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Academic literature on the topic 'FBCs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "FBCs"

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มะสุวรรณ, กนกวรรณ, and ภูษิต เลิศวัฒนารักษ์. "การเปรียบเทียบการใช้นวัตกรรมการออกแบบกลุ่มอาคารด้วยการใช้ Form-Based Codes กรณีศึกษาเมืองเดนเวอร์ (สหรัฐอเมริกา) ฮ่องกง (สาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน) และภูเก็ต (ประเทศไทย)." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 18, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v18i1.240118.

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แนวคิดและมาตรการทางผังเมืองของประเทศไทย มีการกำหนดการใช้ประโยชน์ที่ดิน พื้นที่โล่ง ระบบคมนาคม และกิจการสาธารณูปโภค ที่มุ่งเน้นการควบคุมลักษณะการใช้งานและการสร้างกรอบพัฒนากายภาพในภาพรวมมากกว่าการสร้างเครื่องมือเพื่อตอบสนองรายละเอียดเอกลักษณ์ของพื้นที่เฉพาะและการส่งเสริมกระบวนการมีส่วนร่วมทางสังคม ซึ่งทำให้เกิดข้อกำหนดที่ไม่สอดคล้องกับกายภาพและผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียไม่ได้ตระหนักถึงบทบาทและความสำคัญที่มีต่อการพัฒนาเมือง ทั้งนี้ มาตรการทางผังเมือง Form-Based Codes (FBCs) เป็นแนวคิดการจัดการพื้นที่เชิงลึกซึ่งมีการวางผังเมืองจากการตั้งเป้าหมาย วิสัยทัศน์ และความต้องการของผู้อยู่อาศัยในพื้นที่ เพื่อสร้างข้อกำหนดทางผังเมืองที่มีการใช้ที่ดินได้อย่างคุ้มค่า ส่งเสริมการปรับปรุงฟื้นฟูพื้นที่สาธารณะและเอกลักษณ์ของย่าน และยกระดับคุณภาพชีวิตของประชาชนในเมือง มาตรการทางผังเมืองแบบ FBCs จึงตอบสนองทั้งในมิติทางกายภาพและมิติทางสังคม งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาทฤษฎีของ FBCs และการนํา า FBCs มาใช้กับข้อกํา าหนดและลักษณะทางกายภาพเดิมของพื้นที่กรณีศึกษา โดยมุ่งเน้นการทำความเข้าใจลักษณะของประยุกต์ใช้ FBCs ในพื้นที่ที่มีข้อจำกัดที่แตกต่างกัน โดยการเปรียบเทียบประเด็นทางกฎหมายเดิมที่ใช้บังคับ การบริหารจัดการ และข้อกำหนดมาตรฐานกายภาพของพื้นที่สาธารณะและมาตรฐานอาคาร พื้นที่กรณีศึกษาสองกลุ่ม ได้แก่ เมืองเดนเวอร์ ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกาซึ่งมีการบังคับใช้ FBCs และอีกกลุ่ม ประกอบด้วย ฮ่องกง สาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน และเมืองภูเก็ต ประเทศไทย ซึ่งมีความเป็นไปได้ที่จะนำ FBCs มาประยุกต์ใช้ให้เหมาะสมกับบริบทและข้อจำกัด ทั้งนี้ การวิเคราะห์ตัวแปรตามกรอบแนวคิดของ FBCs ประกอบด้วย 1) แนวคิดในการพัฒนาผังเมือง พิจารณาประเด็นอำนาจหน้าที่ผู้ออกกฎหมาย กระบวนการมีส่วนร่วมทางสังคม และการใช้ประโยชน์ที่ดิน และ 2) องค์ประกอบของ FBCs ประกอบด้วย ผังเพื่อใช้ในการอ้างอิง มาตรฐานพื้นที่สาธารณะ มาตรฐานรูปทรงอาคาร วิธีการจัดการ และคำจำกัดความพิเศษของกฎหมาย ผลการศึกษาพบว่า เมืองเดนเวอร์มีการนำแนวคิด FBCs มาใช้ในกระบวนการวางแผนพัฒนาเมืองตั้งแต่เริ่มต้นวางผังเมือง สามารถใช้ FBCs เป็นเครื่องมือในการกำหนดนโยบาย การตัดสินใจ และการออกข้อบังคับทางกฎหมายอย่างสมบูรณ์ โดยมีรายละเอียดมาตรฐานพื้นที่สาธารณะและมาตรฐานอาคารสอดคล้องกับเอกลักษณ์และกายภาพของพื้นที่ ในทางตรงกันข้าม ฮ่องกงมีข้อจำกัดหลัก คือ กรรมสิทธิ์การถือครองที่ดินทั้งหมดเป็นของรัฐ ทำให้กระบวนการมีส่วนร่วมจากภาคประชาชนมีบทบาทน้อย สำหรับประเทศไทย ข้อจำกัดหลักคือ การบริหารจัดการแบบรวมศูนย์ของรัฐ ส่งผลให้การพัฒนาพื้นที่ขาดการบูรณาการทั้งจากหน่วยงานภาครัฐและความร่วมมือของภาคเอกชนและภาคประชาชน ในทางกายภาพ ทั้งฮ่องกงและประเทศไทยมีความเป็นไปได้ที่จะนำ FBCs มาปรับใช้ควบคู่กับผังเมืองที่มีอยู่ โดยอ้างอิงการใช้ประโยชน์ที่ดินเป็นผังฐาน และใช้ผัง FBCs เป็นผังรายละเอียดเฉพาะพื้นที่สาธารณะและกายภาพของอาคาร ซึ่งเป็นการบูรณาการทางกายภาพสำหรับเขตพื้นที่พิเศษ
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Garde, Ajay. "Form-Based Codes for Downtown Redevelopment: Insights from Southern California." Journal of Planning Education and Research 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17692653.

