Academic literature on the topic 'Fault-zone hydraulics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fault-zone hydraulics"
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Konstantinovskaya, Elena, Qiuguo Li, Alexey Zhmodik, Charles Ibelegbu, Ryan Schultz, and Todd Shipman. "Lateral fluid propagation and strike slip fault reactivation related to hydraulic fracturing and induced seismicity in the Duvernay Formation, Fox Creek area, Alberta." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 518–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab234.
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SUMMARY Fault shear slip potential is analysed in the area where induced earthquakes (up to 3.9 Mw) occurred in May–June 2015 approximately 30 km south of Fox Creek, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada. The induced earthquakes were generated by the hydraulic fracturing of the Upper Devonian Duvernay Formation. Interpretation of a 3-D seismic survey and analysis of the ant tracking attribute identifies a linear discontinuity that likely represents a subvertical fault with strike length of 1.4 km, which is aligned with the zone of induced earthquake hypocentres. 1-D–3-D geomechanical modelling is conducted to characterize mechanical rock properties, initial reservoir pressure and stress field. Hydraulic fracture propagation and reservoir pressure buildup simulations are run to analyse lateral fluid pressure diffusion during well treatment. The interaction of natural fractures introduced as Discrete Fracture Network and hydraulic fractures is tested. 3-D poroelastic reservoir geomechanical modelling is completed to simulate slip reactivation of the identified fault zone. The obtained results support that additional pressure buildup of 20 MPa in treatment wells can propagate laterally along hydraulic fractures (and potentially natural fracture network) for about 550 m and reach the fault zone. The increase of fluid pressure by 20 MPa in the fault zone results in dextral slip along the fault, mostly in the interval of the Duvernay and overlying Ireton Formations, corroborating prior focal mechanism results and hypocentral depths. The simulations indicate that lateral transmission of additional fluid pressure from the fracturing stimulation area to the fault zone could happen in a few days after the treatment of lateral wells that is supported by the observed induced earthquakes. This study helps to quantify changes in fluid pressure and stresses that may result in fault shear slip during hydraulic fracturing and predict the potential of induced seismicity connected to hydrocarbon production from the Duvernay Play.
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Liu, Weitao, Jiyuan Zhao, Ruiai Nie, Yuben Liu, and Yanhui Du. "A Coupled Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Nonlinear Model for Fault Water Inrush." Processes 6, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6080120.
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A coupled thermal-nonlinear hydraulic-mechanical (THM) model for fault water inrush was carried out in this paper to study the water-rock-temperature interactions and predict the fault water inrush. First, the governing equations of the coupled THM model were established by coupling the particle transport equation, nonlinear flow equation, mechanical equation, and the heat transfer equation. Second, by setting different boundary conditions, the mechanical model, nonlinear hydraulic-mechanical (HM) coupling model, and the thermal-nonlinear hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling model were established, respectively. Finally, a numerical simulation of these models was established by using COMSOL Multiphysics. Results indicate that the nonlinear water flow equation could describe the nonlinear water flow process in the fractured zone of the fault. The mining stress and the water velocity had a great influence on the temperature of the fault zone. The temperature change of the fault zone can reflect the change of the seepage field in the fault and confined aquifer. This coupled THM model can provide a numerical simulation method to describe the coupled process of complex geological systems, which can be used to predict the fault water inrush induced by coal mining activities.
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Niu, Zhiyong, Shiquan Wang, Hongrui Ma, Hengjie Luan, and Zhouyuyan Ding. "Study of Characteristics of Fault Slip and Induced Seismicity during Hydraulic Fracturing in HDR Geothermal Exploitation in the Yishu Fault Zone in China." Geofluids 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5515665.
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Hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy has become promising resources for relieving the energy crisis and global warming. The exploitation of HDR geothermal energy usually needs an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) with artificial fracture networks by hydraulic fracturing. Fault reactivation and seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing raise a great challenge. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of fault slip and seismicity by numerical simulation. The study was based on a hydraulic fracturing project in the geothermal field of Yishu fault zone in China. It revealed that fluid injection during hydraulic fracturing can cause the faults that exist beyond the fluid-pressurized region to slip and can even induce large seismic event. It was easier to cause felt earthquakes when hydraulic fracturing was carried out in different layers simultaneously. We also examined the effects of the location, permeability, and area of the fracturing region on fault slip and magnitude of the resulting events. The results of the study can provide some useful references for establishing HDR EGS in Yishu fault zone.
