Dissertations / Theses: 'Fauna and Biodiversity'

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Reboleira, Ana Sofia Pereira Serrenho. "Biodiversity and conservation of subterranean fauna of Portuguese karst." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10865.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
As regiões cársicas de Portugal ocupam uma parte considerável do território e albergam mais de 2000 grutas, que são habitadas por animais subterrâneos com características adaptativas únicas. Estes animais estão entre os mais raros, ameaçados e desprotegidos a nível mundial, comummente pelo simples fato de serem desconhecidos, o que associado à relativa inacessibilidade do seu habitat, constitui um desafio para o seu estudo. O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo da biodiversidade subterrânea do carso de Portugal, de forma a contribuir para a sua conservação. Os invertebrados subterrâneos têm sido ignorados no que concerne à sua proteção, sobretudo porque o conhecimento era escasso e desorganizado. Este trabalho começa por apresentar uma revisão de todas as fontes bibliográficas sobre fauna subterrânea em Portugal, incluindo um catálogo de espécies troglóbias e estigóbias, acompanhado das respetivas localizações, para congregar, pela primeira vez, o estado do conhecimento da riqueza específica, biogeografia e conservação das áreas estudadas. Para compreender os padrões de biodiversidade subterrânea, foi realizado um ano de trabalho de campo intenso e padronizado em mais de 40 cavidades de 14 unidades cársicas. Deste esforço resultou a descoberta e descrição de nove novos taxa, compreendendo três novos géneros e seis novas espécies para a ciência. Utilizando sistemas de informação geográfica foram mapeadas as distribuições das espécies subterrâneas do carso de Portugal e a sua riqueza foi comparada com a de outras áreas do mundo. Para explicar a sua riqueza específica subterrânea, foram testados vários fatores ambientais e efetuada a estimativa de espécies subterrâneas, numa escala regional. A evapotranspiração e consequentemente a produtividade primária ao nível da superfície poderão ser fatores importantes na variação da riqueza específica nas diferentes unidades cársicas, mas a profundidade e as características geológicas únicas de cada maciço parecem desempenhar um papel determinante nos padrões de biodiversidade subterrânea. Com o intuito de avaliar a sensibilidade de organismos subterrâneos à contaminação, foram testados os efeitos letais de dois tóxicos em crustáceos estigóbios com diferentes graus de troglomorfismo. Foram igualmente abordados aspectos gerais de ecotoxicologia de águas subterrâneas e perspectivas de futuro. Os principais problemas relacionados com a conservação dos habitats subterrâneos em Portugal estão associados à destruição direta do habitat e à sua contaminação. Estes carecem de proteção específica, o que implica a gestão adequada à superfície e a criação de áreas prioritárias de conservação. Integrando toda a informação gerada, o presente estudo estabelece uma hierarquização de locais prioritários para a conservação da fauna subterrânea em zonas cársicas de Portugal.
This research is a contribution to the study of subterranean biodiversity in karst areas of Portugal, towards its conservation. The relative inaccessibility of the subterranean environment is a challenge for the study of its fauna, often accessible only in caves but more widely distributed. The subterranean animals are among the most rare, threatened and worldwide underprotected, often by the simple fact of being unknown. Karst areas of Portugal occupy a considerable part of the territory and harbor more than 2000 caves. The complex biogeographical history of the Iberian Peninsula allowed the survival of several relict arthropod refugees in the subterranean environment. Subterranean invertebrates have been ignored, as for as the protection of karst systems are concerned in Portugal, largely because knowledge was scarce and disorganized. Reviewing all the bibliographic sources about subterranean fauna from Portugal and listing troglobiont and stygobiont species and locations, was essential to understand the state of knowledge of species richness and the biogeography and conservation status for the studied areas. In order to understand subterranean biodiversity patterns in karst areas from Portugal, one year of intense fieldwork was performed in more than 40 caves from 14 karst units. Several new species for science were discovered and 7 taxa comprising 2 new genera and 5 new species were described. Bearing in mind that spatial distribution of subterranean species is crucial to ecological research and conservation, the distribution of hypogean species, from Portuguese karst areas, was mapped using geographic information systems. Also, its subterranean richness was compared with other areas of the world and missing species were estimated on a regional scale. The subterranean biodiversity patterns were analyzed, and several factors were tested to explain richness patterns. Evapotranspiration and the consequent high productivity on the surface may be determinant in the species richness in the different karst units of Portugal, but the depth of the caves and the unique geological features of every massif seemed to play a more important role. In order to evaluate the tolerance of organisms to groundwater contamination, the acute toxicity of two substances were tested on stygobiont crustaceans with different degrees of troglomorphism. Our study showed that the high levels of endemism contribute to remarkably different toxicological responses within the same genus. The major problems related to conservation of subterranean habitats were associated to direct destruction and their contamination. These ecosystems lack of specific protection, implying an adequate management of surface habitats and the establishment of priority areas. Integrating all the previous information, this study establishes a ranking of sites for conservation of subterranean fauna in karst areas of Portugal.

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Bird, Stephanie. "The impact of native and exotic plants on soil biodiversity and ecosystem function." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2016. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-impact-of-native-and-exotic-plants-on-soil-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-function(c9707653-095b-4570-83d9-a444585f5b71).html.

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Soil biodiversity is an often overlooked component of global biodiversity, despite being important for supporting soil ecosystem services, notably decomposition processes. As the UK becomes increasingly urbanised, knowledge is required to help gardeners maximise urban green space resources for biodiversity. It is often assumed that non native vegetation has negative impacts on biodiversity, however, this hypothesis has not been tested for soil biodiversity. The overarching aims were to establish whether the geographical origin of vegetation affected soil faunal assemblages and decomposition rates for a UK soil. Traditional taxonomic methods and a molecular phylogenetic approach were used to characterise the Collembola communities of plots planted with vegetation from three geographical regions: ‘Native’, ‘Near native’ and ‘Exotic’. For comparison, additional soil cores were collected from the amenity grassland sites adjacent to the experimental plots, a lowland heath and a semi-natural woodland. No difference was found either in terms of the taxonomic diversity (1-D & H’) or phylogenetic diversity (PD & MPD) for the Collembola, under the different vegetation treatments, although differences in abundance were observed for some taxa (Acari & Collembola). Decomposition rates were assessed for each plot, using both twig (B. pendula) and leaf (Q. robur) litter bags for the soil mesofauna and bait lamina strips for earthworm activity; none of these parameters showed evidence of a vegetation origin effect on decomposition processes. The greatest differences were found when all sites were considered, with distinct Collembola communities found at each of the habitats; the semi-natural habitats had greater Collembola species diversity than the experimental plots, however, the decomposition rates of the latter were significantly higher. The implications of all results have been discussed with regards to the management of gardens for soil biodiversity, reaching the conclusion that vegetation origin is not of paramount importance.

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Townsend, Michael. "Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning : exploring the relationship for subtidal marine benthic fauna." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495912.

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Vieira, Pedro Emanuel Ferreira dos Reis. "Biodiversity and evolution of the coastal peracaridean fauna of Macaronesia and Northeast Atlanti." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22009.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
In the complex and rich Northeast (NE) Atlantic and Macaronesia coasts, the superoder Peracarida (Crustacea) is one of the most abundant and commom marine invertebrate taxa with an important role in benthic communities. The study of this group is often limited to inventory lists or benthic community studies and the genetic knowledge of the group in this region is poor. The main goal of this thesis was to improve knowledge on Peracarida diversity and evolution in the NE Atlantic and Macaronesia, with particular emphasis on shallow water and rocky shore members of the orders Amphipoda, Isopoda and Tanaidacea. The thesis comprises five chapters with original research, entailing a DNA barcodebased screening of the species diversity in this group through the comparison of morphology and molecular-derived data (chapter 2), a set of two studies of the isopod genus Dynamene (chapters 3 and 4), one chapter about the amphipod family Hyalidae (chapter 5), and a multi-species analyses of the diversity and broad phylogeographic patterns of Macaronesian peracarideans (chapter 6). In the first chapter, we reported a DNA barcode reference library for the superorder Peracarida, comprising specimens from marine Atlantic coasts, mainly from Iberian Peninsula, together with additional members of the same or sister taxa from other locations. A higher number of Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) compared with the number of morphospecies was found, with some of them displaying up to six BINs. The presence of deeply divergent intraspecific lineages suggests the existence of considerable overlooked taxonomic diversity, even in one of the most well-known peracaridean faunas in the world. These findings indicate the need for a broad, comprehensive and integrated revision of the peracaridean fauna from the Southern European Atlantic coasts. In the second chapter, the commom but species-poor and controversial isopod Dynamene genus was investigated in detail by examining thousands of specimens records sampled during more than fifty years. The distribution and taxonomy of the six Dynamene species along the Northeast Atlantic-Black Sea axis was revised and updated. New distribution maps and illustrated keys to the adult males and females of the northern hemisphere species are provided. In the last three chapters, molecular delineation tools revealed extensive cryptic diversity in the genus Dynamene (3 morphospecies vs 12 molecular operational taxonomic units - MOTUs), in the amphipod family Hyalidae (7 morphospecies vs 32 MOTUs) and in twenty-five peracaridean species (25 morphospecies vs 90 MOTUs). A split between Macaronesian and continental populations was patent, and in most cases the Macaronesian populations displayed high levels of diversity. These findings suggest a much larger role of oceanic islands in the diversification of these marine invertebrates than would have been anticipated, and contributes to expose weakly explored events in the phylogeography and evolution of Macaronesia’s marine fauna. This thesis showed that marine biodiversity, as seen in peracarideans from the NE Atlantic and Macaronesia, has been considerably underestimated. The level of diversity will likely increase with the addition of different taxa, different types of habitat and distinct marine regions. It also suggests that these oceanic islands may act as drivers of evolution, diversification and endemism, just as well for marine organisms as they do for terrestrial ones.
Nas costas complexas e ricas do Nordeste (NE) Atlântico e da Macaronésia, a superordem Peracarida (Crustacea) é um dos taxa de invertebrados marinhos mais abundante e comum, com um papel importante nas comunidades bentónicas. O estudo deste grupo é muitas vezes limitado a listas de inventários ou estudos de comunidade bentónicas e o seu conhecimento genético nesta região é deficiente. O objetivo principal desta tese foi o de melhorar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e a evolução dos peracarídeos no Atlântico Nordeste e na Macaronésia, com ênfase nos membros presentes nas zonas pouco profundas e nas zonas costeiras rochosas das ordens Amphipoda, Isopoda e Tanaidacea. Esta tese compreende cinco capítulos com pesquisa original, incluindo uma biblioteca de referência de DNA barcodes neste grupo, através da comparação de dados morfológicos e moleculares (capítulo 2), um conjunto de dois estudos dedicados ao género isopode Dynamene (capítulos 3 e 4), um capítulo dedicado à família de anfípodes Hyalidae (capítulo 5), e uma abordagem multi-espécies da diversidade e dos padrões filogeográficos dos peracarídios presentes na Macaronésia (capítulo 6). No primeiro capítulo, relatamos uma biblioteca de referência de DNA barcodes para a superordem Peracarida, que inclui espécimes de costas do Atlântico, principalmente da Península Ibérica, juntamente com membros adicionais do mesmo ou semalhantes taxa de outros locais. Um maior número de Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) em comparação com o número de morfo-espécies foi encontrado, com algumas morfo-espécies exibindo até seis BINs. A presença de linhagens profundamente divergentes sugere a existência de uma considerável diversidade taxonómica anteriormente negligenciada, mesmo numa das mais conhecidas faunas de peracarídeos do mundo. Estas descobertas indicam a necessidade de uma revisão ampla, abrangente e integrada da fauna de peracarídeos das costas do Atlântico do Sul da Europa. No segundo capítulo, o abundante mas controverso género Dynamene foi investigado em detalhe, ao examinar vários milhares de individuos amostrados durante mais de cinquenta anos. A distribuição e a taxonomia das seis espécies de Dynamene ao longo do eixo Nordeste Atlântico-Mar Negro foram revistas e actualizadas. Novos mapas de distribuição e chaves ilustradas para os machos adultos e fêmeas das espécies deste género, presentes no hemisfério norte, são fornecidas. Nos três últimos capítulos, as ferramentas de delineamento molecular revelaram uma extensa diversidade críptica no género Dynamene (3 morfoespécies vs 12 unidades taxonómicas operacionais moleculares - MOTUs), na família de anfípipodes Hyalidae (7 morfoespécies vs 32 MOTUs) e em vinte e cinco espécies de peracarídeos (25 morfoespécies vs 90 MOTUs). Uma separação entre as populações presentes na Macaronésia e as presentes no continente foi visivel e, na maioria dos casos, as populações presentes na Macaronésia apresentavam maiores níveis de diversidade. Estas descobertas sugerem um papel maior das ilhas oceânicas na diversificação destes invertebrados marinhos do que se anteciparia e contribuiram para expor eventos pouco explorados na filogeografia e evolução da fauna marinha na Macaronésia. Esta tese mostrou que a biodiversidade marinha, como se observa em peracarídeos presentes no NE Atlântico e na Macaronésia, foi consideravelmente subestimada. O nível de diversidade provavelmente aumentará com a adição de diferentes taxa, diferentes tipos de habitat e de regiões marinhas distintas. Esta tese também sugere que estas ilhas oceânicas podem atuar como impulsionadoras da evolução, da diversificação e do endemismo em organismos marinhos, como acontece nos organismos terrestres.

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Kehoe, Laura. "Of food & fauna: investigating the relationship between global agricultural land use & biodiversity." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18453.

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Die landwirtschaftliche Landnutzung dominiert ein Drittel der Erdoberfläche und ist der größte Einflussfaktor des Biodiversitätsverlustes. Zudem wird prognostiziert, dass sich mit wachsender Erdbevölkerung und zunehmendem Bedarf an Ressourcen der Einfluss der landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzung auf die Biodiversität massiv ausweiten wird. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation war es, ein tieferes Verständnis über die Beziehung zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Landnutzung und Biodiversität auf globaler Skala zu entwickeln. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen möchte diese Dissertation eine Brücke über drei Forschungslücken schlagen. Erstens, während sich bereits viele Studien mit der Auswirkung der landwirtschaftlichen Expansion auf die Biodiversität beschäftigt haben, untersuchten relativ wenige Arbeiten die Beziehung zwischen den vielen Facetten der landwirtschaftlichen Intensivierung und der Biodiversität. Zweitens, die meisten Studien hinsichtlich Landnutzung und Biodiversität haben die Auswirkungen auf lokaler bis regionaler Skala analysiert, wohingegen nur wenige diese Beziehung auf globaler Skala untersucht haben. Diese Lücke ist besonders kritisch in Bezug auf die Vorhersage des Artenreichtums – wobei traditionellerweise eher Umweltfaktoren als durch den Menschen bedingte Faktoren als wichtig für das Bedingen und Vorhersagen von großflächigen Mustern der Biodiversität angesehen werden. Drittens, angesichts des zunehmenden zukünftigen Bedarfes an Ressourcen ist ein besseres Verständnis bezüglich der Auswirkung der zukünftigen landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzung auf die Biodiversität nötig. Diese Dissertation erzielte Fortschritte darin Brücken über diese Forschungslücken zu schlagen durch (i) das Kartieren von Mustern vielfacher Metriken der Landnutzungsintensität und Biodiversität, (ii) das Verbessern der Arten-Areal-Beziehung durch die Einbindung von Landbedeckung und Landnutzungsintensitätsmetriken sowie (iii) das Identifizieren von Gebieten mit großer biologischer Vielfalt, die gefährdet sind hinsichtlich der Trajektorien potentieller zukünftiger Landnutzungsexpansion und –intensivierung. Die Muster der Landnutzungs-intensitätsmetriken waren heterogen verteilt in Gebieten mit hoher Biodiversität, was darauf hinweist, dass die Umweltschutzforschung vielfache Intensitätsmetriken einbeziehen sollte um zu verhindern, dass die Bedrohung für die Biodiversität unterschätzt wird. Weitere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in der Vorhersage des globalen Artenreichtums die Landnutzungsintensität den Biomen in nichts nachsteht, wodurch eines der fundamentalsten Gesetze in der Ökologie erweitert wird und ein verbessertes Verständnis der großflächigen Muster im Artenreichtum erzielt wird. Die am stärksten gefährdeten Gebiete bezüglich des potentiellen zukünftigen landwirtschaftlichen Wandels wurden schließlich weitverbreitet in Lateinamerika und im subsaharischen Afrika gefunden. Dieses Ergebnis bot wichtige Erkenntnisse zur proaktiven Entschärfung von zukünftigen potentiellen Konflikten in der Beziehung zwischen Biodiversität und Landnutzung. In Anbetracht der großen Bedrohung, die die Landwirtschaft für die Biodiversität darstellt, hob diese Dissertation insgesamt die Komplexität und Bedeutung der Landnutzungsintensität in ihrer Beziehung zur Biodiversität hervor und identifizierte Gebiete mit hoher Biodiversität, welche bedroht sind von landwirtschaftlicher Landnutzung, sowohl in der Gegenwart als auch zukünftig.
Agricultural land use dominates one third of the Earth’s land surface and is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss. Moreover, with a growing human population and a rising demand for resources, the impact of agricultural land use on biodiversity is projected to escalate. The main goal of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between agricultural land use and biodiversity on a global scale. In approaching this goal, this thesis aims to bridge three main research gaps. First, while much research has addressed the effect of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, relatively little work has investigated the relationship between the many facets of agricultural intensification and biodiversity. Second, most studies on land use and biodiversity have assessed local to regional scale impacts, whereas few have assessed this relationship on a global scale. This gap is particularly critical in terms of predicting species richness – where environmental factors rather than human driven factors have traditionally been thought to be important in driving and predicting broad-scale patterns of biodiversity. Third, in light of growing future demand for resources, a better understanding is needed regarding the impact of future agricultural land use on biodiversity. This thesis made progress in bridging these research gaps by (i) mapping patterns of multiple metrics of land-use intensity and biodiversity, (ii) improving species-area relationships with the inclusion of land cover and land-use intensity metrics, and (iii) identifying highly biodiverse areas at risk under trajectories of potential future agricultural expansion and intensification. Patterns of land-use intensity metrics were heterogeneously distributed in areas of high biodiversity, suggesting that conservation research should include multiple intensity metrics in order to avoid underestimating biodiversity threat. Further results show land-use intensity was found to rival biomes in predicting global species richness, thus upgrading one of the most fundamental laws in ecology, and providing an improved understanding of broad-scale species richness patterns. Finally, areas most at-risk under potential future agricultural change were found to be widespread across Latin America and Sub-Saharan America. This delivered crucial insights in proactively mitigating future potential conflicts in the nexus of biodiversity and land use. Overall, considering the great threat agriculture poses to biodiversity, this thesis highlighted the complexity and importance of land-use intensity in its relationship with biodiversity and uncovered highly biodiverse areas threatened by agricultural land use, both currently and in the future.

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Rösth, John. "Comparison of the benthic fauna within the littoral in two affected lakes situated in central Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27595.

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The benthic animals have important roles in benthic communities. Indicator organisms can tell things about a lakes status. Many of them are sensitive to acidification but there are also tolerant taxa. Some prefer eutrophic environments. The benthic fauna can therefore decide a lakes status since some species prefer different environments. The focus of this study was to compare benthic fauna within the littoral in the lakes Sidsjön and Vintertjärnen. They are situated a little south of Sundsvall, central Sweden and belong to the water system of Selångersån. The comparison was done at eight random locals in each lake at two occasions, during early and late summer to analyze if the benthic fauna differed between the two lakes and if it changed through the season. Five of the locals in each lake were protected and had soft bottoms and the remaining were exposed locals with hard bottom. Sidsjön is bigger than Vintertjärnen and has more variated bottom types so the biodiversity should be higher in Sidsjön. I also expect that the number of taxa should decrease during the later occasion due to hatchings. Three statistical analyses were done to see if these hypotheses were right or if they should be rejected. The two first analyses were ANOVA analyses, two-way with replication. The first ANOVA was for number of taxa and the second was for number of animals. The third analysis was a DCA analysis with the variables lakes, bottom types and emergent plants. ASPT index and Eq was also calculated and pH was measured during autumn for the lakes. The conclusion is that the there is no difference between the lakes but a significant effect when it comes to seasons according to the first ANOVA analysis. The second ANOVA analysis show that the lakes are not differing, that no factor is significant and there are no interactions. According to the DCA analysis there are differences between lakes and occasions when it comes to the variables.

