Journal articles on the topic 'FBG packaging'
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1
Drusová, Sandra, R. Martijn Wagterveld, Adam D. Wexler, and Herman L. Offerhaus. "Dynamic Consolidation Measurements in a Well Field Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204403.
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Currently available groundwater flow prediction tools and methods are limited by insufficient spatial resolution of subsurface data and the unknown local heterogeneity. In this field study, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were installed in an extraction well field to investigate its potential to measure groundwater flow velocity. Reference in-situ pore pressure and temperature measurements were used to identify possible sources of FBG responses. FBG strain sensors were able to detect soil consolidation caused by groundwater extraction from 250 m distance. The results show that FBG responses were influenced by interface friction between soil and FBG packaging. FBG packaging slipped in soil and the effect was more pronounced during higher groundwater flow around a nearby well. These FBG fibers could be applied for indirect flow monitoring that does not require any tracer and provide real-time and long-term data during regular operation of extraction wells.
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Jeon, Se-Jin, Sung Yong Park, and Sung Tae Kim. "Temperature Compensation of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in Smart Strand." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093282.
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Compared to other types of sensors, fiber optic sensors have improved accuracy and durability. Recently, the Smart Strand was developed to maximize the advantages of fiber optic sensors for measuring the cable forces in prestressed concrete structures or cable-supported bridges. The Smart Strand has fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in a core wire of the seven-wire strand. Similar to other sensors, the strain measured at an FBG is affected by temperature; therefore, the temperature effect that is not related to the mechanical strain should be compensated for or corrected in the long-term measurement subjected to temperature variation. However, a temperature compensation procedure for the FBG has yet to be established, and relevant studies have used different formulas for the compensation. Moreover, when the FBG sensors are packaged with a certain material—such as fiber reinforced polymer—for protection, it is important to consider the interaction between the FBG, packaging material, and host material during thermal behavior. Therefore, this study proposed a reasonable procedure for temperature compensation for the FBG sensors embedded in packaging material and host material. In particular, the thermal sensitivity of the Smart Strand was intensively investigated. The proposed theoretical formulas were validated through comparison with data obtained from various specimens in a temperature-controlled chamber. Finally, the procedure was applied to correct the data measured using the Smart Strands in a 20-m-long full-scale specimen for about a year, thus resulting in a realistic trend of the long-term prestressing force.
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Jeon, Se-Jin, Sung Yong Park, and Sung Tae Kim. "Temperature Compensation of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in Smart Strand." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093282.
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Compared to other types of sensors, fiber optic sensors have improved accuracy and durability. Recently, the Smart Strand was developed to maximize the advantages of fiber optic sensors for measuring the cable forces in prestressed concrete structures or cable-supported bridges. The Smart Strand has fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in a core wire of the seven-wire strand. Similar to other sensors, the strain measured at an FBG is affected by temperature; therefore, the temperature effect that is not related to the mechanical strain should be compensated for or corrected in the long-term measurement subjected to temperature variation. However, a temperature compensation procedure for the FBG has yet to be established, and relevant studies have used different formulas for the compensation. Moreover, when the FBG sensors are packaged with a certain material—such as fiber reinforced polymer—for protection, it is important to consider the interaction between the FBG, packaging material, and host material during thermal behavior. Therefore, this study proposed a reasonable procedure for temperature compensation for the FBG sensors embedded in packaging material and host material. In particular, the thermal sensitivity of the Smart Strand was intensively investigated. The proposed theoretical formulas were validated through comparison with data obtained from various specimens in a temperature-controlled chamber. Finally, the procedure was applied to correct the data measured using the Smart Strands in a 20-m-long full-scale specimen for about a year, thus resulting in a realistic trend of the long-term prestressing force.
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Wu, Lei, Muneesh Maheshwari, Yaowen Yang, and Wensheng Xiao. "Selection and Characterization of Packaged FBG Sensors for Offshore Applications." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113963.
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With the development in the exploitation of maritime resources, the structural health monitoring (SHM) of offshore structures becomes necessary. This study focuses on addressing the practical issues of application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the SHM of offshore structures, in particular an FPSO (floating, production, storage, and offloading unit) vessel. Due to the harsh marine environment and tough working conditions, the FBG sensors must have sufficient protection and good repeatability for long-term monitoring. Thorough research has been conducted to identify the most suitable, commercially available protection packaging for FBG sensors for offshore applications. Further, the performance of the selected FBG sensor packaging is tested under conditions of strong sunlight, heavy rain, and salty water in order to emulate the marine environment. Moreover, the installation method of the packaged FBG sensors is equally important, as it ensures the repeatability and durability of the sensors for their long-term performance. It is shown that the packaged FBG sensors can be installed using resin-based epoxy to maintain the repeatability of the sensor over the long-term. Further, the packaged FBG sensors are installed and tested on a simple FPSO model. The experimental results under full load and ballast draft conditions show that the proposed FBG sensors are competent for the SHM of offshore structures.
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Li, Jian-zhi, Bao-chen Sun, and Yan-liang Du. "Union self-compensated packaging of FBG strain sensor." Optoelectronics Letters 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11801-014-3179-7.
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Yang, Jing, Peng Hou, Caiqian Yang, and Ning Yang. "Study of a Long-Gauge FBG Strain Sensor with Enhanced Sensitivity and Its Application in Structural Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103492.
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A long-gauge fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor with enhanced strain sensitivity is proposed, which is encapsulated with two T-shaped metal blocks. Its fabrication method is described briefly, and the strain sensitivity can be flexibly adjusted through changing its packaging method. A series of experiments are carried out to study the packaging and its sensing properties. The experimental results show that the strain and temperature sensitivity coefficient of the sensor are three times larger than the common FBG sensors. The linearity coefficients of the FBG sensor are larger than 0.999, and the relative error of the repeatability of all sensor samples is less than 1%. Through the stability test on the actual bridge, it is revealed that the long-term stability of the sensor is excellent, and the maximum error is less than 1.5%. In addition, the proposed FBG strain sensors are used to conduct a shear strengthening experiment on a reinforced concrete (RC) beam to verify its working performance. The experimental results show that the strain change and crack propagation of the RC beam are well monitored by the sensors during the loading process.