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Romano, Valentina, Sabina Bigi, Francesco Carnevale, Jeffrey De’Haven Hyman, Satish Karra, Albert J. Valocchi, Maria Chiara Tartarello, and Maurizio Battaglia. "Hydraulic characterization of a fault zone from fracture distribution." Journal of Structural Geology 135 (June 2020): 104036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104036.
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Jia, Ru, Caiwei Fan, Bo Liu, Xiaofei Fu, and Yejun Jin. "Analysis of Natural Hydraulic Fracture Risk of Mudstone Cap Rocks in XD Block of Central Depression in Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144085.
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The Yinggehai Basin is an important Cenozoic gas bearing basin in the South China Sea. With the gradual improvement of gas exploration and over-development in shallow layers, deep overpressured layers have become the main target for natural gas exploration. There are no large-scale faults in the strata above the Meishan Formation in the central depression, and hydraulic fracturing caused by overpressure in mudstone cap rocks is the key factor for the vertical differential distribution of gas. In this paper, based on the leak-off data, pore fluid pressure, and rock mechanics parameters, the Fault Analysis Seal Technology (FAST) method is used to analyze the hydraulic fracture risk of the main mudstones in the central depression. The results show that the blocks in the diapir zone have been subjected to hydraulic fracturing in the Huangliu cap rocks during the whole geological history, and the blocks in the slope zone which is a little distant from the diapirs has a lower overall risk of hydraulic fracture than the diapir zone. In geological history, the cap rocks in slope zone remained closed for a longer time than in diapir zone and being characterized by the hydraulic fracture risk decreases with the distance from the diapirs. These evaluation results are consistent with enrichment of natural gas, which accumulated in both the Yinggehai Formation and Huangliu Formation of the diapir zone, but it only accumulated in the the Huangliu Formations of the slope zone. The most reasonable explanation for the difference of the gas reservoir distribution is that the diapirs promote the development of hydraulic fractures: (1) diapirism transfers deep overpressure to shallow layers; (2) the small fault and fractures induced by diapir activities weakened the cap rock and reduced the critical condition for the natural hydraulic fractures. These effects make the diapir zone more prone to hydraulic fracturing, which are the fundamental reasons for the difference in gas enrichment between the diapir zone and the slope zone.
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Xue, Lian, Hai-Bing Li, Emily E. Brodsky, Zhi-Qing Xu, Yasuyuki Kano, Huan Wang, James J. Mori, et al. "Continuous Permeability Measurements Record Healing Inside the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone." Science 340, no. 6140 (June 27, 2013): 1555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1237237.
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Permeability controls fluid flow in fault zones and is a proxy for rock damage after an earthquake. We used the tidal response of water level in a deep borehole to track permeability for 18 months in the damage zone of the causative fault of the 2008 moment magnitude 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The unusually high measured hydraulic diffusivity of 2.4 × 10−2square meters per second implies a major role for water circulation in the fault zone. For most of the observation period, the permeability decreased rapidly as the fault healed. The trend was interrupted by abrupt permeability increases attributable to shaking from remote earthquakes. These direct measurements of the fault zone reveal a process of punctuated recovery as healing and damage interact in the aftermath of a major earthquake.
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Gao, Yanan, Peng Guo, Zetian Zhang, Minghui Li, and Feng Gao. "Migration of the Industrial Wastewater in Fractured Rock Masses Based on the Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Coupled Model." Geofluids 2021 (October 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5473719.
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Industrial wastewater may have a long-time effect on the environment and human life as it goes underground and causes serious pollution continuously. To have a well understanding of the migration of such wastewater is a basic task for industrial wastewater treatment as well as industrial design. To study the migration mechanism of industrial wastewater in rock formations, the governing equations such as mechanics, seepage, heat, and mass transfer are reviewed, referenced, and proposed. The thermal (T)-hydraulic (H)-mechanical (M) coupled model of the multimedia of matrix-fault and matrix-fracture-fault is established. The influence of the fault and the fractures on the pressure distribution and contaminant migration is analyzed. The influence of fault length, width, dip angle, permeability, and temperature of wastewater on contaminant migration is parametrically studied. The following results can be obtained. (1) The fracture quantitively affects the concentration distribution, while the fault dominates the concentration distribution and contaminant migration. (2) The migration of the contaminants can be geometrically divided into 3 zones along the direction of the fault: the saturation zone, the rapid diffusion zone, and the concentration decrease zone. (3) There is a peak of the concentration along the bottom of the model. The position of the peak is the projection of the endpoint of the fault. (4) The fault length has the most significant effect on contaminant accumulation. The temperature of the wastewater has the minimum effect on the contaminant accumulation. (5) The accumulation of concentrations can be divided into 2 stages, the slow growth stage (before 20 years) and the rapid growth stage (after 20 years). The main channel of contaminant migration in the slow growth stage is a fault. During the rapid growth stage, the contaminants penetrate through the rock matrix as well as the fault.