Datum för godkännande 2016-03-31

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Queiroz, Murilo de Souza [UNESP]. "Helminto fauna de anfíbios da família Leptodactylidae em três fisionomias de Cerrado." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132670.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:31:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853814.pdf: 2548792 bytes, checksum: 4dcc66a7bc75a3a60859016f28df5cab (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os parasitas representam importante papel na manutenção da diversidade local de hospedeiros e das funções ecossistêmicas, porém são os primeiros organismos a desaparecer por causa das ações antrópicas sobre o ambiente natural. O conhecimento sobre a diversidade biológica existente no planeta é ainda consideravelmente escasso e inventariar a fauna de uma determinada porção de um ecossistema é o primeiro passo para a conservação, a recuperação, e o uso racional do meio ambiente. Inventários faunísticos, descrições de espécies e revisões de helmintofaunas são necessários, pois enriquecem a compreensão do parasitismo nos grupos de vertebrados e constituem uma base para os próximos estudos. Para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul os estudos sobre a helmintofauna estão restritos a região do pantanal assim os objetivos desse estudo são descrever a fauna de helmintos associados à anuros da família Leptodactylidae, estimar os parâmetros de infecção parasitários: prevalência, intensidade de infecção e riqueza de parasitas em três fisionomias de Cerrado no município de Selvíria, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram coletados 114 anuros em um ano de coletas, com um total de 72 dias de armadilhas abertas e 48 horas de busca ativa. Dos 114 hospedeiros 89 estavam parasitados (78% de prevalência) e foram coletados 1730 helmintos pertencentes a 21 espécies. Nematoda foi o grupo mais diverso (12 espécies), seguido por Trematoda (9 espécies) e Acanthocephala (1espécie). Este estudo contribuiu para o aumento de registro de novos hospedeiros para espécies de parasitas, 22 novos registros, e também foram reportadas 3 novas espécies de helmintos no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
The parasites are an important role in maintaining local diversity of hosts and ecosystem functions, but they are the first organisms to disappear because of human activities on the natural environment. Knowledge of the biological diversity on the planet is still pretty scarce and inventory the fauna of a particular portion of an ecosystem is the first step for the conservation, recovery, and the rational use of the environment. Wildlife inventories, descriptions of species and helmintofaunas revisions are necessary because enrich the understanding of parasitism in vertebrate groups and form a basis for future studies. For the Mato Grosso do Sul state studies on helminth parasites are restricted to wetland region so the objectives of this study are to describe the helminth fauna associated with frogs in the Leptodactylidae family, estimate the parasitic infection parameters: prevalence, intensity of infection and wealth of parasites in three Cerrado physiognomies in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. We collected 114 frogs in a year of collections, with a total of 72 days in open traps and 48 hours of active search. Of the 114 hosts 89 were parasitized (78% prevalence) and were collected in 1730 helminths belonging to 21 species. Nematoda was the most diverse group (12 species), followed by Trematoda (9 species) and Acanthocephala (1espécie). This study contributed to the increase in registration for new hosts parasite species, 22 new records, and were also reported three new species of helminths in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul

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Queiroz, Murilo de Souza. "Helminto fauna de anfíbios da família Leptodactylidae em três fisionomias de Cerrado /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132670.

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Orientador: Luciano Alves dos Santos
Banca: Karla Magalhães Campeão
Banca: Igor Paiva Ramos
Resumo: Os parasitas representam importante papel na manutenção da diversidade local de hospedeiros e das funções ecossistêmicas, porém são os primeiros organismos a desaparecer por causa das ações antrópicas sobre o ambiente natural. O conhecimento sobre a diversidade biológica existente no planeta é ainda consideravelmente escasso e inventariar a fauna de uma determinada porção de um ecossistema é o primeiro passo para a conservação, a recuperação, e o uso racional do meio ambiente. Inventários faunísticos, descrições de espécies e revisões de helmintofaunas são necessários, pois enriquecem a compreensão do parasitismo nos grupos de vertebrados e constituem uma base para os próximos estudos. Para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul os estudos sobre a helmintofauna estão restritos a região do pantanal assim os objetivos desse estudo são descrever a fauna de helmintos associados à anuros da família Leptodactylidae, estimar os parâmetros de infecção parasitários: prevalência, intensidade de infecção e riqueza de parasitas em três fisionomias de Cerrado no município de Selvíria, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram coletados 114 anuros em um ano de coletas, com um total de 72 dias de armadilhas abertas e 48 horas de busca ativa. Dos 114 hospedeiros 89 estavam parasitados (78% de prevalência) e foram coletados 1730 helmintos pertencentes a 21 espécies. Nematoda foi o grupo mais diverso (12 espécies), seguido por Trematoda (9 espécies) e Acanthocephala (1espécie). Este estudo contribuiu para o aumento de registro de novos hospedeiros para espécies de parasitas, 22 novos registros, e também foram reportadas 3 novas espécies de helmintos no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
Abstract: The parasites are an important role in maintaining local diversity of hosts and ecosystem functions, but they are the first organisms to disappear because of human activities on the natural environment. Knowledge of the biological diversity on the planet is still pretty scarce and inventory the fauna of a particular portion of an ecosystem is the first step for the conservation, recovery, and the rational use of the environment. Wildlife inventories, descriptions of species and helmintofaunas revisions are necessary because enrich the understanding of parasitism in vertebrate groups and form a basis for future studies. For the Mato Grosso do Sul state studies on helminth parasites are restricted to wetland region so the objectives of this study are to describe the helminth fauna associated with frogs in the Leptodactylidae family, estimate the parasitic infection parameters: prevalence, intensity of infection and wealth of parasites in three Cerrado physiognomies in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. We collected 114 frogs in a year of collections, with a total of 72 days in open traps and 48 hours of active search. Of the 114 hosts 89 were parasitized (78% prevalence) and were collected in 1730 helminths belonging to 21 species. Nematoda was the most diverse group (12 species), followed by Trematoda (9 species) and Acanthocephala (1espécie). This study contributed to the increase in registration for new hosts parasite species, 22 new records, and were also reported three new species of helminths in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul
Mestre

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Ngo, Xuan Nam, Quoc Huy Nguyen, Nguyen Hang Nguyen, Thi Diep Pham, Trong Hoang Mai, Ngoc Ca Lai, Thi Hai Yen Dinh, Van Vinh Nguyen, Duc Giang Le, and Quang Huy Nguyen. "Preliminary data on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190713.

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A field survey for the invertebrate fauna conducted in the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province in 2013. The research applied multivariable analysis performed by the Primer v.6 software, such as CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST and DIVERSE. The results showed a list of 138 aquatic invertebrate species. Of these, most were freshwater wide-distributing species coupled with others characterized for brackish and marine waters. The biodiversity status was quite high compared to several other rivers in the North of Vietnam. The list contained many economic-valued species and 2 of these were listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam. The aquatic invertebrates showed a significant relation to the two different combinations of physiochemical factors for zooplanktons and zoobenthos, respectively. The values of the species number, abundance and Shannon-Weiner index for both of zooplanktons and zoobenthos showed a curved trend from the upper river segments to lower river segments. These figures for zooplanktons peaked in the middle river segments, whereas the numbers for zoobenthos achieved the highest numbers in the estuaries. The species composition of the estuaries differentiated significantly from that of other freshwater habitats
Năm 2013 đã tiến hành một đợt điều tra khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã, tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Nghiên cứu sử các phân tích đa biến thông qua phần mền Primer v.6, bao gồm: CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST và DIVERSE. Kết quả phân tích thu được 138 loài với thành phần loài chủ yếu là những loài nước ngọt thường gặp và phân bố rộng, ngoài ra còn có các loài đặc trưng cho nước lợ và mặn. Trong số các loài thu được, nhiều loài có giá trị kinh tế và 2 loài có tên trong Sách Đỏ Việt Nam. Khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã có quan hệ chặt với hai nhóm chỉ số thủy lý hóa học khác nhau, tương ứng cho động vật nổi và động vật đáy. Giá trị các chỉ số sinh học gồm số lượng loài, mật độ và Shannon-Weiner hồi quy theo đường cong phi tuyến từ thượng lưu tới hạ lưu; đạt giá trị cao nhất tại cửa sông đối với động vật đáy và vùng trung lưu với động vật nổi. Thành phần loài cửa sông khác biệt rõ rệt với thành phần loài các sinh cảnh nước ngọt khác

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Morsoleto, Felipe Misael da Silva. "Biodiversity of cold-water coral reefs in the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4341.

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Mestrado em Biologia Marinha
Este trabalho foi realizado em vários locais das margens Espanhola e Marroquina no Golfo de Cádis (NE Atlântico), ao longo de uma faixa batimétrica entre os 300 e os 900m caracterizada pela ocorrência extensiva de crostas carbonatadas e recifes de corais pétreos em declínio. Os objectivos principais desse trabalho são: i) compilar informação sobre a biodiversidade da megafauna e do impacto humano na área de estudo através da análise de imagens digitais obtidas durante os mergulhos com o submersível de operação remota e ii) caracterizar, em termos de abundância e biomassa, a composição e a estrutura das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos associados aos habitats de crostas carbonatadas e recifes de corais através do estudo de amostras de sedimento colhidas com um “boxcore” circular. Verificou-se que a megafauna associada aos habitats estudados mostra uma grande variedade de organismos sésseis, principalmente esponjas e antozoários, e vágeis, nomeadamente decápodes, cefalópodes e peixes. Foi compilado um atlas com imagens representativas da biodiversidade da megafauna. As imagens recolhidas permitiram ainda verificar a ocorrência de vários tipos de impacto antropogénico nestes habitas profundos, incluindo artes de pesca perdidas, detritos diversos (artefactos de vidro, plástico, metal e têxteis) e efeitos da pesca de arrasto. Foram ainda identificados 145 taxa de macroinvertebrados bentónicos nas nove amostras de sedimento recolhidas em diversos locais. A comunidade bentónica estudada é constituída maioritariamente por espécies de artrópodes, anelídeos e cnidários, tendo-se verificado uma grande heterogeneidade na composição e estrutura das amostras recolhidas. Em termos de abundância as comunidades são geralmente dominadas por várias espécies de crustáceos enquanto que os cnidários e os equinodermes dominam claramente a biomassa. As amostras estudadas apresentam geralmente uma diversidade (H’: 2.0-3.3) e equitabilidade (J’: 0.740-0.974) elevadas e uma dominância baixa (espécie mais abundante com valores de 10-40% do total). Os valores do índice de Hurlbert (ES(50): 11-33) reflectem a elevada biodiversidade dos habitats estudados. Este estudo é um contributo para o conhecimento da biodiversidade associada aos recifes de coral de profundidade, habitats de reconhecido valor ecológico e económico que se encontram cada vez mais expostos ao efeito de impactos antropogénicos.
This work was carried out in different locations within the bathymetric range of 300-900m in the Spanish and Moroccan margins of the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). This area is characterised by the occurrence of extensive carbonate provinces and mostly dead cold-water coral reefs. The main objectives were: i) to obtain information on the megafaunal biodiversity and human impact in the study area using digital images obtained during ROV (remote operated vehicle) dives, and ii) to characterise, in terms of abundance and biomass, the composition and structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages associated to the carbonate crust and coral reef habitats using sediment samples collected with a circular boxcore. The megafauna associated to the studied habitats showed a high variety of sessile organisms, mainly sponges and anthozoans, and swimming organisms (e.g. decapods, cephalopods and fish). Some representative images were compiled in a biodiversity atlas. The images showed that these deep habitats are suffering from the impact of anthropogenic activities. Some examples are the lost fishing gear, different types of litter (glass, plastic, metal and textile) and also trawl marks on the seabed. From the nine sediment samples that were collected, a total of 145 macroinvertebrate taxa were identified. The benthic assemblages were highly heterogeneous in composition and structure and were represented mainly by arthropods, annelids and cnidarians. The crustaceans usually dominate the assemblages in terms of number of species and individuals but the cnidarian, sponges and echinoderms clearly dominate the biomass. The macroinvertebrate samples show high diversity (H’: 2.0-3.3) and evenness (J’: 0.740-0.974) and low dominance (dominant species representing 10-40% of the total abundance). The Hurlbert’s expected species numbers (ES(50): 11-33) reflect the high biodiversity of the studied habitats. The high ecologic and economic importance of cold-water coral reefs is presently highly valued by the society. This study documented some aspects of the biodiversity and man’s impact on cold-water corals in the Gulf of Cadiz, therefore contributing to the better knowledge of these deep-sea habitats.
HERMIONE
projecto nº 226354
ENV.2008.2.2.1.2 Deep-sea Ecosystems

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Liang, Weiguang, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Liang_W.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.

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The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their sc
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030819.153206/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D. (Horticulture)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the fulfillment of study for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture" "Principal supervisor: Robert Spooner-Hart, co-supervisor: Andrew Beattie, co-supervisor: Alfie Meats" Bibliography : leaves 231-265.

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Coates, Ashley Nicole. "Wildlife Town Center: Reimagining Landmark Mall as a Space for Reconnecting with the Urban Flora and Fauna." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104157.

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Urban development typically displaces or extirpates wildlife and decreases habitat. While some species such as the grey squirrel and raccoon adapt well to urban living, other species are less successful due to a lack of habitat or the loss of other species. As urbanization continues, the way that humans develop land and interact with species living on that land must be reevaluated. One development model that has been common in the Washington DC area is multi-use development. This development type accommodates various land uses in a small area. The layout of multi-use developments typically includes a central open area for events surrounded by retail and restaurants on the ground level and apartments and office space above. This creates a community where people have all of their needs for goods, housing, and work met within a small area. Another name for these types of multi-use developments is a Town Center. One of the newest proposed multi-use developments in the Washington DC area is at the former Landmark Mall location. The development aims to revitalize the now closed Landmark Mall in Alexandria, Virginia. As a design in development, the Landmark Mall Redevelopment Plan is a prime opportunity to explore a new concept for development: a wildlife town center. In my experience, typical Town Centers are not designed for wildlife. They are designed for heavy human foot traffic with plant selections and surfaces to withstand such traffic. How might a town center be re-imagined to support wildlife and also provide for humans? Animal Aided Design is one strategy. The process of Animal Aided Design takes a sampling of species that could live in a landscape and provides the critical needs for those species. This thesis takes the process of Animal Aided Design and applies it to the Landmark Mall Redevelopment Plan. While the design focuses on five particular bird species, the intention is to create conditions that will suit many more than those five species and that the site will attract a variety of birds as year-round residents, as well as those passing through during migration or staying for the breeding season. The project creates a novel habitat to help increase the viable living and foraging areas for wildlife and protects wildlife populations, while giving people the opportunity to find joy in their interactions with other species.
Master of Landscape Architecture
Urban development decreases available habitat and causes wildlife to move to new areas or perish. While some species such as the grey squirrel and raccoon adapt well to urban living, other species are less successful due to a lack of habitat or the loss of other species. As development in urban areas continues, the way that humans develop land and interact with species living on that land must be reevaluated. One development model that has been common in the Washington DC area is multi-use development. This development type accommodates various types of businesses and housing to exist near each other in a small area. The layout of multi-use developments typically includes a central open area for events surrounded by retail and restaurants on the ground level and apartments and office space above. This creates a community where people have all of their needs for goods, housing, and work met within a small area. Another name for these types of multi-use developments is a town center. One of the newest proposed town center developments in the Washington DC area is at the former Landmark Mall location. The development aims to revitalize the now closed Landmark Mall in Alexandria, Virginia into a place for community gathering. As a project in development, the Landmark Mall Redevelopment Plan is a prime opportunity to explore a new concept for development: a wildlife town center. In my experience, typical Town Centers are not designed for wildlife. They are designed to withstand people walking around with their children and pets. The plant selection in these areas are not typically native and have little benefit to the local wildlife. How might a town center be re-imagined to support wildlife and also provide for humans? One would take an approach that is more holistic and designs for the basic needs of wildlife as well as the humans. This strategy is called Animal Aided Design. This thesis takes the process of Animal Aided Design and applies it to the Landmark Mall Redevelopment Plan. While the design focuses on five particular bird species, the intention is to create conditions that will suit many more than those five species and that the site will attract a variety of birds as year-round residents, as well as those passing through during migration or staying for the breeding season. The project creates a novel habitat to help increase the viable living and foraging areas for wildlife and protects wildlife populations, while giving people the opportunity to find joy in their interactions with other species.

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Ngo, Xuan Nam, Quoc Huy Nguyen, Nguyen Hang Nguyen, Thi Diep Pham, Trong Hoang Mai, Ngoc Ca Lai, Thi Hai Yen Dinh, Van Vinh Nguyen, Duc Giang Le, and Quang Huy Nguyen. "Preliminary data on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29101.

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A field survey for the invertebrate fauna conducted in the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province in 2013. The research applied multivariable analysis performed by the Primer v.6 software, such as CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST and DIVERSE. The results showed a list of 138 aquatic invertebrate species. Of these, most were freshwater wide-distributing species coupled with others characterized for brackish and marine waters. The biodiversity status was quite high compared to several other rivers in the North of Vietnam. The list contained many economic-valued species and 2 of these were listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam. The aquatic invertebrates showed a significant relation to the two different combinations of physiochemical factors for zooplanktons and zoobenthos, respectively. The values of the species number, abundance and Shannon-Weiner index for both of zooplanktons and zoobenthos showed a curved trend from the upper river segments to lower river segments. These figures for zooplanktons peaked in the middle river segments, whereas the numbers for zoobenthos achieved the highest numbers in the estuaries. The species composition of the estuaries differentiated significantly from that of other freshwater habitats.
Năm 2013 đã tiến hành một đợt điều tra khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã, tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Nghiên cứu sử các phân tích đa biến thông qua phần mền Primer v.6, bao gồm: CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST và DIVERSE. Kết quả phân tích thu được 138 loài với thành phần loài chủ yếu là những loài nước ngọt thường gặp và phân bố rộng, ngoài ra còn có các loài đặc trưng cho nước lợ và mặn. Trong số các loài thu được, nhiều loài có giá trị kinh tế và 2 loài có tên trong Sách Đỏ Việt Nam. Khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã có quan hệ chặt với hai nhóm chỉ số thủy lý hóa học khác nhau, tương ứng cho động vật nổi và động vật đáy. Giá trị các chỉ số sinh học gồm số lượng loài, mật độ và Shannon-Weiner hồi quy theo đường cong phi tuyến từ thượng lưu tới hạ lưu; đạt giá trị cao nhất tại cửa sông đối với động vật đáy và vùng trung lưu với động vật nổi. Thành phần loài cửa sông khác biệt rõ rệt với thành phần loài các sinh cảnh nước ngọt khác.

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Lindberg, Niklas. "Soil fauna and global change : responses to experimental drought, irrigation, fertilisation and soil warming /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s270.pdf.

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Weaver, Haylee Jade, and haylee weaver@anu edu au. "BIODIVERSITY OF THE PARASITE FAUNA OF THE RODENT GENERA ZYZOMYS THOMAS, 1909 AND PSEUDOMYS GRAY, 1832 FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA." Central Queensland University. Dept. Molecular and Life Sciences, 2008. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20081005.153246.

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This study of the parasite fauna of five Australian rodents (Muridae: Hydromyinae: Conilurini) was undertaken to increase the knowledge of Australian parasite biodiversity. Trapping for Zyzomys argurus (Thomas, 1889), Pseudomys delicatulus (Gould, 1842), P. desertor Troughton, 1932, P. gracilicaudatus (Gould, 1845) and P. hermannsburgensis (Waite, 1896) (Rodentia: Muridae) was carried out at 16 locations in Queensland between 2004 to 2006. A total of 51 rats were captured and examined for parasites. In addition, 119 rats, from collections in the Queensland Museum and the University of Sydney, were examined. Finally, 57 samples of parasites collected from the above hosts and deposited at the Australian National Wildlife Collection (CSIRO) were identified. From these five rodent species, 15 species of ectoparasites and 17 species of endoparasites were recorded. Fifteen new host records and 14 new locality records were found. The ectoparasites comprised four species of Laelaps Koch, 1836 (Parasitiformes: Laelapidae), four species of chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae), two species of fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae, Pygiospyllidae) and two species of ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae). Three new species of lice (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) were discovered. The 17 endoparasites, all helminths, comprised fourteen species of nematode and three species of cestode. There were 11 species of oxyurids (Nematoda: Oxyuridae, Heteroxynematidae), including 10 new species of Syphacia, two species of Odilia (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae), and one species of Nippostrongylus (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae). Three species of cestodes (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae, Taeniidae, Davaineidae) were collected. There were no trematodes or acanthocephalans found in any of the rodents examined. No protistan parasites were found in tissue and blood samples taken from the rodents. The mean species diversity of parasites for each host rodent species was consistently low, with values of Simpsons Reciprocal Index ranging from 1.00 1.53. Possible factors contributing to this low diversity include habitat preferences, dietary ecology and social structure. There was no significant relationship found between host body weight and abundance of ectoparasites, or host body weight and species richness of helminths. The index of discrepancy (D) was used to evaluate the distribution of parasite species across host populations. Most parasites were found to have aggregated distributions within the host populations. The exception to this was two of the four species of laelapid mite, with values <5, indicating that they were common across host populations. The phylogenetic relationships of the Syphacia species occurring in the Australian bioregion were investigated using morphological characters. Relatively low resolution of the trees produced indicated that there may be a high degree of similarity between species. Two main clades were identified- a clade of genera of Syphaciini from Borneo was shown to be basal to the clade of species of Syphacia examined. Within the clade of the genus Syphacia, the new species identified in this study formed a single cluster on trees. There was no evidence, however, for strict coevolution of these worms and their hosts. Overall, the research presented here adds considerable knowledge to the previous paucity of information of the parasites of Australian native rodent species. This was achieved by contributing new host records, locality records and identifying and describing several new species. The relationships between conilurin rodents and their parasites suggests that coevolution plays a large part in the speciation of parasites, and that minimal host switching has occurred in the helminths of the conilurins of northern Australia.

