostics health management (PHM) of the braking system. The method presented in this paper can also be used as a reference for the HD calculation of the whole hoist and other complicated equipment.
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Fredricks, Karla, Hao Dinh, Manita Kusi, Chandra Yogal, Biraj M. Karmacharya, Thomas F. Burke, and Brett D. Nelson. "Community Health Workers and Disasters: Lessons Learned from the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 6 (August 8, 2017): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1700680x.
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AbstractIntroductionThe Nepal earthquake of 2015 was a major disaster that exacted an enormous toll on human lives and caused extensive damage to the infrastructure of the region. Similar to other developing countries, Nepal has a network of community health workers (CHWs; known as female community health volunteers [FCHVs]) that was in place prior to the earthquake and continues to function to improve maternal and child health. These FCHVs and other community members were responsible, by default, for providing the first wave of assistance after the earthquake.Hypothesis/ProblemCommunity health workers such as FCHVs could be used to provide formal relief services in the event of an emergency, but there is a paucity of evidence-based literature on how to best utilize them in disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response. Data are needed to further characterize the roles that this cadre has played in past disasters and what strategies can be implemented to better incorporate them into future emergency management.MethodsIn March 2016, key-informant interviews, FCHV interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Nepali health facilities using semi-structured guides. The audio-recorded data were obtained with the assistance of a translator (Nepali-English), transcribed verbatim in English, and coded by two independent researchers (manually and with NVivo 11 Pro software [QSR International; Melbourne, Australia]).ResultsAcross seven different regions, 14 interviews with FCHVs, two FGDs with community women, and three key-informant interviews were conducted. Four major themes emerged around the topic of FCHVs and the 2015 earthquake: (1) community care and rapport between FCHVs and local residents; (2) emergency response of FCHVs in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake; (3) training requested to improve the FCHVs’ ability to manage disasters; and (4) interaction with relief organizations and how to create collaborations that provide aid relief more effectively.ConclusionsThe FCHVs in Nepal provided multiple services to their communities in the aftermath of the earthquake, largely without any specific training or instruction. Proper preparation, in addition to improved collaboration with aid agencies, could increase the capacity of FCHVs to respond in the event of a future disaster. The information gained from this study of the FCHV experience in the Nepal earthquake could be used to inform risk reduction and emergency management policies for CHWs in various settings worldwide.FredricksK, DinhH, KusiM, YogalC, KarmacharyaBM, BurkeTF, NelsonBD. Community health workers and disasters: lessons learned from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):604–609.
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Thapa, Kala, Gayatri Rai, Mangala Shrestha, and Nirmala Pokharel. "Knowledge and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female Community Health Volunteers in Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City, Province No. 1, Nepal." Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v5i1.44376.
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Background: Regular breast self-examination is the most cost-effective method for the early detection of breast cancer. Female community health volunteers (FCHVs) could play an important role in teaching the community about breast self-examination (BSE). We aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among FCHVs. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the census sampling method to select FCHVs from all 20 wards of Dharan sub-metropolitan city. Face-to-face interview was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect information related to the knowledge of BSE from consenting participants. The practice of BSE was assessed through direct observation of BSE by using a checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 10.0. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 95 FCHVs (out of 107) were enrolled in the survey. The mean age (SD) of the study participants was 42.45 (8.97) years; 85.3% were married and majority (64.2%) had completed secondary level of education. The majority of the FCHVs, 65 (68.4%), earned monetary income less than NPR.7000.00 per month. The majority, 82 (86.3%), of the FCHVs had adequate knowledge but only 21 (22.2%) respondents had ever practiced BSE. No significant association was found between the knowledge and practice of BSE with the selected demographic variables such as age, marital status, educational level, age at menarche, and menopause. Conclusion: The FCHVs had adequate knowledge but poor practice regarding BSE. Training should be emphasized to improve their practice of BSE.
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FOLĘGA, Piotr, Dorota BURCHART, Paweł MARZEC, Simona JURSOVA, and Pavlina PUSTEJOVSKA. "POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE IMPACTS OF FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES POWERED BY HYDROGEN PRODUCED FROM POLISH COKE OVEN GAS." Transport Problems 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2022.17.1.13.
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This study analysed the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles’(FCEVs’) life cycles. These included models running on hydrogen derived from coke oven gas (COG), which is a by-product of the coking process of coal and includes hydrogen, methane, and other gases. FCEVs and hydrogen have the potential to drive future mobility. Hydrogen can be separated from the COG in the process of pressure swing adsorption to obtain a purity of hydrogen that meets the requirements of a hydrogen FCEV. An environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of FCEV powered by hydrogen produced from Polish COG was conducted. The direction of hydrogen production strategies in Poland was also presented. The analyses included the entire life cycle of FCEVs with the production of hydrogen from COG in a Polish coke plant. A comparative analysis of FCEVs and other alternative fuels was conducted, and the main determinants of GHG emissions of FCEV were given. Importantly, this is the first attempt at an environmental assessment of FCEVs in Poland.
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Haggart, Kerri, Janet Hoek, and Mei-Ling Blank. "Flavor Capsule Variants’ Performance in a “Dark Market”: Implications for Standardized Packaging." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 5 (July 28, 2018): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty158.
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Abstract Background By increasing excise taxes, eliminating tobacco marketing, and requiring standardized (plain) packaging of tobacco products, governments internationally have reduced smoking’s allure. Yet product innovations, such as flavor capsule variants (FCVs), remain unregulated and may appeal to non-smokers. We examined the growth of FCVs in a country with a progressive policy environment. Methods Each year, New Zealand tobacco companies must provide details of the number of cigarette sticks released for each brand and variant to the Ministry of Health. We used this information to analyze FCVs’ performance for British American Tobacco (BAT) and Philip Morris International (PMI), which account for a large proportion of New Zealand tobacco sales. We report the quantity released of each variant and share of parent brand portfolio, and examine growth patterns within the premium, everyday, and value market subsections. Results BAT introduced FCVs in 2012 and by 2014 offered FCVs in all market subsections; PMI introduced a Marlboro FCV in 2014. FCVs grew rapidly relative to unflavored variants and, by 2017, represented nearly 10% of BAT’s product portfolio and more than 3% of PMI’s product portfolio. By 2017, FCVs accounted for more than a third of the Dunhill sticks released, 14% of Holiday, and 17% of Pall Mall. Conclusions FCVs’ rapid growth may have reduced declines in the numbers of sticks released. Policy makers should disallow FCV innovations, which offer no health benefits to smokers and may instead attract non-smokers to smoking. Where timely, these regulations could be incorporated into standardized packaging policies. Implications FCVs have grown quickly in countries with comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions, which suggests tobacco companies are now focusing on novel product designs to attract new smokers. Standardized packaging regulations could address both external packaging and stick design innovations, such as FCVs; alternatively, specific regulations prohibiting FCVs may be required.