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Lai, Jin Xing, Hao Bo Fan, and Fei Zhou. "Fluid-Solid Coupling Numerical Simulation for Tunnel in Fracture Zone Based on 2D-FLAC Software." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.167.
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To understand the stressed characteristic of fault rupture zone under high hydraulic pressure, based on the F3 fault of Guanshan tunnel the software 2D-FLAC is adopted to found the fluid-solid coupling numerical model of ground water seepage and evolution in the process of tunnel structure in fault rupture zone under high hydraulic pressure and analyze the mechanical character of tunnel structure in three schemes of whole block, free discharge and limit discharge. The result shows that in the whole block condition, the partial seepage of ground water happened and the lining thickness should be more than 60cm; Regardless of water pressure, the rock is damaged at a large range, and the minimum safety factor of the lining structure meet the tunnel design standard; In the limit discharge condition, the grouting reinforced ring makes the effect of limiting drainage and keeping the tunnel’s stability in the construction. The tunnel drainage gets smaller with the increase of grouting ring’s thickness and the decrease of grouting ring’s penetration parameter; setting the drainage system can decrease the hydraulic pressure at the back of lining as well as grouting and water blocking.
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Donzé, Frédéric-Victor, Alexandra Tsopela, Yves Guglielmi, Pierre Henry, and Claude Gout. "Pressurized fluid flow within the mechanical stability domain of fault zones in shale." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801013.
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Fracture interaction mechanisms and reactivation of natural discontinuities under fluid pressurization conditions inside fault zone can represent critical issues in risk assessment of caprock integrity. A field injection test, carried out in a damage fault zone at the decameter scale i.e. mesoscale, has been studied using a Distinct Element Model. Considering the complex structural nature of a fault zone, the contribution of fracture sets on the bulk permeability has been investigated during a hydraulic injection. It has been shown that their orientation for a given in-situ stress field plays a major role. However, if homogeneous properties are assigned to the fracture planes in the model, the limited irreversible displacements cannot be reproduced. Despite these limited displacements (40 µm maximum), the transmissivity increased by a factor of 10-100. These results provide insights in fracture controlled permeability of fault zones depending on the geometrical properties of the fractures and their resulting hydro-mechanical behavior for a given in–situ stress field.
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Guo, Yanhui, Yi Yang, Zhijun Kong, and Jin He. "Development of Similar Materials for Liquid-Solid Coupling and Its Application in Water Outburst and Mud Outburst Model Test of Deep Tunnel." Geofluids 2022 (May 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8784398.
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In order to explore the evolution mechanism of water and mud inrush, based on the fluid-solid coupling similarity theory and a large number of matching tests, fault similar materials with mountain sand, gravel, and red clay as raw materials and surrounding similar rock materials with mountain sand, red clay, cement, and water as raw materials are developed. Similar materials’ physical and mechanical properties and hydraulic properties with different ratios are tested and analyzed. The results show that the red clay content influences the mechanical properties of similar materials and their hydraulic properties, and the gravel substrate mainly influences the fault permeability coefficient. Similar material can be adjusted within a certain range of mechanical parameters. The material is simple and suitable for developing similar materials for different low and medium strength rock masses. Finally, a similar material was used in a model test of the tunnel fault fracture zone to reveal the mechanism of water and mud bursts in the tunnel. The study results can be used as a reference for the development of similar materials for tunnel fracture zone surrounding rocks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fault-zone hydraulics"
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Clauzon, Victor. "Caractérisation in situ multi-échelles des transferts de fluide en zone de faille en milieu carbonaté." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG075.