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Zhang, Jie, Yan Xie, Zehua Zhang, Le Lv, and Zhencheng Tan. "Research on Optical Fiber Sensor for Environmental Temperature and Humidity of Transmission Line." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202014.
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The operation environment of the transmission line directly affects the operation safety of the transmission line. This article studied a FBG temperature and humidity sensor based on optical fiber sensing technology for transmission lines. Firstly, this paper studies the packaging method of the sensor, then designs the corresponding installation fixture, and gives its installation diagram. Finally, the performance of the FBG is tested in the experimental box and the national optoelectronic information product quality supervision and inspection center, and the test results show that the performance of the FBG temperature and humidity sensor is better.
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Liu, Zheng, Yongjie Li, Nan Zhang, Zhongwei Liang, and Fangyi Li. "Reliability Analysis of CFRP-Packaged FBG Sensors Using FMEA and FTA Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 10859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210859.
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Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP)-packaged fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are widely used in full-scale structural testing of wind turbine blades (WTBs). However, the specific process to make CFRP-packaged FBG sensors, such as packaging, bonding, welding, etc., are mainly manually operated, and no unified standard or rule has been formed yet. Non-standard specific processes, coupled with complex stress distribution, unstable working environments, etc., result in the CFRP-packaged FBG sensors having various failures with time, resulting in inaccurate measurements. Thus, the need to carry out related failure analysis is urgent. This paper therefore performed a reliability analysis for CFRP-packaged FBG sensors using failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA) techniques. The results provide an important basis towards analyzing performance degradation and functional failures for CFRP-packaged FBG sensors.
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Drusová, Sandra, Wiecher Bakx, Adam D. Wexler, and Herman L. Offerhaus. "Possibilities for Groundwater Flow Sensing with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071730.
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An understanding of groundwater flow near drinking water extraction wells is crucial when it comes to avoiding well clogging and pollution. A promising new approach to groundwater flow monitoring is the deployment of a network of optical fibers with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. In preparation for a field experiment, a laboratory scale aquifer was constructed to investigate the feasibility of FBG sensors for this application. Multiparameter FBG sensors were able to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and fiber shape with sensitivities influenced by the packaging. The first results showed that, in a simulated environment with a flow velocity of 2.9 m/d, FBG strain effects were more pronounced than initially expected. FBG sensors of a pressure-induced strain implemented in a spatial array could form a multiplexed sensor for the groundwater flow direction and magnitude. Within the scope of this research, key technical specifications of FBG interrogators for groundwater flow sensing were also identified.
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Castro Caicedo, Alvaro Jesus, Maria Julia Nieto Callejas, Pedro Torres, Ricardo Laín, and Ludger Oswaldo Suarez Burgoa. "Manufacturing and reliability of a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor designed for uniaxial compression test of rocks." DYNA 86, no. 208 (January 1, 2019): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.70484.
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In this work we present an optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) strain sensor appropriate for uniaxial compression test of rocks. The rocks are a complex aggregate of materials and may exhibit in some cases mineral grains of size bigger than the conventional electrical strain gages used. Furthermore, commercial surface mountable optical FBG strain sensors are packaged in planar configuration, which is not appropriate for the cylindrical rock cores in uniaxial compression test. The optical FBG sensors were designed and manufactured manually fitted for cylindrical rock samples. A calibration process was carried out in order to stablish the mechanical performance of the FBG packaging; later, a compression test was conducted on hard rock sample and the strain was recorded by the traditional electrical strain gage (ESG) and FBG system. Under this comparison, the FBG sensors reaches a larger recording area, sensitivity under 100 microstrain and a reliable strain transfer, all of which is appropriate to measure strain for heterogeneous rock composition and minerals grain size.
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Bonopera, Marco. "Fiber-Bragg-Grating-Based Displacement Sensors: Review of Recent Advances." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 5561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165561.
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With the development of fiber optical technologies, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are frequently utilized in structural health monitoring due to their considerable advantages, including fast response, electrical passivity, corrosion resistance, multi-point sensing capability and low-cost production, as well as high accuracy and resolution over a long period. These characteristics allow FBG to be a proper alternative sensing element for displacement measurements. In this article, the recent sensing advances and principles of detection of FBG-based displacement sensors are illustrated. Specifically, the latest FBG-based displacement technologies are examined from three principles of detection, i.e., wavelength, intensity and phase signal demodulation. Regarding wavelength detection methods, the problem related to the cross-sensitivity can significantly be reduced depending on the new type of cantilever–FBG-based sensing developed. Vice versa, only the packaging method of FBG prestressed between two fixed ends can still avoid the chirp phenomenon in the reflection spectrum. Moreover, to attenuate the influence of temperature variations on the accuracy of FBG displacement sensors, specific temperature self-compensation structures were successfully designed according to the concepts of phase signal demodulation. In future investigations, different elastic structures and gratings manufactured through special fibers and new methodologies for temperature compensation will still highly refine the efficiency of FBG-based displacement sensors.
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Dedyulin, Sergey, Elena Timakova, Dan Grobnic, Cyril Hnatovsky, Andrew D. W. Todd, and Stephen J. Mihailov. "Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings." Metrology 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metrology1010001.