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Lee, Dong Sub, Jin Su Park, and Young Seok Sim. "A Study on the Construction of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle and Hydrogen Charging Station Supply Activation(mainly in Gyeongsangbuk-do)." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.12.560.
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In order to reduce various environmental pollutants and green house gas emissions caused by the use of fossil fuels, countries around the world are making various efforts to revitalize the supply of eco-friendly vehicles such as FCEVs(fuel cell electric vehicles) and electric vehicles. As a policy to revitalize the supply of eco- friendly cars, it is pushing for purchase subsidies and tax reduction policies, and aims to supply 6.7 million fuel cell electric vehicles and 310 hydrogen charging stations by 2022. Meanwhile in order for eco-friendly cars to be activated, various policies such as subsidies, vehicle price reduction, easing various regulatory policies, and promoting incentive policies are needed, but above all, installing charging facilities is important to revitalize eco-friendly vehicles. In this study, the current status of the FCEV industry and the promotion strategy according to the supply of FCEVs were presented to revitalize the supply of the FCEVs suitable for the situation in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The first, practical hydrogen utilization measures should be prepared first in purchasing business vehicles through a plan to supply FCEVs, expand subsides to revitalize the supply of FCEVs, and secure subsidies for operation of hydrogen charging stations. The second, it is necessary to build a hydrogen production base in Gyeongsangbuk-do to expand the FCEV infrastructure, build an institutional plan to revitalize FCEVs, and reduce hydrogen costs through green hydrogen production and production base construction. The third, it is necessary to train professionals, in the hydrogen industry and promote the transformation of local people’s perception of hydrogen and hydrogen charging stations. Therefore, Gyeongsangbuk-do can secure competitiveness in the hydrogen industry by supplying FCEVs and expanding hydrogen charging stations, and contribute for forstering the hydrogen economy, a key driving force for future innovation growth and energy conversion.
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Yang, Yanmei, Geng Wang, Lan Zhang, Sinan Zhang, and Ling Lin. "Comparison of Hydrogen Specification in National Standards for China." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 03042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911803042.
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Hydrogen specifications for different scenarios are various. Based on national standards for China, a comparison of hydrogen specification standards is discussed in this paper, including specification standards for industrial hydrogen, pure hydrogen, high pure hydrogen, ultrapure hydrogen, hydrogen for electronic industry and hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Hydrogen purity for electronic industry is greater than that for industrial hydrogen, pure hydrogen and hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Specifications of general contaminants in hydrogen for electronic industry, including H2O, O2, N2, CO, CO2 and total hydrocarbons, are stricter than that in hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Hydrogen purity for PEM FCVs is less than that for electronic industry and pure hydrogen. However, contaminants in hydrogen for PEM FCVs are strict. Contaminants in hydrogen for PEM FCVs should include not only H2O, O2, N2, CO, CO2, Ar and total hydrocarbons, but also helium, total sulfur compounds, formaldehyde, formic acid, ammonia, halogenated compounds and particulates.
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Qi, Ke, Yamin Dang, Changhui Xu, and Shouzhou Gu. "Performance Analysis of BDS-3 FCB Estimated by Reference Station Networks over a Long Time." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193610.
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The stability and validity of the BDS-3 precise point positioning ambiguity solution (PPP-AR) is becoming more and more important along with the development of BDS-3 orbit and clock products over long durations. Satellite phase fractional cycle biases (FCBs) are key in PPP-AR, so it is important to ensure the validity and stability of FCBs over a long duration. In this study, we analyzed the validity and stability of BDS-3 phase FCBs by estimating them. The BDS-3 FCB experiments showed that BDS-3 FCBs have the same stability as GPS/GAL/BDS-2. BDS-3 widelane (WL) FCBs also have stable characteristics and the maximal fluctuation value of WL FCBs was found to be 0.2 cycles in a month. BDS-3 narrowlane (NL) FCBs were found to be unstable and the maximal fluctuation value of NL FCBs was more than 0.25 cycles over one day. Analyzing the posteriori residual errors of BDS-3 WL and NL ambiguities showed that the BDS-3 FCBs had the same accuracy as GPS/GAL/BDS-2. However, the ambiguity-fixed rate of BDS-3 was about 70%, which was less than GPS/GAL/BDS-2 in PPP-AR experiments. For this reason, we analyzed the quality of data and the accuracy of orbit and clock products by using different analysis center products. The results showed that the low accuracy of the BDS-3 orbit and clock products was the main reason for the low-ambiguity fixed rate.
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Wu, Xiaogang, Jiulong Wang, Yun Zhang, Jiuyu Du, Zhengxin Liu, and Yu Chen. "Review of DC-DC Converter Topologies Based on Impedance Network with Wide Input Voltage Range and High Gain for Fuel Cell Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00163-z.
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AbstractThe development of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) has a major impact on improving air quality and reducing other fossil-fuel-related problems. DC-DC boost converters with wide input voltage ranges and high gains are essential to fuel cells and DC buses in the powertrains of FCVs, helping to improve the low voltage of fuel cells and “soft” output characteristics. To build DC-DC converters with the desired performance, their topologies have been widely investigated and optimized. Aiming to obtain the optimal design of wide input range and high-gain DC-DC boost converter topologies for FCVs, a review of the research status of DC-DC boost converters based on an impedance network is presented. Additionally, an evaluation system for DC-DC topologies for FCVs is constructed, providing a reference for designing wide input range and high-gain boost converters. The evaluation system uses eight indexes to comprehensively evaluate the performance of DC-DC boost converters for FCVs. On this basis, issues about DC-DC converters for FCVs are discussed, and future research directions are proposed. The main future research directions of DC-DC converter for FCVs include utilizing a DC-DC converter to realize online monitoring of the water content in FCs and designing buck-boost DC-DC converters suitable for high-power commercial FCVs.