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Les zones de faille impactent de façon importante la circulation de fluides dans les réservoirs souterrains. Leur impact hydraulique est toutefois variable (conduit et/ou barrière), mal connu et mal quantifié. Or, les failles sont nombreuses dans les réservoirs carbonatés et la méconnaissance de leurs propriétés hydrodynamiques fait peser d’importantes incertitudes sur l’exploitation de ce type de réservoir. Afin d’optimiser les opérations d’exploitation dans ces milieux (qui peuvent contenir d’importantes ressources en eau ou en hydrocarbures), cette étude vise à caractériser qualitativement et quantitativement l’impact hydrodynamique propre à la structure d’une zone de faille. L’approche de travail adoptée s’appuie sur des investigations in situ et à l’échelle de la faille, via des tests hydrauliques dans un champ de forages en zone faillée. Ces travaux se sont déroulés dans les terrains carbonatés mésozoïque du nord de Montpellier (France) et en particulier sur l’hydrosystème du Lez. L’objectif premier de cette étude était la prospection pour l’installation d’un site expérimental constitué de 5 forages dans une zone de faille répondant à un cahier des charges précis. Le critère n°1 était d’éviter au maximum la présence de karst, dont l’influence hydraulique risque de masquer les propriétés hydrodynamiques spécifiques à la faille elle-même. Ainsi, afin de pouvoir éviter le karst, sa distribution et son fonctionnement ont été étudiés au cours de cette phase de prospection à l’échelle du réservoir. Il est apparu que les failles majeures NE-SW de l’hydrosystème du Lez sont très fortement karstifiées. Ces failles ont par ailleurs un rôle de chenal d’écoulement principal dans l’aquifère, caractérisé par de fortes vitesses de transfert de pression et de matière, qui permet la connexion hydraulique (ou la déconnexion) entre les compartiments en fonction des conditions hydrologiques. Au terme de cette première phase d’étude, la faille secondaire décrochante dextre de Rieu Coullon a été sélectionnée pour l’implantation des puits. Cette faille pluri-hectométrique orientée N°140E a ensuite fait l’objet d’une caractérisation géologique et structurale multi-échelles et multi-méthode (cartographie géologique, géophysique ERT, microtectonique, etc.) précise permettant d’appréhender son architecture. Des investigations en forages (diagraphies, pompages) ont enfin été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, dans un contexte hydrologique défavorable (étiage léger), l’influence du karst n’a pas pu être évitée. Aussi, le rôle imperméable de la faille a pu être démontré mais pas quantifié. Toutefois, les investigations à l’échelle du site expérimental couplées aux investigations menées à l’échelle régionale ont mis en évidence (1), que le réseau karstique de l’aquifère du Lez est hiérarchisé et comparables à une arborescence où les failles majeures représentent le réseau principal, (2), que le site expérimental de Rieu Coullon est situé sur un réseau karstifié secondaire (connecté au réseau principal) dont la transmissivité homogène équivalente a été estimée à environ 10-5 m2/s à l’étiage et (3), que la diminution progressive de la hauteur d’eau dans l’aquifère durant l’étiage conduit progressivement à une compartimentation de l’aquifère à toute les échelles et in fine à une diminution de sa transmissivité homogène équivalente et de sa productivité. Les connaissances apportées par ces travaux peuvent permettre d’améliorer la gestion et la protection de la ressource en eau de l’aquifère du Lez, et à plus large échelle, des aquifères carbonatés peu poreuxFault zone can strongly impact the fluid flows in underground reservoirs. However, their hydraulic impact is variable (conduct and/or barrier), poorly known and poorly quantified. In carbonated reservoirs, faults are numerous and the insufficient knowledge of their hydrodynamic properties leads to strong uncertainties in the oil and groundwater exploitation operations. To optimize these operations, this study aims to characterize the qualitative and quantitative hydrodynamic impact of the fault zone structures. The working approach is based on in situ investigations at the fault scale, via some hydraulic tests in a well field in fault zone. This study took place North of Montpellier, on Mesozoic carbonates (France), and more specifically in the Lez hydrosystem. The study’s first objective was to prospect for experiment site, composed of five boreholes in a fault zone meeting specific requirements. The most important requirement was to limit the probability of karst development in the fault zone, which can hide the hydrodynamics properties of the fault zone itself. Thus, in order to avoid the presence of karst, its distribution and its functioning have been studied during this prospecting phase at the reservoir scale. The NE-SW major faults of the Lez hydrosystem are strongly karstified. Additionally, these faults have a flow channel behavior, which is characterized by a strong pressure and mass transfer, which enables the hydraulic connection (or disconnection) between compartments, depending of the hydrologic context. At the end of this first study step, the Rieu Coullon dextral strike-slip secondary fault was selected for the boreholes implantation. This 500 m NW-SE fault was then characterized by an accurate geological multi-scales and multi-methods study (geological mapping, geophysics ERT, micro tectonic, etc.) to evaluate the fault dimensions and architecture. Finally, investigations in wells (such as logging and pumping) were carried out. The results of this study show that, in a hydrologic context characterized by a slight decrease of water table during the low-water period, the karstic hydraulic influence could not be avoided. The impermeable behavior of the Rieu Coullon fault was revealed but not quantified. Nevertheless, the investigations at the fault scale associated to the investigations at the regional scale show that (1), the karstic network has a hierarchical and tree-like structure where the major faults represent the main network, (2) the Rieu Coullon well field is located on a secondary karstic network (which is connected to the main one) with a transmissivity of 10-5 m2/s in low-water periods and, (3), the progressive decrease of the water table leads to a progressive aquifer compartmentalization (at all scales) and therefore to decreased productivity and transmissivity of the aquifer. The knowledge brought by this study can contribute to improve the management and protection of the groundwater resource in the Lez aquifer, and at larger scale, in low-porosity carbonated aquifers
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Hillers, G. "On the origin of earthquake complexity in continuum fault models with rate and state friction." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/1024.