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Several cities have adopted form-based codes (FBCs) for downtown redevelopment. Using a multiple–case study method, this article examines the extent to which FBCs adopted by Southern California cities for downtown redevelopment differ from conventional zoning regulations (CZRs) in integrating LEED-ND criteria, which include sustainable design principles. Results show that FBCs generally integrate LEED-ND criteria to a greater extent than do the CZRs that they replaced; however, there is variation in the extent to which FBCs integrate these criteria. The article points to criteria that deserve more attention in these FBCs and presents recommendations for planners considering FBCs for downtown redevelopment.
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Mornieux, Guillaume, Elmar Weltin, Monika Pauls, Franz Rott, and Albert Gollhofer. "Influence of a Full-Body Compression Suit on Trunk Positioning and Knee Joint Mechanics During Lateral Movements." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 33, no. 4 (August 2017): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0061.

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Trunk positioning has been shown to be associated with knee joint loading during athletic tasks, especially changes of direction. The purpose of the present study was to test whether a full-body compression suit (FBCS) would improve trunk positioning and knee joint control during lateral movements. Twelve female athletes performed lateral reactive jumps (LRJ) and unanticipated cuttings with and without the customized FBCS, while 3D kinematics and kinetics were measured. FBCS did not influence trunk positioning during LRJ and led to increased trunk lateral lean during cuttings (P < .001). However, while wearing FBCS, knee joint abduction and internal rotation angles were reduced during LRJ (P < .001 andP = .013, respectively), whereas knee joint moments were comparable during cuttings. FBCS cannot support the trunk segment during unanticipated dynamic movements. But, increased trunk lateral lean during cutting maneuvers was not high enough to elicit increased knee joint moments. On the contrary, knee joint abduction and internal rotation were reduced during LRJ, speaking for a better knee joint alignment with FBCS. Athletes seeking to improve trunk positioning may not benefit from a FBCS.
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Law, Ali, and Sathpal Singh. "Unlocking the Potential of Hybrid Working." ITNOW 64, no. 2 (May 12, 2022): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwac036.

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Masuwan, Kanokwan, and Pusit Lertwattanaruk. "Incorporating Form-Based Codes into the Design-Based Approach to Historic Building Conservation in Phuket, Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093859.

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In Thailand, the concept and measurement of urban planning rely on conventional zoning, which includes land use, building usage, and open space ratio. Conventional zoning focuses on both the growth of buildings in terms of physical dimensions and their usability in lowland areas. The guidelines and measures used in urban planning do not reflect the spatial relationship of the community, as they have a less detailed design and place no emphasis on the identity of the district. Urban planning might not protect the sense of any given place, as it often uses a one-size-fits-all plan that is then applied to whole communities. Form-Based Codes (FBCs) are urban planning tools that are used to maximize land use, benefit the public, focus on creating a specific physical form, and design the development and public spaces in a way that matches the community’s vision. FBCs are the result of the cooperation between stakeholders, architects, urban planners, government agencies, and members of the local community who are willing to create a plan for their public space and to preserve the physical characteristics of the city. In this paper, we aimed to understand the relationship between various historical contexts and the FBCs using the case study of Phuket’s old town, which has a fusion of Sino–Portuguese architecture. Building form standards suitable for Phuket’s old town were created by comparing them to a baseline case that uses existing codes and regulations and using the FBCs’ components. FBCs have the potential to enhance the character and vibrancy of the historic area by improving façade design and preserving the sense of place and community pride. The results support the hypothesis that FBCs are able to supplement conventional zoning in historic districts. Recommendations for a local historic preservation commission and communities that are considering the adoption of FBCs for historic resources and districts are provided.
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Zhou, Yitao, Zhigang Wu, and Chao Yang. "Gust Alleviation and Wind Tunnel Test by Using Combined Feedforward Control and Feedback Control." Aerospace 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9040225.

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Gust alleviation is of great significance for improving aircraft ride quality and reducing gust load. Using aircraft response (feedback control) and gust disturbance information (feedforward control) to improve the gust alleviation effect is worthy of attention. In this paper, a combined control system (CCS) composed of feedforward control system (FFCS) and feedback control system (FBCS) is designed and analyzed. At the same time, the gust alleviation effect of the CCS, the single FFCS and the single FBCS are analyzed and compared by means of numerical simulation and wind tunnel test, respectively. Taking a flexible wing as the research object, the gust alleviation effects of three control systems under different forms of gust excitation (1-cos discrete gust, sine gust and Dryden turbulence) are analyzed by numerical simulation. In the wind tunnel test, the sine gust generated by a gust generator was used, and the gust alleviation test was carried out under different wind speeds and gust frequencies. The simulation and experimental results show that the CCS has better gust alleviation performance for various gust excitations. When comparing FFCS and FBCS, the FFCS has better robustness and control effect than the FBCS. When comparing FFCS and CCS, the better the alleviation effect of FFCS, the more difficult it is to achieve significant effect improvement by using CCS, which is obtained by adding FBCS on the FFCS.
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Brown, Alan. "Transformation." ITNOW 64, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwac128.

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Yetim, Adem. "Mentoring." ITNOW 64, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwac122.

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Hall, Jon. "Leadership." ITNOW 64, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/combul/bwac119.

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Lucas, Matt. "Futurology." ITNOW 64, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwac009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FBCs"

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Meckstroth, Gregory A. Jr. "FBCs for NBDs in Cincinnati, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243302122.

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A, Meckstroth Gregory. "FBCs for NBDs in Cincinnati, Ohio." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243302122.

