Relevant bibliographies by topics / FBGs

Academic literature on the topic 'FBGs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "FBGs"

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Zhang, Shao Jun, and Yue Ming Liu. "Fabrication of FBG Strain Gauge Used for High Temperature Strain Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.920.

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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is widely used in detection of temperature, strain and etc. Now the application of FBG sensor is limited below 200°C. Application over 200°C is still an engineering challenge since no suitable FBG strain gauge. In this paper, FBG strain gauge structure which consists of three FBGs is designed and fabricated based on the theoretical strain and stress analysis. This strain gauge can be used for the real-time high temperature strain monitoring situation. The elastic high-temperature alloy (10MoWVNb) is chosen as the substrate. The three FBGs with a similar performance are fabricated on the substrate by high-temperature glue. Among the three FBGs, FBG1 is used for the horizontal strain monitoring, FBG2 is used for the longitudinal strain monitoring, and FGB3 is used for high temperature cross-sensitive compensation. The fabricated high temperature FBG gauge is demonstrated suitable for high temperature strain monitoring by experiment.
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Xiong, Pengwen, Xin Huang, Yulong Li, and Peter X. Liu. "A Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Structure for the Design, Simulation and Stress Strain Monitoring of Human Puncture Surgery." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143066.

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In order to improve the precision and stability of puncture surgical operations to assist doctors in completing fine manipulation, a new of type puncturing needle sensor is proposed based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Compared with the traditional puncture needle sensor, the new type of puncturing needle sensor is able to sense not only the axial force, but also the torque force during the puncture process. A spoke-type structure is designed near the needle tip. In order to eliminate the influence of temperature and realize temperature compensation, a reference fiber method using three FBGs is applied. FBG1 and the reference FBG2 are pasted on the upper and lower surfaces of the new-type elastic beam, and FBG3 is pasted into the groove on the surface of the new type of puncturing needle cylinder. The difference of Bragg wavelength between FBG1 and the reference FBG2 is calibrated with the torque force, while the difference between the Bragg wavelength of the FBG3 and the reference FBG2 is calibrated with the axial force. Through simulation and sensing tests, when the torque force calibration range is 10 mN·m, the torque average sensitivity is 22.8 pm/mN·m, and the determination coefficient R2 is 0.99992, with a hysteresis error YH and repetition error YR of 0.03%FS and 0.81%FS, respectively. When the axial force calibration rang is 5 N, the axial force average sensitivity is 0.089 nm/N, and the determination coefficient R2 is 0.9997, with hysteresis error YH and repetition error YR of 0.014%FS and 0.11%FS, respectively. The axial force resolution and torque resolution of the new type of puncturing needle sensor are 0.03 N and 0.8 mN·m, respectively. The experimental data and simulation analysis show that the proposed new type of puncturing needle sensor has good practicability and versatility.
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Kulchin, Yuriy N., Anatoly M. Shalagin, Oleg B. Vitrik, Sergey A. Babin, Anton V. Dyshlyuk, and Alexander A. Vlasov. "Differential Reflectometry of Fiber Bragg Gratings." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.324.

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A reflectometric approach is proposed for interrogation of multiple fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors recorded in a single fiber optic line, based on the differential registration FBGs’ response to a short probing laser pulse using conventional OTDR. A special optical layout has been developed allowing transformation of FBG’s spectrally modulated signals into intensity modulated signals and at the same time eliminating the susceptibility of the system to light power fluctuations. Threshold sensitivity of the method amounted to ~50 μstrain within the measurement range of ~4000 μstrain. The maximum number of FBGs interrogated by the proposed technique is estimated at several hundred, which by far surpasses the requirements of most practical applications. Due to its simplicity, efficiency and usage of conventional OTDR equipment the proposed FBG interrogation technique can find a wide range of applications, in particular in structural health monitoring.
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Wang, Xiao Xia, Chun Ying Wu, and Win Lin Wang. "The Application Research of the Matrix in Multi-Parameter Measurement FBGs." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.702.

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The sensitivity of the FBG sensor based on multi-parameter measurement was established and determined by the matrix theory. The condition number of matrix was proposed to deduced the relationship among the measurement multi-parameters of the coated FBGs. The ill-conditioned matrix parameters can be removed, and the relationship between the FBGs sensitivities and many attribute parameters of the coated-FBG was found. As indicated by the experiment, when measure the temperature and the pressure at the same time, the sensitivities of FBG is higher by coated with different thickness of copper,and the second radius is less than 0.4mm,and the FBGs sensitivities can be improved to 5~10 times.
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Lupi, Carla, Ferdinando Felli, Alessandro Dell’Era, Erwin Ciro, Michele Caponero, Hypolito Kalinowski, and Cristian Vendittozzi. "Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 3824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183824.