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It is of great interest to isolate the fundamental physical mechanism controlling observed statistical properties of seismicity patterns. We present four numerical studies investigating the e ciency of uid related mechanisms and the role of fault zone heterogeneity in producing observed earthquake complexities. The 3-D models of the continuous class are governed by rate- and state-dependent friction and, depending on the problem, by elasto-hydraulic interactions or heterogeneous frictional properties on the 2-D fault plane. First, for certain ranges of hydraulically relevant parameters dilatant processes are shown to stabilize accelerating slip instabilities on a uid in ltrated fault, leading to nonuniform spatio-temporal slip evolution. The second model demonstrates the ability of heterogeneous pore pressure conditions in an undrained environment to produce complex slip pattern, where unstable sliding corresponds to regions with low degrees of overpressurization. In the third study we focus on the role of complex fault zone structure, parameterized by heterogeneous distributions of the rate and state slip weakening distance. The approach is shown to be a powerful and consistent method to generate seismicity patterns with properties similar to those of natural seismicity. Due to the e ciency of this parameterization we use it in the fourth study to investigate fault zones at di erent evolutionary stages and associated seismic response types. Using heterogeneous, correlated maps of the slip weakening distance we explore systematically the e ect of the range of size scales, correlation lengths and a statistical parameter related to roughness, on seismic response characteristics. In summary, we observe an increase in e ciency from the rst to the last study to generate synthetic seismicity with realistic statistical properties, suggesting that the range of size scales is the most fundamental parameter in explaining complex earthquake related phenomena. In the last part we analyze the generated synthetic seismicity catalogs with respect to their overall source scaling behavior. We nd that the general scaling trends of source properties of the simulated slip maps are in very good agreement with observations reported in the literature. We also show that the catalog of source models provides a useful resource on physically self-consistent scenario earthquakes for groundmotion simulations. We make use of this resource calculating waveforms and shake intensity maps for a suite of example events.Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich. This work was sponsored by EC-Project RELIEF (EVG1-CT-2002-00069).
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Taher, Dang Koo Reza. "Numerical modelling of single- and multi-phase flow and transport processes in porous media for assessing hydraulic fracturing impacts on groundwater resources." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-13B9-5.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Fault-zone hydraulics"
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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Groundwater Level." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 155–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_6.
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AbstractGroundwater level has long been known to respond to earthquakes; several types of response have been documented. Advances in the last decade were made largely through the studies of water-level response to Earth tides and barometric pressure. These studies have demonstrated that the hydraulic properties of groundwater systems are dynamic and change with time in response to disturbances such as earthquakes. This approach has been applied to estimate the permeability of several drilled active fault zones, to identify leakage from deep aquifers used for the storage of hazardous wastewater, and to reveal the potential importance of soil water and capillary tension in the unsaturated zone. Enhanced permeability is the most cited mechanism for the sustained changes of groundwater level in the intermediate and far fields, while undrained consolidation remains the most cited mechanism for the step-like coseismic changes in the near field. A new mechanism has emerged that suggests that coseismic release of pore water from unsaturated soils may also cause step-like increases of water level. Laboratory experiments show that both the undrained consolidation and the release of water from unsaturated zone may occur to explain the step-like water-level changes in the near field.
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Huang, Xubin, Xiaomin Li, Shengjie Di, XI Lu, Zhe Miao, Ying Zhang, Peng Huang, and Kai Zhang. "Numerical Study on Mechanical Characteristic of Hydraulic Tunnel Across Fault Zone." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220943.