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Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Menelaos Triantafillou. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 12, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Form Based Codes; Cincinnati, Ohio; FBC; NBD; Neighborhood Business District. Includes bibliographical references.
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Morali, Ekrem Mehmet. "Mathematical Modeling Of Fbcs Co-fired With Lignite And Biomass." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608552/index.pdf.

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Increasing environmental legislations on pollutant emissions originated from fossil fuel combustion and intention of increasing the life of existing fossil fuels give rise to the use of renewable sources. Biomass at this juncture, with its renewable nature and lower pollutant emission levels becomes an attractive energy resource. However, only seasonal availability of biomass and operation problems caused by high alkaline content of biomass ash restrict its combustion alone. These problems can be overcome by co-combustion of biomass with lignite. With its high fuel flexibility and high combustion efficiency, fluidized bed combustion is the most promising technology for co-firing. To improve and optimize the operation of co-firing systems a detailed understanding of co-combustion of coal and biomass is necessary, which can be achieved both with experiments and modeling studies. For this purpose, a comprehensive system model of fluidized bed combustor, previously developed and tested for prediction of combustion behaviour of fluidized bed combustors fired with lignite was extended to co-firing lignite with biomass by incorporating volatile release, char combustion and population balance for biomass. The model predictions were validated against experimental measurements taken on METU 0.3 MWt AFBC fired with lignite only, lignite with limestone addition and about 50/50 lignite/olive residue mixture with limestone addition. Predicted and measured temperatures and concentrations of gaseous species along the combustor were found to be in good agreement. Introduction of biomass to lignite was found to decrease SO2 emissions but did not affect NO emissions significantly.
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Gray, Shani P. "Faith-based organizations (FBOs) and community crime control initiatives." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3185394.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3101. Chair: Steven Chermak. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Caldeira, Miguel António Barreto. "Projecto e implementação de FBGs para aplicações em telecomunicações." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3566.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Num contexto de grande desenvolvimento e massificação das telecomunicações, provocada pela necessidade intrínseca de serviços inerentes ao contacto permanente e global de um grande número de indivíduos, têm surgido vários dispositivos que tentam responder a este novo contexto, aumento de largura de banda e processamento totalmente óptico. Um dos dispositivos importante neste cenário, nomeadamente em operações de filtragem e compensação de dispersão cromática no domínio óptico, é a rede de Bragg em fibra óptica. Como tal o objectivo principal deste trabalho é produzir FBGs para aplicações em telecomunicações e aperfeiçoar a plataforma que permite estas implementações. Inicialmente apresenta-se o princípio de funcionamento e tipos de redes Bragg. De modo a simular a resposta em amplitude e fase de redes de Bragg desenvolveu-se um software com base no método da matriz transferência. Seguidamente, estudaram-se métodos de implementação de redes de Bragg com perfil de sinc e com perfil de chirp equivalente, que permitissem obter FBGs com respostas adequadas respectivamente à filtragem óptica em sistemas multicanal, e à compensação de dispersão Procedeu-se ao estudo do sistema de gravação implementado no Instituto de Telecomunicações – Pólo de Aveiro e dos algoritmos de implementação já desenvolvidos, em especial o método de stitching. Por fim, de modo a poder caracterizar-se e retirar conclusões das redes de Bragg implementadas, efectuaram-se projectos, simulações, e gravações de redes e compararam-se as respostas das redes Bragg gravadas com as simuladas, confirmando-se a validade do procedimento suportado pela plataforma disponível.
In the subject of great development and growing field of telecommunications provoked by intrinsic necessity of inherent services of permanent contact and globally, a large number of individuals have suggested various devices that attempt to respond to this new subject, increased bandwidth and all optical processing. One of important devices in this scenario, namely in operations of filtering and compensation of chromatic dispersion in optical domain, is Bragg gratings in optical fiber. As such the main objective of this work is produce FBGs for applications in telecommunications and improve the platform that allows these implementations. Initially presents the principle function and types of Bragg’s gratings. In order to simulate the response amplitude and phase developed software based on the matrix method of transfer. Next, we studied methods of implementation of Bragg’s gratings with sinc profile and chirp equivalent profile, which would allow for FBGs with appropriate responses respectively to the optical filtering in multichannel systems, and the dispersion compensation. In this sense, recording the gratings were proceeded the study the recording system to be incorporated in the Institute of Telecommunications-Pólo de Aveiro, and in the implementation algorithms already developed, especially for the stitching method. Lastly, in characterizing and drawing conclusions of the applied gratings, simulations, projects, and recordings of Bragg’s gratings were carried out, in comparing the results of the recordings to the simulations, confirming the validity of the procedure supported by the available platform.
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Santos, João Miguel Sarabando. "FBGs avançadas para sistemas de comunicação em fibra óptica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2135.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Iniciou-se este trabalho com o estudo das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, propriedades espectrais e espaciais, identificando os seus principais parametros físicos e o impacto que estes têm na sua resposta em amplitude e fase. Coincidente com esta fase, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo de simulação de redes Bragg baseado no método da matriz de transferência, com o objectivo de uma melhor compreensão das redes Bragg em fibra óptica. De seguida, procedeu-se ao estudo do sistema de gravação implementado no Instituto de Telecomunicações – Pólo de Aveiro e dos algoritmos já desenvolvidos, com especial atenção para um algoritmo de implementação de redes de Bragg através do método de stitching. De seguida, iniciou-se o desenvolvimento do software. Efectuaram-se simulações, projecto e gravações de redes Bragg e compararam-se as respostas das redes Bragg gravadas com as simuladas. Finalmente, caracterizaram-se e analisaram-se algumas redes de Bragg implementadas, utilizando um simulador de sistemas de comunicações ópticas.
This work started with the study of the Fiber Bragg Gratings and their spectral and spatial properties, as well as the identification of the main physical parameters associated and their impact in the amplitude and phase response. Simultaneously, a FBG simulation algorithm was developed based on the transfer function method, for a better understanding of the FBGs characteristics. Then, we proceed to the study of the recording system at the Instituto de Telecomunicações - Pólo de Aveiro, as well as the study of the developed algorithms, with particular attention to an implementation algorithm considering the stitching method. The development of the software followed. Several simulations, designs and FBG recordings were performed and the responses of the recorded FBGs were compared to the expected ones. Finally, a number designed FBGs were characterized and tested, using an optical communication system simulator.
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Hole, Erik Lillebø. "Optical Fiber sensing of acoustic waves using overlapping FBGs." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37779.