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Use of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to monitor high temperature (HT) applications is of great interest to the research community. Standard commercial FBGs can operate up to 600 ∘ C. For applications beyond that value, specific processing of the FBGs must be adopted to allow the grating not to deteriorate. The most common technique used to process FBGs for HT applications is the regeneration procedure (RP), which typically extends their use up to 1000 ∘ C. RP involves a long-term annealing of the FBGs, to be done at a temperature ranging from 550 to 950 ∘ C. As at that temperature, the original coating of the FBGs would burn out, they shall stay uncoated, and their brittleness is a serious concern to deal with. Depositing a metal coating on the FBGs prior to process them for RP offers an effective solution to provide them with the necessary mechanical strengthening. In this paper, a procedure to provide the FBG with a bimetallic coating made by copper and nickel electrodeposition (ED) is proposed, discussing issues related to the coating morphology, adherence to the fiber, and effects on the grating spectral response. To define the processing parameters of the proposed procedure, production tests were performed on dummy samples which were used for destructive SEM–EDS analysis. As a critical step, the proposed procedure was shown to necessitate a heat treatment after the nickel ED, to remove the absorbed hydrogen. The spectral response of the FBG samples was monitored along the various steps of the proposed procedure and, as a final proof test for adherence stability of the bimetallic coating, along a heating/cooling cycle from room temperature to 1010 ∘ C. The results suggest that, given the emergence of Kirkendall voids at the copper–nickel interface, occurring at the highest temperatures (700–1010 ∘ C), the bimetallic layer could be employed as FBG coating up to 700 ∘ C.
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He, Jun, Baijie Xu, Xizhen Xu, Changrui Liao, and Yiping Wang. "Review of Femtosecond-Laser-Inscribed Fiber Bragg Gratings: Fabrication Technologies and Sensing Applications." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0629-2.

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AbstractFiber Bragg grating (FBG) is the most widely used optical fiber sensor due to its compact size, high sensitivity, and easiness for multiplexing. Conventional FBGs fabricated by using an ultraviolet (UV) laser phase-mask method require the sensitization of the optical fiber and could not be used at high temperatures. Recently, the fabrication of FBGs by using a femtosecond laser has attracted extensive interests due to its excellent flexibility in creating FBGs array or special FBGs with complex spectra. The femtosecond laser could also be used for inscribing various FBGs on almost all fiber types, even fibers without any photosensitivity. Such femtosecond-laser-induced FBGs exhibit excellent thermal stability, which is suitable for sensing in harsh environment. In this review, we present the historical developments and recent advances in the fabrication technologies and sensing applications of femtosecond-laser-inscribed FBGs. Firstly, the mechanism of femtosecond-laser-induced material modification is introduced. And then, three different fabrication technologies, i.e., femtosecond laser phase mask technology, femtosecond laser holographic interferometry, and femtosecond laser direct writing technology, are discussed. Finally, the advances in high-temperature sensing applications and vector bending sensing applications of various femtosecond-laser-inscribed FBGs are summarized. Such femtosecond-laser-inscribed FBGs are promising in many industrial areas, such as aerospace vehicles, nuclear plants, oil and gas explorations, and advanced robotics in harsh environments.
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Pereira, Katiuski, Renan Costa Lazaro, Wagner Coimbra de Moraes Coimbra de Moraes Junior, Anselmo Frizera Frizera Neto, and Arnaldo Gomes Leal-Junior. "Simulation of FBG Temperature Sensor Array for Oil Identification via Random Forest Classification." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08177.

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Water–oil separation is important in the oil industry, as the incorrect classification of oil can lead to losses in the production and have an environmental impact. This paper proposes the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor array to identify the oil in water–emulsion–oil systems, using only the temperature responses for oil classification results in operational and economic benefits. To demonstrate the possibility of using the FBG temperature sensor to classify oil level, the temperature distribution of an oil storage tank, with 2 m height and 0.8 m in diameter, is simulated using thermal distribution models. Then, the temperature effect in a 2 m long FBG array with a different number and distribution of FBGs is simulated using the transfer matrix method. In each case, we extract the wavelength shift (Δλ), total width at half the maximum (FWHM) and the location of the FBG in the fiber. For the oil classification, we dichotomized the fluids into oil and non-oil (water and emulsion). Due to the low separability of the classes, the random forest algorithm was chosen for classification, starting with 200 FBG equidistant sensors and decreasing to 6, with different distributions along the fiber. As expected, the highest accuracy occurs with the 200 FBGs array (96%). However, it was possible to classify the oil with an accuracy of 94.89% with only 8 FBGs, using tests for two proportions (with a significance of 5%); the accuracy of 8 FBGs is the same as of 50 FBGs.
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Dedyulin, Sergey, Elena Timakova, Dan Grobnic, Cyril Hnatovsky, Andrew D. W. Todd, and Stephen J. Mihailov. "Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings." Metrology 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metrology1010001.

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Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are extensively used to perform high-temperature measurements in harsh environments, however the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength affects their long-term stability resulting in an erroneous temperature measurement. Herein we report the most precise and accurate measurements of wavelength drifts available up to date on high-temperature FBGs. The measurements were performed with a set of packaged π-phase-shifted FBGs for high wavelength resolution, in caesium and sodium pressure-controlled heat pipes for stable temperature environment and with a tunable laser for stable wavelength measurements with a 0.1 pm resolution. Using this dataset we outline the experimental caveats that can lead to inconsistent results and confusion in measuring wavelength drifts, namely: influence of packaging; interchangeability of FBGs produced under identical conditions; birefringence of π-phase-shifted FBGs; initial transient behaviour of FBGs at constant temperature and dependence on the previous thermal history of FBGs. In addition, we observe that the wavelength stability of π-phase-shifted gratings at lower temperature is significantly improved upon by annealing at higher temperature. The lowest value of the wavelength drift we obtain is +0.014 pm·h−1 at 600 °C (corresponding to +0.001 °C·h−1) after annealing for 400 h at 1000 °C, the longest annealing time we have tried. The annealing time required to achieve the small drift rate is FBG-specific.
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Wei, Jie, Yanpeng Hao, Yuan Fu, Lin Yang, Jiulin Gan, and Han Li. "Experimental Study on Glaze Icing Detection of 110 kV Composite Insulators Using Fiber Bragg Gratings." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071834.