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Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are extensively used to perform high-temperature measurements in harsh environments, however the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength affects their long-term stability resulting in an erroneous temperature measurement. Herein we report the most precise and accurate measurements of wavelength drifts available up to date on high-temperature FBGs. The measurements were performed with a set of packaged π-phase-shifted FBGs for high wavelength resolution, in caesium and sodium pressure-controlled heat pipes for stable temperature environment and with a tunable laser for stable wavelength measurements with a 0.1 pm resolution. Using this dataset we outline the experimental caveats that can lead to inconsistent results and confusion in measuring wavelength drifts, namely: influence of packaging; interchangeability of FBGs produced under identical conditions; birefringence of π-phase-shifted FBGs; initial transient behaviour of FBGs at constant temperature and dependence on the previous thermal history of FBGs. In addition, we observe that the wavelength stability of π-phase-shifted gratings at lower temperature is significantly improved upon by annealing at higher temperature. The lowest value of the wavelength drift we obtain is +0.014 pm·h−1 at 600 °C (corresponding to +0.001 °C·h−1) after annealing for 400 h at 1000 °C, the longest annealing time we have tried. The annealing time required to achieve the small drift rate is FBG-specific.
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Isah, Balarabe Wada, and Hisham Mohamad. "Surface-Mounted Bare and Packaged Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Measuring Rock Strain in Uniaxial Testing." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092926.
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The paper explores the possibility of using high-resolution fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology for on-specimen strain measurement in the laboratory. The approach provides a means to assess the surface deformation of the specimen, both the axial and radial, through a chain of FBG sensor (C-FBG), in a basic setup of a uniaxial compression test. The method is cost-effective, straightforward and can be commercialized. Two C-FBG; one was applied directly to the sample (FBGBare), and the other was packaged (FBGPack) for ease of application. The approach measures the local strain with high-resolution and accuracy levels that match up to the existing local strain measuring sensors. The approach enables the evaluation of small-strain properties of the specimen intelligently. The finite element model analysis deployed has proven the adaptability of the technique for measuring material deformation. The adhesive thickness and packaging technique have been shown to influence the sensitivity of the FBG sensors. Owing to the relative ease and low-cost of instrumentation, the suggested method has a great potential to be routinely applied for elemental testing in the laboratory.
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Coricciati, Angela, Paolo Corvaglia, Alessandro Largo, and Michele Arturo Caponero. "Smart Composite Device for Structural Health Monitoring." Advances in Science and Technology 83 (September 2012): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.83.138.
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Composite materials are increasingly used in civil field for structural strengthening. Besides, monitoring the structure during its lifetime is very important, in order to detect possible anomalous situations and to reduce maintenance and inspection costs. Optical fibers represent a promising and increasingly used technique for long-term health monitoring of structures. The aim of this research is to assess the feasibility and reliability of strain measurements by utilizing FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) optical sensors embedded in FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) packaging. The resulting device is conceived to be applied on the external surface of the structure. The packaging provides the optical fiber with the necessary protection against accidental damage during handling and installation. The mechanical characteristics of the packaging allow the device to be used as a sensorised reinforcement as well. The paper discusses the technology set-up, the physical and the mechanical characterization of the developed smart device.
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Fang, Xinqiu, Fan Zhang, Zongshen Shi, Minfu Liang, and Yang Song. "Research and Application of Multi-Mode Joint Monitoring System for Shaft Wall Deformation." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176551.
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The mine shaft is an important channel linking the underground with the surface, undertaking important functions such as personnel and material transportation and ventilation. Thus the shaft, known as the throat of the mine, is the production hub of the whole mine. Since 1980, damage to coal mine shafts has occurred in many areas of China, which has seriously impacted the safety of mine production. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the shaft wall condition is necessary. However, the traditional monitoring method cannot achieve long-term, continuous and stable monitoring of the shaft wall due to the harsh production environment downhole. Hence, a multi-mode joint sensing system for shaft wall deformation and damage is proposed, which is mainly based on FBG sensing and supplemented by vibrating-string sensing. The principle of FBG sensing is that when the external environment such as temperature, pressure and strain changes, the characteristics of light transmission in the FBG such as wavelength, phase and amplitude will also change accordingly. Using the linear relationship between the strain and the wavelength shift of the FBG, the strain of the measured structure is obtained by calculation. Firstly, this paper introduces the basic situations of the mine and analyzes the causes shaft damage. Then the vertical and circumferential theoretical values at different shaft depths are derived in combination with the corresponding force characteristics. Moreover, a four-layer strain transfer structure model of the shaft consisting of the fiber, the protective layer, the bonding layer and the borehole wall is established, which leads to the derivation of the strain transfer relational expression for the surface-mounted FBG sensing on the shaft wall. The strain-sensing transfer law and the factors influencing the strain-sensing transfer of the surface-mounted FBG on the shaft wall are analyzed. The order of key factors influencing the strain-sensing transfer is obtained by numerical simulation: the radius of the protective layer, the length of the FBG paste, and the elastic modulus of the adhesive layer. The packaging parameters with the best strain-sensing transfer of the surface-mounted FBG on the shaft wall are determined. A total of six horizontal level monitoring stations are arranged in a coal mine auxiliary shaft. Through the comprehensive analysis of the sensing data of the two sensors, the results show that the average shaft wall strain–transfer efficiency measured by the FBG sensor reaches 94.02%. The relative average error with the theoretical derivation of shaft wall transfer efficiency (98.6%) is 4.65%, which verifies the strain transfer effect of the surface-mounted FBG applied to the shaft wall. The shaft wall’s deformation monitoring system with FBG sensing as the main and vibrating-string sensing as the supplement is important to realize the early warning of well-wall deformation and further research of the shaft wall rupture mechanism.
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de Melo, Aguinaldo Goes, Daniel Benetti, Luiz Alkimin de Lacerda, Rodrigo Peres, Claudio Floridia, Artur de Araujo Silva, and Joao Batista Rosolem. "Static and Dynamic Evaluation of a Winding Deformation FBG Sensor for Power Transformer Applications." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224877.