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Hoopes, David G., and Danny Miller. "Ownership Preferences, Competitive Heterogeneity, and Family-Controlled Businesses." Family Business Review 19, no. 2 (June 2006): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00064.x.
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This article models ownership concentration, owner preferences, and competitive advantage. It argues that ownership structure and owner preferences can give rise to resources and capabilities that increase firm profits. The model is then used to explain how successful family-controlled businesses (FCBs) differ from firms with less concentrated ownership and less successful FCBs. Because of their ownership concentration and reduced monitoring costs, many FCBs will have a resource surplus. That surplus and the tendency toward long-term investment among some FCBs create unique competitive opportunities under conditions we specify.
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Dhital, Rolina, Ram Chandra Silwal, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Sabina Pokhrel, Heera Tuladhar, Suzanna Bright, Emily-Anne Tunnacliffe, Kusum Thapa, and Anita Makins. "Evaluating the impact of female community health volunteer involvement in a postpartum family planning intervention in Nepal: A mixed-methods study at one-year post-intervention." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): e0258834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258834.
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Introduction This is a one-year post-intervention study following an initiative to provide orientation to female community health volunteers (FCHVs) on postpartum family planning in Nepal. In light of positive results in the earlier post-intervention study, this study was designed to provide a more long-term perspective on sustainability by assessing the effect at one-year post-intervention. Methods This mixed-methods study was conducted in January 2020 in Morang district, Nepal. We collected quantitative data from a knowledge assessment of FCHVs who had participated in the intervention on postpartum family planning, data on their community-based counseling coverage and through interviews with postpartum mothers in two selected hospitals. Qualitative data were collected through six key informant interviews with health providers and four focus group discussions with FCHVs involved in the intervention. We performed descriptive and multivariate analyses for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results In total, 206 FCHVs participated in the one-year post-intervention study with significant improvement in knowledge of postpartum family planning as compared to pre-intervention period. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for knowledge of the 5 key messages on postpartum family planning as compared to the pre-intervention period included 1) knowledge on postpartum family planning can be used immediately after birth (AOR = 18.1, P<0.001), 2) postpartum intra-uterine device (PPIUD) can provide protection up to 12 years (AOR = 2.9, P = 0.011), 3) mothers who undergo cesarean section can use PPIUD (AOR = 2.3, P<0.001), 4) PPIUD can be inserted immediately after birth (AOR = 6.2, P <0.001), and 5) women should go for follow-up immediately if the IUD strings are seen outside vulva (AOR = 2.0, P = 0.08). The FCHVs answering 4 or more questions correctly was 10 times higher (AOR = 10.1, P<0.001) at one-year post-intervention, whereas it was 25 times higher at immediate-post-test (AOR = 25.1, p<0.001) as compared to pre-intervention phase. The FCHVs had counseled 71% of the pregnant women (n = 538) within their communities at one-year post-intervention. The postpartum mothers in hospitals had a 2 times higher odds of being counseled by FCHVs during their pregnancy at one-year post-intervention (AOR = 1.8, P = 0.039) than in pre-intervention phase. The qualitative findings suggested a positive impression regarding the FCHV’s involvement in postpartum family planning counseling in the communities, however, supervision and monitoring over a longer term was identified as a key challenge and that may influence sustainability of community-based and hospital-based postpartum family planning services. Conclusion The FCHVs’ knowledge and community-based activities on postpartum family planning remained higher than in the pre-intervention. However, it declined when compared to the immediate post-intervention period. We propose regular supervision and monitoring of the work of the FCHVs to sustain progress.
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Wu, Ona, Jie Lu, Joseph B. Mandeville, Yoshihiro Murata, Yasu Egi, Guangping Dai, John J. Marota, et al. "Dynamic Functional Cerebral Blood Volume Responses to Normobaric Hyperoxia in Acute Ischemic Stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 32, no. 9 (June 27, 2012): 1800–1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.87.
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Studies suggest that neuroprotective effects of normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy in acute stroke are partly mediated by hemodynamic alterations. We investigated cerebral hemodynamic effects of repeated NBO exposures. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in Wistar rats subjected to focal ischemic stroke. Normobaric oxygen-induced functional cerebral blood volume (fCBV) responses were analyzed. All rats had diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) lesions within larger perfusion deficits, with DWI lesion expansion after 3 hours. Functional cerebral blood volume responses to NBO were spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Contralateral healthy tissue responded consistently with vasoconstriction that increased with time. No significant responses were evident in the acute DWI lesion. In hypoperfused regions surrounding the acute DWI lesion, tissue that remained viable until the end of the experiment showed relative preservation of mean fCBV at early time points, with some rats showing increased fCBV (vasodilation); however, these regions later exhibited significantly decreased fCBV (vasoconstriction). Tissue that became DWI abnormal by study-end initially showed marginal fCBV changes that later became moderate fCBV reductions. Our results suggest that a reverse-steal hemodynamic effect may occur in peripheral ischemic zones during NBO treatment of focal stroke. In addition, CBV responses to NBO challenge may have potential as an imaging marker to distinguish ischemic core from salvageable tissues.
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Zeng, Baihui, Qian Wang, Guiqin Sui, Mingxuan Wang, Wei Xie, and Jinling Fu. "Foldable capsular vitreous body implantation for treatment of traumatic retinal detachment: two case reports." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 2 (February 2021): 030006052199025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060521990257.
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Retinal detachment caused by severe ocular trauma is a type of refractory vitreoretinal disease. Current treatment methods include vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade. However, long-term use of silicone oil tamponade has various complications, including a risk of silicone oil dependence that eventually leads to eyeball atrophy and enucleation. Foldable capsular vitreous bodies (FCVBs) offer a good solution for these problems. However, FCVBs have not been used in large-scale clinical applications and few cases have been reported in the published literature. The main use of FCVBs, based on current evidence, is in the treatment of the relatively few (but important) patients whose eyes have no visual potential; the aim of treatment in these patients is globe preservation, rather than restoration of vision. Here, we describe two patients who underwent FCVB implantation. The findings in these patients indicated that FCVBs can effectively support the vitreous cavity and detached retina. FCVB implantation may thus offer a safe and effective method for treatment of severe retinal detachment, avoiding the inconvenience caused by silicone oil dependence and enucleation. To confirm its long-term usefulness in clinical applications, many additional case reports are needed.