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Icing detection of composite insulators is essential for the security and stability of power grids. As conventional methods have met difficulties in harsh weather, a 110 kV composite insulator with embedded Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) was proposed for detecting glaze icing in this paper. FBG temperature compensation sensors in ceramic tubes were adopted for simultaneous measurement of icicle loads and temperature. Then, temperature calibration experiments and simulated icicle load experiments were carried out to obtain temperature and icicle load characteristics of FBGs. The results showed that temperature sensitivities of FBG strain sensors and FBG temperature compensation sensors were 18.16 pm/°C, and 13.18 pm/°C, respectively. Besides, wavelength shifts were linearly related to icicle loads within the polar angle range of −60° to 60°, and the load coefficient of FBG facing the icicle was -34.6 pm/N. In addition, the wavelength shift generated by several icicles was equal to the sum of wavelength shifts generated by each icicle within the polar angle range of −15° to 15°. Finally, icicles can cause wavelength shifts of FBGs within a big shed spacing. The paper provides a novel icing detection technology for composite insulators in transmission lines.
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Ferdinand, Pierre, Sylvain Magne, Véronique Dewynter-Marty, Stéphane Rougeault, and Laurent Maurin. "Applications of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in the Composite Industry." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 5 (May 2002): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.126.

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AbstractOptical-fiber sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) provide accurate, nonintrusive, and reliable remote measurements of temperature, strain, and pressure, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. FBGs are extensively used in telecommunications, and their manufacture is now cost-effective. As sensors, FBGs find many industrial applications in composite structures used in the civil engineering, aeronautics, train transportation, space, and naval sectors. Tiny FBG sensors embedded in a composite material can provide in situ information about polymer curing (strain, temperature, refractive index) in an elegant and nonintrusive way. Great improvements in composite manufacturing processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and resin film infusion (RFI) have been obtained through the use of these sensors. They can also be used in monitoring the “health” of a composite structure and in impact detection to evaluate, for example, the airworthiness of aircraft. Finally, FBGs may be used in instrumentation as composite extensometers or strain rosettes, primarily in civil engineering applications.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FBGs"

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Caldeira, Miguel António Barreto. "Projecto e implementação de FBGs para aplicações em telecomunicações." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3566.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Num contexto de grande desenvolvimento e massificação das telecomunicações, provocada pela necessidade intrínseca de serviços inerentes ao contacto permanente e global de um grande número de indivíduos, têm surgido vários dispositivos que tentam responder a este novo contexto, aumento de largura de banda e processamento totalmente óptico. Um dos dispositivos importante neste cenário, nomeadamente em operações de filtragem e compensação de dispersão cromática no domínio óptico, é a rede de Bragg em fibra óptica. Como tal o objectivo principal deste trabalho é produzir FBGs para aplicações em telecomunicações e aperfeiçoar a plataforma que permite estas implementações. Inicialmente apresenta-se o princípio de funcionamento e tipos de redes Bragg. De modo a simular a resposta em amplitude e fase de redes de Bragg desenvolveu-se um software com base no método da matriz transferência. Seguidamente, estudaram-se métodos de implementação de redes de Bragg com perfil de sinc e com perfil de chirp equivalente, que permitissem obter FBGs com respostas adequadas respectivamente à filtragem óptica em sistemas multicanal, e à compensação de dispersão Procedeu-se ao estudo do sistema de gravação implementado no Instituto de Telecomunicações – Pólo de Aveiro e dos algoritmos de implementação já desenvolvidos, em especial o método de stitching. Por fim, de modo a poder caracterizar-se e retirar conclusões das redes de Bragg implementadas, efectuaram-se projectos, simulações, e gravações de redes e compararam-se as respostas das redes Bragg gravadas com as simuladas, confirmando-se a validade do procedimento suportado pela plataforma disponível.
In the subject of great development and growing field of telecommunications provoked by intrinsic necessity of inherent services of permanent contact and globally, a large number of individuals have suggested various devices that attempt to respond to this new subject, increased bandwidth and all optical processing. One of important devices in this scenario, namely in operations of filtering and compensation of chromatic dispersion in optical domain, is Bragg gratings in optical fiber. As such the main objective of this work is produce FBGs for applications in telecommunications and improve the platform that allows these implementations. Initially presents the principle function and types of Bragg’s gratings. In order to simulate the response amplitude and phase developed software based on the matrix method of transfer. Next, we studied methods of implementation of Bragg’s gratings with sinc profile and chirp equivalent profile, which would allow for FBGs with appropriate responses respectively to the optical filtering in multichannel systems, and the dispersion compensation. In this sense, recording the gratings were proceeded the study the recording system to be incorporated in the Institute of Telecommunications-Pólo de Aveiro, and in the implementation algorithms already developed, especially for the stitching method. Lastly, in characterizing and drawing conclusions of the applied gratings, simulations, projects, and recordings of Bragg’s gratings were carried out, in comparing the results of the recordings to the simulations, confirming the validity of the procedure supported by the available platform.
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Santos, João Miguel Sarabando. "FBGs avançadas para sistemas de comunicação em fibra óptica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2135.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Iniciou-se este trabalho com o estudo das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, propriedades espectrais e espaciais, identificando os seus principais parametros físicos e o impacto que estes têm na sua resposta em amplitude e fase. Coincidente com esta fase, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo de simulação de redes Bragg baseado no método da matriz de transferência, com o objectivo de uma melhor compreensão das redes Bragg em fibra óptica. De seguida, procedeu-se ao estudo do sistema de gravação implementado no Instituto de Telecomunicações – Pólo de Aveiro e dos algoritmos já desenvolvidos, com especial atenção para um algoritmo de implementação de redes de Bragg através do método de stitching. De seguida, iniciou-se o desenvolvimento do software. Efectuaram-se simulações, projecto e gravações de redes Bragg e compararam-se as respostas das redes Bragg gravadas com as simuladas. Finalmente, caracterizaram-se e analisaram-se algumas redes de Bragg implementadas, utilizando um simulador de sistemas de comunicações ópticas.
This work started with the study of the Fiber Bragg Gratings and their spectral and spatial properties, as well as the identification of the main physical parameters associated and their impact in the amplitude and phase response. Simultaneously, a FBG simulation algorithm was developed based on the transfer function method, for a better understanding of the FBGs characteristics. Then, we proceed to the study of the recording system at the Instituto de Telecomunicações - Pólo de Aveiro, as well as the study of the developed algorithms, with particular attention to an implementation algorithm considering the stitching method. The development of the software followed. Several simulations, designs and FBG recordings were performed and the responses of the recorded FBGs were compared to the expected ones. Finally, a number designed FBGs were characterized and tested, using an optical communication system simulator.
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Hole, Erik Lillebø. "Optical Fiber sensing of acoustic waves using overlapping FBGs." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37779.