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The objective of this thesis was to investigate if an optical fiber sensing method with the use of two overlapping fiber Bragg gratings to measure Lamb wave $S_0$ modes in a steel plate, and how it would compare to traditional PZT transducers. A solution was proposed where the use of an optical fiber sensing system was built and took advantage of the strain dependence of a fiber Bragg grating mounted to a steel plate. Together with an overlapping reference fiber Bragg grating, the system can translate strain to light intensity. A method of controlling the Bragg wavelength of the reference fiber Bragg grating to optimize the overlap between the two fiber Bragg gratings, enabling the system to compensate for drift in the sensing fiber Bragg grating. Testing of the system was performed and yielded promising results, being able to measure the Lamb wave signal from the steel plate. The system showed some sensitivity limitations and signal to noise ratio, as well as the software created to compensate for the drift. With the improvement proposed for further work with the system in terms of improving the system's sensitivity, signal to noise ratio and drift control should make the system able to perform at levels as traditional PZT transducers.
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Santos, Ana Vanessa Guindeira dos. "Implementação de FBGs para sistemas de comunicação em fibra óptica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1924.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
O presente trabalho tem por objectivo o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de apoio à gravação de redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, baseado no método de stitching, por sobreposição e interferência de secções de perturbação do índice de refracção com um comprimento (step) definido. Começou por se efectuar uma abordagem teórica ao funcionamento das redes de Bragg, identificando-se os principais parâmetros físicos da perturbação referida, que têm impacto na sua resposta em amplitude e fase. Posteriormente, analisou-se o sistema implementado para a gravação de redes de Bragg, e desenvolveu-se um algoritmo de apoio a essa gravação. Finalmente, para um perfil de apodização definido, procedeu-se à gravação de redes de Bragg com diferentes steps, suportada pelo software implementado, e compararam-se as respostas medidas e simuladas em cada caso. Analisou-se também, por simulação, o impacto do step e resposta correspondente no desempenho de um sistema de comunicações ópticas.
This work focuses on the development of an algorithm to support a Bragg gratings’ recording system, based on the stitching method, by overlapping sections of perturbed refraction index with a defined length (step). First, we made a theoretical approach to the operation of Bragg gratings, identifying the main physical parameters of the referred perturbation that impact their response, both in amplitude and phase. Subsequently, we analyzed the implemented system, and developed an algorithm to support it. Finally, for a defined profile of apodization, we proceeded to the Bragg filters implementation, with different recording steps, supported by the developed software, and compared to the measured and simulated responses in each case. Finally, we simulated an optical communications system and analyzed the impact of the recording step and consequent response in the system’s performance.
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9

Kuna, Kranthi. "Mix design considerations and performance characteristics of foamed bitumen mixtures (FBMs)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28857/.