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Macedo, Luciano Pacelli Medeiros de. "Diversidade de formigas edáficas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em fragmentos da Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-06052005-150803/.

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Este trabalho objetivou conhecer e comparar a diversidade de formigas em três fragmentos florestais (Cananéia, Ibicatu e Pariquera-Açu) do Estado de São Paulo. As coletas foram realizadas em serapilheira e na camada mineral (0-5 cm de profundidade), na base de Euterpe edulis. As formigas foram coletadas, utilizando-se sonda cilíndrica de alumínio de 10 cm de diâmetro por 5 cm de altura, a qual era introduzida na serapilheira e no solo; depois triadas, montadas e identificadas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA). Com o programa ANAFAU calcularam-se os índices faunísticos, a diversidade pelo método de Shannon- Wiener (H), os índices de eqüitabilidade (E) e similaridade. A riqueza estimada de espécies, o número de espécies singletons e doubletons e a curva de acumulação de espécies foram calculadas pelo programa EstimateS. As formigas também foram separadas em guildas, com base em aspectos biológicos. Pela análise da suficiência amostral em cada fragmento florestal, observou-se que Cananéia e Pariquera-Açu foram mais homogêneos do que Ibicatu. O número de amostras não foi suficiente para caracterizar os ambientes, pois a curva do coletor não se estabilizou. As formigas foram agrupadas em 9 guildas, sendo que 3 foram consideradas novas. Esses resultados fornecem subsídios para o conhecimento taxonômico e ecológico das espécies de formigas que habitam alguns trechos da Mata Atlântica paulista.
This research deals with the diversity of ants in three forest fragments (Cananéia, Ibicatu, and Pariquera-Açu) of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The insects were collect by using an aluminium cylindrical device introduced into the litter and the soil layer (0 to 5 cm deep) around the base of Euterpe edulis trees. The ants were then taken to the laboratory, pin-mounted and identified. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The faunistic, equitability (E) and similarity indexes, and the diversity by the Shannon-Wiener (H) method, were calculated through the ANAFAU program. The estimated species richness, the number of singleton and doubleton species and the accumulation curve of species were calculated by the EstimateS program. The ants were separated into guilds, based in biological aspects. The analysis of sufficiency sampling of each forest fragment indicated that Cananéia and Pariquera-Açu were more homogeneous than Ibicatu. The number of samplings were not sufficient to caracterize the environments for the collector curve did not stabilized. The ants were grouped into nine guilds, being three of them considered new ones. Broadly speaking, the results provide data for the taxonomic and ecological knowledge of ant species occurring in some parts of the São Paulo State Atlantic Forest.

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Malmström, Anna. "Effects of wildfire and prescribed burning on soil fauna in boreal coniferous forests /." Uppsala : Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006111.pdf.

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Pauwels, Julie. "Light pollution & biodiversity : What are the levers of action to limit the impact of artificial lighting on nocturnal fauna ?" Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0023/document.

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L’emprise de la lumière artificielle s’étend de manière importante et rapide à travers le monde entier et est en train de changer le paysage nocturne menaçant ainsi une large part des écosystèmes. L’augmentation des niveaux de lumière la nuit entraîne une perturbation du rythme circadien et par là une modification des comportements des espèces nocturnes mais aussi diurnes et des interactions entre espèces. Malgré l’importance de l’enjeu que représente la pollution lumineuse, le manque de connaissances dans le domaine limite la création de réglementations pour réduire l’impact de l’éclairage nocturne sur la biodiversité. Il est donc urgent d’apporter des éléments concrets pour construire des recommandations et des outils d’évaluation à destination des gestionnaires du territoire.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’impact de la pollution lumineuse sur la faune nocturne à deux échelles paysagères afin de préconiser des méthodes d’évaluation et de gestion de l’éclairage artificiel. Nous avons utilisé les chauves-souris comme modèle d’étude car elles sont longévives et nocturnes et donc fortement affectées par la pollution lumineuse. De plus, il a été montré que les tendances de leurs populations tendent à refléter celles d’espèces plus basses dans la chaîne trophique, les rendant ainsi d’autant plus sensibles aux pressions anthropiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la pollution lumineuse à l’échelle de villes, une échelle paysagère en cohérence à la fois avec les distances de déplacement des individus et avec une réalité de gestion de l’éclairage. Malgré que les espèces anthropophiles vivant toujours dans les grandes villes soient considérée comme bénéficiant de l’éclairage artificiel, ce travail a montré qu’à une échelle regroupant tous les aspects des déplacements quotidiens des individus, l’effet global de la lumière est négatif. De plus, bien qu’une part significative de la pollution lumineuse soit due à l’éclairage public de par sa permanence et son étende, l’étude montre que l’éclairage privé n’est pourtant pas à négliger. Au-delà d’un effet sur le niveau d’activité, la lumière artificielle peut avoir un effet de barrière dans le déplacement des individus et ainsi réduire la connectivité du paysage. Alors que les politiques environnementales sont en faveur du développement de corridors écologiques, la non-inclusion du facteur pollution lumineuse pourrait réduire significativement leur efficacité pour les espèces nocturnes. Un travail de modélisation mettant en lien des données biologiques d’activité avec des aspects paysagers mais aussi lumière a permis de construire des corridors adaptés pour les espèces nocturnes. Cela a aussi mené à des outils d’évaluation de scénarios d’éclairage qui peuvent être utilisés en amont d’aménagements afin de prédire l’impact d’un changement et de les adapter aux enjeux de biodiversité. A une échelle plus fine, il est nécessaire de comprendre quelles caractéristiques des points lumineux sont les plus pertinents à maîtriser afin de formuler des recommandations pour limiter l’impact sur la biodiversité. Nous avons mené une étude de terrain dans un espace protégé où les enjeux sur les chauves-souris sont d’autant plus importants que les espèces les plus sensibles à la lumière y sont protégées, ainsi que leurs habitats, à l’échelle européenne. En travaillant à l’interface entre urbanisation et habitats semi-naturels, nous avons pu montrer que c’est la quantité de lumière émise qui ont l’effet le plus notable. C’est donc ce paramètre sur lequel il faut travailler en priorité pour limiter l’impact de la lumière sur des zones pouvant servir de corridor ou de zone refuge aux espèces sensibles
The spatial extent of artificial light is increasing rapidly and significantly on Earth surface hence changing the nocturnal lightscape and threatening an important part of ecosystems. The rise in nighttime light levels induces a perturbation of the circadian rhythm and thus a modification of nocturnal, but also some diurnal, species behavior and interactions between species. Despite the spread of light pollution being of major concern, the knowledge gaps in this field limit the creation of regulations to reduce the impact of nighttime lighting on biodiversity. Therefore it is urgent to produce clear and practical information to build tools and define recommendations for land managers. In this context, the aim of the PhD thesis is to study the impact of light pollution on nocturnal fauna through two spatial scales in order to propose methods to evaluate and manage artificial light. We used bats as a model species as they are long-lived and nocturnal and thus highly impacted by light pollution. In addition, it has been shown that their population trends tend to reflect those of species lower in the trophic chain which makes them even more sensitive to anthropic pressures. First, we studied the effect of light pollution within cities. This spatial scale is both coherent with bats distance of movement and with the reality of public lighting management. Although some urban-adapted species living within large cities are considered to benefit from artificial light, this work showed that, at a scale including all aspects of bats daily travels, light has a negative effect on bats activity level. Also, even if a large part of light pollution is due to public lighting, the results show that private lighting should not be neglected. Beyond the impact on bat activity, artificial light can have a barrier effect when individuals are transiting and thus reduce the landscape connectivity. Whereas environmental policies are promoting the development of ecological corridors, not considering light pollution could significantly reduce their efficiency for nocturnal species. Modelling the link between biological data and landscape variables including light level allowed us to build adapted corridors for nocturnal species. This lead to the development of a tool to evaluate lighting scenarios that could be used prior to the implementation of a lighting plan in order to predict the impact it would have and hence adapt it to the local biodiversity issues. At a finer scale, it is necessary to understand which light characteristics are the most relevant levers of actions to formulate recommendations to limit light pollution impact on biodiversity. We carried a field work experiment in a protected area where conservation issues on bat species are even higher as the species most sensitive to light are protected there, together with their habitat, at the EU level. We worked at the interface between urban and semi-natural areas and showed that the illuminance was the most important light characteristic. Hence it is on this parameters that regulations should be applied in priority to limit the impact of light on areas that could potentially be used as corridors or dark refuges for sensitive species

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Meiners, Joan M. "Biodiversity, Community Dynamics, and Novel Foraging Behaviors of a Rich Native Bee Fauna Across Habitats at Pinnacles National Park, California." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4877.

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Wild, native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) provide pollination services valued at nearly $3 billion to U.S. agriculture annually, and are the primary pollinators maintaining plant communities in natural landscapes, an ecosystem service of incalculable worth. Global concern over widespread honeybee declines has spurred research to save that single species, while knowledge of the health and habitat requirements of 20,000 native bee species worldwide lags behind. Understanding dynamics and habitat associations of pristine native bee communities may help inform conservation priorities and restoration goals to ensure the widespread longevity of native bees. We surveyed the bee and plant communities over two flowering seasons and across four distinct habitat types (Alluvial, Live Oak Woodland, Blue Oak Woodland, and Grassland) at Pinnacles National Park, a protected biodiversity hotspot, and a pristine, heterogeneous environment. We collected 52,853 bee specimens over 308 collector days, and increased the species inventory to 479, from the previous 398 recorded as of the late 1990s. This statistic ranks Pinnacles as likely the most densely diverse area for native bees currently known. Spatially, no relationship between habitat type and bee abundance or richness was observed. Bee species composition in Alluvial habitats, however, was more unique and showed lower dispersal, suggesting this habitat may serve as a nesting refugia for a core community of resident species. Temporally, we evaluated potential resilience of solitary bees to anticipated disruptions in bloom availability via novel, community-wide foraging on honeydew sugars produced by scale insects. We observed 56 native bee species using honeydew sugars during the early season low bloom, and determined that they locate this resource without visual cues. Overall, these findings suggest that native bee communities at Pinnacles National Park may be buffered against temporal resource shifts and may benefit from protection of the Alluvial habitat type. The patterns observed here should be evaluated in other locations to determine their value towards forecasting and managing widespread risks to native bees.

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Silveira, Patrícia Batista da. "Mamiferos de médio e grande porte em florestas de Eucalyptus spp com diferentes densidades de sub-bosque no município de Itatinga, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-07042006-154033/.

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Estudos de fauna em florestas homogêneas de plantio comercial são ainda incipientes no país. Essas áreas de reflorestamento apresentam poucos recursos necessários à vida silvestre, quando comparadas às florestas nativas. Entretanto, sub-bosques presentes nessas florestas homogêneas podem fornecer ofertas de alimento, abrigo, proteção, e o estabelecimento de um ambiente favorável à movimentação dos animais - otimizando assim o uso desses locais pela fauna silvestre. Este estudo foi realizado no Horto Florestal de Itatinga, uma área com predomínio de florestas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp), e com remanescentes de vegetação nativa (floresta estacional semidecidual, cerrado, cerradão e áreas ripárias), localizada no município de Itatinga, no estado de São Paulo. A fim de verificar se a presença e a densidade do sub-bosque nas florestas de eucaliptos influenciam no uso desses locais pelos mamíferos de médio e grande porte, foram comparados três tipos de ambientes de eucalipto: um talhão de eucalipto sem subbosque, um talhão de eucalipto com sub-bosque intermediário, e um talhão de eucalipto com subbosque denso. Em cada um desses ambientes foram colocadas 24 parcelas de areia (armadilhas de pegadas) com iscas alimentares (banana, bacon e sal), para a observação do número de pegadas dos animais nas mesmas. Foram verificados os números de registros, as freqüências de ocorrência e as abundâncias relativas das espécies de mamíferos em cada ambiente, durante 15 dias do inverno de 2004 (estação seca) e 15 dias do verão de 2005 (estação chuvosa). O número de registros foi maior no ambiente de eucalipto com sub-bosque denso, e a riqueza de espécies foi maior no eucalipto com sub-bosque intermediário. O teste do Qui-quadrado (χ2) mostrou diferença significativa no número de registros entre os três ambientes, e entre os períodos inverno e verão. Foram verificadas as categorias tróficas dos mamíferos levantados nesses locais, e observou-se que os animais encontrados foram, em sua maioria, animais de hábitos mais generalistas e pouco exigentes quanto ao habitat. Foram encontradas no total 10 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte nesses ambientes de eucalipto. A curva do coletor não mostrou estabilização, indicando que ainda havia espécies a serem levantadas nesses três ambientes de eucaliptos. Foi também realizado um levantamento qualitativo dos mamíferos de médio e grande porte na área de estudo em geral. Para isso, foram observados registros diretos e indiretos da mastofauna, como visualização de animais, pegadas, fezes, pêlos, tocas e carcaças; foram efetuadas também entrevistas, e houve a instalação de uma câmera trap (armadilha fotográfica). Este levantamento geral ocorreu durante 75 dias (entre julho de 2004 e abril de 2005). Foram encontradas 27 espécies de mamíferos nesse levantamento, mas a curva do coletor aplicada a esses registros também não se estabilizou. A maioria dos animais levantados são de hábitos alimentares generalistas; entretanto, foram registrados pelo menos quatro espécies de carnívoros (mais exigentes quanto à qualidade do habitat). Foram acusadas as presenças de oito espécies de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção no Horto de Itatinga.
Fauna studies in homogeneous forests for commercial plantation purposes are still incipient in the country. These reforestation areas present a few resources necessary to the maintenance of wild life, when compared to the native forests. However, understories present in these homogeneous forests can provide food, shelter, protection and the establishment of a favorable environment to animal movement thus, optimizing the use of these reforestation areas by the wild fauna. This study took place in the Horto Florestal de Itatinga, an area of mostly eucalypts forests (Eucalyptus ssp) and remaining fragments of native vegetation (semideciduous seasonal forests, savannah and riparian forests), located in Itatinga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to verify if the presence and density of the understories in the eucalypt forests influence in the use of these locations by medium and large-sized mammals, three types of eucalypt environment were compared: a stand of eucalypt without understory, a stand of eucalypt with intermediate understory an a stand of eucalypt with dense understory. Each of these environments received 24 sand plots (tracking traps) containing alimentary baits (banana, bacon and salt), for the observation of the number of animal tracks in each one of them. Registry numbers, frequency of occurrence and the relative abundance of mammals species in each environment, throughout 15 winter days in 2004 (dry season) and 15 summer days in 2005 (wet season), were verified. In the eucalypt environment with dense understory record numbers were higher, and in the eucalypt environment with intermediate understory the richness of species was bigger. The chi-square test (χ2) showed significant difference in registry numbers among these three environments, as well as between winter and summer periods. Dietary categories of the mammals observed in these sites were verified, and most of the observed animals belonged to generalist species, and they were not so demanding concerning their habitat. Ten species of medium and large-sized mammals were found in these eucalypts environments all told. The collectors curve was not stabilized, indicating that there were still other species to be surveyed in these three environments with eucalypts. A qualitative survey of medium and large-sized mammals in the study area in general, was also carried out. For this purpose, direct and indirect records of the mammals, as well as the visualization of these animals, their tracks, feces, hairs, burrows and carcasses were observed. Local people were interviewed and one camera trapping installed. This survey took place throughout 75 days (between July, 2004 e April, 2005). Twenty-seven species of mammals were found in this survey, but the collectors curve was not stabilized too. Most of the animals observed in this study belonged to generalist species; but at least four species of carnivores (animals are more demanding concerning their habitat) were recorded. This study also accused the presence of eight endangered species in the Horto de Itatinga.

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Mostert, Bruce Petrus. "Responses of intertidal macroalgae and associated fauna to interactive processes acting over multiple spatial scales." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013370.

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The decrease of biological diversity from low latitudes near the equator towards high latitudes is one of the most fundamental patterns noted in ecology. These trends have been the subject of numerous terrestrial and marine studies and have caused the proposal of several explanatory hypotheses. No single hypothesis has adequately accounted for these observed trends. Furthermore, large-scale patterns are frequently modified by processes acting at meso- to small-scales. It is imperative to understand the interaction of these processes to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the structure of intertidal assemblages. The main aim of this thesis was to test the influence of multiple processes at a range of spatial scales on biogenic engineers. Biogenic engineers, such as macroalgae, have been reported to be strongly influenced by processes such as grazing, biogeography and upwelling and subsequent effects are expected to be linked to their associated assemblages. I used infaunal assemblages associated with macroalgae as a model system to understand the interactive effects of meso-scale upwelling in conjunction with large-scale factors (regional and biogeographic). Three species of macroalgae, Hypnea spicifera, Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis, inhabiting different but overlapping home ranges were used in this study. Smaller scale, physical attributes and the associated fauna of these algal species were compared. The effects of meso- to large-scale physical gradients on marine organisms have been investigated in many instances and resultant gradients in physical variables observed. This study was undertaken to investigate morphological trends exhibited by Hypnea spicifera and Champia lumbricalis to compare possible similarities between coastlines and to determine if inferred meso- to large-scale processes influence physical trends in a similar manner despite the coastlines being affected by different hydrodynamic processes. The macroalgae were located in two distinctly different upwelling regimes, Hypnea spicifera on the east and south coasts and Champia lumbricalis on the west coast. Upwelling (delivery of nutrients and primary production) was not found to be an important factor in determining the physical characteristics of macroalgae but there were clear patterns linked to latitude. Mean percentage cover of Hypnea spicifera was positively correlated with distance along the east and south coasts. Mean mass and mean surface area of H. spicifera were, however, negatively correlated with distance from Port St Johns. Mean frond length showed a negative trend but this relationship was not statistically significant. On the west coast, there was a significant increase in mean frond length from north to south for Champia lumbricalis. Mean surface area and mean mass of C. lumbricalis exhibited non-significant negative trends from north to south while there was a non-significant positive trend for mean percentage cover. Following the “Productivity Hypothesis”, these patterns from north to south along the coastlines of South Africa could have important implications for biodiversity associated with these algae. Many previous studies have focussed on the effects of upwelling on species (i.e. effects of nutrients and temperature) but have failed to separate this effect from large scale effects such as biogeography and latitudinal gradients. I tested the influence meso-scale upwelling, large-scale biogeographic processes and latitudinal gradients with two different species of macroalgae one on the east and south coasts of South Africa and the other on the west coast. Hypnea spicifera inhabits the east and south coasts of South Africa spanning two biogeographic provinces and is generally affected by relatively weak upwelling, whereas Champia lumbricalis inhabits the west coast spanning one biogeographic province which is subjected to intense persistent upwelling year round. Within the east and west coast biogeographic provinces there are, however, regions with both upwelling and non-upwelling. On the east and south coasts, entire assemblages differed significantly among the three Regions (St Lucia, Port Alfred and Knysna, while assemblages between upwelling/non-upwelling areas were not different. Assemblages on the different shores differed significantly from each other. There were no significant effects of region or upwelling for the number of individuals of Crustacea or Polychaeta, while Mollusca showed a significant effect of region. The number of individuals of other taxa showed a significant interaction of region and upwelling. Region had a significant effect on number of species of molluscs and other taxa, while there was no effect for either region or upwelling for the Crustacea or Polychaeta. In general different factors were shown to be important (region and shore) while upwelling was rarely important. On the west coast assemblages associated with C. lumbricalis were not influenced by region or upwelling but there were significant differences between shores. Region, upwelling ad shore did not affect number of individuals. There was a significant interaction of region and upwelling for the number of species of crustaceans, while numbers of species of Mollusca, Polychaeta and other taxa showed no effects. In general, regional factors strongly influenced most organisms, while upwelling played a minor role. Hypotheses about differences between upwelling and non-upwelling regions in terms of species abundances and composition due to the input of cold nutrient rich water were not supported. A link between the effects of larger-scale biogeographic factors and their influence on habitat forming taxa and the resultant effects on associated infauna would be a likely explanation for the patterns observed in this study. Diversity of assemblages is known to be influenced by the structural complexity of a habitat, increasing complexity increases the amount of available niches therefore potentially increasing the number of species found within that habitat. Three species of macroalgae, Hypnea spicifera, Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis were selected on the basis of being structurally similar and having their distributional ranges overlap in order to elucidate the effects of structure and macroalgal species on associated assemblages. Hypnea spicifera is different in terms of surface area and biomass from Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis. Assemblages of species found on the three rhodophytes showed both shore and the species of alga had significant effects on composition. Only numbers of individuals of molluscs were affected by the species of alga. Crustacea and Polychaeta showed an interaction of the species of alga with shore. In the case of this study, it is likely that the three species of macroalgae mitigate biological stressors such as predation and physical stressors such as wave exposure and desiccation. In general, meso-scale upwelling is suggested to be marginalised when considering the structuring of assemblages associated with macroalgae, while large scale biogeography has more of an influence. Within shores, assemblages were also strongly influenced by smaller-scale factors such as differences in the structure and species of alga. This study indicates the importance of investigating patterns across a range of spatial scales to gain a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing intertidal organisms.