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Power transformer is the most important and expensive equipment used in the electric power industry. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has stood out as a flexible and particularly suitable tool for power transformer monitoring being a passive and dielectric sensor element. In this work we evaluated the performance of FBG pressure sensors developed to monitor the static and dynamic pressure in high voltage winding transformers during events such as short-circuit and inrush current. Two types of sensors packaging materials were evaluated in laboratory: polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and transformerboard (TB). The sensors have been tested for high intensity and short duration impacts similar to those occurring in short circuits. In addition, we evaluated the time response of sensors using an interrogation system with a 5 kHz sweep in order to analyze the short circuit response time properly. The results pointed that FBG pressure sensors using PEEK and TB are suitable for transformer winding monitoring. The static sensitivity obtained to PEEK based sensors was 0.911 pm/N, in the range of 800 N to 1500 N. This sensitivity is 4.47 higher than TB based sensors sensitivity. Dynamical tests performance showed an excellent repeatability for both sensors, in agreement with static observation.
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Prasad, P. Siva, S. Asokan, and Jaganath Nayak. "Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based Hydrophone with side-hole packaging for underwater acoustic sensing." ISSS Journal of Micro and Smart Systems 10, no. 2 (November 2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41683-021-00077-2.
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Zhang, Youhong, Xinlong Chang, Xiaojun Zhang, and Xiangyong He. "The Packaging Technology Study on Smart Composite Structure Based on The Embedded FBG Sensor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 322 (March 2018): 022059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/322/2/022059.
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Weng, Xiaolin, Ying Feng, and Yuanpeng Lou. "The Mechanical Performance of Shear Key of Immersed Tube Tunnel with Differential Foundation Settlement." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2841753.
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A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensor network was developed to monitor the strain distributions within immersed tube tunnel shear key, which was subjected to differential settlements. An improved packaging and installation method of the quasi-distributed sensor system was utilized, which not only ensured a high sensor survival rate but also achieved accurate measurement of axial strains. Based on the monitoring results, the stress variations of shear keys of the immersed tunnel joint, which originate from the buckling caused by the longitudinal differential siltation at seabed and the surface defects, were analyzed in detail.
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Tian, Changbin, Xiangxue Ma, Bo Peng, Xin Ma, and Zhiyu Li. "Measurement-Error Analysis of Fiber Bragg Grating Flexible Sensor for Displacement-Field Monitoring of Geotechnical Engineering." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 7168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197168.
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Monitoring geotechnical structures and providing real-time early warning is a key measure to mitigate the impacts of disasters (slope slip, subsidence, dam deformation, bridge settlement, etc.). The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) flexible sensor, developed by the combination of flexible material and an FBG sensor, is widely used in geotechnical engineering health monitoring due to its excellent performance. The flexible sensor can perform regional and quasi-distributed measurements of the displacement field of the measured structure, and accurately reflect the operating state of the engineering structure. However, in practical engineering applications, factors such as the strain-transfer rate between the flexible substrate and sensing points, the displacement reconstruction algorithm, and the arrangement interval of the sensing points can cause measurement error, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the displacement-measurement accuracy. In this paper, the following analysis is performed by means of theoretical derivation and model establishment. The influence of the length, width, and thickness of the cemented layer, the shear modulus of the flexible substrate, and the radius of the groove on the strain-transfer rate were analyzed, and the referential parameters were determined. The displacement reconstruction algorithm is essentially a recursive algorithm, which inevitably introduces cumulative error; the relationship between the layout interval of the sensing points and the measurement error is discussed. Considering the fabrication cost of the sensor and the allowable range of error, a sensing-point-layout interval of 100 mm was chosen. The feasibility and effectiveness of the simulation theory were verified by carrying out deformation-sensing experiments on the developed FBG flexible sensor. The research results can theoretically guide the packaging and fabrication of the FBG flexible sensor, thereby improving the measurement accuracy of the flexible sensor for the measured structure.
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Luo, Chuan, Han Wang, Dacheng Zhang, Zhengang Zhao, Yingna Li, Chuan Li, and Ke Liang. "Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010016.
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A double-thimble-type fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor that isolates the stress strain is developed, and the three materials of air, grease, and copper thimble are employed for encapsulating. To investigate the effect of different encapsulation materials on the time constant of the sensors under dynamic conditions, the transient heat conduction mathematical model is built according to the lumped heat capacity (LHC) system and thermal equilibrium theory, and the time constant is solved by an analytical solution. Then, a proportional three-dimensional sensor simulation model is established and the transient heat transfer process is numerically solved by the finite element analysis method. To verify the models, an experimental system is established to test the response speed of the three-type sensor and the experimental data are compared with the analytical and numerical solution results. The results show that the dynamic response performance depends on the encapsulation material parameters; the response speed is faster than recovery speed; and the response speed of the air packaging sensor is more than 20% faster than that of the grease packaging sensor, and more than 30% faster than that of the copper packaging sensor. The smaller the heat storage capacity and the larger the heat transfer coefficient, the faster the sensor’s response speed.
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Hu, Ye, Jian Hui Yu, Shong Zhang, and Jian Guang Xie. "Research on the Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor in Pavement Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.192.
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Based on the fiber Bragg grating sensing principle, and according to the characteristics of asphalt pavements, two types of FBG sensors are designed. One type is rigid sensor packaged by steel casing which labeled as R-type, and the other one is flexible sensor packaged by rubber which labeled as F-type. Through the tests of sensing performance, high-temperature stability performance and low-temperature stability performance, a comprehensive analysis of the long-term service performance is obtained. Analysis show that both rigid and flexible packaing have sensitizing effect while flexible packaging is better. Both types of sensors have good high temperature stability and low temperature stability, while R-tpe is better than F-type.
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Hong, Cheng-Yu, Yi-Fan Zhang, Meng-Xi Zhang, Lai Ming Gordon Leung, and Li-Qiang Liu. "Application of FBG sensors for geotechnical health monitoring, a review of sensor design, implementation methods and packaging techniques." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 244 (June 2016): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.04.033.