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The sustainability issues in pavement materials and design form a strong incentive for the present work. Using recycled materials in pavements is a sustainable practice that is gaining adoption, particularly for flexible (bituminous) pavements. One approach is to incorporate large quantities of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) into base and sub-base applications for pavement construction. Numerous studies have reported that RAP can be reused as an aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) as well as in cold mix asphalt, granular base, sub-base, and subgrade courses. Cold recycling technology, like hot mix technology, has also become popular in various countries for rehabilitation of damaged bituminous pavements. RAP stabilized with bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen has been used as a base layer. The present study focuses on Foamed Bitumen treated Mixes (FBMs). Most of the agencies which use FBMs have their own mix design procedures which are the result of numerous efforts over decades. In spite of all these efforts, Foamed Bitumen application in cold recycling in the United Kingdom suffers from the lack of a standardised mix design procedure. To overcome this, the present research objective was to develop a mix design procedure by identifying critical mix design parameters. The mix design parameters that were optimised were Foamed Bitumen content, mixing water content (MWC), and compaction effort. Special attention was given to the simplest yet crucial mix design consideration of FBMs; curing. The thesis also attempted to simulate what should be expected in terms of the performance of flexible pavements containing FBMs as road base. The mix design parametric study was initially carried out on FBMs with virgin limestone aggregate (VA) without RAP material and a mix design procedure was proposed. Optimum MWC was achieved by optimising mechanical properties such as Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS-dry and ITS-wet). A rational range of 75-85% of Optimum Water Content (OWC) obtained by the modified Proctor test was found to be the optimum range of MWC that gives optimum mechanical properties for FBMs. The proposed methodology was also found to apply to FBMs with 50% RAP and 75% RAP. It was also found that the presence of RAP influenced the design FB content, which means that treating RAP as black rock in FBM mix design is not appropriate. This work also evaluated the validity of the total fluid (water + bitumen) concept which is widely used in bitumen-emulsion treated mixes. The present work was also intended to better understand the curing mechanism of FBMs and to lessen the gap between laboratory curing and field evolution of these mixtures. This was achieved by evaluating different curing regimes that are being followed by different agencies and researchers, as well as identifying important parameters that affect curing. In achieving this, a link was established between laboratory mix design and field performance by evaluating applicability of the maturity method. The curing regime study provided a valid investigation into the behaviour of FBM taking into account the effect of temperature, curing conditioning (Sealed or Unsealed), curing duration and the influence of cement with different curing regimes. It was found that the temperature is as important a parameter as time, as temperature has a greater influence on curing rate and also on bitumen properties. Moreover, higher curing temperatures resulted in higher rate of stiffness gain. This trend is not only because of rapid water loss but also implies an increase in binder stiffness at higher curing temperatures. Though the presence of RAP improved the early stage stiffness of FBMs, it slowed down the rate of water loss from the specimens which resulted in smaller stiffness values at a later stage. The experimental results also indicated that cement addition has no influence on water loss trends, but improved the stiffness significantly during all stages of curing. The study also evaluated the applicability of the maturity method as a tool to assess the in-situ characteristic of FBM layers in the pavement. It was found that replacing the time term with an equivalent age term in the maturity function aided in estimating stiffness rather than relative stiffness. This was possible because of the characteristic curing of FBM in which the limiting stiffness these mixtures reach strongly depends on the curing temperature at least for the length of the curing stages considered in the present study. A strong correlation was found between maturity and the stiffness values obtained from the laboratory tests which resulted in development of maturity-stiffness relationships. The application of the method to assess the in-situ stiffness was presented using three hypothetical pavement sections. The results showed the influence of ambient temperature and the importance of cement addition to FBMs. The permanent deformation resistance was assessed by performing RLAT tests on cylindrical specimens compacted by gyratory compactor. The RLAT test results indicate that both test temperature and stress level have significant influence on permanent deformation characteristics as expected. The effect of stress on permanent deformation was increased with increase in test temperature. It was also found that from limited tests and mixture combinations, RAP content has only a slight influence on permanent deformation of FBMs. However, the presence of cement led to significant improvement. FBMs were also found to be less temperature susceptible than HMA in terms of permanent deformation and, within FBMs, mixtures with cement were found to be more sensitive than FBMs without any cement. For assessing the fatigue performance of FBMs, the ITFT was initially used to investigate the effect of cement on the fatigue life. The ITFT tests results showed that the FBMs without cement (50%RAP-FBM) have lower fatigue life than HMA (DBM90) at any initial strain level. Nevertheless, similar to permanent deformation, the fatigue life was improved with the addition of 1% cement to FBMs. However, the above discussion was not found to be completely valid when uniaxial tests were carried out. In stress controlled uniaxial tests, a sinusoidal load of 1Hz frequency was applied axially to induce tensile strain in the radial direction. The failure criterion considered in the study was the number of cycles to reach 50% stiffness and this was plotted against the measured initial strain values. Results indicated that there was not much difference in fatigue life among different mixtures and also between FBM and HMA. However, stiffness evolution curves showed that FBMs fail in a different pattern compared to HMA. Unlike HMA, which showed a three stage evolution process, for FBMs the stiffness actually increased initially to reach a maximum and decreased at a slower rate until failure. It was also found that by plotting curves according to Hopman et al.,(1989) which identifies the fatigue failure transition point, use of the 50% stiffness criterion for fatigue life evaluation is not a conservative approach. Uniaxial tests also revealed that, although in fatigue the FBMs were found to behave differently from HMA, in terms of permanent deformation, FBMs behave similarly to HMA in that a steady state strain rate was achieved.
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Mustonen, Ljung Marie. "Maten på jobbet : arbetsmåltider och uppfattningar om arbetsmåltider hos personal i roterande 3-skift vid en processindustri." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbets- och folkhälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21807.

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I dagens samhälle är vi aktiva dygnet runt både gällande fritid och arbete. Detta innebär att det måste finnas tillgänglig arbetskraft under dygnets alla timmar, vilket medför stor påfrestning på arbetstagares biologiska dygnsrytm. De oregelbundna arbetstiderna kan inverka negativt på arbetstagarens både fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Företag kan tillsammans med lokala fackföreningar förhandla bort den lagstadgade matrasten och ersatta den med ett måltidsuppehåll vilket innebär att det ingår i arbetstiden och får nyttjas i mån av tid. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga de uppfattningar som arbetstagare i roterande 3-skift vid en processindustri har om måltidsuppehållet, var och när deras måltidsuppehåll tar plats och vad de äter och dricker. 15 skiftarbetare har under 6 arbetsskift vardera, fotodokumenterat vad deras födointag under måltidsuppehåll bestod av. Dessa kategoriserades genom Food-based Classification of Eating Episodes. Fotografierna visade att totala antalet ät-tillfällen var lägre under nattskiftet i jämförelse med andra skift. Skiftarbetarna intervjuades och deras utsagor genomgick en fenomenografisk analys där det framkom att deras uppfattningar om måltidsuppehållet är att det är en social tillställning som stärker gruppgemenskapen. När arbetstagarna äter en måltid sitter de oftast vid matbordet och då ”ställer man upp för varandra” så att måltiden skall kunna slutföras. Om det gäller ett mellanmål kan intaget ske vid arbetsplatsen och om något händer får de bryta och arbeta. Vidare studier behövs för att verifiera uppfattningar i andra arbetsgrupper.
In today´s society, we are active day and nights, both in leisure time and at work. This means that employees must be available at work 24-hours a day which inflict high strain on their circadian rhythms. The irregular working hours can affect negatively on the employee’s physical and mental health. Companies can, together with local unions, negotiate away the statutory dinner break and replace it with meal break, which means that it is included in working hours and should be used as time permits. The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptions of workers in rotating 3-shift, in a process industry, when and where their meal breaks take place and what they ate. 15 shift workers have during 6 shifts each, photo-documented what their meal breaks consisted of. Consumption of foods and beverages were categorized by Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes. The photographs showed that the number of eating occasions was lower during the night shift in comparison to other shifts. Shift workers were interviewed and their statements underwent a phenomenographical analysis which revealed that their perception of the meal break is a social event as well that strengthens the group community. When the workers were having a meal, it is mostly occurred at the dinner table. The shift workers replaced each other so each one had the possibility to take a meal break. Regarding snack intakes, it could occur at their workplace and if something happened in the process, they could immediately return to work. Further studies are needed to verify the perceptions of other working groups.
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Books on the topic "FBCs"

1

Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9.