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The objective of this thesis was to investigate if an optical fiber sensing method with the use of two overlapping fiber Bragg gratings to measure Lamb wave $S_0$ modes in a steel plate, and how it would compare to traditional PZT transducers. A solution was proposed where the use of an optical fiber sensing system was built and took advantage of the strain dependence of a fiber Bragg grating mounted to a steel plate. Together with an overlapping reference fiber Bragg grating, the system can translate strain to light intensity. A method of controlling the Bragg wavelength of the reference fiber Bragg grating to optimize the overlap between the two fiber Bragg gratings, enabling the system to compensate for drift in the sensing fiber Bragg grating. Testing of the system was performed and yielded promising results, being able to measure the Lamb wave signal from the steel plate. The system showed some sensitivity limitations and signal to noise ratio, as well as the software created to compensate for the drift. With the improvement proposed for further work with the system in terms of improving the system's sensitivity, signal to noise ratio and drift control should make the system able to perform at levels as traditional PZT transducers.
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Santos, Ana Vanessa Guindeira dos. "Implementação de FBGs para sistemas de comunicação em fibra óptica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1924.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
O presente trabalho tem por objectivo o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de apoio à gravação de redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, baseado no método de stitching, por sobreposição e interferência de secções de perturbação do índice de refracção com um comprimento (step) definido. Começou por se efectuar uma abordagem teórica ao funcionamento das redes de Bragg, identificando-se os principais parâmetros físicos da perturbação referida, que têm impacto na sua resposta em amplitude e fase. Posteriormente, analisou-se o sistema implementado para a gravação de redes de Bragg, e desenvolveu-se um algoritmo de apoio a essa gravação. Finalmente, para um perfil de apodização definido, procedeu-se à gravação de redes de Bragg com diferentes steps, suportada pelo software implementado, e compararam-se as respostas medidas e simuladas em cada caso. Analisou-se também, por simulação, o impacto do step e resposta correspondente no desempenho de um sistema de comunicações ópticas.
This work focuses on the development of an algorithm to support a Bragg gratings’ recording system, based on the stitching method, by overlapping sections of perturbed refraction index with a defined length (step). First, we made a theoretical approach to the operation of Bragg gratings, identifying the main physical parameters of the referred perturbation that impact their response, both in amplitude and phase. Subsequently, we analyzed the implemented system, and developed an algorithm to support it. Finally, for a defined profile of apodization, we proceeded to the Bragg filters implementation, with different recording steps, supported by the developed software, and compared to the measured and simulated responses in each case. Finally, we simulated an optical communications system and analyzed the impact of the recording step and consequent response in the system’s performance.
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Batista, Fabio Júnio Alves. "Sistema embarcado para detecção e determinação da posição dos picos de bragg em FBGs." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1551.

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Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um software para ser embarcado em um sistema autônomo baseado em arquitetura ARM, como o objetivo de detecção da posição de picos de um espectro refletido por uma rede de Bragg gravada em fibra óptica (FBG) e interrogadas pelo Interrogador comercial I-MON. O software foi desenvolvido para ser embarcado em uma plataforma pcDuino o qual permite o monitoramento em tempo real e os dados podem ser visualizados em uma interface gráfica. Para detecção da posição dos picos foi aplicado um algoritmo que aproxima os dados experimentais por uma função gaussiana através do método dos mínimos quadrados. O sistema foi caracterizado a partir do monitorado da temperatura sobre a superfície de uma célula termoelétrica, as leituras foram realizadas entre 0°C e 100°C. Comparando a posição do pico de Bragg registrada com o sistema desenvolvido e com o software Ext_Evaluation disponibilizado pelo fabricante do interrogador I-MON, verifica-se diferença média de aproximadamente 0,010 nm. A diferença média na posição do pico de Bragg é superior a resolução de 0,5 pm informada pelo fabricante do interrogador I-MON. Contudo, geralmente interessa saber a variação na posição do pico de Bragg e não a sua posição absoluta no espectro. Assim, pode-se concluir que o algoritmo desenvolvido é eficiente na detecção da variação na posição do pico do espectro refletido por um sensor FBG.
This work developed a software to be embedded in an autonomous system based on ARM architecture, as the goal of detecting the peak position of a spectrum reflected by a Bragg grating written to optical fiber (FBG) and interrogated by the commercial Interrogator I-MON 512 E. The software was developed for the ARM architecture using the pcDuino platform which allows real-time monitoring and the data can be viewed in a graphical interface. For detecting the position of the peaks was applied to an algorithm that approximates the experimental data by a Gaussian function by the method of least squares. The system is characterized from the monitored temperature on the surface of a thermoelectric cell readings were made between 0°C and 100°C. Comparing the position of the Bragg peak registered with the system developed and the Ext_Evaluation software provided by the manufacturer of the interrogator I-MON it appears the average difference is approximately 0,010 nm. The mean difference in the position of the Bragg peak is less than 0.5 pm resolution is informed by the manufacturer of the interrogator I-MON. However, usually interested in changes in position of the Bragg peak instead of on absolute position in the spectrum. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed algorithm is effective detecting the variation in position of Bragg peaks using FBG sensors.
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Barrera, Vilar David. "Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de FBGs e interferómetros en fibra óptica para la monitorización en ambientes adversos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/33399.