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Yu, Xiao-feng, Chang-geng Shuai, Xue Yang, Gang Lu, Ce Liang, and Zhuo Liu. "Design and testing of a smart rubber stave for marine water-lubricated bearings." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2022-0022.
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Abstract The water-lubricated bearing is mainly installed at the stern of the ship to support the rotation of the main shaft of the ship, which is an important component of the ship’s power plant. The rubber stave of the water-lubricated bearing acts as an elastic body, which can effectively suppress the rotational vibration of the rotating shaft and improve the shaft alignment effect. To monitor the operational status of the water-lubricated bearing at the stern of a ship, a design method of smart rubber stave for water-lubricated bearings is proposed in this article. According to the structure of the rubber stave, the packaging and protection form of the optical fiber, the forming process of the rubber stave, and the mechanical analysis were carried out to determine the distribution design principle of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in the rubber stave. Then, FBGs were packaged, protected, and implanted with an uneven distribution into the rubber stave to achieve force sensing in the bearing. With reference to the force state of the water-lubricated bearing during shipbuilding and ship operation, various types of condition monitoring tests were conducted on the smart rubber stave using an elastomer testing machine, which were to analyze the effects of load sizes, frequencies, and ambient temperatures. The tests showed that the FBGs in the rubber stave could monitor the static and dynamic loads of the bearing under the seawater environment or inland water environment below 30°C. This method can be used for the smart designing and online load condition monitoring of water-lubricated bearings.
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Guo, Hongying, Jiang Chen, Zhumei Tian, and Aizhen Wang. "A High Temperature Solid Pressure Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating." Symmetry 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112098.
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For the requirement of pressure detection in high temperature environments, this paper presents a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based pressure sensor with a simple structure. The structural model of the sensor has been established with the consideration of a sensing principle and a small deflection effect of the circular membrane. The finite element analysis has been employed to validate the rationality of the sensor structure design and realize the digital simulation of the theoretical model. Through the analysis, the selection of packaging materials, the design of structural parameters and the pressure and temperature calibration of the developed sensor has been performed. The encapsulation of the sensor at high temperatures has been improved based on the theoretical analysis, simulation and testing, which proves the effectiveness of the sensor for pressure measurement at high temperatures of 100 °C~250 °C. The study provides a feasible sensing device for high-temperature pressure detection.
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Aly, Adel M., Bassam I. Amro, and Feras D. El Hajji. "Preparation and Evaluation of Rapidly Disintegrating Glimepiride Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3, no. 4 (February 28, 2011): 1220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2010.3.4.7.
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The objective of this work was to prepare Glimepiride (1 mg) rapidly disintegrating tablets (RDT) by direct compression, and also, to evaluate Pharmaburst™ as a newly introduced diluent for this type of tablets, either alone or in combination with other well known tablet excipients. Another goal was to study the stability, as well as, the in vivo effects of selected formulations. Orange flavor was the most preferred flavor for the prepared rapidly disintegrating tablets containing Pharmaburst™ as a single diluent. Pharmaburst™ alone is sufficient to produce rapidly (orally) disintegrating tablets of Glimepiride with good physical characteristics, better compactability and shorter in-vivo and in-vitro disintegration time. The prepared Glimepiride RDT were found to have faster onset of action than the conventional Glimepiride tablets. Also, they were effective in lowering fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in rabbits. Glimepiride RDT containing Pharmaburst™ alone were found to be stable when subjected to accelerated stability conditions (40 °C / 75 % relative humidity) for at least 3 months. Packaging the prepared Glimepiride RDT in 40 CC high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles with 2 grams silica gel desiccant canisters and rayon had provided sufficient protection for the tablets. The used packaging system is believed to be very practical and convenient for elderly diabetic patients. It is also assumed to be preferred by the manufacturers.
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Liu, Wen-Fung, Jia-Guan Li, Hung-Ying Chang, Ming-Yue Fu, and Chi-Fang Chen. "A New Type of Etched Fiber Grating Hydrophone." Photonics 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040255.
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We propose a new type of fiber hydrophone composed of an etched fiber Bragg grating and a special packaging structure for detecting acoustic waves in the low-frequency band under water. The operating mechanism is based on the mechanical vibration of the fiber Bragg grating from the induced vibrating stress of acoustic pressure. The induced pressure of acoustic waves pushes the silicone rubber thin film, causing its vibration and then stretching the fiber Bragg grating, thus resulting in the grating wavelength shift which is overlapped with a tunable laser. The variation in the overlapped light intensity is transferred to an electrical signal by using a photodetector. From the experimental results, we can determine that the smaller the fiber diameter, the higher the sensitivity and frequency response. In order to confirm that this FBG hydrophone has the ability to work in high-frequency acoustic waves, this fiber grating hydrophone and a standard piezoelectric hydrophone are experimentally compared to in the same test conditions in the frequency range from 4 to 10 kHz. According to the experimental results, the fiber grating hydrophone has better responsivity than that of the conventional hydrophone. Due to the unique sensing structure design, this wide-band fiber hydrophone can be useful in long-term continuous monitoring of acoustic waves.
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Jefri, Achmad, and Siti Sendari. "Pengembangan Modul dan Trainer Pengemas Barang Untuk Pembelajaran FBD di Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Malang." Jurnal FORTECH 1, no. 2 (August 24, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/fortech.v1i2.224.
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The objectives of this research are (1) to design development of instructional media in form of modules and product packaging trainers for Industrial Automation Workshop courses in Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Malang, (2) developing product packaging trainers that have been made it can be used for a variety of systems (microcontrollers, smart relays, and PLCs), (3) developing product packaging trainer practicum module based on smart relay for learning FBD (Function Block Diagram) programming in Industrial Automation Workshop course in Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of Malang and, (4) testing feasibility of module and trainer of goods packaging that have been developed for learning courses in Industrial Automation Workshop in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Malang. This study adopting a development tailored model to needs of module development but still refers to existing development models. Development model in this research uses development model from Sugiyono tailored to needs. Based on results of validation and feasibility testing of practicum modules by experts 1, experts 2, product trials and usage trials can be concluded that practicum modules and product packaging trainers are very suitable used in learning
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Cheng, Chun Der, Hsi Hsun Tsai, and Hui Ping Feng. "Experimentally Investigation of Curing Shrinkage of Extra Low Dilated Epoxy by Fiber Bragg Gratings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2958.