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Silva, Edmilson Santos. "Ácaros (Arthropoda: Acari) edáficos da Mata Atlântica e Cerrado do Estado de São Paulo, com ênfase na superfamília Rhodacaroidea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-03042003-152608/.

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A fauna edáfica de ácaros, apesar de abundante e muito diversa em ambientes naturais, ainda é pouco conhecida no Estado de São Paulo. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas partes. A primeira parte teve como objetivo avaliar a abundância e diversidade dos ácaros da superfamília Rhodacaroidea na Mata Atlântica (Pariquera-Açu, Cananéia, Piracicaba e São Pedro) e no Cerrado (Luiz Antonio, Pirassununga e São Carlos), em amostras de solo (0-5 cm) e folhedo tomadas à base de plantas das famílias Arecaceae e Myrtaceae, respectivamente. Para extração dos ácaros, as amostras foram processadas através de um equipamento do tipo Berlese-Tullgren modificado. Obteve-se um total de 969 Rhodacaroidea adultos, sendo 913 na Mata Atlântica e 56 no Cerrado. Foram encontrados 776 e 193 Rhodacaroidea no folhedo e no solo, respectivamente. Os ácaros encontrados pertencem a 15 gêneros diferentes. Os gêneros mais comuns na Mata Atlântica foram Neogamasellevans Loots & Ryke e Ologamasus Berlese, no folhedo, e Rhodacarus Oudemans, no solo. No Cerrado, Rhodacarus foi o gênero mais comum em ambos os substratos. Trinta e uma morfoespécies de Rhodacaroidea foram encontradas na Mata Atlântica, e cinco, no Cerrado. A uniformidade das freqüências de ocorrência de morfoespécies foi maior na Mata Atlântica que no Cerrado. A uniformidade também foi maior no folhedo que no solo da Mata Atlântica. Na segunda parte deste estudo, avaliaram-se a diversidade, a abundância e a distribuição dos ácaros edáficos no folhedo e em diferentes profundidades (0-5, 10-15, 20-25 e 30-35 cm) do solo. Avaliaram-se também os mesmos parâmetros para os fitonematóides presentes no solo às diferentes profundidades mencionadas. As coletas foram realizadas em Pariquera-Açu e Cananéia, na base da palmeira Euterpe edulis Mart. A extração dos ácaros foi realizada como indicado anteriormente. A extração dos fitonematóides foi realizada pelo método de Jenkins. Nesta parte, coletaram-se 2717 ácaros, 80% dos quais, do folhedo. No solo, a maior quantidade de ácaros foi encontrada na camada de 0-5 cm, exceto no outono. A maior abundância de ácaros no solo e no folhedo foi verificada no inverno. As ordens encontradas foram: Oribatida (80%), Mesostigmata (18%), Prostigmata e Astigmata, (juntos 2%). Os Oribatidas não foram identificados em níveis taxonômicos mais baixos no presente estudo. No folhedo, foram identificados 14 famílias, 19 gêneros e 32 morfoespécies de ácaros. No solo, foram encontradas 17 famílias, 19 gêneros e 27 morfoespécies. Neogamasellevans e Ologamasus foram os gêneros mais abundantes e diversos dentre os ácaros identificados. Dezesseis gêneros de fitonematóides foram encontrados. O número total de fitonematóides encontrados em cada profundidade, para todas as plantas amostradas, variou de 10 a 7340 indivíduos. Helicotylenchus Steiner foi o gênero mais abundante, seguido de Discocriconemella Grisse & Loof e Aorolaimus Sher. Os fitonematóides foram abundantes em todas as profundidades consideradas. Considerando-se a predominância dos ácaros na camada mais superior do solo, é de se esperar que os ácaros que por ventura estejam predando aqueles nematóides possam apresentar alguma eficiência apenas na camada mais superficial do solo. O aprofundamento nas pesquisas sobre a fauna de Rhodacaroidea em ambientes naturais gera informações que poderão ser utilizadas em futuros estudos, para o controle biológico de ácaros-praga no solo.
Although abundant and very diverse in the natural environments, the fauna of edaphic mites is still poorly known in the State of São Paulo. The present study was conducted in two parts. The objective of the first part was to evaluate the abundance and diversity of mites of the superfamily Rhodacaroidea in the Mata Atlântica (Pariquera-Açu, Cananéia, Piracicaba and São Pedro) and in the Cerrado (Luiz Antonio, Pirassununga and São Carlos) ecosystems, in soil (0-5 cm) and litter samples taken at the base of plants of the families Arecaceae and Myrtaceae, respectively. For extraction of the mites, the samples were processed through a modified Berlese-Tullgren equipment. A total of 969 adult Rhodacaroidea were obtained, 913 from Mata Atlântica and 56 from Cerrado. In relation to the substrate, 776 Rhodacaroidea were found in the litter and 193 in the soil. Those mites belong to fifteen different genera. The most common genera in Mata Atlântica were Neogamasellevans Loots & Ryke and Ologamasus Berlese, in the litter, and Rhodacarus Oudemans, in the soil. In Cerrado, Rhodacarus was the most common genus in both substrates. Thirty one morphospecies of Rhodacaroidea were found in Mata Atlântica, and five, in Cerrado. The equitability of the frequencies of occurrence of the morphospecies was higher in Mata Atlântica than in Cerrado. It was also higher in the litter than in the soil of Mata Atlântica. In the second part of this study, the diversity, abundance and distribution of edaphic mites in litter and soil samples of different depths (0-5, 10-15, 20-25 and 30-35 cm) were studied. The same parameters were also evaluated for plant nematodes present in soil samples at those different depths. Samples were taken in Pariquera-Açu and Cananéia, at the base of Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae). Mites were extracted as indicated previously. Nematodes were extracted by Jenkins method. A total of 2717 mites was collected, 80% of which in the litter samples. In the soil, the largest number of mites was collected between 0 and 5 cm from the surface, except in the fall. Highest abundance of mites in the litter and soil was observed in the winter. The mite orders found were: Oribatida (80%), Mesostigmata (18%), Prostigamata and Astigamata (combined, 2%). Oribatida were not identified at lower taxonomic levels in this study. In the litter, 14 families, 19 genera and 32 morphospecies of mites were identified. In the soil, 17 families, 19 genera and 27 morphospecies were identified. Neogamasellevans and Ologamasus were the most abundant and diverse genera. Sixteen genera of plant nematodes were identified. The total number of plant nematodes found at each depth, for the combined samples, varied between 10 and 7340. Helicotylenchus Steiner was the most abundant genus, followed by Discocriconella Grisse & Loof and Aorolaimus Sher. Nematodes were abundant at all considered depths. Considering the predominance of the mites between 0 and 5 cm from the soil surface, it is conceived that predation on the former by the predatory mites may have some significance only at that depth. Further research on the fauna of Rhodacaroidea in natural environments generate information that could be used in future studies for the biological control of edaphic pest mites and nematodes.

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Román, Moreno Sara. "Ecology and biodiversity of the deep-sea meiobenthos from the Blanes Canyon and its adjacent slope (NW Mediterranean) = Ecología y biodiversidad del meiobentos profundo del Cañón de Blanes y su talud adyacente (NO Mediterráneo)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456986.

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Submarine canyons are major topographic structures forming deep incisions in shelfs and continental margins around the globe. Due to their topographic characteristics, canyons influence both local hydrodynamic conditions and the transfers of organic material and sediment from shelfs to deep seafloor. This leads to changes in sediment characteristics and organic enrichment that play a key role in deep-sea the functioning, and particularly affect benthic communities. Metazoan meiobenthos are the most abundant deep-sea infauna, with nematodes being dominant. Due to their small size, meiofauna is intimately related with the sediment so that the physical properties are highly influencing the assemblages harbored by a given ecosystem. Therefore, habitat heterogeneity, a particularly relevant canyons feature plays a key role in shaping meiofaunal distribution and biodiversity. Blanes canyon (NW Mediterranean) has been intensively explored during the last years, mostly in relation with the fishery activities in the area. However, as in many other canyons, the meiobenthic component had been almost neglected. Within this context and in the frame of the Spanish research project Dos Mares, the present thesis, focus on the metazoan meiofauna in the Blanes Canyon system. Samples were obtained by the multicore deployments from 500 to 2,000 m depth during four oceanographic campaigns (spring and autumn in 2012-2013). The main objective was to increase the knowledge and further understanding of the patterns and trends of meiofaunal density, diversity and community composition, as well as on its main environmental drivers, with a particular emphasis on the dominant nematode assemblages. Our results indicate that Blanes Canyon exhibits: marked sediment variability, high food availability (i.e., Organic Carbon, Chlorophyll a, Chloroplastic Pigments Equivalents) compared to the adjacent slope, together with higher density, and diversity, and more marked differences in community composition and distribution, both at higher (i.e., meiofauna) and lower (i.e., nematodes and kinorhynchs) taxon level. The observed temporal variability is only partly explained by the seasonal patterns of food input, derived from phytoplanctonic production, where major oceanographic processes such as recurrent dense shelf water cascading events; seem to play a key role. Moreover, the topographically heterogeneous environment associated to the canyon bathymetric gradient, combined with the existence of recurrent, non-seasonal food pulses, are better explaining the observed meiofaunal trends, particularly those concerning nematodes. However, among all gradients analysed, the greatest effect on nematode communities occurred at small-scale (cm), both in the canyon and on the slope, with the highest abundance at the surface sediment layer leading to a marked diversity decrease along the vertical sediment profile. This Thesis includes the first known study on Mediterranean deep-sea kinorhynchs, which contributes to increase the current knowledge on its diversity and distribution, as seven over the nine species found in the canyon system turned to be undescribed. Our results allowed us to avoid suggesting generalizations in the description of meiofauna patterns in the canyon, highlighting those different taxa may show different bathymetric-related responses, this being particularly relevant in the case of the rare taxa (e.g., the kinorhynchs). They also support the consideration of submarine canyons as hotspots of faunal density, biomass and diversity, confirming its key role in shaping the patterns and trends shown by benthic fauna. Finally, the overall results of this Thesis strongly suggest that the Blanes Canyon system is not functioning as a purely natural environment. The high sedimentation rates in the canyon axis suggest that the indirect but regular effects of bottom trawling are driving the structure, and possibly the functioning, of the associated meiobenthos, all along the axis down to at least, 1,750 m depth.
Los cañones submarinos son una de las principales estructuras geomorfológicas del margen continental y un recurso de heterogeneidad del fondo marino. Su abrupta topografía influye en el régimen hidrodinámico local, interrumpiendo y amplificando las corrientes e incrementando los flujos de partículas. Juegan un papel importante en el transporte entre plataforma y océano profundo atrapando, acumulando y canalizando sedimentos y materia orgánica con importantes consecuencias para la diversidad, funcionamiento y dinámica del bentos. La meiofauna es un componente importante del bentos. Dado su pequeño tamaño, está íntimamente relacionada con el sedimento y sus posibles alteraciones (p. ej., alteración de las tasas de sedimentación, resuspensión). Esta Tesis se centra en el Cañón de Blanes (NO Mediterráneo), lugar de importante actividad pesquera. Partiendo de muestras recogidas en primavera y otoño de 2012 y 2013, el principal objetivo ha sido incrementar el conocimiento y las pautas y tendencias de las comunidades de meiofauna (densidad, biomasa, diversidad y estructura) del Cañón de Blanes, así como de su talud adyacente con especial énfasis en los nematodos. Las elevados tasas de sedimentación detectados en el cañón (hasta los 1,750 m), sugieren un efecto indirecto de la pesca de arrastre, que estaría afectando a la meiofauna, sugiriendo la parcial antropogenización de los ambientes profundos del cañón. La variabilidad temporal observada obedece a: entradas estacionales de materia orgánica (derivadas de la producción primaria), procesos de formación de aguas profunda y heterogeneidad topográfica, combinados con entradas recurrentes no estacionales de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, la variabilidad a pequeña escala (cm) causa un mayor efecto en la estructura y diversidad de la comunidad de nematodos, principalmente debido a la disminución en diversidad a lo largo del perfil vertical del sedimento. El Cañón de Blanes muestra mayor variabilidad en el sedimento y disponibilidad de materia orgánica que el talud adyacente, así como una mayor variabilidad en la composición y estructura de las comunidades meiofaunales. Nuestros resultados apoyan la relevancia del papel de los cañones submarinos en la distribución de la fauna bentónica, así como su consideración como hot spots de densidad, biomasa y diversidad.

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Vincent, Quentin. "Étude des paramètres abiotiques, biotiques et fonctionnels, et de leurs interactions dans des sols délaissés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0015/document.

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Suite à des usages intensifs d’origines industrielles, des surfaces considérables de sols dégradés, peu fertiles, voire contaminés sont délaissées. Dans un contexte de raréfaction des sols et de pressions foncières et économiques grandissantes, la réhabilitation de ces sols fortement anthropisés et délaissés peut-être un enjeu. Toutefois, pour envisager une réutilisation de ces sols, il est nécessaire de mieux les caractériser. L’étude de la qualité des sols prend rarement en compte la biodiversité et le fonctionnement biologique. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de caractériser des sols délaissés, en prenant en compte leurs paramètres abiotiques, biotiques et fonctionnels. Pour cela, six sols fortement anthropisés délaissés du nord-est de la France, correspondant à différentes activités industrielles, ont été étudiés in situ et en laboratoire. Plusieurs groupes biotiques (bactéries, champignons, mésofaune, macrofaune et flore) ont été étudiés afin d’avoir une approche quasi-exhaustive de la biodiversité des sols. Une approche taxonomique et fonctionnelle (basée sur les traits) de la biodiversité a été réalisée pour les champignons, la méso- et la macrofaune. De plus, l’évolution in situ au cours du temps des paramètres abiotiques et biotiques a été prise en compte sur un des six sols délaissés étudiés. Enfin, les interactions biotiques entre une espèce de collembole, de champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules et de plante herbacée ont été étudiées dans deux sols délaissés, en laboratoire. Nous avons montré que les sols délaissés étaient caractérisés par une biodiversité significative, comparable selon les cas, à celles d’autres types de sols, comme les sols forestiers, de prairies ou agricoles. Toutefois, des différences de densité, de richesse et de structures taxonomiques et fonctionnelles entre les sols délaissés existent et dépendent du groupe biotique étudié. Ces différences sont notamment liées aux propriétés physico-chimiques contrastées de ces sols. Ainsi, un sol construit, amendé en compost, était l’écosystème le moins perturbé des sols étudiés, contrairement à un autre sol construit et contaminé en métaux lourds. Nous avons montré que les paramètres physico-chimiques, et surtout biologiques, évoluaient rapidement au cours du temps (environ un an) dans le sol construit contaminé en métaux lourds. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence, dans les deux sols étudiés en laboratoire, des modifications des interactions biotiques sous l’influence de nombreux paramètres comme le volume de sol, la durée de l’interaction, la présence d’une microflore indigène etc. Finalement, nous avons montré que ces sols pouvaient être le support de services écosystémiques tels que l’habitat pour la biodiversité et qu’ils pouvaient être fonctionnels, permettant ainsi de considérer leur potentielle valorisation
Due to industrial activities intensification, large surfaces of degraded soils, with low fertility and sometimes contamination, are derelict. In the context of land depletion and economic pressure, the rehabilitation of these derelict anthropogenic soils could be a key issue. However, these derelict soils needs to be better characterized before to consider their potential use. Soil quality studies rarely take into account the biodiversity and the biological functioning. Thus, the aim of this PhD work was to characterize derelict soils by considering their abiotic, biotic and functional parameters. To this end, six derelict strongly anthropogenic soils from north-eastern France, resulting from different industrial activities, were studied in situ and in laboratory. Several biotic components (bacteria, fungi, mesofauna, macrofauna and flora) were studied to have an almost complete approach of the soil biodiversity. Taxonomical and functional (trait-based approach) study of biodiversity was performed for fungi, meso- and macrofauna. Moreover, the in situ evolution over time of abiotic and biotic parameters was taken into account in one of the six studied derelict soils. Lastly, biotic interactions between a species of Collembola, of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and of herbaceous plant were studied in two derelict soils, in a growth chamber. We showed that derelict soils were characterized by a significant biodiversity, comparable case to case with other kinds of soils like forest, grassland or crop. Nevertheless, differences in terms of density, richness and taxonomical and functional structure community were observed between soils and depend on considered biotic group. These differences were notably linked with contrasting physico-chemical parameters between soils. Thus, a compost-amended constructed soil was the less disturbed among the six studied soils, in contrast with a heavy metal-contaminated constructed soil. We showed that abiotic parameters, notably biotic parameters, evolved quickly (within one year) in the metal-contaminated constructed soil. In the two derelict soils where interactions between Collembola and mycorrhizal fungi were studied, biotic interactions were affected by several parameters like soil volume, time of interaction, indigenous microflora presence etc. Finally, we have shown that these derelict soils support ecosystems services such as biodiversity reserve and could be functional, allowing potential re-use

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26

Joly, François-Xavier. "Tree diversity and litter decomposition in European forests." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS215.

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Les écosystèmes forestiers jouent un rôle clé en régulant des cycles du carbone (C) et des nutriments et l’érosion en cours de la biodiversité peut affecter ces fonctions écosystémiques. Ces deux dernières décennies, un effort de recherche important a cherché à comprendre comment la biodiversité affecte la productivité primaire. Le processus inverse de minéralisation du C pendant la décomposition de la matière organique est en revanche beaucoup moins étudié. Dans cette thèse, j’ai cherché à démêler les différents mécanismes par lesquels la diversité des arbres et de leurs litières foliaires affecte la décomposition des litières dans les écosystèmes forestiers d’Europe, à travers trois approches.En utilisant un réseau de placettes forestières contenant des gradients de diversité dans six types de forêts à travers l’Europe, j’ai étudié les effets de la diversité des arbres sur la décomposition de la litière via (i) des modifications de l’environnement de décomposition et (ii) les conséquences directes de la diversité des litières foliaires, avec deux expériences en sachets de litière. A travers tous les sites, alors que la richesse spécifique des arbres a eu un effet limité, la fermeture de la canopée a positivement affecté la décomposition par une modification potentielle des conditions microclimatiques. De plus, les traits moyens de qualité physique et chimique de la chute de litière et la dissimilarité de traits entre les litières d’espèces différentes ont influencé les communautés de décomposeurs permettant dans une certaine mesure de prédire la décomposition de substrats standards. Une fois ces effets pris en compte, la qualité des litières en décomposition a eu un impact supplémentaire mais relativement plus faible sur la décomposition. Ces résultats suggèrent que les effets indirects de la diversité des arbres sur la modification des conditions microenvironnementales sont plus importants pour la décomposition que les effets directs de la qualité intrinsèque des litières en décomposition.J’ai ensuite exploré le rôle des composés solubles lessivés à partir de litière d’espèces différentes sur les processus microbiens du sol par une expérience en microcosmes. Les lessivats de litière d’arbres décidus étaient qualitativement et quantitativement différents de ceux des litières de conifères et ont induit une respiration microbienne du sol plus importante. Le mélange de lessivats des différentes espèces a donné lieu à des effets non-additifs sur les processus microbiens du sol, associés à la dissimilarité de stochiométrie des lessivats. Le lessivage étant un processus dominant pendant la phase initiale de décomposition, l’identité et la diversité des lessivats peut contribuer au contrôle du recyclage du C et des nutriments.Par une troisième approche, mon but a été de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les forts effets observées des détritivores du sol sur la décomposition des litières et les effets de diversité. J’ai cherché à comprendre si la transformation de litière en fèces par le détritivores Glomeris marginata stimulait les décomposeurs microbiens, et si cette stimulation dépendait de la qualité de la litière ingérée. L’activité microbienne était stimulée pour les fèces issues de litières récalcitrantes, mais pas pour les fèces issus de litières de meilleure qualité initiale. Ainsi, les conséquences de la transformation de litière en fèces de macroarthropodes pour les décomposeurs microbiens dépend de l’espèce de litières et peut contribuer aux effets de diversité des litières.Les données collectées durant cette thèse montre que la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres peut affecter la décomposition des litières à travers plusieurs mécanismes à différentes étapes de la décomposition. Du fait de cette complexité, les conséquences des changements de diversité pour le cycle du C et des nutriments dans les forêts d’Europe peuvent être importantes, mais sont actuellement difficiles à prédire et à généraliser
Forest ecosystems play a key role in regulating the global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, and the ongoing erosion of biodiversity is susceptible to modify these ecosystem functions. Over the past two decades, a strong research effort was put into the understanding of how changing biodiversity impacts primary productivity. The reverse process of respiratory C loss during organic matter breakdown however, remained much less studied. In this PhD thesis, I aimed at teasing apart the different mechanisms of how tree and associated leaf litter diversity may affect litter decomposition in European forest ecosystems using three distinct approaches.First, using a network of forest plots with tree diversity gradients in six major forest types across Europe, I studied the effects of tree diversity on litter decomposition through (i) modifications of the decomposition environment and (ii) the direct consequences of leaf litter diversity, with two litterbag experiments. Across all sites, while tree species richness had only a limited effect, forest canopy closure affected decomposition positively by potentially improving microclimatic conditions. In addition, mean chemical and physical quality traits of the litterfall, and trait dissimilarity in leaf litter from different species influenced decomposer communities in a way that decomposition of the common substrates was predictable to a reasonable degree. Once these effects were accounted for, the quality of decomposing litter showed an additional, but comparatively small impact. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect effects of tree diversity on decomposition through microenvironmental controls are more important than the direct effects of the inherent quality of decomposing litter.With a second approach using microcosms under controlled-conditions, I aimed at assessing the role of soluble compounds leached from decomposing litter of different species for microbial-driven soil processes. Leachates from litter of broadleaved deciduous species differed in composition and quantity and induced stronger soil microbial respiration than those from litter of coniferous species. When the species-specific leachates were mixed, I observed non-additive mixing effects on soil microbial processes associated to the dissimilarity in leachate stoichiometry. Since leaching is the dominant process during the initial stage of decomposition, litter leachate identity and diversity may significantly contribute to the control of carbon and nutrient cycling.Finally, in a third approach my goal was to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed strong effects of soil detritivores on litter decomposition and diversity effects. I investigated whether the transformation of litter into feces by the detritivore Glomeris marginata stimulated microbial decomposers, and whether this stimulation depended on the quality of the ingested litter. Microbial activity was stimulated in feces derived from recalcitrant litter, but not in feces derived from litter of higher initial quality. In conclusion, the consequences of litter transformation into macroarthropod feces for microbial decomposers is litter species-specific which may further contribute to litter diversity effects.The data collected during my PhD thesis shows that the functional diversity of trees can affect litter decomposition through various mechanisms during different stages of decomposition. As a result of this complexity, the consequences of changes in biodiversity for the carbon and nutrient cycles in European forests can be substantial, but are presently difficult to predict and to generalize

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27

Barends, Jody Michael. "Predicting reptile species distributions and biogeographic patterns within Kruger National Park." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6745.