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En esta tesis doctoral se presenta el diseño, la implementación y la caracterización de sensores en fibra óptica para la monitorización de diversas magnitudes en ambientes adversos. Se entiende como ambientes adversos aquellas condiciones ambientales externas a los sensores que por su naturaleza dificultan el uso y la fiabilidad a largo plazo de los sistemas de monitorización. Existe una gran variedad de ambientes adversos tales como temperaturas extremas, altas presiones, ambientes químicos o ionizantes, vibraciones o impactos mecánicos, entre otros. Este trabajo de tesis, realizado en el Grupo de Comunicaciones Ópticas y Cuánticas (GCOC) del Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia (ITEAM) de la Universitat Politècnica de València así como el trabajo realizado durante la estancia en la School of Engineering and Applied Science de la Aston University, contempla algunos de estos escenarios, por lo que en el diseño e implementación de los sensores ópticos se han empleado distintas tecnologías ópticas, como las redes de difracción de Bragg (FBGs) o los interferómetros ópticos, con el fin de optimizar las prestaciones de los sensores. En primer lugar, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de las redes de difracción de Bragg regeneradas (RFBGs) para la medida de temperaturas extremas, cercanas a los 1300ºC en algunos casos. Este estudio comprende desde el proceso de fabricación de estos dispositivos fotónicos hasta la caracterización como sensores de temperatura y el estudio de la estabilidad térmica a largo plazo. Se ha realizado también un estudio teórico y experimental sobre la multiplexación de interferómetros modales que, por su sensibilidad y robustez, son muy apropiados para su uso en condiciones ambientales adversas. La técnica de multiplexación desarrollada permite multiplexar los interferómetros modales en distintas configuraciones minimizando la interferencia entre ellos. Por último, se muestra la implementación de un sistema de inscripción de FBGs en fibras ópticas de polímeros y el uso de los dispositivos obtenidos para el diseño, la implementación y la caracterización de sensores ópticos para la medida de curvaturas, grandes deformaciones y deformaciones dinámicas.
Barrera Vilar, D. (2013). Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de FBGs e interferómetros en fibra óptica para la monitorización en ambientes adversos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/33399
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McCausland, Jeffrey A. "Effects Of Applying Longitudinal Magnetic Fields To Fibers Containing Bragg Gratings." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1375109817.

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Hervás, Peralta Javier. "Design of photonic sensors based on cavities and new interrogation techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/119754.