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Weinberg, A. Performance of FBC and FBC/fly ash landfill test cells. / A. Weinberg. S.l: s.n, 1994.

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Sia, Robert. High energy vacuum ultraviolet Fb2s excimer laser. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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Verma, Vishnu. Thermal analysis of metallic fuel for future FBRs. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2009.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. Fragebogen zur Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61596-2.

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Dreher, G. B. Geochemistry of FBC waste-coal slurry solid mixtures. S.l: s.n, 1993.

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United States. Employment and Training Administration. Office of Policy Development and Research. Literature review: Business/faith-based and community organization (FBCO) partnerships : final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Office of Policy Development and Research, 2006.

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Ghafoori, N. Evaluation and utilization of Illinois FBC residues for construction materials. S.l: s.n, 1992.

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Ghafoori, N. Evaluation and utilization of Illinois FBC residues for construction materials. S.l: s.n, 1993.

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Services, Dearborn Environmental Consulting. Treatability of wastewaters from high CaO and CaSO4 content FBC wastes. Ottawa, Ont., Canada: Environment Canada, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "FBCs"

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Feng, Tian. "FBC's Applicability in Policymaking." In Family Burden Coefficient in China, 136–44. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22938-9.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Einleitung." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_1.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Die Indikation." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_2.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Das Verfahren." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 2–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_3.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Statistische Kennwerte." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 3–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_4.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Untersuchungen zur Validität." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 5–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_5.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Tabellenanhang." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 9–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_6.

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Süllwold, Lilo, and Jutta Herrlich. "Literatur." In Frankfurter-Befindlichkeits-Skala (FBS), 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61597-9_7.

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Schneider, K. T. M., C. v. Kaisenberg, and W. Holzgreve. "Fetal Blood Sampling (FBS)." In Manual der fetalen Medizin, 31–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93551-0_8.

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Beinlich, Ann-Kristin. "Kontrastfallstudien: Progressive FBOs im SRHR-Diskurs." In Der Mythos von moralischen Akteuren, 317–72. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36418-2_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "FBCs"

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Levy, Alan V., B. Q. Wang, and G. Q. Geng. "Relationship Between Feedstock Characteristics and Erosivity of FBC Bed Materials." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-249.

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The erosion-corrosion (E-C) metal wastage mechanisms and rates that occur in 1018 plain carbon steel used in tubular heat exchangers of fluid bed combustors (FBC) are discussed. The characteristics of FBC bed material erodent particles such as composition, shape, size and strength were found to have a major effect on the surface degradation mechanisms and rates which occurred. A total of sixteen different bed material particles from ten different FBCs were tested. It was determined that when the particles were strong enough to not shatter when they impacted the steel’s surface, their shape and composition were the most important factors in determining their erosivity. The relative amounts of SiO2, CaO, CaCO3, CaSO4, and alkali compounds in the bed materials were related to the metal wastage by using laboratory mixtures of the compounds as erodents. The ratio of SiO2 to CaO and CaCO3 was especially important in determining the erosivity of the bed materials. It was found that increasing this ratio increased the metal wastage. A sharp transition ratio occurred on either side of which the metal wastages were linear. The slope of the linear curve was low for the lower sand content mixtures and higher for higher sand content mixtures. The transition ratio required a higher CaO content for higher velocity particles.
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Lu, Dennis Y., and Edward J. Anthony. "Combustion Characteristics of Natural Gas in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-053.

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Recently there has been interest in extending the application of fluidized bed combustors (FBCs) to fuels with difficult handling properties or ones that are associated with non-conventional air pollutant problems. These fuels, such as biomass, plastic wastes, black liquors and heavy liquid fuels, have very high volatiles contents and, because they are often treated as easily-burned materials, they have received much less attention than has been given say to the combustion processes for char in FBCs. Understanding their gas-phase chemistry is helpful in optimizing their combustion. This paper describes the study of natural gas combustion in a fluidized bed as a simple model for studying gas-phase reactions involving C/H/N/O chemistry in the absence of char. The experimental work was conducted using a pilot-scale CFBC unit. Combustion characteristics and emissions were investigated by varying the operating conditions and in particular the combustion temperature, fluidizing velocity and bed material. The results indicated that fluidized bed combustion chemistry is associated with superequilibrium free radical processes, similar to high-temperature flame systems. In this system, prompt-NO mechanisms are the only routes for NO formation and this work shows that they can lead to significant NOx production.
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Jia, L., E. J. Anthony, and Richard Turnbell. "Treatment of Sydney Tar Pond Sludge in CFBC." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78123.