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The bonding adhesion with low shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion is really important for packaging of the photonic and optoelectronic elements. Lots of the thermoset glue is thus developed for this packaging. however, the curing shrinkage of the adhesion is relatively large. The silica filler is usually mixed into the epoxy for lowering the curing shrinkage and the CTE. In this study, the filler with negative CTE is derived to decrease the CTE and shrinkage of the composite epoxy. The fiber Bragg gratings is built in the composite of epoxy/filler. The adhesive composite is then put into the temperature cycle chamber for curing. At the meanwhile the FBGs during curing is on-line monitored by the Optical Oscillation Analyzer. Measuring the variation of the central wavelength of FBGs, the curing shrinkage of the composite epoxy with NCTE filler can be is derived. The results show that axial stress is increased drastically during the chemical curing stage. By application of this NCTE filler/epoxy adhesion, the property of the lower shrinkage is expected.
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Mi, Jinhua, Yan-Feng Li, Yuan-Jian Yang, Weiwen Peng, and Hong-Zhong Huang. "Thermal Cycling Life Prediction of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Joint Using Type-I Censored Data." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/807693.
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Because solder joint interconnections are the weaknesses of microelectronic packaging, their reliability has great influence on the reliability of the entire packaging structure. Based on an accelerated life test the reliability assessment and life prediction of lead-free solder joints using Weibull distribution are investigated. The type-I interval censored lifetime data were collected from a thermal cycling test, which was implemented on microelectronic packaging with lead-free ball grid array (BGA) and fine-pitch ball grid array (FBGA) interconnection structures. The number of cycles to failure of lead-free solder joints is predicted by using a modified Engelmaier fatigue life model and a type-I censored data processing method. Then, the Pan model is employed to calculate the acceleration factor of this test. A comparison of life predictions between the proposed method and the ones calculated directly by Matlab and Minitab is conducted to demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method. At last, failure analysis and microstructure evolution of lead-free solders are carried out to provide useful guidance for the regular maintenance, replacement of substructure, and subsequent processing of electronic products.
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Park, Yong Tae, Yoo Kyoung Whang, Joon Ki Hong, and Kwang Yoo Byeon. "Warpage Analysis of FBGA (Fine Ball Grid Array) Package by the Altered EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound) Filler Contents." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.625.
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In a semiconductor packaging process, the warpage greatly has influenced the reliability of the package as well as the workability. The strip warpage in FBGA package result from the structure of constitutes and the thermal mismatch by the mechanical or thermal properties such as CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and Modulus of EMC, substrate, chip and adhesive materials. Therefore, the optimization of material properties and the package structure design has been needed by the numerical analysis. EMC used as one of the package constituents has a decisive effect on the trend of warpage, and the filler content is dominant in the EMC property. In this research, firstly the effect of the filler contents is evaluated in the warpage of FBGA package and the numerical analysis is performed with the high temperature – material properties to deal with the warpage under the actual measurement value.
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Agyapong, NAF, RA Annan, C. Apprey, and R. Aryeetey. "A review of Ghana’s food system and its implications on sustainability and the development of national food-based dietary guidelines." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 19525–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.107.21800.
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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) provide culturally-appropriate and actionable recommendations based on which populations can make healthy food choices. Food systems sustainability, from production to consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items, should be a critical consideration for developing such guidelines. This rapid review assesses Ghana's food systems to determine the level of sustainability to inform the FBDG recommendations. Peer-reviewed articles, documents and reports of relevance to Ghana were included in this rapid review. A hundred and eight papers, answering different questions on food system sustainability were reviewed. Bread, cereals, fish and indigenous vegetables are the most frequently consumed food groups. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages are the most consumed imported foods. In rural areas, 53% of dietary protein comes from plant sources. Fish is the main the source of animal protein for most Ghanaian households. There is intensive exploitation of marine and fresh water resources. Most livestock are raised by smallholder farmers using free-range system. Poultry is frequently kept on deep litter system and only a few are large-scale. Crop production for household consumption and small-scale animal rearing are predominant, especially in Northern Ghana. By weight, fruits and vegetables are the least cultivated and consumed crops at the household level. Wood is the commonest source of fuel for cooking, especially in rural areas. Single use plastic is the most used and preferred material for food packaging. Indiscriminate and poor management of waste and pesticide misuse is commonly reported. The findings suggest the need for promoting production diversification, use of clean fuel and reusable food packaging as part of FBDGs to enhance sustainability of Ghana’s food systems. Key words: sustainability, food system, Ghana, Food-based Dietary Guidelines, production, diversification
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Konings, Jaimy J. C., Herbert Smorenburg, and Annet J. C. Roodenburg. "Comparison between the Choices Five-Level Criteria and Nutri-Score: Alignment with the Dutch Food-Based Dietary Guidelines." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173527.
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The current food environment in The Netherlands is considered obesogenic. Eighty percent of the products in supermarkets are unhealthy. The Wheel of Five is the well-established, science-based Dutch food-based dietary guideline (FBDG) developed to stimulate healthier choices. In addition, simple directions on food packaging, such as front-of-package (FOP) health logos, could also be helpful. However, these tools should be in line with each other, in order not to confuse the consumer. To study this, we evaluated two FOP nutrient profiling systems (NPSs) for their alignment with the Wheel of Five: Choices five-level criteria and Nutri-Score. For this, a small but representative sample of 124 products was selected from the Dutch food composition database (NEVO). For these products, the scores for Choices and Nutri-Score were calculated using the published criteria, while compliance with the Wheel of Five was established by using the criteria from Netherlands Nutrition Center (NNC). The Wheel of Five food groups were used to categorize the products. Differences between the Wheel of Five and Choices are smaller than with Nutri-Score, concluding that Choices is more consistent with the Wheel of Five and might be an attractive alternation for a FOP health logo on the Dutch market.