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[ES] Los sensores ópticos son dispositivos fotónicos sensibles a determinadas magnitudes que se usan precisamente para medir, ya sea de forma absoluta o relativa, esas magnitudes. Medir la temperatura, la presión, la tensión, la humedad o la presencia de un determinado gas son algunas de las funcionalidades que llevan a cabo estos sensores. A lo largo de las últimas décadas multitud de sensores y técnicas de interrogación han sido desarrolladas, lo que ha tenido un increíble impacto en multitud de áreas. Uno de los ejemplos más claro es la arquitectura civil, donde los sensores fotónicos juegan un papel fundamental en la monitorización del estado de las estructuras. A pesar de los buenos resultados conseguidos por los sensores ópticos hasta la fecha, las técnicas de interrogación desarrolladas hasta ahora muestran algunas desventajas. Tiempos de medida altos, baja resolución o una gran complejidad son algunas de ellas. En esta tesis doctoral se presenta el diseño y caracterización de diversos sensores fotónicos basados en las ya conocidas redes de difracción de Bragg así como la implementación de nuevas técnicas de interrogación de dichos sensores para intentar eliminar o reducir esas desventajas. Las técnicas de interrogación desarrolladas en este trabajo se basan en la fotónica de microondas, donde la interacción entre las señales ópticas y eléctricas se usa para detectar en este caso los cambios en una determinada magnitud. Las técnicas desarrolladas en este trabajo buscan ser lo más versátiles y escalables posibles para así poder adaptarse a los requerimientos de diferentes escenarios. Encontramos así técnicas que permiten interrogar a miles de sensores con una gran resolución y sensibilidad así como también técnicas de interrogación de sensores puntuales con una enorme sensibilidad y simplicidad tanto en la interrogación como en el sistema usado para ello. También están presentes los resultados obtenidos mediante la colaboración con el instituto de investigación sueco ACREO para el desarrollo de un sensor de campo eléctrico basado en fibras polarizadas donde se han fabricado varias redes de difracción de Bragg.
[CAT] Els sensors òptics son dispositius fotònics sensibles a determinades magnituds que s'usen precisament per a mesurar, ja siga de forma absoluta o relativa, aquestes magnituds. Mesurar la temperatura, la pressió, la tensió, la humitat o la presència d'un determinat gas són algunes de les funcionalitats que realitzen aquestos sensors. Al llarg de les últimes dècades multitud de sensors i tècniques d'interrogació han sigut desenvolupades, i això ha tingut un impacte increïble a multitud d'àrees. Un dels exemples més clar es l'arquitectura civil, on aquestos sensors juguen un paper fonamental en la monitoratge de l'estat de les estructures. Encara que els resultats aconseguits han sigut bons, les tècniques d'interrogació desenvolupades fins ara mostren alguns desavantatges. Temps de mesurament alt, baixa resolució o una gran complexitat són algun d'ells. A aquesta tesi doctoral es presenta el disseny i caracterització de diversos sensors fotònics basats en les ja conegudes xarxes de difracció de Bragg així com l'implementació de noves tècniques d'interrogació per a intentar eliminar o reduir aquestos inconvenients. Les tècniques d'interrogació desenvolupades en aquest treball es basen en la fotònica de microones, on l'interacció entre les senyals òptiques i elèctriques s'usa per a detectar en aquest cas els canvis en una determinada magnitud. Les tècniques desenvolupades en aquest treball busquen ser el més versàtils i escalables possibles per a poder adaptar-se als requeriments dels diferents escenaris. Trobem així tècniques que permeten interrogar milers de sensors amb una gran resolució i sensitivitat però també tècniques que permeten interrogar sensors puntuals amb una increïble sensitivitat mostrant una gran simplicitat en el seu disseny. També estan presents els resultats obtinguts mitjançant la col¿laboració amb l'institut d'investigació suec ACREO per al desenvolupament d'un sensor de camp eléctric basat en FBGs i en fibres polaritzades.
[EN] Optical sensors are photonic devices sensitive to different magnitudes that are used precisely to measure, in an absolute or a relative way, these magnitudes. These optical sensors are nowadays used to measure temperature, pressure, strain, humidity or the presence of a particular gas. In the past few decades a multitude of photonic sensors and different interrogation techniques have been developed, which had a great impact in dozens of different fields. One of the best examples is civil architecture, in which photonic sensors play a fundamental role in order to monitor the condition of the structures. Despite of the good results showed by photonic sensors, the interrogation techniques used show different drawbacks. A large measurement time, low resolution or great complexity are some of them. In this doctoral thesis the design and characterization of a set of different photonic sensors based on the already known fiber Bragg gratings, along with the implementation of new interrogation techniques, are used in order to eliminate or at least reduce these problems. The interrogation techniques developed in this work are based on Microwave Photonics techniques, in which the interaction between optical and electrical signals is used to detect in this case the changes in a particular magnitude. The techniques showed in this work have been designed in order to be as versatile and scalable as possible to have the opportunity to adapt to any requirement in different scenarios. In this work techniques that are able to interrogate hundreds or even thousands of sensors with great sensitivity and resolution can be found in addition to techniques that are developed to interrogate individual sensors with an enormous sensitivity. The work carried out in collaboration with the Swedish research institute ACREO, based on the development of an electric field sensor based on poled fibers together with FBGs is also present.
Hervás Peralta, J. (2019). Design of photonic sensors based on cavities and new interrogation techniques [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/119754
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Graziano, Maria. "Updating of Finite Element Models using static and dynamic optical strains with application to damage assessment." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.

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In the recent years, vibration-based structural damage identification has been subject of significant research in structural engineering. The basic idea of vibration-based methods is that damage induces mechanical properties changes that cause anomalies in the dynamic response of the structure, which measures allow to localize damage and its extension. Vibration measured data, such as frequencies and mode shapes, can be used in the Finite Element Model Updating in order to adjust structural parameters sensible at damage (e.g. Young’s Modulus). The novel aspect of this thesis is the introduction into the objective function of accurate measures of strains mode shapes, evaluated through FBG sensors. After a review of the relevant literature, the case of study, i.e. an irregular prestressed concrete beam destined for roofing of industrial structures, will be presented. The mathematical model was built through FE models, studying static and dynamic behaviour of the element. Another analytical model was developed, based on the ‘Ritz method’, in order to investigate the possible interaction between the RC beam and the steel supporting table used for testing. Experimental data, recorded through the contemporary use of different measurement techniques (optical fibers, accelerometers, LVDTs) were compared whit theoretical data, allowing to detect the best model, for which have been outlined the settings for the updating procedure.
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A, Meckstroth Gregory. "FBCs for NBDs in Cincinnati, Ohio." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243302122.

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Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Menelaos Triantafillou. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 12, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Form Based Codes; Cincinnati, Ohio; FBC; NBD; Neighborhood Business District. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "FBGs"

1

Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9.

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Sia, Robert. High energy vacuum ultraviolet Fb2s excimer laser. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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Verma, Vishnu. Thermal analysis of metallic fuel for future FBRs. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2009.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. Fragebogen zur Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61596-2.

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Kodek, Georg E. Firmenbuchgesetz: FBG und firmenbuchrechtliche Bestimmungen des HGB : Kurzkommentar. Wien: Manz, 2005.

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Roefi'ie, Masduki. Evaluasi efektivitas perkuliahan FBPS, FPMIPA, FPTK IKIP Surabaya semester gasal 1996/1997: Laporan penelitian. [Surabaya]: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Surabaya, Lembaga Penelitian, 1997.

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Hōsō, FBS Fukuoka. Kindai kaiga no nagare ten: Yōroppa to Nihon : FBS shozō sakuhin ni yoru : 1992-nen 1-gatsu 2-nichi--2-gatsu 2-nichi, Kitakyūshū Shiritsu Bijutsukan. [Fukuoka-shi]: FBS Fukuoka Hōsō, 1992.