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Test burns of mixtures of Sydney tar pond sludge and coal were carried out using CETC’s mini-circulating fluidized bed combustor (mini-CFBC). The goal was to determine if CFBC technology could be used to treat the tar pond sludge. During the tests, CO2, O2, CO, SO2, and NOx in the flue gas were monitored continuously. Stack gas sampling was carried out for HCl, metals, particulate matter, VOCs, total hydrocarbons, semi-volatile organic compounds, dioxins and furans and PCBs. Results showed that HCl, Hg, particulate matter, PCDD/Fs and metal concentrations were all below both the current limits and the gas release limits to be implemented in 2008 in Canada. Sulphur capture efficiency was about 89–90%. The percentage of fuel nitrogen converted to NOx was of the order of 4.7 to 6.1, which is significantly lower than that of conventional pulverized coal-fired boilers and well within normal range of FBC boilers. PCB and PAH emissions levels were comparable or lower than levels reported in the literature for industrial-scale FBCs. VOC concentrations were low except for benzene, for which the concentration was higher than that reported for utility-scale FBC and pulverized coal-fired boilers. In addition, CO concentration was high at 1200 to 2200 ppm. However, these CO concentrations are typical of CETC’s mini-CFBC firing coal. The trials showed that, for 10% by weight tar pond sludge mixed with 90% by weight coal, the combustion was both stable and efficient. The tests demonstrated that CFBC technology could be an environmentally sound option for eliminating wastes from the Sydney tar pond.
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Eldabbagh, Fadi, Karl K. Rink, and Janusz A. Kozinski. "A Novel Approach Towards Waste Treatment in FBC." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78089.

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Waste combustion has the potential to play an important role in the energy production despite its contribution to heavy metals emissions. A new multi-zone temperature combustion technique, known as a Low-High-Low (LHL) temperature method, was developed to reduce pollutant emissions, particularly heavy metals, from FBCs. This paper focuses on the environmental impacts of biowaste combustion at different FBC conditions with emphasis on gas and solid emissions. The biowaste (de-inking sludge) studied contained 15% moisture, 27% carbon, 18% oxygen, and 35% ash. Ash elemental analysis shows a dominance of SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO (38%, 28% and 19%, respectively) with selected alkalis Na2O and K2O (0.3% and 0.2%, respectively). The used biowaste material had a heating value of 10,000 kJ/kg, which indicates that its combustion may be used to treat a portion of the total solid waste produced, while generating energy. The paper reports the following results of LHL vs. Classical FBC: (1) average axial profiles of gas concentrations (NO, NOx, and CO2) as well as their final averages at the exhaust, (2) final heavy metals leachability from generated fly ash. During the multi-temperature combustion experiments (LHL), the final average gas measurements for NO, NOx, and CO2 were 91 ppm, 175 ppm, and 6.1%, respectively. As for the classical FBC experiments, the final average gas measurements were similar (94 ppm, 141 ppm and 5.9% for NO, NOx and CO2, respectively). The final fly ash sample had leachability rates of 0.14 ppm and 0.061 ppm for Cd and Cr, respectively. Such low leachability rates are due to the LHL’s ability to form dense and compact final fly ash structures. On the contrary, 30.7 ppm and 14.3 ppm of Cd and Cr leached out of the porous no-LHL final fly ash structures, respectively. These results confirm that the LHL combustion could be considered as an effective waste-to-energy approach.
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Black, Andrew P., and Peter W. O'Hearn. "Presentation of the SIGPLAN distinguished achievement award to Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare, FRS, FREng, FBCS; and interview." In the 39th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2103656.2103658.

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Seyed Yaghoubi, A., P. Begeman, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Generic Steel Vehicle Front Bumper and Crush Can Assemblies Subjected to a Rigid High Speed Offset Frontal Impact." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65044.

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This study presents experimental investigations of generic steel Front Bumper and Crush Can (FBCC) assemblies subjected to a 40% offset frontal impact. As automotive industries aim to reduce overall vehicle weight by applying lighter-weight materials to its structures, component-level studies become important. Computer aided models are valuable tools to complement physical testing by assessing the performances of these structures. Due to the lack of studies on component-level tests with FBCCs, a novel component-level test procedure would be useful to aid in CAE correlation. A sled-on-sled testing method was used to perform all the tests reported here. Impact speed was optimized such that there was no bottoming-out force for this type of test. Three high-speed cameras (HSCs), an infrared (IR) thermal camera, and several accelerometers were utilized to study impact performance of the FBCC structures. The results showed that time histories of displacement and velocity from video tracking and accelerometers were in good agreement. The force-time history and force-displacement curves from different FBCC specimens were consistent and in good agreement with respect to each other with a low coefficient of variation calculated. Post-impact deformation pattern analysis of the samples showed consistent crush patterns. Heat was generated and dissipated at the tip of the crush can and progressed as the can started to fold.
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Dixit, Y., P. Begeman, G. S. Dhaliwal, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Crashworthiness Performance of Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC) Vehicle Front Bumper Crush Can (FBCC) Assemblies Subjected to High Speed 40% Offset Frontal Impact." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70357.

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This research article presents the crashworthiness response of carbon fiber composite front bumper crush can (FBCC) assembly subjected to 40% offset frontal impact loading. Automobile manufacturers continue to strive for overall vehicle weight reduction while maintaining or enhancing safety performance. Therefore, the physical testing of lightweight materials becomes extremely important under a crash scenario in order to apply them to automotive structures to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle. In this study carbon fiber/epoxy lightweight composite material is chosen to develop frontal bumper beam crush can assemblies. Due to lack of available studies on carbon fiber composite FBCCs assemblies under frontal offset crash scenario, a new component-level experimental study is conducted in order to develop data that will provide assistance to CAE models for better correlation. A sled-on-sled testing method was utilized to perform tests in this study. 40 % offset frontal tests on FBCC structures were conducted by utilizing three high-speed cameras (HSCs), several accelerometers and load wall. Impact histories i.e. crash pulse, force-time history, force-displacement, impact characteristics and deformation patterns from all FBCC tests were consistent. The standard deviation and coefficient of variance for the energy absorbed were very low suggesting the repeatability of the 40% offset tests. Excellent correlation was achieved between video tracking and accelerometers results for time histories of displacement and velocity. Post-impact photographs showed the progressive crushing of composite crush cans, bumper beam/crush can adhesive joint failure located on unimpacted side and breakage of the bumper beam due to the production of shear stresses as it is stretched due to its curvature after hitting the sled.
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Dixit, Y., P. Begeman, G. S. Dhaliwal, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Full Frontal Crashworthiness of Carbon Fiber Composite Front Bumper Crush Can (FBCC) Structures." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70354.