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In the process of excavation of hydraulic tunnels across the fault zone, the surrounding rock often lose steady and collapse, which will threaten the personal security. In this paper, a 3D model was established according to Hami pumped storage power station in Xinjiang. The variation of surrounding rock stress, deformation and plastic zone under the condition of full section excavation without support and timely support after excavation are compares and analysis. The calculated results indicate that the initial ground stress decreases along the axis of the tunnel in fault zone. In the case of excavation without support, the stress of surrounding rock in the fault zone will be released completely. The maximum deformation of tunnel vault along the axis is located in the left affected zone. In the case of timely support after excavation, the stress of surrounding rock in the fault zone will be partially retained. The deformation of tunnel vault is much smaller than that without support after excavation and the upper part of tunnel in fault zone basically has no plastic failure.
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Cooke, David R., Stephanie Sykora, Erin Lawlis, Jacqueline L. Blackwell, Mathieu Ageneau, Nicholas H. Jansen, Anthony C. Harris, and David Selley. "Chapter 28: Lihir Alkalic Epithermal Gold Deposit, Papua New Guinea." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 579–97. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.28.
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Abstract The Lihir gold deposit, Papua New Guinea, is the world’s largest alkalic low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit in terms of contained gold (50 Moz). The deposit formed over the past million years and records a progression from porphyry- to epithermal-style hydrothermal activity. The early porphyry stage was characterized by biotite-anhydrite-pyrite ± K-feldspar ± magnetite alteration and weak gold ± copper mineralization and produced abundant anhydrite ± carbonate veins and anhydrite ± biotite-cemented breccias. These features collectively characterize the deep-seated anhydrite zone at Lihir. Several hundred thousand years ago, one or more catastrophic mass-wasting events unroofed the porphyry system after porphyry-stage hydrothermal activity ceased. Mass wasting may have been facilitated in part by dissolution of porphyry-stage anhydrite veins. Epithermal mineralization occurred after sector collapse, resulting in phreatic and hydraulic brecciation and veining, widespread adularia-pyrite ± carbonate alteration, and formation of mineralized zones at Lienetz, Minifie, Kapit, Kapit NE, Coastal, and Borefields. A NE- to ENE-striking fault array localized several of these orebodies. The pyrite-rich veins and pyrite-cemented breccias that formed during epithermal-stage hydrothermal activity define the sulfide zone at Lihir. This zone mostly contains refractory gold in pyrite, with minor free gold and precious metal tellurides hosted in late-stage quartz veins. A period of diatreme volcanism disrupted the Luise amphitheater during the latter stages of epithermal mineralization. The diatreme breccia complex truncated several of the epithermal ore zones and was crosscut locally by late-stage epithermal veins. Recent geothermal activity produced a steam-heated clay alteration blanket that has overprinted the refractory sulfide-rich epithermal assemblage near the present-day land surface. Gold was remobilized downward from the steam-heated zone into the sulfide zone during argillic and advanced argillic alteration, producing thin gold-rich rims around pyrite grains. This process produced a high-grade tabular enrichment zone immediately beneath the base of the clay blanket.
Conference papers on the topic "Fault-zone hydraulics"
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Karasaki, Kenzi, Celia Tiemi Onishi, Erika Gasperikova, Junichi Goto, Hiroyuki Tsuchi, Tadashi Miwa, Keiichi Ueta, Kenzo Kiho, and Kimio Miyakawa. "Development of Characterization Technology for Fault Zone Hydrology." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40121.
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Several deep trenches were cut, and a number of geophysical surveys were conducted across the Wildcat Fault in the hills east of Berkeley, California. The Wildcat Fault is believed to be a strike-slip fault and a member of the Hayward Fault System, with over 10 km of displacement. So far, three boreholes of ∼ 150m deep have been core-drilled and borehole geophysical logs were conducted. The rocks are extensively sheared and fractured; gouges were observed at several depths and a thick cataclasitic zone was also observed. While confirming some earlier, published conclusions from shallow observations about Wildcat, some unexpected findings were encountered. Preliminary analysis indicates that Wildcat near the field site consists of multiple faults. The hydraulic test data suggest the dual properties of the hydrologic structure of the fault zone. A fourth borehole is planned to penetrate the main fault believed to lie in-between the holes. The main philosophy behind our approach for the hydrologic characterization of such a complex fractured system is to let the system take its own average and monitor a long term behavior instead of collecting a multitude of data at small length and time scales, or at a discrete fracture scale and to “up-scale,” which is extremely tenuous.
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Wang, Rujun, Wei Zhou, Daiyu Zhou, Zangyuan Wu, Liming Lian, Gengping Yan, Guangqiang Shao, et al. "A Systematic Approach to Fault Sealing Capacity Evaluation in Underground Gas Storage: A Case Study from China." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22981-ms.