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Qu, Lizhong, Pu Zhang, Changfeng Jing, Mingyi Du, Jian Wang, Qile Zhao, and Juanjuan Li. "Estimating the Fractional Cycle Biases for GPS Triple-Frequency Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Based on IGS Ultra-Rapid Predicted Orbits." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163164.
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We investigate the estimation of the fractional cycle biases (FCBs) for GPS triple-frequency uncombined precise point positioning (PPP) with ambiguity resolution (AR) based on the IGS ultra-rapid predicted (IGU) orbits. The impact of the IGU orbit errors on the performance of GPS triple-frequency PPP AR is also assessed. The extra-wide-lane (EWL), wide-lane (WL) and narrow-lane (NL) FCBs are generated with the single difference (SD) between satellites model using the global reference stations based on the IGU orbits. For comparison purposes, the EWL, WL and NL FCBs based on the IGS final precise (IGF) orbits are estimated. Each of the EWL, WL and NL FCBs based on IGF and IGU orbits are converted to the uncombined FCBs to implement the static and kinematic triple-frequency PPP AR. Due to the short wavelengths of NL ambiguities, the IGU orbit errors significantly impact the precision and stability of NL FCBs. An average STD of 0.033 cycles is achieved for the NL FCBs based on IGF orbits, while the value of the NL FCBs based on IGU orbits is 0.133 cycles. In contrast, the EWL and WL FCBs generated based on IGU orbits have comparable precision and stability to those generated based on IGF orbits. The use of IGU orbits results in an increased time-to-first-fix (TTFF) and lower fixing rates compared to the use of IGF orbits. Average TTFFs of 23.3 min (static) and 31.1 min (kinematic) and fixing rates of 98.1% (static) and 97.4% (kinematic) are achieved for the triple-frequency PPP AR based on IGF orbits. The average TTFFs increase to 27.0 min (static) and 37.9 min (kinematic) with fixing rates of 97.0% (static) and 96.3% (kinematic) based on the IGU orbits. The convergence times and positioning accuracy of PPP and PPP AR based on IGU orbits are slightly worse than those based on IGF orbits. Additionally, limited by the number of satellites transmitting three frequency signals, the introduction of the third frequency, L5, has a marginal impact on the performance of PPP and PPP AR. The GPS triple-frequency PPP AR performance is expected to improve with the deployment of new-generation satellites capable of transmitting the L5 signal.
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Duan, Hongyu, Xiaojun Yao, Dahong Zhang, Huian Jin, and Qixin Wei. "Long-Term Temporal and Spatial Monitoring of Cladophora Blooms in Qinghai Lake Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040853.
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With climate warming and intensification of human activities, the eco-environmental problems of lakes in middle and high latitudes become increasingly prominent. Qinghai Lake, located in the northeastern of the Tibetan Plateau, is the largest inland saltwater lake in China. Recently, the problem of Cladophora blooms has been widely concerning. In this study, the area of floating Cladophora blooms (hereafter FCBs) in Qinghai Lake from 1986 to 2021 was extracted using Floating Algal Index (FAI) method based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI images, and then the intra- and inter-annual variation characteristics and spatial patterns of FCBs were analyzed. The results show that the general change trend of FCBs in Qinghai Lake featured starting in May, expanding rapidly from June to August, and increasing steadily from September to October. From 1986 to 2021, the area of FCBs in Qinghai Lake showed an overall increasing trend in all months, with the largest increase in July at 0.1 km2/a, followed by October at 0.096 km2/a. Spatially speaking, the FCBs area showed a significant increasing trend in the northern Buha River estuary (BRN) and southern Buha River estuary (BRS) regions, a slight increase in the Shaliu River estuary (SR) region, and a decreasing trend in the Quanji River estuary (QR) region and the Heima River estuary (HR) region. The correlation between the meteorological factors and the changes in FCBs was weak, but the increase in flooded pastures in the BRN region (Bird Island) due to rising water levels was definitely responsible for the large-scale increase in FCBs in this region. However, the QB, northeastern bay of Shaliu River estuary (SRB) and HR regions, which also have extensive inundated grassland, did not have the same increase in FCBs area, suggesting that the growth of Cladophora is caused by multiple factors. The complex relationships need to be verified by further research. The current control measures have a certain inhibitory effect on the Cladophora bloom in Qinghai Lake because the FCBs area was significantly smaller in 2017–2020 (5.22 km2, 3.32 km2, 4.55 km2 and 2.49 km2), when salvage work was performed, than in 2016 and 2021 (8.67 km2 and 9.14 km2), when no salvage work was performed.
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Hao, Dong, Yanyi Zhang, Renguang Wang, Xiaobing Wang, Kai Zhu, Jun Li, and Yongping Hou. "An Improved Test Method for Energy Consumption and Range of Fuel Cell Vehicles." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5704180.
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At present, there are two main standards, ISO 23828 : 2013 and SAE J 2572–2014, which prescribe the hydrogen consumption test using the pressure method, gravimetric method, and flow method. However, these methods do not meet the test requirements for electric energy consumption and the range of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) which are the main technical considerations in China and Europe. In this paper, a new test method for the hydrogen consumption, electric energy consumption, and range of FCVs is proposed without the use of additional hydrogen supply, measurement instruments, or energy consumption correction, which can improve the operability of the test and avoid the conversion between electric energy and hydrogen. One plug-in hybrid FCV and one nonplug-in hybrid FCV were tested using the proposed method. The results show that the new method meets the requirements of fuel economy test for FCVs with hydrogen consumption rate, electric energy consumption rate, the range for plug-in hybrid FCVs, hydrogen consumption rate, and the range for nonplug-in FCVs.
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Cavalcanti, Jaqueline Gomes, Tamyres Tomaz Paiva, Carlos Eduardo Pimentel, Adriele Vieira de Lima Pinto, and Giovanna Barroca De Moura. "Parâmetros psicométricos das Escalas Florence de Cyber Agressão – Cyber Vitimização." Psico 50, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 31520. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2019.3.31520.