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Rosli, Masli, Abdul Abdul Nasir, Mohd Takriff, and Lee Chern. "Simulation of a Fluidized Bed Dryer for the Drying of Sago Waste." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092383.
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The large amount of sago waste produced by sago processing industries can cause serious environmental problems. When dried, these residues usually have a high starch content (around 58%) and have many potential applications. In this study, the drying of sago waste using a fluidized bed dryer (FBD), which offers more advantages than other drying methods, is analyzed via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. A two-dimensional (2D) FBD model is also developed and a mesh independency test is conducted immediately afterwards. A fine mesh is selected for the CFD model and a simulation is conducted using ANSYS Fluent 17.1 software (Ansys Inc., version 17.1, Canonsburg, PA, USA). The governing and discretized algebraic equations are solved by applying the phase-coupled semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations. Both the Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase model approach and the turbulence model are applied in the simulation due to the turbulent flow in the dryer. A velocity of 1.30 m/s and temperature of 50 °C are selected as boundary conditions based on the optimum parameter values from previous experiments. The final moisture content that we aim to achieve is 10% or a moisture ratio of 0.25 in sago waste for the purpose of animal feed, so as to prevent bacterial growth and for packaging purposes based on common industrial practice. Both the drying rate and fluidization profile are examined at air velocities of 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, and 2.2 m/s. Based on the results, the velocity range of 1.0 m/s to 2.2 m/s is deemed suitable for the fluidization and drying of sago waste with a particle size of 2000 μm for a drying simulation of 1 h. The drying rate is further examined at air temperatures of 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C, whereas the fluidization profile is examined at particle sizes of 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 μm. The results reveal excellent fluidization at a particle size range of 500 μm to 2000 μm and a velocity of 1.3 m/s.
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Azwir, Hery Hamdi, Arri Ismail Wicaksono, and Hirawati Oemar. "Manajemen Perawatan Menggunakan Metode RCM di Mesin Produksi Kertas." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 19, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v19.n1.p12-21.2020.
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One of the leading manufacturers in packaging paper in Indonesia has six production machines. To keep the production machine always in the best condition, then the role of maintenance is significant. One of the production machines, namely paper production machine 2 (PM2), has experienced increasing the number of breakdowns significantly, resulting in increased downtimes. Sudden failure causes a lengthy repair time and results in considerable production loss. The corrective maintenance method that is running at this time still not effectively reduce downtime. To minimize the number of downtimes, preventive maintenance is needed, and therefore the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method is selected. Besides applying quantitative analysis such as Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), reliability, and preventive cost calculations. This method also conducts qualitative analysis such as Functional Block Diagrams (FBD), critical engine analysis, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and Failure and Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA). After implementing the preventive maintenance, there is an increase in reliability in the sub-system of the press section of the paper production machine 2 from only 43% to 56%, while the repair cost has been reduced by Rp 393,258,670 from Rp 5,724,825,736 to Rp 5,331,567,066 each time replacement of components in the press section. This decrease in costs will contribute to the profits earned by the company because it saves maintenance costs.
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Qian Yu, Liau, Asrul Izam Azmi, Siti Musliha Aishah Musa, and Raja Kamarulzaman Raja Ibrahim. "Application of Packaging Technique in Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor for Measuring Localized and Nonuniform Temperature Distribution." Jurnal Teknologi 64, no. 3 (September 15, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v64.2084.
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The development of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technique has improved significantly especially in the sensor head design and real-time data acquisition technique. This paper presents the development of a simple and cost effective packaging technique that further enhances the performances of the FBG sensor. The packaged FBG sensor overcomes the nonuniform heat distribution of a bare FBG that causes eccentric response of FBG spectrum. Therefore, the packaged FBG sensor could be operated for a localized area with high temperature differential. The packaging also compensates the unwanted strain effect from the surrounding which makes temperature measurement become more accurate. The experimental works have been successfully carried out to demonstrate the system operation and the packaging functionalities. The temperature sensitivity coefficient of the bare FBG sensor measured in experiment is 10.05 pm/°C, while the packaged fiber sensor is 10.09 pm/°C, which are expected from the design.
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Hong Li, Haoyue Zhang, Yanming Song, Fanyong Meng, and Lianqing Zhu. "Dual-parameter sensing characteristics of a single fiber Bragg grating half-pasted by 1C-LV epoxy under different curing." Optica Applicata 51, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37190/oa210307.
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A novel technology for the simultaneous and independent measurement of dual parameters is proposed and experimented. By using a single fiber Bragg grating half-pasted by 1C-LV epoxy under different curing conditions, the sensor structure is designed such that the reflective single-peak spectrum splits into a twin-peak spectrum, which makes the FBG spectrum form a natural spectral peak splitting bias. A measurement limitation exists in the FBG sensor packaging at room temperature, which can be solved by the high-temperature cured packaging method. To verify the validity of the theory and methodology, the experimental system is used. In the range from –1000 to +1000 με and from 35 to 75°C, the Bragg wavelength change is relative linear to the strain and temperature. The temperature and strain variations can be independently and simultaneously measured using the split peak, and the deviations of the FBG sensor are ±1°C and ±5 με, respectively. This single FBG sensor can realize dual-parameter measurement, which is valuable for narrow-space health monitoring.
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ARSLAN, Mehmet Mücahit, and Gökay BAYRAK. "Temperature Compensation of FBG Sensors via Sensor Packaging Approach for Harsh Environment Applications." GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, December 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35378/gujs.981290.