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Africa, Regional Forum on Strengthening Partnerships with Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) for the Prevention of HIV/AIDS and Violence Against Women (2007 Durban South Africa). Africa Regional Forum on Strengthening Partnerships with Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) for the Prevention of HIV/AIDS and Violence Against Women: Durban, South Africa, 4-5 December 2007 : report on the conference proceedings. New York: United Nations Population Fund, 2008.

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Austria. Aktiengesetz: In der Fassung des EU-GesRÄG mit dem UmwandlungsG, dem SpaltungsG und Auszügen aus dem BörseG 1989, dem HGB und dem FBG sowie mit zahlreichen Anmerkungen und Verweisungen. Wien: Manz, 1996.

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Austria. Aktiengesetz: In der Fassung des 1. Euro-JuBeG mit dem UmwandlungsG, dem SpaltungsG und Auszügen aus dem 1. Euro-JuBeG, dem BörseG 1989, dem HGB und dem FBG sowie mit zahlreichen Ammerkungen und Verweisungen. 3rd ed. Wien: Manz, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "FBGs"

1

Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Einleitung." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_1.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Die Indikation." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_2.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Das Verfahren." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 2–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_3.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Statistische Kennwerte." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 3–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_4.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Untersuchungen zur Validität." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 5–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_5.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Tabellenanhang." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 9–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_6.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Literatur." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_7.

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Schneider, K. T. M., C. v. Kaisenberg, and W. Holzgreve. "Fetal Blood Sampling (FBS)." In Manual der fetalen Medizin, 31–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93551-0_8.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Fragebogen zur Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS)." In Fragebogen zur Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 1–199. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61596-2_1.

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Mittag, Martin. "FBS-Betonrohr, kreisförmig, ohne Fuß." In Ausschreibungshilfe Außenanlagen und Tiefbau, 429–68. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80208-8_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "FBGs"

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Schomer, John J., and Marcelo J. Dapino. "High Temperature Characterization of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Embedded Into Metallic Structures Through Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3840.

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Embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are attractive for in-situ structural monitoring, especially in fiber reinforced composites. Their implementation in metallic structures is hindered by the thermal limit of the protective coating, typically a polymer material. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the embedding of FBG sensors into metals with the ultimate objective of using FBG sensors for structural health monitoring of metallic structures. To that end, ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is utilized. UAM is a solid-state manufacturing process based on ultrasonic metal welding that allows for layered addition of metallic foils without melting. Embedding FBGs through UAM is shown to result in total cross-sectional encapsulation of the sensors within the metal matrix, which encourages uniform strain transfer. Since the UAM process takes place at essentially room temperature, the industry standard acrylate protective coating can be used rather than requiring a new coating applied to the FBGs prior to embedment. Measurements presented in this paper show that UAM-embedded FBG sensors accurately track strain at temperatures higher than 400 °C. The data reveals the conditions under which detrimental wavelength hopping takes place due to non-uniformity of the load transferred to the FBG. Further, optical cross-sectioning of the test specimens shows inhibition of the thermal degradation of the protective coating. It is hypothesized that the lack of an atmosphere around the fully-encapsulated FBGs makes it possible to operate the sensors at temperatures well above what has been possible until now. Embedded FBGs were shown to retain their coatings when subjected to a thermal loading that would result in over 50 percent degradation (by volume and mass) in atmospherically exposed fiber.
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Emmons, Michael C., Sunny Karnani, K. P. Mohanchandra, Gregory P. Carman, Stefano Trono, and W. Lance Richards. "Characterization of Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings as Strain Sensors Considering Load Direction." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-453.

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This study investigates the influence of lay-up and load direction on embedded optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) used as strain sensors. FBGs have shown great promise for application to structural health monitoring with advantages of small size and cylindrical geometry readily allowing for embedment within fiber reinforced composites. Characterization of the embedded FBGs is necessary to develop a rugged and reliable strain sensor. This paper specifically explores the effects of loading direction on the FBG strain outputs. A well behaved baseline case is established with results for gratings loaded parallel to the optical fiber direction while embedded parallel to the adjacent structural fibers in a quasi-isotropic composite. Results and analysis are also presented for a case involving a composite fabricated with the optical and structural fibers parallel to each other but perpendicular to the loading direction. Extremely good results are obtained relating FBG strain measurements with that of surface mounted resistance strain gauges.
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Alemohammad, Hamidreza, and Ehsan Toyserkani. "Modeling and Analysis of Fiber Optic Bragg Grating Shape Sensors." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42178.

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The present work aims at modeling of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) used as shape sensors. FBGs, which are commonly used for sensing physical parameters (e.g., strain, temperature, pressure), can be effectively used for shape detection in flexible bodies. They can be embedded in flexible structures for in-situ measurement of curvature. In order to design the embedded sensors and identify the spectral response of FBG, the effects of different geometrical and structural parameters on the optical response of the fiber should be investigated. In this paper, an opto-mechanical model is developed to assess the shape detection with FBGs. In the proposed model, non-symmetric coating of optical fibers with metallic materials is investigated. The model is a combination of structural and optical analyses; the structural analysis is used to find the change in optical properties of the sensor due to photo-elastic effect and the optical analysis is conducted to find the spectral response of FBG. It is shown that the non-symmetric coating can increase the sensitivity of the sensor. While the bare sensor shows little sensitivity to the curvature, the sensitivity increases with non-symmetric coating.
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Yoshida, N., S. Terukina, M. Matsuda, M. Moroi, M. Okuma, and N. Aoki. "FIBRINOGENS KYOTO AND TOCHIGI, EACH WITH AN APPARENT ABNORMAL MOL. WT. γ CHAIN, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY REPLACEMENT OF γ ASN-308 BY LYS AND γ ARG-275 BY CYS, RESPECTIVELY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644702.