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O presente estudo objetivou adaptar a Escala Florence de Cyber Agressão – Cyber Vitimização (FCBVSs) para o contexto brasileiro, reunindo evidências de validade (fatorial e convergente); bem como de consistência interna. Para isso, contou-se com uma amostra de 315 estudantes, com idades entre 13 a 20 anos (M= 16,80; DP= 0,99), sendo a maior parte do sexo feminino (54%), de classe média (45,1%), do terceiro ano (54,9%). Esses responderam os seguintes instrumentos: FCBVSs, Escala de Comportamentos de Bullying (ECB) e um Questionário Sociodemográfico. A Análise Fatorial Confirmatória apontou o modelo com três fatores como o mais adequado, tendo os três fatores correspondentes Alfas de Cronbach e Ômegas de McDonald superiores a 0,70. Desse modo, verifica-se que a FCBVSs se apresenta como uma medida válida e fidedigna, podendo ser utilizada em estudos futuros para avaliar o cyberbullying e os seus correlatos.
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Jiang, Weiping, Wen Zhao, Hua Chen, Xuexi Liu, Xiangdong An, and Qusen Chen. "Analysis of BDS Fractional Cycle Biases and PPP Ambiguity Resolution." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 4725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214725.
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It is difficult to enable traditional precise point positioning (PPP) with ambiguity resolution (AR) due to fractional cycle biases (FCBs), which limit the accuracy and reliability of positioning results. The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been providing continuous positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services in the global region since the end of 2018. The BDS constellation includes geostationary earth orbit (GEO), inclined geostationary orbit (IGSO), and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. However, its hybrid constellation structure and the satellite-side multipath effect have hindered the BDS PPP AR for two main reasons: (1) some receivers have half-cycle biases between GEO and non-GEO satellites, which result in the inconsistency of hardware delays for each satellite type; (2) the correction model for elevation-dependent satellite-side multipath effect is only applicable to IGSO and MEO, while in the case of GEO the effect cannot be effectively weakened or eliminated. To rectify these problems, a suitable strategy is proposed for estimating BDS FCBs, whereby the GEO FCBs and non-GEO FCBs are estimated independently. Results show that the FCBs estimated by the new strategy for GEO and non-GEO are more stable compared to the traditional strategy. The GEO wide-lane (WL) FCBs fluctuate less than 0.3 cycle in one month, except for C05, while the variation of non-GEO WL FCBs is about 0.1 cycle. In addition, compared to the traditional strategy, the fractions of GEO WL ambiguities after the removal of FCBs estimated by the new strategy can be improved noticeably from 53.5% to 78.5%, and from 71.8% to 92.3% for <0.15 cycle and <0.25 cycle respectively, which could be comparable with non-GEO. Simultaneously, the improvement of GEO narrow-lane (NL) ambiguities is from 28.9% to 40.2%, and from 40.4% to 53.3% for <0.10 cycle and <0.15 cycle respectively, are less noticeable. This is mainly due to the low precision IGS products for GEO. After PPP AR, the mean convergence time is shorted from 56.0 min to 43.6 min, and from 71.6 min to 62.7 min for static PPP and kinematic PPP, respectively.
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Losch, Norbert, Sebastian Buhlmann, Christian Hutterer, Christoph Stiepani, Fumio Totsuka, Tatsuya Tsukahara, and Kenji Hosomi. "B232 AREVA's Filtered Containment Venting System (FCVS) : Basic Design, Performance and Verification Test of FCVS for BWRs." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2014.19 (2014): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2014.19.261.
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Li, Qiao, and Xiao Ming Tao. "Three-dimensionally deformable, highly stretchable, permeable, durable and washable fabric circuit boards." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2171 (November 8, 2014): 20140472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0472.
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This paper reports fabric circuit boards (FCBs), a new type of circuit boards, that are three-dimensionally deformable, highly stretchable, durable and washable ideally for wearable electronic applications. Fabricated by using computerized knitting technologies at ambient dry conditions, the resultant knitted FCBs exhibit outstanding electrical stability with less than 1% relative resistance change up to 300% strain in unidirectional tensile test or 150% membrane strain in three-dimensional ball punch test, extraordinary fatigue life of more than 1 000 000 loading cycles at 20% maximum strain, and satisfactory washing capability up to 30 times. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of new FCBs has far exceeded those of previously reported metal-coated elastomeric films or other organic materials in terms of changes in electrical resistance, stretchability, fatigue life and washing capability as well as permeability. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation illustrate that the structural conversion of knitted fabrics is attributed to the effective mitigation of strain in the conductive metal fibres, hence the outstanding mechanical and electrical properties. Those distinctive features make the FCBs particularly suitable for next-to-skin electronic devices. This paper has further demonstrated the application potential of the knitted FCBs in smart protective apparel for in situ measurement during ballistic impact.
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Salvato, Carlo, and Leif Melin. "Creating Value Across Generations in Family-Controlled Businesses: The Role of Family Social Capital." Family Business Review 21, no. 3 (September 2008): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08944865080210030107.
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This article explores the processes through which family-controlled businesses (FCBs) access and recombine resources to match the evolving needs of their business activities. We do so by applying the conceptual lens offered by social capital to the comparative study of four FCBs active in traditional competitive arenas. Our data reveal that these firms' ability to create financial value over generations does not result from possession of some unique resource, nor from higher-level combinative capabilities; rather, these FCBs have systematically created value through their ability to renew and to reshape their social interactions within and outside the controlling family.
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Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan. "Adoption and Growth of Fuel Cell Vehicles in China: The Case of BYD." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 12695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912695.
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Compared to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been developing since the early 2000s due to their efficiency and environmental advantages. However, unlike the battery industry which has already achieved economies of scale, the scale of fuel cell manufacturing is still in its early stage in China. In this exploratory study, using the case of BYD, we identify and analyze the key economic and environmental factors that might facilitate and propel the adoption of FCVs in China. Utilizing quantitative (i.e., the statistically descriptive method) and qualitative (i.e., a semi-structured interview and Porter’s model) reasoning, this study finds that by systematically addressing two factors, (i) customers’ misperceptions about the safety and environmental friendliness of FCVs and (ii) lack of technical competencies in the upstream and downstream of the FCV industry’s value chain in general and for BYD in particular, the sustainable development and adoption of FCVs in China can be achieved.