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Wu, Jun-Sheng, Chi-An Pan, and Yi-Yu Liu. "ILP-Based Substrate Routing with Mismatched Via Dimension Consideration for Wire-bonding FBGA Package Design." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, January 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3579843.
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With the rapidly growing demand for system-level integration, package substrates have become one of the most important carriers in semiconductor industry. Fine pitch ball grid array (FBGA) packaging is a widely used technology thanks to its relative cost-effectiveness compared to other advanced packaging technologies. In addition, it is also widely used in space-constrained applications, such as mobile and handheld devices. These packaging substrate interconnections are usually customized by layout engineers taking many complex and stringent design rules into consideration. However, fully net-by-net manual design for FBGA is time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose an integer linear programming (ILP)-based router for wire-bonding FBGA packaging design. Our ILP formulation not only can handle design-dependent constraints but also take the problem of mismatched via dimension into account, which is caused by the mechanical processes and greatly increases design complexity. In addition to the ILP formulation for substrate routing, three optimization stages and several ILP constraint reduction techniques are also developed to boost the run time of ILP solver. Experimental results indicate that the proposed framework can achieve high routing completion rates, which could effectively reduce the cycle time of substrate layout design. In addition, in combination with the proposed optimization strategies, 278X speedup can be achieved compared to the ILP constraint optimized router.
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Derby, Ella, BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health, Dale Chen, and Lorraine McIntyre. "Is that food RTE?" BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal, April 25, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47339/ephj.2019.46.
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Background: Rates of foodborne illness linked to consumers misinterpreting, or lack of proper cooking instructions on frozen food products continue to rise. With many recalls and outbreaks in the recent years surrounding frozen breaded chicken (FBC) products due to consumers not adequately cooking products and in turn becoming ill. However, it is not just frozen breaded chicken to blame, frozen microwavable entrees have also contributed to this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to determine what was actually being displayed on the packaging of these frozen foods. Identifying whether or not frozen food products have clear, specific and consistent cooking instructions for the consumers is critical in identifying the risk of cooking and eating these foods. Methods: Secondary data was obtained from the British Columbia Centers for Disease Control (BCCDC) of cooking instructions on FBC packaging, and primary data was collected through visiting grocery stores in the Metro Vancouver area by surveying cooking instructions on frozen microwavable entrees packaging. Four categories of data were assessed, 2008 and 2018 raw FBC products, 2018 cooked FBC, and 2019 frozen microwavable entrees. Parameters such as inclusion of internal cooking temperature, thermometer usage, microwave instructions, and additional food safety handling was gathered. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the results with the statistical software NCSS12. Results: Of all categories surveyed 87.1% (n=122) said to cook the product to a minimum of 74°C, and 12.9% (n=18) did not state anything. 2018 raw FBC always stated an internal cooking temperature (100%), whereas 58% of the 2008 raw FBC stated an internal temperature and 89% of both the 2019 frozen entrees and 2018 cooked FBC did. Out of all 140 products surveyed across categories only 8% stated to use a thermometer when cooking to ensure food has reached proper internal temperature. The frequency of categories to display food safety was as follows, the 2018 raw FBC (82%) and the 2008 raw FBC (79%), followed by the 2019 frozen entrees (42%) and the 2018 cooked FBC (21%). For the microwave instructions the frozen entrees almost always stated this (81%), whereas the 2008 and 2018 raw FBC both never stated to use a microwave (0%). There was a significant association between products and the inclusion of the statement of internal cooking temperature and thermometer usage. This was based on the food product category itself, frozen breaded chicken or frozen entrees, or based on manufacturer of the product. Conclusions: It was evident that the major gap lies in the consistency of instructions. Almost every manufacturer had their cooking instructions presented differently, which could in turn confuse the consumer. Instructions also rarely stated to use a thermometer to check the internal temperature, although almost always stated a specific temperature to cook to. A small portion of manufactures are diligent about displaying all necessary information to the consumer such as, Kraft, Conagra foods, and Olymel which adequately met all parameters assessed. In order to fix the gaps of inconsistency of instructions this information can be used as educational tools by the BCCDC to inform customers on what to look for in cooking instructions of frozen
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"Percutaneous Tract Kit Recalled; Packaging Mismarked." Biomedical Safety & Standards 37, no. 13 (July 2007): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bmsas.0000280682.62051.fb.
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Amorim, Alessandra, Ana de Holanda Barbosa, and Paulo José do Amaral Sobral. "Hunger, Obesity, Public Policies, and Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: A Reflection Considering the Socio-Environmental World Context." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (January 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.805569.
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Nowadays, the world has been characterized by hunger, obesity, and food loss and waste (FLW). With the COVID-19 pandemic, the food issue became more intense, serious, and evident. Hunger demands urgent actions. Obesity levels have been raised and are removing health and quality of life from the population. Production planting practices and the food supply chain are not necessarily ecologically friendly. Sustainability issues greatly intensify social problems. As well as food loss (FL), food waste (FW), and sustainability concerns, obesity, and malnutrition are enhanced due to the lack of knowledge by the population. Processed food (PF), packaging, and additives, despite still needing improvement, are essential to food security control. Nowadays, hunger is not due to insufficient agricultural practices but rather to inequality and absence of adequate public policies. In the context of a certain abundance of food production and processing, the hunger scenario in contrast to FLW is an ethical, social, moral, and sustainable issue. In this context, a Food-Based Dietary Guideline (FBDG) can be an important public policy tool from the health, nutrition, environmental, and educational points of view. Despite the effort, the literature shows that FBDGs can be better used to fulfill healthiness and sustainability purposes. In this scenario, the elaboration/revision of the FBDG, adopting a clearer, simpler, and a better-suited communication strategy is essential. In this way, this article discusses the importance of the FBDG as a public policy tool, not only regarding health issues but also communication strategies, production sustainability, and humanitarian ones, which are crucial to FBDG's efficiency.