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Abstract Fault stability refers to the risk level of reactivation of the pre-existing fault in the stress field. Fault reactivation within the oilfield is mainly caused by the increase of fluid pressure in the fault zone. The quantitative evaluation index of the fault stability is the critical fluid pressure (that is, additional fluid pressure) required for fault reactivation under the current pore fluid pressure. When the formation pore pressure reaches the critical value, the corresponding fault part will be in the critical stress state. The sliding of the fault in the critical stress state will easily cause oil and gas leakage and casing damage at the edge of the fault. Therefore, it is of great significance to study fault stability for oilfield production. Ground stress is a key parameter for fault stability evaluation. There are many methods to calculate the geomechanics including hydraulic method, acoustic emission method, and the use of the logging data, among which the hydraulic fracturing method can be used to obtain the most accurate horizontal minimum principal stress. This paper calculates the continuous geomechanics by using the logging data. There are many methods available for evaluating fault stability, among which fault sealing analysis technology (FAST) method is most widely used. FAST can be used to not only quantitatively evaluate fault stability, but also evaluate the impact of fault cohesion on fault stability. There are many factors affecting fault stability. The relationship between the differential stress and tensile strength of the fault rock will affect the trend of the fault reactivation.The direction of the stress field also affects the fault stability greatly. The argillaceous material weakens the strength of fault rock. When a large amount of argillaceous material enters the fault zone, the fault tends to reactivate. The change of reservoir fluid pressure will also lead to the change of horizontal stress to affect the stability of the fault. In addition, the accuracy of seismic interpretation will also affect the evaluation results of fault stability. Based on the geological model framework and one-dimensional geomechanical model calibration, this paper establishes a three-dimensional geomechanical model by using the finite element simulation method to carry out four-dimensional geomechanical research to evaluate the fault stability in the development of the Donghe 1 Reservoir in Tarim basin. The research results show that the fracture sealing gradually strengthens during the development of Donghe 1 Reservoir, and the quantized critical fracture opening pressure is 67.38MPa.
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Riegel, H., T. Volatili, D. Jablonska, C. Di Celma, F. Agosta, L. Mattioni, and E. Tondi. "Fault Zone Evolution and Architecture in Siliciclastic Turbidites and their Impact on Hydraulic Behaviour." In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902302.
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Noufal, Abdelwahab. "Fault Planes Materials Fill Characteristics, UAE." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207217-ms.
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Abstract Abu Dhabi subsurface fault populations triggered basin system in diverse directions, because of their significant role as fluid pathways. Studying fault infill materials, fault geometries, zone architecture and sealing properties from outcrops as analogues to the subsurface of Abu Dhabi, and combining these with well data and cores are the main objectives of this paper. The fault core around the fault plane and in areas of overlap between fault segments and around the fault tip include slip surfaces and deformed rocks such as fault gouge, breccia, and lenses of host rock, shale smear, salt flux and diagenetic features. Structural geometry of the fault zone architecture and fault plane infill is mainly based on the competency contrast of the materials, that are behaving in ductile or in a brittle manner, which are distributed in the subsurface of Abu Dhabi sedimentary sequences with variable thicknesses. Brittleness is producing lenses, breccia and gouge, while, ductile intervals (principally shales and salt), evolved in smear and flux. The fault and fractures are behaving in a sealy or leaky ways is mainly dependent on the percentage of these materials in the fault deformation zone. The reservoir sections distancing from shale and salt layers are affected by diagenetic impact of the carbonates filling fault zones by recrystallized calcite and dolomite. Musandam area, Ras Al Khaima (RAK), and Jabal Hafit (JH) on the northeast- and eastern-side of the UAE represents good surface analogues for studying fault materials infill characteristics. To approach this, several samples, picked from fault planes, were analysed. NW-trending faults system show more dominant calcite, dolomite, anhydrites and those closer to salt and shale intervals are showing smearing of the ductile infill. The other linked segments and transfer faults of other directions are represented by a lesser percentage of infill. In areas of gravitational tectonics, the decollement ductile interval is intruded in differently oriented open fractures. The studied outcrops of the offshore salt islands and onshore Jabal Al Dhanna (JD) showing salt flux in the surrounding layers that intruded by the salt. The fractures and faults of the surrounding layers and the embedment insoluble layers are highly deformed and showing nearly total seal. As the salt behaving in an isotropic manner, the deformation can be measured clearly by its impact on the surrounding and embedment's insoluble rocks. The faults/fractures behaviour is vicious in migrating hydrocarbons, production enhancement and hydraulic fracturing propagation.