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Acharya, Ajay, Kenda Cunningham, Shraddha Manandhar, Niva Shrestha, Mario Chen, and Amy Weissman. "Exploring the Use of Mobile Health to Improve Community-Based Health and Nutrition Service Utilization in the Hills of Nepal: Qualitative Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): e17659. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17659.
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Background With mobile phone coverage and ownership expanding globally, mobile health (mHealth) interventions are increasingly being used to improve coverage and quality of health and nutrition services. However, evidence on mHealth intervention feasibility and factors to consider during program design is limited in low- and middle-income countries like Nepal. Objective This study aimed to examine the potential of using text messages to improve health and nutrition services by exploring mobile phone ownership and sharing; mobile phone use and skills; and interest, preferences, and limitations regarding mHealth interventions. Methods We conducted 35 in-depth interviews with 1000-day women (the period from conception to a child’s second birthday), health facility staff, and female community health volunteers (FCHVs), as well as eight focus group discussions with health facility staff, FCHVs, and 1000-day household decision-makers (ie, husbands, mothers-in-law, and fathers-in-law). We also conducted a mobile phone skills test. We employed thematic analysis using framework matrices and analytical memos. Results The study included 70 study participants, of whom 68 (97%) had a mobile phone, and phone sharing was uncommon. Use of text messages was most commonly reported by 1000-day women and health facility staff than household decision-makers and FCHVs. More than 8 in 10 participants (54/64, 84%) could dial numbers, and the majority (28/34, 82%) of 1000-day women, health facility staff, and male decision-makers could also read and write text messages. We found that 1000-day women preferred educational and reminder messages, whereas health facility staff and FCHVs desired educational and motivational messages. Participants suggested different types of texts for 1000-day women, families, FCHVs, and health facility staff, and reported less value for texts received from unknown phone numbers. Conclusions A text message–based mHealth intervention is acceptable in the hills of Nepal and has the potential to improve community health and nutrition service utilization, particularly by sending meeting reminders and by providing information. Our findings contribute to text message–based mHealth intervention design in under-resourced settings.
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Gis, Wojciech. "Ecological and Functional Aspects of Operation of Electric Vehicles With Fuel Cell." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0033.
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AbstractHydrogen can have great importance in seven areas of necessary changes in the transformation of the power system, including transport (especially motor transport), industrial processes, thermal and energy production in the construction industry and production processes. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) do not cause local air pollution because they have zero “tailpipe” emissions. Essential are ecological and func-tional aspects of operating vehicles equipped with fuel cells. However, noteworthy is also the development of the refilling infrastructure. The functionality of FCEVs to a considerable degree depends on the functionality of fuel cells.
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Sharma, Rajan. "Motivation Through Incentives: From FCHVs' Perspectives." Health Prospect 10 (July 22, 2018): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5652.
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Ma, Yangyang, Pengyu Wang, Bin Li, and Jianhua Li. "Research on Energy Consumption Generation Method of Fuel Cell Vehicles: Based on Naturalistic Driving Data Mining." Machines 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111047.
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In this paper, an energy consumption generation method is proposed to accurately calculate the energy consumption of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). A specific driver drives on a route (from Jilin University to FAW Volkswagen) for 331 working days (1 April 2020 to 28 July 2021) and collects more than 40,000 s of naturalistic driving data by means of a GPS receiver (FRII-D). To accurately calculate the energy consumption data of FCVs under actual driving cycles, naturalistic driving data mining is first studied. The principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm is used to reduce the dimension of the extracted driving cycle characteristic parameters, the K-means algorithm is used for driving cycle clustering, and the LVQ is used for driving cycle identification. Then, the characteristic parameters correlated to energy consumption are obtained based on the FCV model and regression analysis method. In addition, an energy consumption generation method is designed and proposed based on the characteristic parameters and identification results. Furthermore, the proposed energy consumption generation method can accurately calculate the energy consumption of FCVs, which also provides a reference for further research on the efficient energy management of FCVs.
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Gao, Yang, Changhong Liu, Yuan Liang, Sadegh Kouhestani Hamed, Fuwei Wang, and Bo Bi. "Minimizing Energy Consumption and Powertrain Cost of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles with Consideration of Different Driving Cycles and SOC Ranges." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 6167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176167.
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Hydrogen consumption is an important performance indicator of fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs). Previous studies have investigated fuel consumption minimization both under different driving cycles and using various power management strategies. However, different constrains on battery state of charge (SOC) ranges can also affect fuel consumption dramatically. In this study, we develop a power-source sizing model based on the Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) to minimize the fuel consumption of FCHVs, considering different driving cycles (i.e., FTP-72 and US06) and SOC ranges (conservative 50–60% and aggressive 20–80%). The different driving cycles and SOC ranges present the real-world circumstances of driving FCHVs to some extent. Fuel consumptions are compared both under different driving cycles and using different SOC ranges. The simulation results show an effective power size map, with outlines of an ineffective sizing zone and an inefficient sizing zone based on vehicle performance requirements (e.g., maximum speed and acceleration) and fuel consumption, respectively. Based on the developed model, an optimal power-source size map can be determined while minimizing both fuel consumption and powertrain cost as well as considering different driving cycles and SOC ranges.
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Tiedemann, Tobias, Michael Kroener, Martin Vehse, and Carsten Agert. "Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicles as Mobile Coupled Heat and Power Backup-Plant in Neighbourhoods." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072704.
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Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) can be used during idle times to convert hydrogen into electricity in a decentralised manner, thus ensuring a completely renewable energy supply. In addition to the electric power, waste heat is generated in the fuel cell stack that can also be used. This paper investigates how the energy demand of a compiled German neighbourhood can be met by FCEVs and identifies potential technical problems. For this purpose, energy scenarios are modelled in the Open Energy System Modelling Framework (oemof). An optimisation simulation finds the most energetically favourable solution for the 10-day period under consideration. Up to 49% of the heat demand for heating and hot water can be covered directly by the waste heat of the FCEVs. As the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to be charged increases, so does this share. 5 of the 252 residents must permanently provide an FCEV to supply the neighbourhood. The amount of hydrogen required was identified as a problem. If the vehicles cannot be supplied with hydrogen in a stationary way, 15 times more vehicles are needed than required in terms of performance due to the energy demand.