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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)
Knowledge of global reptile ecology is limited and there remains much to understand in terms of detailed reptile species information, including that of their distributions. In South Africa, despite being one of SANParks best-studied reserves, surprisingly little is known about the distributions and spatial ecology of reptiles within Kruger National Park (KNP). Management within KNP follows a strategic adaptive management strategy which monitors the statuses of animals using species or group specific indicators. Indicators are given predetermined upper and lower ranges of acceptable fluctuation before actions are taken. These ranges are referred to as thresholds of potential concern (TPCs), and for reptiles these are based on changes to their distributions across the landscape of KNP. An apparent lack of high-quality reptile distribution data inhibits the effective monitoring of the statuses of these animals within KNP, which in turn limits management and conservation options. In this study, I use several methods to quantify available reptile occurrence data which formed the foundations for predicting the distributions of these species across KNP by means of species distribution modelling, with a view to gaining novel insight into reptile assemblage structure across the landscape of KNP.

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Lindberg, Niklas. "Impact of climate change on soil fauna diversity : effects of experimental drought, irrigation, soil warming and nutrient addition /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/99-3576673-X.pdf.

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Junior, Claudiney Bardini. "Riqueza e abundância de anuros de serapilheira em florestas em regeneração do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-14032013-171226/.

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Estima-se que atualmente 80% dos remanescentes florestais de Mata Atlântica estejam localizados em propriedades particulares, o que torna evidente a necessidade da conservação dessas áreas por entidades engajadas. A avaliação e o monitoramento das florestas restauradas são essenciais para o aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de restauração, contribuindo dessa forma para a manutenção e a permanência da biodiversidade nessas áreas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do tempo de restauração florestal em áreas plantadas com espécies arbóreas nativas e suas características estruturais sobre a riqueza e abundância da anurofauna de serapilheira. Os dados da presente pesquisa foram obtidos entre abril de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, em parcelas de 5 × 5 m dispostas em 12 fragmentos localizados em três áreas de vegetação nativa e uma cronossequência (cinco meses e quatro e 11 anos de idade) de áreas restauradas, totalizando três fragmentos por idade. Em cada fragmento foram instaladas seis unidades amostrais, cada uma composta por quatro parcelas, perfazendo 288 parcelas de esforço amostral. Além da contagem de anuros, em cada parcela, com a intenção de caracterizar os micro-habitats disponíveis para os anuros dentro das diferentes florestas, foram medidas as seguintes variáveis abióticas: temperatura e umidade relativa do ar aprisionado na serapilheira, profundidade da serapilheira e cobertura do dossel. Observouse a presença de cinco espécies distribuídas em cinco famílias. A maior riqueza de espécies e abundância foram registradas nos fragmentos com 11 anos de restauração, seguida pela área de floresta nativa e pelo fragmento com cinco meses de idade. Na área com quatro anos de restauração nenhum indivíduo foi capturado. A análise de correlação de Spearman indicou que a riqueza foi significativamente correlacionada com a profundidade de serapilheira e a cobertura do dossel. Foi observada correlação positiva entre as variáveis cobertura do dossel e profundidade de serapilheira e correlação negativa entre umidade relativa do ar e temperatura relativa do ar. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis indicou diferença significativa entre os diferentes tipos de fragmentos avaliados. O teste de Wilcoxon revelou que os fragmentos de cinco meses e quatro anos não diferiram entre si, mas foram significativamente diferentes dos fragmentos de 11 anos e de floresta nativa. Ressalta-se, no entanto, a necessidade de estudos de médio e longo prazo para que se possa melhorar a compreensão dos processos envolvidos na sucessão ecológica e da ocupação desses habitats pelas espécies de anuros.
It is estimated that currently 80% of the remaining Atlantic forest are located on private properties, which makes evident the need for conservation of these areas by engaged entities. Evaluation and monitoring of restored forests are essential to improve restoration techniques, thereby contributing to the maintenance and persistence of biodiversity in these areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of time of forest restoration in areas planted with native tree species and their structural characteristics on the richness and abundance of leaf litter frogs. The data set of this study was obtained between April 2011 and February 2012, on 5 × 5 m plots arranged in 12 fragments located in three areas of native vegetation and a chronosequence (five months, and four and 11 years old) of areas restored with native species, totaling three fragments by age. Four sampling stations with six sampling units were installed in each fragment, totaling 288 plots of sampling effort. In addition to counting the frogs in each plot the following abiotic variables were measured: temperature and relative humidity of the air trapped in the litter, litter depth and cover canopy. Five anuran species belonging to five families were recorded. The highest species richness and abundance were obtained in forested fragments with 11 years old, followed by the native forest area and the fragment with five months old. No individual was captured at the four years old area. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that anuran richness was significantly correlated with the depth of leaf litter and canopy cover. Canopy cover and litter depth were positively correlated, and relative humidity and temperature of the air were negatively correlated. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference among different types of fragments evaluated. The Wilcoxon test revealed that five old months and four years old fragments did not differ, but they were significantly different from 11 years old and native forest fragments. It should be noted, however, the need for medium and long term studies to improve our understanding about processes involved in ecological succession and occupation of these habitats by anurans.

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Kehoe, Laura [Verfasser], Tobias [Gutachter] Kuemmerle, Ralf [Gutachter] Seppelt, and Daniel [Gutachter] Mueller. "Of food & fauna: investigating the relationship between global agricultural land use & biodiversity / Laura Kehoe ; Gutachter: Tobias Kuemmerle, Ralf Seppelt, Daniel Mueller." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1185175350/34.

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Souza, Bruno Henrique de Moraes e. "Gastropod fauna on organic falls at the Southwest Atlantic deep-sea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-05022019-165543/.

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The present study characterized the deep-sea gastropods community collected on whale bones and wood parcels artificially implanted in the deep Southwest Atlantic Ocean at 1500 and 3300 m depth for 23 months. A total of 5493 gastropods were collected and their distribution, abundance and diversity on substrates, depths and latitudes were calculated. Species richness and abundance of gastropods were higher in whale bones and deeper sites. Latitude did not seem to influence the distribution of mollusks. Five species were selected due to their abundance and possible ecological importance for further studies. Three were new species of the superfamily Abyssochrisoidea and were morphologically and genetically described (two Rubyspira and one Cordesia). The other two were Hyslogyrina rissoela (Heterobranchia) and Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). To understand their feeding behavior and dispersal strategies were conduced stable isotopes analyzes, observations of gut content, and radular and larval shell morphology. Larval shell of most species suggested planktotrophic development. Animals on different growth stages were found. Gastropods presented a diversity of feeding strategies, such as bacterial mats grazing, predation and specialized bone eating. The overlap of this fauna with other chemosynthetic environments and with other basins corroborate with the ecological stepping stone hypothesis. Besides that, phylogenetic studies about Abyssochrysoidea were made. Their phylogenetic position within the Caenogastropoda are still uncertain but this group is considered closely related with Littorinidae. These snails are endemic from chemosynthetic environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls in the deep-sea. The genus Rubyspira is not settled at family level and no molecular studies were made for Cordesia. The present study also attempts to assign these groups phylogenetically. Concatenated COI, 16S, 18S and 28S and individual gene trees were constructed for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. In all analyses the family Newtoniellidae were a sister group of Abyssochrysoidea. Morphological and genetic evidences suggest that Rubyspira and Cordesia are closer related to Abyssochrysos than to other provannid snails. The most accepted hypothesis is that Provannidae is paraphyletic. However, there are other ideas that indicates Rubyspira and Cordesia could be included in Abyssochrysidae or the Provannidae should be considered Abyssochrysidae. A morphologic revision of the superfamily should be made to better understand the relation within the group. Clades within the Abyssochrysoidea were always well supported and similar to those found in the literature. The position of Rubyspira and Cordesia within Abyssochrysoidea suggest whale bones and wood parcels did not play an evolutionary role as stepping stones for this group.
O presente estudo caracterizou a comunidade de gastrópodes de mar profundo coletados em carcaças de baleia e parcelas de madeira artificialmente implantadas no Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico profundo a 1500 e 3300 m de profundidade por 23 meses. Um total de 5493 gastrópodes foram coletados e sua distribuição, abundância e biodiversidade nos substratos, profundidades e latitudes foram calculados. A riqueza e abundância dos gastrópodes foi maior nos ossos de baleia e em maiores profundidades. A latitude parece não ter influenciado na distribuição dos moluscos. Cinco espécies foram selecionadas devido à abundância e possível importância ecológica. Três são novas espécies da superfamília Abyssochrysoidea que foram descritas morfologicamente e filogeneticamente (duas Rubyspira e uma Cordesia). As outras duas foram Hyalogirina rissoela (Heterobranchia) e Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). Para compreender os hábitos alimentares e de dispersão desses animais análises de isótopos estáveis, observações do conteúdo do trato digestório, da morfologia das rádulas e das conchas larvais foram realizadas. A concha larval da maioria das espécies sugere um desenvolvimento planctotrófico. Os moluscos encontrados apresentaram diversos tipos de hábitos alimentares como raspadores de carpete bacteriano, predadores e especialistas de ossos. A sobreposição dessa fauna com a de outros ambientes quimiossintéticos e de outras bacias oceânicas colabora com a hipótese ecológica das \"stepping stones\" no mar profundo. Além disso, estudos sobre a posição filogenética dos Abyssochrysoidea foi feita. Sua posição nos Caenogastropoda ainda é incerta, mas são considerados próximos aos Littorinidae. Esses animais são endêmicos de ambientes quimiossintéticos, como fontes hidrotermais de mar profundo, fontes frias e quedas orgânicas. O gênero Rubyspira não está atribuído à nenhuma Família e não foram realizados estudos moleculares para Cordesia. Esse estudo também tenta organizar esses grupos filogeneticamente. Árvores concatenadas e individuais dos genes COI, 16S, 18S e 28S foram construídas para máxima verossimilhança e análise bayesiana. Em todos resultados a família Newtoniellidae foi um grupo irmão dos Abyssochrysoidea. Evidências morfológicas e genéticas s para que sugerem que Rubyspira e Cordesia então mais próximos dos Abyssochrysos do que de outros provannides. A teoria mais aceita é de que os Provannidae são parafileticos. Porém há outras ideias de que Rubyspira e Cordesia poderiam ser inclusos em Abyssochrysidae, ou que os Provannidae fossem considerados Abyssochrysidae. Uma revisão dessa superfamilia deveria se feita para entender as relações desse grupo. Os clados de Abyssochrysoidea sempre foram bem suportados como na literatura. A posição de Rubyspira e Cordesia nos Abyssochrysoidea. aponta que os ossos de baleia e parcelas de madeira possam não terem servido como \"stepping stones\" evolutivas para esses gastrópodes.

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Marteis, Letícia Silva. "Mosquitos da Caatinga: biodiversidade, aspectos ecológicos e importância epidemiológica da fauna Culicidae do semiárido brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-05052016-144353/.

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Em relação à fauna Culicidae, a Caatinga é um dos biomas mais desconhecidos do Brasil. Há carência de registro de ocorrência de culicídeos, bem como de estudos sobre as interações deles com o ambiente silvestre. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar biodiversidade e aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos da fauna Culicidae em áreas de conservação do bioma Caatinga. Para isso foram consideradas duas unidades de conservação da Caatinga e realizados 19 levantamentos entomológicos mensais e consecutivos. Foram realizadas coletas de formas imaturas de mosquitos em bromélias, ocos de árvore e criadouros de solo, além da coleta de mosquitos adultos de hábitos diurno, crepuscular e noturno. Ao todo, entre mosquitos adultos e imaturos associados a habitats fitotelmatas, foram coletados 11.456 culicídeos distribuídos em 28 espécies, das quais 11 eram desconhecidas para a ciência. A fauna de imaturos coletados em bromélias e ocos de árvore interferiu na composição da fauna de mosquitos adultos e houve variações na abundância e nos padrões de diversidade de acordo com fitofisionomia do ambiente. Temperatura e umidade foram os parâmetros ambientais mais fortemente associados à abundância de culicídeos. Foram registradas novas ocorrências de anofelinos, coletados em criadouros de solo, ampliando a distribuição das espécies para o semiárido brasileiro. Este é um estudo pioneiro acerca da biodiversidade da fauna Culicidae em áreas de conservação da Caatinga que apresenta uma rica e desconhecida fauna de culicídeos, inédita para a ciência.
Regarding Culicidae fauna, Caatinga is one of the most unknown biomes of Brazil. There are few records of mosquitoes occurrence, as well as studies on their interactions with the wild environment. Therefore, the aimof this study was to investigate the biodiversity, ecological and epidemiological aspects of Culicidae fauna in conservation areas of the Caatinga biome. Two protected areas were considered for the study and 19 entomological surveys were performed monthly. Immature forms of mosquitoes were collected in bromeliads, tree holes and ground pools, as well as collection of adult mosquitoes with day time, twilight and nocturnal habits. Between adults and immatures associated with phytotelmatas habits, a total of 11,456 mosquitoes were collected, distributed in 28 species, 11 of which were unknown to science. The immature fauna collected in bromeliads and tree holes interfered in the fauna composition of adults and there were variations in the abundance and diversity patterns according to the environment phytophysiognomy. Temperature and humidity were the most strongly environmental factors associated with the abundance of mosquitoes. New records of anophelines collected inground pools were registered, broadening the distribution of species in the Brazilian semiarid region. This is a pioneering study on the biodiversity of the Culicidae in the Caatinga conservation areas which presents a rich and unknown mosquitoes fauna, unprecedented for science

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33

Richmond, Matthew D. "The biodiversity and biogeography of shallow-water flora and fauna of the Western Indian ocean : with special reference to the Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-biodiversity-and-biogeography-of-shallowwater-flora-and-fauna-of-the-western-indian-ocean(5b477d4e-2ed5-4549-bfb5-aaafc6df96f0).html.

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The biodiversity and biogeography of the western Indian Ocean shallow-water marine flora and fauna was examined with special emphasis on Polychaeta, Mollusca (excluding Opisthobranchia) and Echinodermata. A collection of predominantly eulittoral polychaetes from Zanzibar and Mafia (Tanzania) revealed a minimum of91 species, of which 29 % are reported to occur across the Indian Ocean to the West Pacific, and 21 % are regarded as 'cosmopolitan'. Taxonomic problems associated with this taxon are discussed. Over 3,200 species of shelled Mollusca have been reported from the region, though the overall diversity of the groups are likely to be less due to the presence of many synonyms within the taxa which remain to be resolved. Of those families which have been taxonomically reviewed, it appears that the western Indian Ocean supports up to 15-20 % endemism, with noticeable differences in species diversity between the mainland of Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands, especially among bivalves. A total of 419 species of echinoderms are now known from this region, with 107 species (25 %) endemic. About 84 % of the nonendemic species are reported from several localities across the Indian Ocean to the West Pacific. Differences in the diversity of this group between mainland Africa-Madagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands are shown and possible reasons discussed. Origins of the marine macro-invertebrate taxa in the western Indian Ocean include the maintenance of ancient Tethyan Sea fauna and larval (or adult) dispersal across the northern Indian Ocean. The possibility of species diversity being a function of coastline length was briefly investigated. The preparation of A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands, describing over 1,600 species, forms part of the work of this thesis and provides a baseline of taxonomic information for macrofauna and flora. From the latter, together with predictions provided by specialists, an estimate of about 10,000 species of shallow-water marine macrofauna and flora are found in this region. It is acknowledged that taxonomic problems affect many invertebrate taxa which require additional attention before estimates can be defined more precisely. Continued taxonomic research and dissemination of biodiversity findings are considered priorities to help stem the degradation and misuse of marine resources of this region resulting from human exploitation which is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades.

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34

Klinka, Karel. "Forest floor dynamics across a chronosequence in the coastal western hemlock zone." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/653.

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The forest floor represents the uppermost organic and organicenriched mineral soil horizons. They have been formed by the deposition of organic material and the subsequent biologically mediated decomposition. The forest floor influences rooting-zone temperature, aeration, moisture, and nutrient conditions, and hence, forest productivity. Considering the importance of the forest floor, and the fact that it is exposed to disturbance (being the surface layer), we need to assess the potential impacts our logging practices may have. Clearcutting, one of the contentious silvicultural practices used in British Columbia, is imputed to most adversely affect ecosystems and sustainability. We assessed the long-term impact of clearcutting on the forest floor by documenting changes in the thickness, chemical and biotic properties of the humus form across a chronosequence of forest stands. The study was located in the largest and most representative portion of the coastal rainforest the Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHvm) subzone.

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35

Ferreira, Elisângela Novais Lopes. "Diversidade de insetos e distribuição espacial em reflorestamentos e regeneração natural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-07072014-113053/.

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Nesse estudo investigou-se a composição faunística de insetos florestais, contrastando a diversidade de fragmentos de mata nativa com reflorestamento. Empregou-se ferramentas analíticas, incluindo as de natureza estatística e também descritiva, capazes de avaliar as diferenças na abundância e riqueza de espécies entre as áreas florestais. Especificamente, comparou-se índices faunísticos entre as diferentes áreas, analisou-se a similaridade das áreas com base na abundância e diversidade de insetos e avaliou-se a distribuição e sobreposição de guildas. A análise de diferentes grupos taxonômicos revelou resultados distintos em termos de abundância, diversidade e riqueza, com significativa dependência dos diferentes habitats. As ordens Hymenopetara e Coleoptera foram influenciadas pela característica da vegetação de cada área de coleta. Nas áreas de mata nativa foram encontrados os maiores valores de diversidade para Hymenoptera e essas áreas foram as que exibiram maior semelhança em relação à composição de espécies. Pinus tecunumannii foi a área com menor diversidade para o grupo. Para espécies da família Cerambycidae esse resultado se repetiu. Para espécies da família Elateridae Eucalyptus urograndis foi a área mais diversa.
In this study, we investigated the entomofauna of forests, confronting native fragments diversity with reforestation. We applied analytical tools, including statistical and descriptive analysis, which are able to assess differences in species abundance and richness among forest areas. Specifically, we compared faunistic indices in different areas, analysed their similarity based on insect abundance and diversity and assessed guild distribution. Different taxonomic groups showed distinct results in terms of abundance, diversity and richness, with significant dependence on habitat. The orders Hymenoptera and Coleoptera were influenced by the vegetation. In native forest we found the highest diversity for Hymenoptera and this area exhibited higher similarity with respect to the species composition. Pinus tecunumannii was the area with the lowest diversity. This result was also observed for Cerambycidade and, for Elateridae Eucalypts urograndis was the area exhibiting the highest diversity.

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36

Dias, Lívia Caroline César. "Análise da paisagem da área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual do Rio Pandeiros, MG : subsídios para o manejo e conservação da fauna." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9118.