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Congenital inherited abnormal fibrinogens (Fbgs) Kyoto and Tochigi showed prolonged thrombin- and reptilase-time, normal release of fibrinopeptides A and B, normal cross linking ability and impaired polymerization of the fibrin monomer.Purified Fbg analyzed on SDS-PAGE under the reduced condition in the system of Laemmli contained 50 % of an apparent lower mol. wt. γ chain (γ Kyoto)(mol. wt.= 48,000 compared with 50,000 for the normal) in Fbg Kyoto and an apparent higher mol. wt. γ chain (γ Tochigi)(mol. wt.= 50,500) in Fbg Tochigi. Apparent mol. wt. differences were also detected in reduced and carboxymethyl ated Fbg, Fbg fragment D1, and D2, but not in D3. This suggested that the abnormality of γ chains in both Fbgs is in γ 303-356.Amino acid sequence analysis was performed for CNBr- or lysylendopeptidase-digested peptides of the γ chain or D1 peptides after fractionation on HPLC. In Fbg Kyoto, γ Asn-308 was substituted by Lys, and a deletion of short peptides corresponding to the mol. wt. difference of 2,000 could not be detected. In Fbg Tochigi, γ Arg-275 was substituted by Cys, and no abnormality of amino acid sequence was found in γ 303-356.These results suggest that some lesions or conformations containing γ 275 and γ 308 will directly or indirectly affect polymerization of fibrin monomers. Although the reason for apparent mol. wt. differences is not known yet, SDS-PAGE in the system of Laemmli will be useful for the analysis of abnormal Fbgs.Fbg Kyoto could not be separated into two or three populations and may contain hetero-dimer molecules, but Fbg Tochigi had unclottable Fbg with predominant γ Tochigi and may contain abnormal homo-dimer molecules and normal molecules.
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Keulen, Casey, Bruno Rocha, Afzal Suleman, and Mehmet Yildiz. "Design of an Embedded Sensor Network for Manufacturing Process Monitoring, Quality Control Management and Structural Health Assessment of Advanced Composite Structures." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38719.

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This paper proposes the use of an embedded network of fiber optic sensors for process and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of Resin Transfer Molded (RTM) composite structures. A single sensor network is used at each stage of life of a RTM composite panel: flow monitoring, cure monitoring and health monitoring. A laboratory scale RTM apparatus was designed and built with the capability of visually monitoring the resin filling process. A technique for embedding fiber optic sensors into the mold has also been developed. Both Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) and Etched Fiber Sensors (EFS) have been embedded in composite panels using the apparatus. Etched Fiber Sensors have the capability of detecting the presence of resin. The sensors have proven to be capable of detecting the presence of resin at various locations as it is injected into the mold and have the capability of being multiplexed with FBGs thus reducing the number of ingress/egress locations required per sensor. Two FBGs and three EFSs were embedded on a single optical fiber. Tensile test specimens that contain embedded FBG sensors have also been produced with this apparatus. These specimen and embedded sensors have been characterized using a strain gage and a material testing machine. FBG sensors have been embedded into composite panels also in a manner that is conducive to detecting Lamb waves generated with a centrally located PZT. To detect Lamb waves a high speed, high precision sensing technique is required for embedded FBGs, since these guided waves travel through the material at very high velocities, presenting relatively small strain amplitudes. A technique based in a filter consisting of a second FBG was developed. Since this filter is not dependant on moving parts, it does not limit the velocity or frequency at which the tests can be performed. Preliminary tests performed using this filter showed that it is possible to detect Lamb waves with amplitudes smaller than 1 microstrain. A damage detection algorithm has been developed and is applied to this system in an attempt to detect and localize damages (cracks and delaminations) in the composite structure.
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Long, Pin, Mohammad Abtahi, and Saju Thomas. "Tunable FBGs for wavelength scanning." In 2015 Photonics North. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pn.2015.7292464.

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Djordjevic, Ivan B. "Slepian-FBGs-Based Optical Covert Communications." In 2018 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcon.2018.8527328.

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Madry, Mateusz, Konrad Markowski, Kazimierz Jedrzejewski, and Elzbieta Beres-Pawlik. "Sensor monitoring system with embedded FBGs." In 2014 16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2014.6876633.

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Mądry, Mateusz, Konrad Markowski, Kazimierz Jędrzejewski, and Elżbieta Bereś-Pawlik. "Temperature monitoring system using correlated FBGs." In International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors (OFS24), edited by Hypolito J. Kalinowski, José Luís Fabris, and Wojtek J. Bock. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2194812.

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di Palma, Pasquale, Agostino Iadicicco, and Stefania Campopiano. "FBGs in 3D printed objects monitoring." In 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroind4.0iot51437.2021.9488462.

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Reports on the topic "FBGs"

1

Kobayashi, J., H. Ohshima, H. Kamide, and Y. Ieda. Study on mixed convective flow penetration into subassembly from reactor hot plenum in FBRs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/107779.

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Mann, M. D., A. K. Henderson, M. L. Swanson, and S. E. Allan. Development of methods to predict agglomeration and deposition in fluidized-bed combustion systems (FBCS). Topical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/272530.

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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.

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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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4

Zygarlicke, C. J., M. D. Mann, D. L. Laudal, and S. J. Miller. Development of fireside performance indices, Task 7.33, Development of methods to predict agglomeration and deposition in FBCS, Task 7.36, Enhanced air toxics control, Task 7.45. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143433.

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5

Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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