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Khadhraoui, A., T. Selmi, and A. Cherif. "Energy Management of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 4 (August 7, 2022): 8916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5058.
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular and gaining attention due to a combination of factors such as falling prices and increasing environmental awareness. EVs fall into several categories related to energy production and storage. Standard developed, tested, and commercialized EV technologies include Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), All Electric Vehicles (AEVs), also known as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs). Still, the advantages of FCEVs are relatively small compared to other autonomous and refueling technologies. Considering the above aspects, this work presents a Matlab/Simulink model of an FCEV’s behavior and opportunities.
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Yang, Dong-Kun, Yu-Ri Park, Eun-ju Kim, Hye Jeong Lee, Kyu-Sik Shin, Ju-Hun Kim, Kyunghyun Lee, and Bang-Hun Hyun. "Incidence and sero-surveillance of feline viruses in Korean cats residing in Gyeonggi-do." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.20220018.
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Incidences of major feline viral diseases provide basic information for preventing viral disease in cats. Despite the growing interest in feline viral diseases, sero-surveillances have been lacking. In this study, we analyzed the diagnoses of feline viral diseases and conducted a sero surveillance of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in Korean cats. Of the 204 confirmed cases since 2015, the numbers of diagnoses for FPV, FIPV, FCV, feline influenza virus, and FHV-1 were 156, 32, 12, 3, and 1 case, respectively. In total, 200 sera, collected between 2019 and 2021, were screened for the presence of antibodies against FPV, 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV using a hemagglutination inhibition test and a virus-neutralizing assay (VNA). The overall seropositive rates in cats tested for FPV, the 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV were 92.5%. 42.0%, 37.0%, 52.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. A low correlation (r = 0.466) was detected between the VNA titers of 2 FCV strains. The highest incidence and seropositive rate of FPV reveal that FPV is circulating in Korean cats. The low r-value between 2 FCVs suggests that a new feline vaccine containing the 2 kinds of FCVs is required.
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Dacuba, Juan, Eva Cifrian, Maximina Romero, Tamara Llano, and Ana Andrés. "Influence of Unburned Carbon on Environmental-Technical Behaviour of Coal Fly Ash Fired Clay Bricks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 3765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083765.
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The incorporation of coal fly ash (CFA) in fired clay bricks (FCBs), as a clay replacement, contributes toward cleaner production practices. CFA disposal is an important issue worldwide due to its huge volume and to its potential negative environmental impacts, and currently does not have a recovery route due to its high concentration in unburned materials. In this study, the impact of the incorporation of two CFA, with different content of unburned carbon, FAA (low LOI) and FAB (high LOI) in FCBs, from a technical and environmental point of view was conducted. Unburned carbon plays an important role on the final properties of FCBs. The thermal decomposition during the firing process promotes an increase of water absorption, decreasing the flexural strength as the porosity increases, although the technical and mechanical properties of samples containing up to 30% FAA and percentages of 20% FAB are acceptable. The leaching behaviour showed an immobilisation of Cr and Se in FCBs while Mo reduced its mobility to values below non-hazardous limits. Acid gas emission values do not exceed the reference emission value, except for SO2 emissions while the level of CO2 emissions must be estimated based on the total annual production of the ceramic factory.
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Ramachandran, Srikkanth, and Ulrich Stimming. "Well to wheel analysis of low carbon alternatives for road traffic." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 11 (2015): 3313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee01512j.
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Ligen, Yorick, Heron Vrubel, and Hubert Girault. "Mobility from Renewable Electricity: Infrastructure Comparison for Battery and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010003.
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This work presents a detailed breakdown of the energy conversion chains from intermittent electricity to a vehicle, considering battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The traditional well-to-wheel analysis is adapted to a grid to mobility approach by introducing the intermediate steps of useful electricity, energy carrier and on-board storage. Specific attention is given to an effective coupling with renewable electricity sources and associated storage needs. Actual market data show that, compared to FCEVs, BEVs and their infrastructure are twice as efficient in the conversion of renewable electricity to a mobility service. A much larger difference between BEVs and FCEVs is usually reported in the literature. Focusing on recharging events, this work additionally shows that the infrastructure efficiencies of both electric vehicle (EV) types are very close, with 57% from grid to on-board storage for hydrogen refilling stations and 66% for fast chargers coupled with battery storage. The transfer from the energy carrier at the station to on-board storage in the vehicle accounts for 9% and 12% of the total energy losses of these two modes, respectively. Slow charging modes can achieve a charging infrastructure efficiency of 78% with residential energy storage systems coupled with AC chargers.
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Lim, T., and B. K. Ahn. "Hyundai's FCEVs: A Pathway to New Possibilities." ECS Transactions 50, no. 2 (March 15, 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05002.0003ecst.
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POPOV, A. D. "FUNDAMENTAL CHIRAL STRINGS." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 26 (August 30, 1991): 2423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391002840.
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The problem of the non-uniqueness of the string theory in the space Rd-1,1 with d ≤ 10 and the procedure of the compactification and the deompactification are discussed. We consider a compact bosonic string defined as a closed string moving in the Lorentizian torus T25,1 and introduce fundamental chiral bosonic string (FCBS) as a universal cover of a compact string. It is shown that the Fock spaces of any standard strings are embedded into the Fock space of FCBS.
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Hiremath, Gourishankar S., and Supratik Deb. "Export Performance of MSMEs in India: Is Credit Constraint an Invisible Gorilla?" Indian Economic Journal 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211062417.
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We examine the effects of foreign currency borrowings (FCBs) and domestic market constraints on the performance of the export of the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) during the period 1988–2019. Our results show that access to the FCBs improved the performance of the MSME exports, indicating the importance of credit accessibility. MSMEs effectively utilise the grants when accompanied by credit facilities such as FCBs. We find that the high cost of debt and lack of financial development adversely affect the exports, as MSMEs are unable to borrow. The rupee depreciation alone does not help the MSMEs reap such depreciation benefits due to the lack of domestic credit. The recent policy stance of emphasis on MSMEs is expected to improve export performance. This study calls for the specialised window for the MSMEs to meet low cost and easy credit. The findings suggest stepping up grants to the MSMEs to improve the export performance. JEL Codes: F14, F34, F2, F31
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Zhou, Long, Nengsheng Fu, Lu Ding, Yan Li, Jian Huang, Xue Sha, Qun Zhou, Xin Song, and Bin Zhang. "Molecular Characterization and Cross-Reactivity of Feline Calicivirus Circulating in Southwestern China." Viruses 13, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091812.