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Outra
The advancement of human occupation and the evolution of its many activities have put many ecosystems at risk. The loss of native vegetation to agricultural practices has resulted in the fragmentation of habitats, which has serious consequences for biodiversity. Protected areas exist to try to avoid these interferences, but enforcement is not always effective and can avoid impacts. This scenario makes fundamental the analysis of the landscape of protected areas in macro-scale in order to try to predict and to reverse the impacts resulting from the expansion of the anthropic occupation. In view of these considerations, this dissertation aimed to obtain information about the landscape of the State Environmental Protection Area Rio Pandeiros (PSA Pandeiros), through the use of structural indexes of the landscape. The information was inserted and analyzed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The landscape structure was evaluated through the land use and land cover dynamics of PSA Pandeiros in 1995 and 2015. The evaluation of priority areas for PSA conservation was evaluated through the application of landscape metrics based on the results of the use and coverage evaluation from the land. And the evaluation of the location of ecological corridors for the PSA area was carried out based on the analysis of PSA connectivity potential from the results of the landscape metrics. The results showed that agricultural activities have strong influence structure of the landscape, mainly the pasture. The advancement of agricultural practices has made the landscape of the PSA suffer some degree of fragmentation which if not controlled will have serious consequences for the local biodiversity. The PSA still presents some fragments that have been considered high conservation areas due to their size and shape, are essential areas for actions that encourage the protection of the PSA. The analysis of the location of the ecological corridors showed that the proposed corridors are located in conservation priority areas and, therefore, their consolidation is necessary so that the fragmentation process of the PSA begins to be reversed and that the PSA may in the near future have A more connected landscape to ensure the 26 species of medium and large mammals found in the PSA and all the biodiversity that is interconnected.
O avanço da ocupação humana e a evolução de suas inúmeras atividades têm colocado diversos ecossistemas em perigo. A perda de vegetação nativa para práticas agrícolas tem resultado na fragmentação dos habitats o que gera graves consequências para a biodiversidade. As áreas Protegidas existem para tentar evitar estas interferências, mas nem sempre a fiscalização é efetiva e consegue evitar os impactos. Esse cenário torna fundamental a análise da paisagem de áreas protegidas em macro escala de forma a tentar prever e reverter os impactos resultantes da expansão da ocupação antrópica. Diante dessas considerações, esta dissertação teve como objetivo a obtenção de informações sobre a paisagem da Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual do Rio Pandeiros (APA Pandeiros), por meio da utilização de índices estruturais da paisagem. As informações foram inseridas e analisadas em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A estrutura da paisagem foi avaliada através da dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra da APA Pandeiros em 1995 e 2015. A avaliação de áreas prioritárias para conservação da APA foi avaliada através da aplicação de métricas da paisagem baseadas nos resultados da avaliação do uso e cobertura da terra. E a avaliação da localização de corredores ecológicos para a área da APA foi realizada baseada na análise do potencial de conectividade da APA a partir dos resultados das métricas da paisagem. Os resultados mostraram que as atividades agrícolas têm forte influência estrutura da paisagem, principalmente a pastagem. O avanço das práticas agrícolas fez com que a paisagem da APA sofresse certo grau de fragmentação que caso não seja controlado trará sérias consequências para a biodiversidade local. A APA ainda apresenta alguns fragmentos que foram considerados como áreas de alta prioridade para a conservação devido ao seu formato e tamanho, são áreas essenciais para ações que incentivem a proteção da APA. A análise da localização dos corredores ecológicos mostrou que os corredores propostos estão localizados em áreas prioritárias para a conservação e dessa forma, a sua consolidação é necessária para que o processo de fragmentação da APA comece a ser revertido e que a APA possa num futuro próximo ter uma paisagem mais conectada a fim de assegurar as 26 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte encontrada na APA e toda a biodiversidade que está interligada.

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37

Antunes, Tayana Galv?o Sceiffer de Paula. "Influ?ncia do manejo da palhada de aveia-preta e tremo?o-branco sobre a fauna invertebrada do solo em ambiente de montanha." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1917.

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Aiming to obtain information to support the biodiversity management that enable sustainable production systems and ensure the quality of natural resources, this study contribute to increasing agricultural productivity based on the use of green manure in a sustainable manner, aiming to evaluate the behavior of winter green manures lupines albus, black oats and the consortium between those two in mountain environment, and the influence of the herbicide decomposition rate of straws from these plants and diversity and abundance of soil fauna. The experiment was conducted in the area of EscolaT?cnicaAgr?colaEstadualRei Alberto I, located in the Watershed Barrac?o dos Mendes, Municipality of NovaFriburgo, mountainous region on the state of Rio de Janeiro at an altitude of 1,065m. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four treatments: black oat, lupines albus, consortium and weeds, with four replications each, totaling 16 plots in the first stage of work, experiment 1. On the experiment 2, the plots were subdivided into two management systems, mechanical, where the plants were mowed and chemical, which occurred application of glyphosate herbicide, for the deposition of the straws on the ground. On the first part, productivity of green manure was evaluated, as well as the accumulation of nutrients and the epigaeous fauna associated to vegetation. The second part, after the management of the green manure, aimed the evaluation of mass loss of plant residues, epigaeous fauna and associated soil macrofauna. The main results showed that the lupine, single or consortium obtained satisfactory productivity, both in terms of biomass and the amount of accumulated nutrients, presenting potential for use in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro. The loss of mass of the residues was affected by the use of herbicide. The community of epigaeous fauna was not a good indicator because it didn?t suffer significant changes before or after the green manure management. The colembolas population was negatively afected by the herbicide. The soil macrofauna was more sensitive to the diferent forms of management, and the reduction of the density soil organisms could be observed up to 10 times when the plants were sprayed with herbicide. It was also noted the reduction on the macrofauna diversity. There was no difference in the chemical composition of the soil due to different covers and forms of management
Visando obter informa??es que ap?iem a proposi??o de manejos de gest?o da biodiversidade, que viabilizem sistemas de produ??o sustent?veis e garantam a qualidade dos recursos naturais, este estudo pretende colaborar com o aumento da produtividade agr?cola com base no uso da aduba??o verde, de forma sustent?vel. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos adubos verdes de inverno tremo?o-branco, aveia-preta e do cons?rcio entre os dois, em ambiente de montanha, e a influ?ncia do herbicida na taxa de decomposi??o das palhadas dessas plantas e na diversidade e abund?ncia da fauna do solo. O experimento de campo foi conduzido na ?rea da Escola T?cnica Agr?cola Estadual Rei Alberto I, localizada na Microbacia do Barrac?o dos Mendes, Munic?pio de Nova Friburgo, Regi?o Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a uma altitude de 1.065 m. O Delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos: aveia-preta, tremo?o-branco, cons?rcio e plantas espont?neas, com quatro repeti??es cada, totalizando 16 parcelas na primeira etapa do trabalho, etapa I. Na etapa II, as parcelas foram subdivididas em duas formas de manejo, mec?nico, onde as plantas foram ro?adas, e qu?mico, onde ocorreu aplica??o do herbicida glifosato, para a deposi??o das palhadas sobre o solo. Na etapa I, estudou-se a produtividade das plantas de cobertura, bem como o ac?mulo de nutrientes e a fauna ep?gea associada ?vegeta??o. Na segunda etapa, ap?s o manejo das plantas de cobertura, foi realizada a avalia??o da perda de massa dos res?duos vegetais, fauna ep?gea e macrofauna ed?fica associadas a esses res?duos. Como principais resultados, observou-se que o tremo?o, solteiro ou consorciado, obteve produtividade satisfat?ria, tanto em termos de fitomassa, quanto de quantidades de nutrientes acumulados, apresentando potencial para o uso na Regi?o Serrana do Rio de Janeiro. A perda de massa dos res?duos vegetais foi afetada com o uso de herbicida. A comunidade da fauna ep?gea n?o foi um bom indicador, pois n?o sofreu significativas modifica??es antes ou ap?s o manejo das plantas de cobertura. No entanto, as popula??es de col?mbolos foram afetadas negativamente pelo herbicida. J? a comunidade da macrofauna ed?fica se mostrou mais sens?vel ?s formas de manejo, sendo observada a redu??o da densidade dos organismos do solo ? metade e em at? 10 vezes, quando as plantas foram manejadas com herbicida. Observou-se tamb?m redu??o da diversidade da macrofauna. N?o houve diferen?a na composi??o qu?mica do solo em fun??o das diferentes coberturas e formas de manejo

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38

Almeida, Mariana Dias. "Deep-sea suprabenthos across the Mediterranean: the influence of environmental drivers on biodiversity and community structure." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22230.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by homeothermia (~14ªC) and a gradient of increasing oligotrophy from west to east which makes it of particular interest to study distribution patterns of deep-sea fauna. Particular oceanographic processes and topographic characteristics vary in different regions. The northwestern Mediterranean, where the shelf is deeply incised by numerous submarine canyons, is typically more productive and it is also subjected to an intense anthropogenic pressure mainly by deep-sea bottomtrawling fisheries. The suprabenthos, loosely defined as the macrofauna living in the sediment/water column interface, is an important component of the benthic fauna, with a relevant role in deep-sea food webs, albeit poorly investigated. In this context, suprabenthic assemblages were studied along an oligotrophic gradient (600-3000 m water depths; western region, Balearic Sea; central region, Ionian Sea; eastern region, South of Crete) and in a submarine canyon and adjacent slope (400-2250 m; northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Catalan Sea) aiming to examine their biodiversity, abundance and community structure in relation to varying environmental conditions. In each sampling site, samples were collected at three water layers above the sediment (10-50 cm; 55-95 cm; 100-140 cm), allowing to characterize the vertical distribution in the close vicinity of the seafloor. The specimens collected were ascribed to 232 taxa, from which amphipods and cumaceans were the most species-rich groups. Amphipods, mostly predators on zooplankton, followed by mysids and isopods, mostly omnivores, were the most abundant groups. The analysis of the near-bottom vertical distribution of the suprabenthic fauna showed a marked decreased in densities from the layer closer to the sediment (10-40 cm water layer) to the upper layers. Community structure varied in relation to environmental variables such as food input, hydrodynamic regime, topographic features (e.g. canyon-associated conditions) and properties of the water masses. The general results showed high variability in densities (3.5-538.9 ind.100 m-2) with maximum values registered in the Blanes Canyon and adjacent slope at 900 m depth. The number of species and the Shannon biodiversity index varied from 21 to 84 and from 1.28 to 3.35, respectively, with the lowest biodiversity observed in the canyon. Along the longitudinal gradient, densities and number of species decreased, the relative abundance of animals relying on food sources from the sediment decreased in parallel with an increase in the relative abundance of animals feeding on the water column. These results likely reflect the low organic matter input to the sediments in the more oligotrophic region. The nearbottom vertical distribution of the fauna changed along the longitudinal gradient, which may be associated to the functional traits of the species (e.g. motility, dispersion capability, feeding mode), to the different responses of individual species to changing abiotic conditions, the occurrence of topographic barriers and to the oligotrophy. These changes in the composition of the suprabenthic assemblages maintained similar values of α- diversity across the longitudinal/oligotrophy gradient, but resulted in high turnover (β-diversity). In the northwestern region the community structure appeared to be driven by the quantity and quality of food sources, revealed by the presence of surface predators in the Blanes Canyon and adjacent slope and also detritivores in the latter environment. In the canyon head and upper reaches, the community structure and biodiversity appeared to be driven by the temporal variability in hydrodynamic conditions with increased intensity of currents and particle fluxes in autumn and winter (river discharges, storms). Under disturbance conditions, densities increased and biodiversity decreased due to the dominance of omnivores with high motility (e.g. mysids). In the slope, the assemblages appeared to respond to the lower particle fluxes but higher quality of the predominantly pelagic organic input, by showing an increased biodiversity, particularly in spring. At deepest sites, biodiversity was similar between canyon and open slope, probably owing to the lower intensity of natural disturbance and lessening of a putative canyon effect. Nevertheless, after the occurrence of high energetic processes, such as a dense shelf cascading event (e.g. in 2012), an important increase in the number of species and densities was observed both in the canyon and slope, probably reflecting the increment of fresh organic matter in the lower slopes and basin. Despite the overall high resilience of suprabenthic assemblages, they were affected by high and continued trawling disturbance. In conclusion, this Thesis showed evidence of highly variable patterns in the composition, biodiversity and structure of the suprabenthic assemblages typified by the occurrence of a variety of trophic groups and life styles. High levels of spatial and temporal turnover in species composition was attributed to food availability, habitat heterogeneity and natural disturbance. In order to improve the knowledge on deep-sea suprabenthos, more studies on its auto-ecology and biotic interactions are needed. Also important to enable biogeographical and even regional comparisons, is to reach a consensus on a standardized terminology and conceptual definition concerning this faunal compartment, as well as to improve the spatial and temporal replication of sampling. Finally, given the important functional role of suprabenthos in marine food webs, it is strongly recommended to include this benthic compartment in future studies focusing on deep-sea ecosystem functioning.
O mar Mediterrâneo batial apresenta características homeotérmicas (~14°C) e um gradiente de oligotrofia, que se acentua de oeste para este, de grande interesse para estudos de distribuição da fauna em mar profundo. Encontram-se também presentes outras condições específicas, de que são exemplos os processos oceanográficos e topográficos, que determinam variações ambientais nas suas diferentes regiões. Em particular, destaca-se o noroeste do Mediterrâneo cuja influência de canhões submarinos favorece uma maior produtividade e pressão antropogénica, que se traduz numa relevante atividade de pesca de arrasto em mar profundo. Embora pouco investigada, a macrofauna que habita acima do sedimento, designada por suprabentos, é uma componente importante da fauna bentónica com relevância nas cadeias tróficas de mar profundo. Neste contexto, foram estudadas as comunidades suprabentónicas ao longo de um gradiente oligotrófico (600-3000m; região oeste; mar Baleárico; centro, mar Jónico; este, Sul de Creta) e num canhão submarino e talude adjacente (400- 2250m; noroeste do Mediterrâneo, mar da Catalunha) com o objetivo de caracterizar a biodiversidade, abundância e a estrutura da comunidade em relação com as variáveis ambientais. Em cada um dos locais, obtiveram-se amostras em três níveis da coluna de água acima do sedimento (10-50cm, 55-95cm e 100-140cm), de modo a caracterizar a distribuição vertical da macrofauna suprabentónica. Este estudo identificou 232 taxa e 18 grupos tróficos, evidenciando-se os anfípodes e os cumáceos com um maior número de espécies. Os grupos mais abundantes foram os anfípodes, sobretudo predadores de zooplâncton, e os misidáceos seguidos dos isópodes, ambos maioritariamente omnívoros. A análise da distribuição vertical da macrofauna revelou uma diminuição acentuada na sua densidade do nível mais próximo do sedimento (10-50cm) para os níveis superiores. A estrutura da comunidade apresentou variações relacionadas com diversos fatores ambientais tais como, a quantidade e qualidade do alimento, o hidrodinamismo (associado a condições típicas do canhão) e a estrutura das massas de água. Os resultados mostram que as densidades apresentaram uma grande amplitude (3.5-538.9 ind.100m-2) tendo os valores máximos sido registados no canhão de Blanes e no talude adjacente a cerca de 900m de profundidade. O número de espécies e o índice de diversidade de Shannon variaram entre os 21 e 84 e entre 1,28 e 3,35, respetivamente, tendo sido registada a menor diversidade no canhão submarino. Ao longo do gradiente de oligotrofia, de oeste para este, verificou-se um decréscimo das densidades e do número de espécies e constatou-se uma diminuição da abundância relativa de grupos que se alimentam no sedimento, em paralelo com o aumento da abundância relativa de grupos que se alimentam na coluna de água. Estes resultados foram associados a uma diminuição da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos da área mais oligotrófica. A distribuição estratificada variou ao longo do gradiente longitudinal, o que parece refletir a dinâmica das espécies (e.g. mobilidade, capacidade de dispersão, alimentação), as diferentes respostas das espécies à variabilidade nas condições abióticas, possíveis barreiras à dispersão e ao gradiente de oligotrofia, resultando em valores elevados de β-diversidade. A noroeste, no canhão de Blanes, a estrutura da comunidade parece ser condicionada pela maior quantidade e diversidade de fontes de matéria orgânica indicada pela presença de predadores no sedimento e de detritívoros no talude adjacente. Nas zonas do canhão mais próximas da influência terrestre, a estrutura e a biodiversidade da macrofauna suprabentónica parecem estar relacionadas com a variabilidade temporal das condições hidrodinâmicas, em particular, no aumento da intensidade de correntes e de fluxo de partículas que ocorre no outono e no inverno (descargas do rio e tempestades). Nestas condições, verificou-se o aumento da densidade e a redução da biodiversidade, possivelmente devido a uma maior presença de omnívoros com elevada mobilidade (ex. misidáceos). No talude adjacente, caracterizado por menor perturbação natural e maior qualidade de matéria orgânica de origem pelágica, a comunidade reflete uma diversidade elevada, em especial, na primavera. A maior profundidade, observou-se uma diversidade similar no canhão e no talude, provavelmente devido a condições de inferior perturbação natural e menor influência da ação do canhão. No entanto, após a ocorrência de um processo energético de grande intensidade, como o efeito de cascata de massas de água de elevada densidade (ex. 2012), verificou-se um aumento considerável do número de espécies e das densidades no canhão e no talude. Este aumento pode dever-se a um incremento de matéria orgânica fresca no talude inferior e na bacia do Mediterrâneo. Apesar da resiliência das comunidades suprabentónicas, a sua diversidade parece ser afetada pela elevada e continuada perturbação causada pela pesca de arrasto. Concluindo, neste trabalho existem evidências de que as diferentes regiões analisadas apresentaram elevada variabilidade na composição, estrutura e biodiversidade, que se atribui à heterogeneidade de grupos tróficos e modos de vida do suprabentos. Os valores de β-diversidade observados foram atribuídos à disponibilidade de alimento, heterogeneidade do habitat e perturbação natural. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de considerar os mesmos elementos faunísticos na composição teórica da fauna que vive na interface coluna água/sedimento para comparação com outras regiões. Estudos de auto-ecologia e interações bióticas e, finalmente, a necessidade de amostragem replicada, são também aspetos a considerar para uma melhor compreensão das comunidades de suprabentos. Recomenda-se, por fim, dada a relevância funcional das comunidades suprabentónicas, a inclusão deste compartimento bentónico em futuros estudos focados no funcionamento dos ecossistemas de mar profundo.

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Pompeo, Pâmela Niederauer. "Diversidade de morfotipos e famílias de coleoptera em sistemas agrícolas e florestais do planalto catarinense." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2016. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2327.

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PROMOP
The beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) are distributed in different environments and soil depths and are important executors of ecosystem services. To study their community contribute to elucidate the effects of human disturbance on functions and environments biodiversity. The aim of this research was to relate the effects of land-use systems (LUS) on Coleoptera diversity, as well their relationship with soil properties. The LUS evaluated were no-tillage crops (NT), integrated crop-livestock (ICL), pasture (PA), Eucalyptus plantation (EP) and native forest fragments (NF). Samples were collected from a 3 × 3 grid giving nine points at a distance of 30 m from each other, in winter and summer, in three municipalities in the southern Santa Catarina highlands, Brazil. The beetles were collected by methods of soil monoliths excavation following the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) and Pitfall traps. The same points were collected samples for evaluation of physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes, abundance and diversity of families and eco-morphological groups of Coleoptera (morphotypes). The last followed the Eco-morphological index methodology (EMI), for obtaining the Biological Quality of Soil index (QBS) modified. We used multivariate statistical analysis, and the environmental variables (physical, chemical and microbiological of soil) considered as explicative for the Coleoptera distribution. Were found, regardless of collection method and LUS, 13 morfotypes and 32 families, being the beetles with epigean morphologic adaptation were more abundant than hemi-edaphic and edaphic respectively. The Coleoptera families Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Scarabaeidae were the most representative, regardless of LUS. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, was higher in NF, RE and PA systems to Coleoptera morphotypes. As for families, RE and PA showed higher diversity. The reduction of QBS index did not follow a gradient of land use intensification (NF>EP>PA>ICL>NT), with generally higher values for NF, PA, ICL, NT and EP, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated distinction in the distribution of invertebrates between different LUS. The edaphic Coleoptera, more adapted to life in the soil, demonstrated relationship with the NT and ICL systems, because the best conditions of pH, Ca and P, when sampled by TSBF and with NF when by Pitfall traps in the summer. NF showed association with greater amount of morphotypes when assessing their PCAs to the methods separately or together, and the attributes connected to dynamics of C in the soil contributed to explain this distribution. The Coleoptera families were also more abundant in the NF due to attributes porosity and organic matter, conditions favoring the occurrence of representative groups Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae and Leiodidae. The separation to Coleoptera morphotypes level, considering their adaptation for life in the soil, proved to be an efficient alternative to discriminate LUS, besides the taxonomic analysis, mainly in combination with other explicative environmental variables
Os coleópteros (Insecta: Coleoptera) se distribuem em diferentes ambientes e profundidades do solo e são importantes executores de serviços nos ecossistemas. Estudar sua comunidade contribui para elucidar os efeitos da perturbação antrópica sobre a funcionalidade e biodiversidade dos ambientes. O objetivo da pesquisa foi relacionar os efeitos dos sistemas de uso do solo (SUS) sobre a diversidade de Coleoptera, bem como a relação destes com os atributos do solo. Os SUS avaliados foram: culturas sob plantio direto (PD), integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), pastagem (PA), reflorestamento de eucalipto (RE) e fragmentos de floresta nativa (FN). As amostras foram coletadas em uma grade de amostragem de 3 × 3, totalizando nove pontos, distanciados entre si em 30 m, no inverno e verão, em três municípios do Planalto Sul-catarinense. Os coleópteros foram coletados pelos métodos de escavação de monólitos de solo seguindo o Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) e armadilhas do tipo Pitfall traps. Nos mesmos pontos foram coletadas amostras para avaliação dos atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos do solo, além da abundância e diversidade de famílias e grupos eco-morfológicos de coleópteros (morfotipos). Esta última seguiu metodologia do Eco-morphological index (EMI), para a obtenção do índice de Qualidade Biológica do Solo (QBS) modificado. Utilizou-se análise estatística multivariada, sendo, as variáveis ambientais (físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do solo) consideradas como explicativas para a distribuição dos coleópteros. Foram encontradas, independente do método de coleta e SUS, 13 morfotipos e 32 famílias, sendo que os coleópteros com adaptações morfológicas epígeas foram mais abundantes que os hemi-edáficos e os edáficos, respectivamente. As famílias de Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Carabidae e Scarabaeidae foram as mais representativas, independente do SUS. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, foi mais elevado nos sistemas FN, RE e PA para morfotipos de Coleoptera. Já para famílias, RE e PA apresentaram maior diversidade. A redução do índice QBS não seguiu um gradiente de intensificação de uso do solo (FN>RE>PA>ILP>PD), apresentando em geral valores mais elevados para FN, PA, ILP, PD e RE, respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) indicou distinção na distribuição dos invertebrados entre os diferentes SUS. Os coleópteros edáficos, mais adaptados a vida no solo, demonstraram relação com PD e ILP, devido as melhores condições de pH, Ca e P, quando amostrados por TSBF e com FN quando por armadilhas no verão. A FN apresentou associação com maior quantidade de morfotipos quando avaliadas as ACPs para os métodos separadamente ou em conjunto, sendo que os atributos ligados a dinâmica do C no solo contribuíram para explicar essa distribuição. As famílias de Coleoptera também foram mais abundantes na FN devido aos atributos porosidade e matéria orgânica, condições estas que favorecem a ocorrência de grupos representativos como Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae e Leiodidae. A separação ao nível de morfotipos, considerando suas adaptações à vida no solo, se mostrou uma eficiente alternativa para discriminar os SUS, além da análise taxonômica, principalmente em conjunto com outras variáveis ambientais explicativas

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Campos, Claudia Bueno de. "Impacto de cães (Canis familiaris) e gatos (Felis catus) errantes sobre a fauna silvestre em ambiente peri-urbano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20062005-162534/.