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This research study highlights the testing method and relevant results for assessing impact performance of a carbon fiber composite front bumper crush can (FBCC) assembly subjected to full frontal crash loading. It becomes extremely important to study the behavior of lightweight composite components under a crash scenario in order to apply them to automotive structures to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) models are extremely important tools to virtually validate the physical testing by assessing the performances of these structures. Due to lack of available studies on carbon fiber composite FBCCs assemblies under the frontal crash scenario, a new component-level test approach would provide assistance to CAE models and better correlation between results can be made. In this study, all the tests were performed by utilizing a sled-on-sled testing method. An extreme care was taken to ensure that there is no bottoming-out force for this type of test while adjusting the impact speed of sled. Full frontal tests on FBCC structures were conducted by utilizing five high-speed cameras (HSCs), several accelerometers and a load wall. Excellent correlation was achieved between video tracking and accelerometers results for time histories of displacement and velocity. The standard deviation and coefficient of variance for the energy absorbed were very low suggesting the repeatability of the full frontal tests. The impact histories of FBCC specimens were consistent and in excellent agreement with respect to each other. Post-impact photographs showed the consistent crushing of composite crush cans and breakage of the bumper beam from middle due to the production of tensile stresses stretched caused by straightening of the bumper curvature after hitting the load wall.
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Xue, Junqing, Dong Xu, Yufeng Tang, Bruno Briseghella, Fuyun Huang, and Camillo Nuti. "Numerical analyses on mechanical performance of flat buried approach slab and soil deformation." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1454.

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<p><br clear="none"/></p><p>The vulnerability problem of expansion joints could be fundamentally resolved using the concept of jointless bridges. The longitudinal deformation of the superstructure can be transferred to the backfill by using the approach slab. The flat buried approach slab (FBAS) has been used in many jointless bridges in European countries. In order to understand the mechanical performance of FBAS and soil deformation, a finite element model (FEM) was implemented in PLAXIS. Considering the friction between the FBAS and soil, the buried depth, the FBAS length and thickness as parameters, a parametric analysis was carried out. According to the obtained results and in order to reduce the soil deformation above the FBAS, it is suggested to increase the friction between the FBAS and sandy soil, and the buried depth of FBAS. Moreover, it should be paid attention to the vertical soil deformation and the concrete tensile stress of FBAS in pulling condition.</p>
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Xue, Junqing, Dong Xu, Yufeng Tang, Bruno Briseghella, Fuyun Huang, and Camillo Nuti. "Numerical analyses on mechanical performance of flat buried approach slab and soil deformation." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1454.

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<p><br clear="none"/></p><p>The vulnerability problem of expansion joints could be fundamentally resolved using the concept of jointless bridges. The longitudinal deformation of the superstructure can be transferred to the backfill by using the approach slab. The flat buried approach slab (FBAS) has been used in many jointless bridges in European countries. In order to understand the mechanical performance of FBAS and soil deformation, a finite element model (FEM) was implemented in PLAXIS. Considering the friction between the FBAS and soil, the buried depth, the FBAS length and thickness as parameters, a parametric analysis was carried out. According to the obtained results and in order to reduce the soil deformation above the FBAS, it is suggested to increase the friction between the FBAS and sandy soil, and the buried depth of FBAS. Moreover, it should be paid attention to the vertical soil deformation and the concrete tensile stress of FBAS in pulling condition.</p>
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Reports on the topic "FBCs"

1

Mann, M. D., A. K. Henderson, M. L. Swanson, and S. E. Allan. Development of methods to predict agglomeration and deposition in fluidized-bed combustion systems (FBCS). Topical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/272530.

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2

Zygarlicke, C. J., M. D. Mann, D. L. Laudal, and S. J. Miller. Development of fireside performance indices, Task 7.33, Development of methods to predict agglomeration and deposition in FBCS, Task 7.36, Enhanced air toxics control, Task 7.45. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143433.

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3

Anthony, E. J., and F. Preto. Slurry fuel fired FBC boilers. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304580.

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Daw, C. S. Analysis of FBC deterministic chaos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/450783.

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5

Takyiakwaa, Dorothy, Prince S. K. Tetteh, and Kofi Takyi Asante. Explaining the Weakness of Associational Life in Oil Palm Growing Communities in Southwestern Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.028.

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As the second most important industrial crop in Ghana, oil palm holds the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and alleviating rural poverty. For smallholder farmers, collective action through farmer-based organisations (FBOs) could provide a pathway to inclusive participation in agricultural commercialisation. There is ample evidence in the literature that collective action can help smallholders gain access to credit, improved inputs, or even networks of social support. Thus, collective action is widely recognised as a viable pathway out of poverty for the agrarian poor. However, our findings show that FBOs were either weak or non-existent. Indeed, we find that economic relations between farmers tend to be more individualised than one would expect to find in rural communities. This paper presents these findings, and explores why this is the case.
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Anthony, E. J. Petroleum coke burning in FBC systems. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304539.

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Razbin, V. V., and F. D. Friedrich. Tube wastage in FBC boilers at Summerside - causes and resolution. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304364.

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Heng Ban and J. M. Stencel. Preferential recycling/rejection in CFBC/FBC systems using triboelectrostatic separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781806.

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Heng Ban and J. M. Stencel. Preferential recycling/rejection in CFBC/FBC systems using triboelectrostatic separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781807.

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Heng Ban and J. M. Stencel. Preferential recycling/rejection in CFBC/FBC systems using triboelectrostatic separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781808.

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