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Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important pathogen of cats that has two genogroups (GI and GII). To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FCVs in southwestern China, 162 nasal swab samples were collected from cats in animal shelters and pet hospitals. In total, 38 of the clinical samples (23.46%) were identified as FCV positive using nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses using 10 capsid protein VP1 sequences revealed that 8 GI and 2 GII strains formed two independent clusters. Additionally, three separated FCVs that were not clustered phylogenetically (two GI and one GII strains) were successfully isolated from clinical samples and their full-length genomes were obtained. Phylogenetic and recombinant analyses of a GI FCV revealed genomic breakpoints in ORF1 and ORF2 regions with evidence for recombinant events between GI sub-genogroups, which is reported in China for the first time. Furthermore, sera obtained from mice immunized independently with the three FCV isolates and a commercial vaccine were used to evaluate the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies. The three separate FCVs were neutralized by each other at a 1:19 to 1:775 titer range, whereas the triple-inactivated vaccine was at a titer of 1:16, which suggested that different genogroup/sub-genogroup FCV strains exhibit significantly different titers of neutralizing antibodies, including the commercial FCV vaccine. Thus, our study revealed the genetic diversity and complex cross-reactivity levels of FCVs in southwestern China, which provides new insights for application in vaccination strategies.
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Jeon, Seungho, Minyoung Roh, Almas Heshmati, and Suduk Kim. "An Assessment of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Passenger Cars in South Korea." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174533.
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The shift in consumer preferences for large-sized cars has increased the energy intensity (EI) of passenger cars, while growth in battery electric vehicle (BEV) sales has decreased EI in recent years in South Korea. In order to lower passenger cars’ EI, the South Korean government has implemented the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards with a credit system, in which the sale of one energy-efficient car (for example, a BEV) can get multiple credits. This study analyzes CAFE standards in terms of both the EI improvement sensitivity scenarios and the degree of credits for BEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) by using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). In this study, passenger cars include small, medium, and large sedans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs) of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), BEVs, and FCEVs. The findings of this study are as follows: First, from the policy design perspective, a proper setting of the credit system for BEVs and FCEVs is a very important variable for automakers to achieve CAFE standards. Second, from the technology promotion perspective, active promotion of fuel efficiency improvements through CAFE standards are important since Better-EI and Best-EI scenarios are found to achieve CAFE standards even when a BEV or a FCEV receives a credit of one car sale in 2030.
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Oldenbroek, Vincent, Gilbert Smink, Tijmen Salet, and Ad J. M. van Wijk. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle as a Power Plant: Techno-Economic Scenario Analysis of a Renewable Integrated Transportation and Energy System for Smart Cities in Two Climates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010143.
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Renewable, reliable, and affordable future power, heat, and transportation systems require efficient and versatile energy storage and distribution systems. If solar and wind electricity are the only renewable energy sources, what role can hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have in providing year-round 100% renewable, reliable, and affordable energy for power, heat, and transportation for smart urban areas in European climates? The designed system for smart urban areas uses hydrogen production and FCEVs through vehicle-to-grid (FCEV2G) for balancing electricity demand and supply. A techno-economic analysis was done for two technology development scenarios and two different European climates. Electricity and hydrogen supply is fully renewable and guaranteed at all times. Combining the output of thousands of grid-connected FCEVs results in large overcapacities being able to balance large deficits. Self-driving, connecting, and free-floating car-sharing fleets could facilitate vehicle scheduling. Extreme peaks in balancing never exceed more than 50% of the available FCEV2G capacity. A simple comparison shows that the cost of energy for an average household in the Mid Century scenario is affordable: 520–770 €/year (without taxes and levies), which is 65% less compared to the present fossil situation. The system levelized costs in the Mid Century scenario are 71–104 €/MWh for electricity and 2.6–3.0 €/kg for hydrogen—and we expect that further cost reductions are possible.
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Williams, Richard N. "Under Pressure." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2018, no. 1 (July 2018): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(22)60326-9.
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SHIINO, Akari, Hideharu TOYODA, Yasuhiro KAWAHARA, Yoshihiro ISHIKAWA, Tadashi NARABAYASHI, Sanshiro KOBAYASHI, and Koji ENDO. "Advancement of FCVS Using Silver Zeolite." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2022.26 (2022): A124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2022.26.a124.
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TRAN, Tri Vien, Tadashi NARABAYASHI, Hideharu TAKAHASHI, and Hiroshige KIKURA. "Advancement of FCVS using Silver Zeolite." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2022.26 (2022): A121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2022.26.a121.
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Kurmus, Halenur, Abbas Mohajerani, and Stephen Grist. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating Cigarette Butts." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082032.
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Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most common littered waste in the world and may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the incomplete combustion of tobacco during burning. Therefore, to investigate the potential PAH residual remaining in fired clay bricks (FCBs) incorporating CBs and examine the environmental impact of utilizing toxic waste in the production of FCBs, a comprehensive PAH extraction analysis was conducted. The Soxhlet extraction method was utilized to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of sixteen toxic Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in FCB samples incorporating CBs using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of the mean total (Σ)PAHs for FCBs incorporating 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% CBs by weight (wt) were found to be 0.183, 0.180, 0.242, 0.234, and 0.463 µg/mL. As expected, PAHs with higher water solubility and volatility, naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and chrysene were found at higher concentrations compared to lipophilic PAHs. The ΣPAH concentrations for all five FCB–CB mixes were well below the EPA Victoria solid waste hazard categorization threshold for industrial waste. Moreover, the samples were studied for their carbon content using the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) analyzer and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results confirm an almost 100% combustion process of CBs during the firing process. A content less than 0.3% suggests that all carbon within the FCB–CB mixture relatively disappeared during the firing process up to 1050 °C. However, further research regarding the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the production of FCBs incorporating CBs should be conducted.