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Os objetivos deste estudo foram quantificar a população de cães (Canis familiaris) e gatos (Felis catus) errantes em ambiente peri-urbano representado pelo Campus Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba, SP; descrever e comparar qualitativa e quantitativamente a dieta das duas espécies e estimar sua pressão de predação sobre as espécies silvestres de mamíferos. Durante os meses de julho de 2002 e janeiro de 2003, foram realizadas observações visuais e coletadas amostras de fezes de cães e gatos ao longo de uma transeção linear. Foram amostrados 0,276 km², ou 3,2% da área de 860ha do Campus. As características físicas de cada indivíduo (espécie, raça, pelagem, sexo, tamanho e marcas naturais) foram registradas para o cálculo da abundância das duas espécies na área amostrada, assim como o número de encontros por dia e por ambientes (rural e suburbano). A dieta foi analisada através das amostras de fezes que foram esterilizadas, lavadas, secas e triadas, sendo seus componentes identificados com o auxílio de referências bibliográficas. A importância de cada item foi expressa como porcentagem do número total de itens encontrados e como porcentagem de uma estimativa da biomassa consumida. A amplitude e sobreposição de nicho foram calculadas através dos índices de Levins e Pianka, respectivamente. O resultado da estimativa de abundância dos cães e gatos domésticos na área amostrada foi de 42 cães e 81 gatos. Cães e gatos são mais abundantes em ambiente suburbano que rural (T = 3,78, p < 0,001, N = 55; T = 8,38, p < 0,001, N = 55 respectivamente) e os gatos são mais abundantes que cães em ambiente suburbano (T = 6,76, p < 0,001, N = 55), porém não houve diferença significativa quanto à abundância de cães e gatos em ambiente rural (T = 0,82, p = 0,46, N = 55). Os resultados das análises das dietas indicam que os cães e gatos domésticos errantes são oportunistas de hábito generalista. Em 234 amostras de fezes foram detectadas 1212 ocorrências de 57 itens (68,4% de origem animal, 15,8% de origem vegetal e 15,8% formados por itens não alimentares). Considerando os itens de origem animal da dieta das duas espécies, invertebrados foram os mais consumidos, seguidos por mamíferos (cães: 57,05% e 25,15%; gatos: 63,24% e 20,51%, respectivamente). A amplitude de nicho (B) foi de 0,4463 para cães e 0,4892 para gatos. A sobreposição de nicho (O) foi próxima de completa (0,97108). O consumo de mamíferos por cães foi estimado entre 16,76 e 25,42 kg/ind/ano e por os gatos foi entre 2,01 e 2,9 kg/ind/ano, o que pode ser a causa das baixas densidades populacionais de pequenos mamíferos silvestres na área de estudo.
The goals of this study were to quantify the population of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) in suburban areas; to describe and compare the diet of both species, and to estimate their predation pressure on the wildlife, at Campus " Luiz of Queiroz " of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP. During the months of July 2002 and January 2003, visual observations and scats collection of dogs and cats were accomplished along a transect line. The sampled area comprised 0.276 km², or 3.2% of the 860ha of the Campus area. Physical characteristics of each individual (species, race, fur, sex, size and natural marks) were registered for the calculation of the abundance of both species in the sampled area, as well as the number of encounters a day and the environment (rural and suburban). The diet was analyzed through scats sterilized, washed, dried and sorted. Their components were identified with the aid of bibliographical references. The importance of each item was expressed as the percentage of the total number of items found and as the percentage of an estimate of the consumed biomass. Breadth and overlap niche were calculated through the indexes of Levins and Pianka, respectively. The results of estimate abundance of free-ranging dogs and cats in the sampled area were of 42 and 81 respectively. Dogs and cats are more abundant in suburban than rural environment (T = 3.78, p <0.001, N = 55; T = 8.38, p <0.001, N = 55 respectively) and the cats are more abundant than dogs in suburban environment (T = 6.76, p <0.001, N = 55), even though there was no significant difference between the abundance of dogs and cats in rural environment (T = 0.82, p = 0.46, N = 55). The results of diet analyses indicated that free-ranging dogs and cats are opportunistic predators of generalist habit. In 234 samples of scats 1212 occurrences of 57 items (68.4% of animal origin, 15.8% of vegetable origin and 15.8% formed by no food items) were detected. Considering the items of animal origin found in the diet of both species, invertebrates were the most consumed, followed by mammals (dogs: 57.05% and 25.15%; cats: 63.24% and 20.51%, respectively). Niche breadth (B) was 0.4463 for dogs and 0.4892 for cats. Niche overlap (O) was almost complete (0.97108). The consumption of mammals was estimated between 16.76 and 25.42 kg/ind/year for dogs and between 2.01 and 2.9 kg/ind/year for cats. This is a possible reason for the low population densities of small wild mammals in the study area.

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Mélade, Julien. "Investigations éco-épidémiologiques et génétiques des Lyssavirus et des Paramyxovirus chez les micromammifères du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0030/document.

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La faune sauvage a été depuis longtemps incriminée dans la survenue de zoonoses et joue le rôle de réservoir d'agents pathogènes (virus Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, Hantaan etc.) pour l'homme. Les îles tropicales et subtropicales du Sud-Ouest de l'Océan Indien (SOOI) constituent l'une des 34 régions reconnues comme « hotspot » de biodiversité au niveau mondial. Elles sont caractérisées par un très fort endémisme de la faune sauvage surtout sur l'Ile de Madagascar. Le caractère multi-insulaire de la région du SOOI, la diversité de ses biotopes et ses disparités biogéographiques et humaines offrent un champ d'investigation unique pour explorer « in natura » la dynamique évolutive des agents infectieux et les relations hôtes-virus. Nos travaux de recherche ont porté sur deux modèles de virus à ARN de polarité négative, les paramyxovirus et les lyssavirus. Le premier modèle viral nous a permis d'aborder les questions relatives à la dynamique de transmission virale au sein de communauté d'hôtes, plus particulièrement, les chauves-souris et les petits mammifères terrestres de Madagascar et d'identifier les facteurs agissant sur cette dynamique de transmission et de diversification virale, en particulier les facteurs bio-écologiques associés à leurs hôtes. Le second modèle viral, les lyssavirus, nous a permis de décrire sur l'ensemble des îles du SOOI échantillonés, la circulation virale dans ce système multi-insulaire diversifié, au sein des chauves-souris dont la plupart des espèces sont endémiques à cette région. Dans l'ensemble, nos investigations ont permis de mettre en évidence des échanges viraux (« host-switch ») importants entre chauves-souris, petits mammifères terrestres endémiques de Madagascar et les rongeurs introduits, le rôle de ces mammifères en tant que réservoir viral majeur et souligner le rôle disséminateur de Rattus rattus. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu identifier ce phénomène de « host-switch » comme étant le mécanisme macro-évolutif prépondérant et l'importance des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques à l'origine de la dynamique de transmission et de la diversification virale observée chez les paramyxovirus de chauves-souris de Madagascar
Since many decades, the wild fauna has been incriminated as an important reservoir of many zoonotic pathogens (Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, Hantaan viruses etc.) at risk for humans. Tropical and subtropical islands of the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) are part of the 34 areas of the world recognized as "hotspot" of biodiversity. They are characterized by a strong wildlife endemism especially on Madagascar. The multi-island structure of the SWIO region, the diversity of its biotopes and its biogeographical human disparities, offer a unique opportunity to investigate "in natura" the evolutionary dynamics of infectious agents and the host-virus relationships. Our research has focused on two models of negative RNA viruses, paramyxoviruses and lyssaviruses. The first virus model allowed us to address issues related to the dynamics of viral transmission within a host community, in particular, bats and small terrestrial mammals of Madagascar and to identify the driving factors, especially bio-ecological factors associated with their hosts, affecting the dynamic of transmission and of viral diversification. The second model allowed us to describe on the islands of the SWIO, the intense circulation of bats lyssaviruses in this multi-island system which bats are endemic to this region. Overall, our investigations highlighted (i) intense viral exchanges ("host-switch") between bats, endemic terrestrial small mammals and introduced rodents from Madagascar, (ii) the role of these mammals as major viral reservoir and (iii) the key role played by Rattus rattus as viral spreader. Furthermore, we identified both the phenomenon of "host-switch" as the major macro-evolutionary mechanism among bat paramyxoviruses from Madagascar and the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the transmission dynamics and viral diversification

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Rizzo, Valeria. "Evolution, diversification and ecology of a clade of strictly subterranean beetles (Troglocharinus, Family Leiodidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/333330.

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The general aim of this dissertation is to investigate the evolution, the diversification and some ecological traits of the species of the strictly subterranean genus Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908. The genus Troglocharinus (Tribe Leptodirini, Family Leiodidae, Fig. 4) currently includes 19 species and 19 subspecies, and it is considered to be highly adapted to the subterranean environment (truly troglobiont, sensu Sket 2008), living exclusively in the deepest part of the cave in total darkness and very constant temperature and humidity (Salgado et al., 2008). Troglocharinus is distributed in two disjunct areas: some mountain systems south of the central area of the Pyrenees, and the coastal karstic formations between Tarragona and Barcelona, separated by extensive areas not suitable for subterranean species (sedimentary soils). Disjunct distributions like that of the genus Troglocharinus are very rare among the strictly subterranean genera, which tend to occupy a well-defined and restricted geographical region, usually within a continuous subterranean environment (Holsinger, 2005). The aim of this Thesis is to study the evolution and diversification of this genus, and establish a temporal framework for its range expansion. We also aim to test its thermal tolerance with an experimental and an evolutionary approach, to understand its possible role in the current distribution of the species and their biogeographic history. GENERAL DISCUSSION This thesis aimed to understand the biogeographic and phylogeographic mechanisms underlying the evolution and the diversification of obligate cave fauna, using as model a clade of strictly subterranean beetles. With this dissertation we contributed to challenge the traditional orthogenetic view on the origin and evolution of subterranean fauna, where hypogean organisms are classified as the senescence point of phyletic series prone to extinction. These ideas, strongly supported by Racovitza, Jeannel and Vandel during the XXth Centhury, still have a great impact on part of the biospeleological community (Romero 2009). Recent molecular work has demonstrated that the concept of “phyletic series” has not a phylogenetic mean, and that these series are often poliphyletic groups with still uncertain taxonomy. Subterranean beetles presents extreme morphological and physiological adaptations, and often their morphologies are very similar even among different groups, likely due to convergent adaptation. It is thus very difficult for morphologists to recognize phylogenetic relationships between species, and to assess their age and phylogenetic origin. Cryptic lineages can be recognized when applying molecular techniques, and our results support the need for a synergy between morphological and molecular data in the important effort to discover and preserve the fragile and threatened subterranean biodiversity. In this thesis the first data on thermal tolerance of strictly subterranean fauna is presented. The subterranean environment is a particular natural laboratory for testing evolutionary and ecological traits of their inhabitants, as it lacks many of the confounding factors present in epigean habitats. It is interesting that, when testing their thermal tolerance limits, and in contrast with the traditional assumption that species fine-tuned their thermal tolerance to the temperatures of their habitats, we found no differences in thermal tolerance between species belonging to clades subjected to different temperature regimes since the Pliocene, suggesting a lack of adjustment to ambient temperature in these organisms. Our results also indicate that models based only on actual conditions and distribution data are insufficient to make predictions on the fate of subterranean species in front of global change scenarios. In the last part of this dissertation we aimed to demonstrate the influence of the substratum on the dispersal capability and gene flow of cave obligate species, starting form the general principle that the habitat determined actual and historic demographic processes (Southwood 1977, 1988). This is one of the first comprehensive tests of the common view that geology of substratum represents the principal barrier to gene flow underground (e.g. Bellés 1973; Bellés & Martínez 1980).
El origen y la evolución de la fauna cavernícola ha sido tema de estudio y de debate desde los inicios de la biología evolutiva. La adaptación a un ambiente extremo como el subterráneo requiere cambios en múltiples aspectos (morfológico, fisiológico, ecológico...), y su estudio permite plantear cuestiones fundamentales sobre los procesos de adaptación y diversificación de los organismos. El objetivo general de esta tesis es investigar la evolución, la diversificación y algunos rasgos ecológicos de las especies del género estrictamente subterráneo Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908. El género Troglocharinus (Tribu Leptodirini, Familia Leiodidae) actualmente incluye 19 especies y 19 subespecies, y se considera altamente adaptado al medio subterráneo (truly troglobiont, sensu Sket 2008), o sea que vive exclusivamente en la parte más profunda de la cueva en la oscuridad total y con una temperatura y humedad muy constante (Salgado et al., 2008). Análisis previos mostraron que este género está anidado dentro de un ciado de origen Oligocenico que incluye otros géneros subterráneo de Leptodirini de los Pirineos (el grupo Speonomus, Ribera et al. 2010) El genero Troglocharinus se distribuye en dos áreas disjuntas: algunos sistemas montañosos al sur de la zona central de los Pirineos, y las formaciones kársticas costeras entre Tarragona y Barcelona, separadas por extensas áreas no colonizables por las especies subterráneas (suelos sedimentarios). Distribuciones disjuntas como la de género Troglocharinus son muy raras entre los géneros estrictamente subterráneos, que tienden a ocupar una región geográfica bien definida y restringida, dentro de un ambiente subterráneo continuo (Holsinger, 2005). El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio de la evolución y diversificación de este género, y establecer un marco temporal para su expansión de rango. También tenemos como objetivo poner a prueba su tolerancia térmica con un aproche experimental y un enfoque evolutivo, para entender su posible papel en la distribución actual de la especie y su historia biogeográfica.

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Netto, Luiz Fernando. "\"Echinodermata do Canal de São Sebastião, São Sebastião (SP)\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-12092007-152035/.

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O conhecimento da biodiversidade é vital para o planejamento e implementação de programas de conservação. Para isso, os levantamentos faunísticos são de extrema importância, principalmente quando enfocam grupos historicamente negligenciados no Brasil e realizados em regiões com intensa ação antrópica, como a região do Canal de São Sebastião (23o41\' S - 45o19\' W e 23o54\' S - 45o30\' W). Considerando que os Echinodermata, inclusive na região, representam grande parte da comunidade de macro-invertebrados do bentos marinho, torna-se estrategicamente importante a obtenção de dados sobre os representantes deste grupo. À luz destas considerações, foi realizado um estudo explorando-se principalmente o infralitoral de ambientes de fundo rochoso em ambas as margens do Canal de São Sebastião (litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo). Para a consecução dos objetivos propostos, as coletas deste estudo foram executadas até a profundidade de 20 m, principalmente através das técnicas de mergulho autônomo e de mergulho livre, tendo sido realizadas, ainda, algumas coletas manuais na região entremarés. Como resultado, foram encontradas 40 espécies de Echinodermata, sendo 14 de Ophiuroidea, dez de Asteroidea, nove de Echinoidea, seis de Holothuroidea e uma de Crinoidea. As espécies encontradas mostram que a fauna de equinodermes do Canal de São Sebastião tem uma predominância de componentes da fauna tropical sobre as espécies patagônicas.
Vide dissertação (Ingles e Espanhol).

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Pinotti, Bruno Trevizan. "Pequenos mamíferos terrestres e a regeneração da Mata Atlântica: influência da estrutura do habitat e da disponibilidade de alimento na recuperação da fauna." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-21052010-103340/.

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Através da amostragem de 28 sítios em diferentes estádios de regeneração em uma área de Mata Atlântica contínua, procuramos nesta dissertação contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos relacionados às mudanças faunísticas observadas durante o processo de regeneração em florestas tropicais, e, assim, melhor compreender o valor das florestas secundárias para a conservação da biodiversidade tropical. Para isso, na primeira parte da dissertação investigamos a influência da regeneração sobre características de estrutura da floresta e disponibilidade de alimento consideradas importantes para diversos grupos da fauna. Encontramos maior profundidade do folhiço, volume de galhadas e disponibilidade de frutos de uma abundante palmeira de sub-bosque nas florestas mais maduras, enquanto que nas áreas em estádio mais inicial de regeneração encontramos maior conexão da vegetação, biomassa de artrópodes no solo e disponibilidade de frutos no total e da espécie de planta mais abundante no sub-bosque. Essas modificações podem estar relacionadas às mudanças na fauna observadas durante a regeneração florestal. As espécies que dependem de características só encontradas nas matas mais maduras, como espaços abertos para movimentação, maior complexidade do chão da floresta, ou determinados recursos alimentares poderiam encontrar limitações em áreas em estádios mais iniciais de regeneração, ao passo que espécies que não dependem desses recursos poderiam se beneficiar da maior disponibilidade total de alimentos, ou da maior conexão da vegetação para movimentação, encontradas nessas áreas. Na segunda parte do trabalho, avaliamos a influência da regeneração e de características estruturais e de disponibilidade de alimento sobre espécies endêmicas (especialistas de floresta) e não-endêmicas (generalistas de habitat) de pequenos mamíferos terrestres. Como previsto, observamos que um grupo de espécies (generalistas de habitat) prolifera nas áreas mais jovens, enquanto que o outro grupo (especialistas de floresta) foi mais comum, embora de maneira mais sutil, nas áreas mais maduras. Esses padrões foram em parte explicados pelas variáveis mensuradas, principalmente a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Aparentemente, as espécies generalistas estão se beneficiando da maior disponibilidade de alimentos encontrada nas áreas em estádio mais inicial de regeneração, enquanto que as especialistas possuem maior capacidade de ocupação das áreas mais maduras, onde esses recursos são mais escassos. Portanto, esses resultados sugerem um compromisso (trade-off) entre capacidade competitiva e capacidade de utilização de recursos 101 abundantes, como prevê o mecanismo de nicho sucessional, proposto inicialmente para explicar a sucessão de espécies vegetais. As características encontradas nas florestas mais jovens favoreceram a proliferação de espécies de pequenos mamíferos terrestres generalistas de habitat. Entretanto, o efeito positivo da regeneração florestal sobre as espécies especialistas, de maior interesse para a conservação, foi menos acentuado, de forma que as florestas secundárias abrigaram uma assembléia de pequenos mamíferos terrestres rica, podendo, portanto, representar um importante instrumento de aumento de área e conectividade em paisagens altamente modificadas, como as encontradas na Mata Atlântica. Entretanto, esses resultados não reduzem o valor das florestas maduras, principalmente em paisagens fragmentadas e para grupos mais sensíveis da fauna. Essas florestas devem ser protegidas, assim como deve ser garantida (e se preciso auxiliada) a regeneração das florestas secundárias, para que possam adquirir em longo prazo as condições necessárias à manutenção das espécies e dos grupos de espécies da fauna mais severamente afetados pela secundarização das florestas tropicais.
By sampling 28 sites in different regeneration stages in a continuous Atlantic forest area, in this master thesis we aimed to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms associated with the wildlife changes observed during tropical forest regeneration, and thereby better understand the value of secondary forests for the conservation of tropical biodiversity. In the first part of the thesis we investigated the influence of regeneration on aspects of forest structure and food availability considered to be important to several wildlife groups. We found deeper leaf litter, and higher woody debris volume and fruit availability of an abundant understorey palm in the older-growth areas, while in areas in earlier stages we found higher vegetation connection, higher ground-dwelling arthropod biomass, total fruit availability, and availability of fruits of the most abundant understorey plant species. These modifications may be related to the wildlife changes observed during forest regeneration. Species that rely on features only found in older-growth forests, such as open space for movement, higher complexity of the forest floor, or certain food resources, could find limitations in younger forests, whereas species which do not depend on these resources could benefit from the higher total food availability, or higher 102 vegetation connection for movements, found in these areas. In the second part of the study, we assessed the effect of regeneration and of structural attributes and food availability on endemic (forest specialist) and non-endemic (habitat generalist) terrestrial small mammal species. As expected, we found that a group of species (habitat generalists) proliferate in younger areas, while the other group (forest specialists) is more common, although more subtly, in older-growth areas. These patterns were partly explained by the measured variables, especially food availability. Apparently, the generalist species are benefiting from the increased food availability found in younger forests, while specialist species have greater ability to occupy older-growth areas, where these resources are scarcer. Therefore, our data suggest a trade-off between competitive ability and ability to use abundant resources, as predicted by the successional niche mechanism, initially proposed to explain the succession of plant species. The characteristics observed in younger forests favored the proliferation of habitat generalist terrestrial small mammals. However, the positive effect of forest regeneration on specialist species, of more conservation concern, was less pronounced, so that the secondary forests harbored a rich terrestrial small mammal assemblage, and may therefore be an important tool to increase the area and connectivity in highly modified landscapes, such as those found in the Atlantic forest. However, these results do not diminish the value of old-growth forests, especially in fragmented landscapes and for more sensitive wildlife groups. These forests should be protected, as well as the regeneration of the secondary forests should be guaranteed (and assisted, if necessary), so that these areas could acquire in the long term the necessary conditions to maintain the species and the groups of species most adversely affected by the secondarization of the tropical forests.

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Teixeira, Lucas Manuel Cabral. "Tolerance towards wildlife in the Atlantic forest: an empirical test across ecological contexts and mammal specie." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-20092018-110212/.

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Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) emerge as complex conservation challenges impairing human livelihood and wildlife populations. Research on HWC, however, has traditionally approached these components apart and focused on single/ similar species, hampering a broader understanding of the connections between ecological drivers and human dimensions of conflicts. We here develop and test a model integrating ecological and human components of HWC, focusing on three species - opossum, crab-eating fox and puma. We investigated the pathways through which the ecological context (forest cover) affects experiences with wildlife (contact and damage), and how such experiences influence tolerance via beliefs, emotions and attitude. We interviewed 114 landowners across 13 landscapes varying in forest cover in a region of the Brazilian Atlantic forest and tested our model using Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling. We found that: i. forest cover negatively affected tolerance, but just towards the largest species; ii. relevance and effects of distinct experiences with wildlife on beliefs and emotions varied across species; iii. beliefs and emotions influenced tolerance, but negative emotions were relevant only for the largest species. Conflicts with larger species can then be understood as disservices provided by forests, indicating the relevance of framing HWC within a broader perspective that consider the trade-offs with ecosystems services. For some species, positive experiences with wildlife may counteract the negative effects of damages to livestock in shaping human behavior. Models such as ours - that structure relationships between ecological and human components - can help identifying deeper, more effective leverage points to improve interventions to mitigate HWC
Conflitos entre seres humanos e fauna silvestre emergem como desafios complexos, ameaçando o sustento de populações humanas e a conservação de populações de animais silvestres. Contudo, pesquisas sobre conflitos tradicionalmente abordam esses componentes separadamente e focam em espécies individuais ou similares, dificultando o entendimento mais amplo das conexões entre determinantes ecológicos e dimensões humanas dos conflitos. Neste estudo, desenvolvemos e testamos um modelo conceitual integrando componentes ecológicos e humanos dos conflitos, focando em três espécies - gambá, cachorro-do-mato e onça-parda. Investigamos os caminhos através dos quais o contexto ecológico (cobertura florestal) afeta experiências (contato e dano), e como tais experiências influenciam a tolerância à fauna por meio de crenças, emoções e atitude. Entrevistamos 114 proprietários rurais em 13 paisagens com diferentes proporções de cobertura florestal em uma região da Mata Atlântica e testamos nosso modelo usando equações estruturais do tipo Piecewise. Encontramos que: i. a cobertura florestal afetou negativamente a tolerância, mas apenas para a maior espécie; ii. a importância e os efeitos de diferentes experiências com a fauna sobre crenças e emoções variaram entre as espécies; iii. crenças e emoções influenciaram a tolerância, mas emoções negativas foram relevantes apenas para a maior espécie. Conflitos com espécies maiores podem então ser entendidos como desserviços providos por florestas, indicando a relevância de inserir os conflitos humano-fauna em perspectiva mais ampla, que considere as relações com serviços ecossistêmicos. Para algumas espécies, experiências positivas podem compensar os efeitos negativos dos danos a criações na formação do comportamento humano. Modelos como o nosso - que estruturem as relações entre os componentes ecológicos e humanos - podem ajudar a identificar pontos de alavancagem mais profundos e efetivos para melhorar intervenções visando a mitigação dos conflitos com a fauna

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Elsner, Nikolaus [Verfasser], and Angelika [Akademischer Betreuer] Brandt. "Biodiversity and distribution of the deep-sea fauna in the Sea of Japan and in the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench area with focus on Isopoda as a model organism / Nikolaus Elsner. Betreuer: Angelika Brandt." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1059859726/34.

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Bergolc, Melanie L. "The Coleopteran Fauna of Sultan Creek-Molas Lake Area with Special Emphasis on Carabidae and how the Geological Bedrock Influences Biodiversity and Community Structure in the San Juan Mountains, San Juan County, Colorado." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1245610254.

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Albertoni, Fabiano Fabian. "Análise faunística de Saturniidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/38/38131/tde-26112014-170238/.

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O presente estudo listou e analisou a composição e a estrutura da comunidade de saturnídeos atraídos por luz da Estação Biológica de Boraceia (EBB), Salesóplis, São Paulo, Brasil. A EBB pertence ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e compreende uma área de 96 ha, por sua vez localizada dentro do maior remanescente brasileiro de Mata Atlântica da atualidade. A fauna de Saturniidae foi levantada através de exemplares da coleção de Lepidoptera do MZUSP, sendo estes dados complementados com 13 meses de coletas recentes, entre 2012 e 2013, quando foram realizadas coletas noturnas de 12 horas, por quatro noites em cada mês. Adicionalmente, foi produzida uma lista de 114 espécies de Saturniidae coletados no bioma Mata Atlântica, para muitas das quais foram gerados registros fotográficos in situ e de exemplares montados. Os dados oriundos deste levantamento foram comparados com outros estudos sobre Saturniidae realizados no Brasil e demonstraram número elevado de espécies para EBB (119 espécies) quando comparado aos dados disponíveis de outros levantamentos, como os de Saturniidae do Rio Grande do Sul, do Paraná e do bioma (ou ecótono) Cerrado. Os dados das coletas recentes (2012-2013) foram comparados com a assembleia destes lepidópteros amostrada em 25 meses consecutivos durante os anos de 1948 a 1950. Esta comparação demonstrou que a riqueza e a uniformidade das espécies registradas recentemente (2012-2013) é significativamente próxima daquela registrada no período histórico (1948-1950). Alguns exemplares representaram novos registros de espécies para EBB, e algumas espécies foram coletadas exclusivamente em algum momento de todo o período histórico. A área de coleta demonstrou grande densidade de espécies do gênero Hylesia Hübner, 1920 com pelo menos 15 espécies (sendo destas 3 morfoespécies) coletadas em 1.158 exemplares. Estes resultados asseguram a importância do remanescente de Mata Atlântica da Serra do Mar para manutenção de espécies de Saturniidae e ainda, demonstram a significância da EBB para estudos faunísticos de insetos da Mata Atlântica. Algumas avaliações sobre as distribuições sazonal e circadiana dos exemplares coletados em 2012-2013 apontaram padrões que poderão ser utilizados para testar hipóteses de comportamento e biologia das espécies. As espécies apresentaram tanto distribuição restrita ao longo do ano, quanto foram mais amplamente distribuídas. Da mesma forma algumas espécies apresentaram altos picos de abundâncias em períodos restritos da noite, enquanto outras ocorreram em distintos horários. A avaliação da alternância de espécies ao longo do ano e ao longo da noite indicou que há alta alternância de espécies para ambos os ciclos, ressaltando a importância de um levantamento que se ocupe com coletas durante todos os meses do ano e durante todo o período noturno. Demonstrou ainda, que a flutuação de abundância das espécies agrupadas em cada uma das cinco subfamílias representadas nas amostras, seguem padrões tanto semelhantes, quanto contrastantes.
This study evaluated and summarized the composition and structure of the saturniid community attracted to light trapping in a remnant of Atlantic Rainforest of the Boraceia Biological Station (EBB), Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil. The EBB belongs to Zoological Museum of University of São Paulo (MZUSP) and comprises a 96 ha area located inside the largest Brazilina remananent of the Atlantica Rain Forest. The Saturniidae fauna of this reserve was inventoried based on the specimens deposited at the MZUSP, and it was complemented with 13 months of recently field samplings between 2012 and 2013. Complementary field sampling was based on nocturnal collections of 12 hours along four nights on each of the 13 months. As a result we listed 114 species of the family Saturniidae. Many species were photographed in situ, for illustration of the dorsal and ventral habitus of each species we used the pinned specimens of the collection. Comparisons with other inventories of Saturniidae conducted in different Brazilian localities were performed and demonstrated an elevated number of species in EBB when compared to the data available from other inverntories, from Rio Grande do Sul state, Paraná state and the Savana bioma. Recent field samplings (2012-2013) were compared with the assemblage of saturniids from 25 consecutive months between 1948 and 1950. This comparison demonstrated that the richness and the uniformity of the species recentelly registered (2012-2013) is similar to that from the historical period (1948-1950). Few specimens constituted new record for EBB and other few were sampled exclusively on the whole range of the historical period. The studied area indicated high density of species of Hyleisa Hübner, 1920 with at least 15 species (with three morphospecies) collected, distributed in 1.158 specimens. The results stress the importance of the Serra do Mar Atlatic forest remanent to the conservation of the species of Saturniidae and yet, demonstrate the importance of EBB for the study of insects from the Atlantic Rain Forest. The analysis related to the seasonality and circadian pattern of the recently collected specimens (2012-2013) can be further used to test hypothesis of behavior and biology of the species. The abundance of species showed distinct fluctuation along the year, while some had concentrated distribution, others were broadly sampled along several months. Similarly, some species presented high pics of abundance on restricted periods during the night, while other speces were sampled in several distinct periods. The evaluation of the interchange of species during the year and during the night indicated hight interchanging of species for both cicles, sazonal and cyrcadina, stressing the importance of inventories of Saturniidae with effort along the entire year and along the hole night period. The same evaluation also demonstrated that the fluctuation of the abundance of species grouped by subfamilies follow similar and contrasting patters depending on the subfamilies that are being compaired.

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Bueno, Adriana de Arruda. "Pequenos mamíferos da Mata Atlântica do Planalto Atlântico Paulista: uma avaliação da ameaça de extinção e da resposta a alterações no contexto e tamanho dos remanescentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-02122008-151118/.

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Por meio de uma amostragem padrozinada de longa duração, realizamos levantamentos de pequenos mamíferos com armadilhas de interceptação e queda em 68 sítios distribuídos em seis paisagens de 10.000 ha (três em mata contínua e três em paisagens fragmentadas) localizadas em três regiões do Planalto Atlântico Paulista. As paisagens fragmentadas compreendem diferentes quantidades de matas remanescentes, 50%, 30% e 10%, porcentagens acima e próximas dos limites superior e inferior do limiar teórico de fragmentação (10-30%). A presente tese de doutoramento foi dividida em quatro capítulos e duas abordagens principais. A primeira delas (Capítulo 2) teve por objetivo avaliar se os pequenos mamíferos listados como ameaçados de extinção são afetados pela fragmentação e pela qualidade dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Planalto Atlântico Paulista. Para isso, utilizamos os dados coletados nos 68 sítios amostrados, os quais estavam distribuídos em oito categorias: nove em matas maduras contínuas, nove em matas secundárias contínuas, quatro em fragmentos grandes e 11 em fragmentos pequenos da paisagem com 50% de remanescentes, sete em fragmentos grandes e 13 em fragmentos pequenos da paisagem com 30% de remanescentes, e quatro em fragmentos grandes e 11 em fragmentos pequenos da paisagem com 10% de remanescentes. Avaliamos se 10 espécies de pequenos mamíferos listados como ameaçados de extinção e cinco espécies endêmicas comuns nas mata contínuas e ausentes das listas vermelhas são afetados igualmente pela fragmentação, na escala da paisagem e da mancha, e pela qualidade dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. Nenhuma das espécies analisadas, independentemente do grau de ameaça ou de raridade, respondeu a variação do estádio de regeneração das matas contínuas. Por outro lado, nossos dados mostraram que as espécies endêmicas comuns respondem de forma mais congruente e negativamente à perda e fragmentação da Mata Atlântica do que as ameaçadas, as quais tanto podem não ser afetadas quanto ser positivamente ou negativamente afetadas pela fragmentação. Assim, sugerimos a separação das espécies em dois grupos nas listas vermelhas (naturalmente raras versus afetadas pelas ações antrópicas) e a utilização de outros critérios para avaliar o status de ameaça das espécies mais comuns, como a resposta à perda e fragmentação do habitat e a especificidade ao habitat na forma de endemismos e de grau de tolerância a matriz. A segunda abordagem (Capítulo 3) teve como objetivo verificar a influência do contexto (paisagem) e do tamanho do fragmento em paisagens com quantidades diferentes de remanescentes sobre a riqueza e abundância de espécies endêmicas e não-endêmicas. Para isso, utilizamos dados de 50 dos 68 fragmentos amostrados, localizados nas três paisagens 114 fragmentadas com 50%, 30% e 10% de remanescentes. A partir da avaliação da plausibilidade de oito modelos de regressão, que expressam visões teóricas alternativas da importância do contexto e da área dos fragmentos, investigamos se a influência positiva da área das manchas de floresta é mais forte (1) para as espécies endêmicas e (2) na paisagem próxima ao limite superior do limiar de fragmentação (sensu Andrén, 1994), já que em contexto de muita mata remanescente, fragmentos pequenos e grandes poderiam abrigar populações viáveis, e em contexto de pouca mata remanescente, espécies sensíveis já teriam desaparecido. Com exceção da riqueza de espécies não-endêmicas, modelos que incluem o contexto foram as hipóteses mais plausíveis para descrever a variação da riqueza e abundância das espécies de pequenos mamíferos. Como esperado, a influência positiva da área do fragmento foi mais importante na paisagem com 30% de floresta para a maioria das espécies de pequenos mamíferos endêmicos, enquanto que os modelos que incluem a influência da área do fragmento não estiveram entre os mais plausíveis para as espécies não-endêmicas. Nossos resultados corroboram a existência de um limiar de fragmentação e indicam que, ainda que os limiares variem entre espécies, é possível identificar grupos com respostas semelhantes à perda e fragmentação do habitat, auxiliando as políticas de manejo e conservação.
A long-term standardized survey of the Atlantic Forest small mammals was conducted using pitfall traps in 68 sites distributed in six 10.000-ha landscapes (three in continuous forest and three in fragmented landscapes) located in three regions in the Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo. The fragmented landscapes harbored different amounts of remnants, 50%, 30% and 10%, percentages above or within the superior and inferior limits of the theoretical fragmentation threshold (10-30%). This thesis was divided in four chapters e two main approaches. The first approach (Chapter 2) aimed to evaluate if small mammals listed as threatened were affected by forest fragmentation and quality in the Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo state. For this, we used data from 68 sites distributed in eight categories: nine in mature continuous forests, nine in secondary continuous forests, four in large and 11 in small patches in the landscape with 50% of remnants, seven in large and 13 in small patches in the landscape with 30% of remnants and four in large and 11 in small patches in the landscape with 10% of remnants. We investigated if 10 threatened small mammals and five non-threatened endemic species commonly found in continuous forests were equally affected by fragmentation, at the landscape and patch scales, and by forest quality. Regardless of threat or rarity level, no analyzed species responded to differences in the regeneration stage in continuous forests. On the other hand, our data showed that common endemic species respond more strongly and negatively to the loss and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest than threatened species, which either may not be affected by fragmentation, or be positively or negatively affected. we suggest separating species in two groups (naturally rare versus affected by human impact) in the Red Lists and including different criteria to evaluate common species such as response to habitat loss and fragmentation as well as habitat specificity in terms of endemism and level of matrix tolerance. The second approach (Chapter 3) aimed to evaluate the effects of context (landscape) and patch area in landscapes with different amounts of remnants on the richness and abundance of the endemic and non-endemic species. We used data from 50 sites located in the three fragmented landscapes. By analyzing the plausibility of eight regression models, which express alternative theoretical hypothesis about the importance of context and patch area, we investigate if the positive influence of patch area was stronger (1) for endemic species and (2) in the landscape within the superior limit of the fragmentation threshold (sensu Andrén, 1994), since in a context of high proportion of remnants, small and large patches could harbor viable populations and in a context of low proportion of remnants, sensitive species would have gone extinct. Except for the non116 endemic species richness, the models including context were the most plausible hypothesis to describe small mammal richness and abundance variations. As expected, the positive influence of patch area was more important in the landscape with 30% of remnants for the majority of the endemic small mammals, whereas the models including patch area were not among the most plausible ones for the non-endemic species. Our data corroborate the existence of a fragmentation threshold and point out that, although thresholds vary among species, it is possible to identify groups with similar response to habitat loss and fragmentation, directing management and conservation policies.

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Branco, Angela Maria. "Modelo de gestão da fauna silvestre nativa vitimada para as Secretarias de Saúde, Meio Ambiente e Segurança Urbana: Prefeitura de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-29052015-124750/.

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Introdução - A pressão antrópica provoca alterações no ambiente e perda de biodiversidade que aproximam os homens dos animais silvestres e aumentam os fatores de risco à saúde das populações. Os animais vitimados são resgatados ou apreendidos e depositados em centros de triagem para serem libertados ou permanecerem até virem a óbito ou serem transferidos para outra instituição. Objetivo - Constituir a vigilância pela biodiversidade faunística, a partir da formulação de políticas públicas e da criação e integração de serviços de manejo de animais silvestres. Metodologia Levantamento de dados; mapeamento e georreferenciamento das ocorrências envolvendo animais silvestres. Aplicação de questionários em Centros de Triagem de Animais Silvestres. Pesquisa-ação para a formulação de instrumento legal e a criação de serviços integrados de manejo de animais silvestres. Estudo sobre a Febre Maculosa Brasileira e a biodiversidade. Abordagem sobre o comércio ilegal de animais silvestres. Resultados Os Centros de Triagem de Animais Silvestres não estão estruturados. Os animais vitimados são resgatados e tratados pela Prefeitura de São Paulo. Houve a integração dos serviços de manejo de animais silvestres na Prefeitura de São Paulo e a implantação do Serviço de Resgate de Animais Silvestres. Foi formulada Minuta de Lei que cria o Programa Vigilância pela Biodiversidade Faunística VigiBio-Fauna, institui o Conselho Municipal de Tutela Compartilhada de Animais Silvestres e a Tutela-cidadã. Conclusões: O VigiBio-Fauna decorre de um processo iniciado em 1988 e que culmina na gestão descentralizada, integrada e participativa da fauna silvestre no Município de São Paulo; constituindo um avanço a inserção da gestão da fauna silvestre na Saúde Pública. O entendimento de que o manejo de animais silvestres vitimados está relacionado à área de saúde, e não apenas ao do meio ambiente, traria uma nova visão na abordagem do problema.
Introduction - The anthropic pressure causes changes in the environment and biodiversity loss that approaches men to wild animals which increases the risk factors for public health. The victimized animals are rescued or seized and deposited in wild animal centers to be released, to remain until death or to be transferred to another institution. Objective - To build the Surveillance by Fauna-Biodiversity, from the formulation of public policies and the creation and integration of wild animal management Services. Methodology Data collection; mapping and georeferencing data from occurrences involving wild animals. Questionnaires to wild animal governmental centers. Action research for the formulation of legal instrument and the creation of an integrated of wild animal management Services. Study on the Brazilian Spotted Fever and the biodiversity. Approach on illegal wildlife trade. Results - The national wild animal centers are not structured. The victimized animals are rescued and treated by the São Paulo City Hall. There was the integration of wildlife management Services in the São Paulo City Hall and the implementation of a Wild Animal Rescue Service. It was formulated a Draft Law establishing the Fauna- Biodiversity Surveillance Program - VigiBio-Fauna, establishing the Shared Trusteeship Municipal Council of Wild Animals and the Trusteeship-citizen. Conclusion: The VigiBio-Fauna stems from a process initiated in 1988 and culminating in a decentralized, integrated and participatory management of the São Paulo Citys wildlife, constituting an advance the insertion of Public Health, the wildlife management. The understanding that the management of victimized wild animals is related to health, not just to the environmental area, would bring a new vision in addressing the problem.

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