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Hui, Gang, Shengnan Chen, and Fei Gu. "Coupled Poroelastic Modeling to Characterize the 4.18-Magnitude Earthquake Due to Hydraulic Fracturing in the East Shale Basin of Western Canada." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203921-ms.
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Abstract Recently, the elevated levels of seismicity activities in Western Canada have been demonstrated to be linked to hydraulic fracturing operations that developed unconventional resources. The underlying triggering mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity are still uncertain. The interactions of well stimulation and geology-geomechanical-hydrological features need to be investigated comprehensively. The linear poroelasticity theory was utilized to guide coupled poroelastic modeling and to quantify the physical process during hydraulic fracturing. The integrated analysis is first conducted to characterize the mechanical features and fluid flow behavior. The finite-element simulation is then conducted by coupling Darcy's law and solid mechanics to quantify the perturbation of pore pressure and poroelastic stress in the seismogenic fault zone. Finally, the Mohr-coulomb failure criterion is utilized to determine the spatial-temporal faults activation and reveal the trigger mechanisms of induced earthquakes. The mitigation strategy was proposed accordingly to reduce the potential seismic hazards near this region. A case study of ML 4.18 earthquake in the East Shale Basin was utilized to demonstrate the applicability of the coupled modeling and numerical simulation. Results showed that one inferred fault cut through the Duvernay formation with the strike of NE20°. The fracture half-length of two wells owns an average value of 124 m. The brittleness index deriving from the velocity logging data was estimated to be a relatively higher value in the Duvernay formation, indicating a geomechanical bias of stimulated formation for the fault activation. The coupled poroelastic simulation was conducted, showing that the hydrologic connection between seismogenic faults and stimulated well was established by the end of the 38th stage completion for the east horizontal well. The simulated coulomb failure stress surrounding the fault reached a maximum of 4.15 MPa, exceeding the critical value to cause the fault slip. Hence the poroelastic effects on the inferred fault were responsible for the fault activation and triggered the subsequent ML 4.18 earthquake. It is essential to optimize the stimulation site selection near the existing faults to reduce risks of future seismic hazards near the East Shale Basin.
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Zhou, Zhuoran, Minjun Peng, Hang Wang, and Yingying Jiang. "Modeling and Fault Diagnosis of Pressurizer Based on Bond Graph." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93053.
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Abstract The bond graph can be used to simulate and model conservation processes in different energy domains. In this paper, based on bond graph, the pressurizer was modeled and diagnosed at full power. Two parameters of pressure and mass flow were selected. Firstly, the bond graph of pressurizer was established. The pressurizer was divided into three zones: the fluctuating zone, the saturated liquid zone and the gaseous zone. The conservation equations of mass and energy were given respectively for these three regions. Secondly, the conservation equations of mass and energy were combined with the conservation of volume, and the model was constructed according to the combination rules. Then, according to the established bond graph model, the time causality diagram was established to determine the influence relationship between the coefficients and listed the fault characteristic matrix. Meanwhile, the reasoning structure between the coefficient was realized by the expert system G2. Finally, the fault data simulated by simulator was imported into the bond graph model. The failure of the safety valve, the spray valve and the immersion type heater were introduced to verify the modeling and diagnosis effect. It concludes that the diagnosis effect is consistent with the imported fault. Compared with the data-driven method, the bond graph method is more reliable, and compared with the expert knowledge method, the bond graph method can diagnose unknown faults and has a wide range of applications. In addition, a new method for nuclear power plant simulation modeling was provided. This was a new attempt to model bond graphs outside the research of mechanic, electronic and hydraulic.
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Tianovita, A. "Steam Injection in Faulted Reservoir and Application of Fracture Assisted Flooding." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-e-249.
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The steam injection process is one of the most effective thermal recovery processes for heavy oil reservoirs. Common challenges with this method are unexpected faults, heat transfer efficiency, and less exposure between oil and steam. The existence of an unexpected fault causes steam to escape from the target zone to the untargeted zone and poses a hazard on the surface. This condition has made the steam injection activity very restricted in faulted reservoirs. The application of hydraulic fracturing known as the fracturing-assisted steam flooding process is a new promising technique for increasing oil recovery by creating a path between injection wells and producing wells. This paper evaluates the effect of a faulted reservoir and accommodates a hydraulically fractured reservoir simulation in the steam injection process using a commercial simulator. The focus of the hydraulic fractures implementation in this study is to increase the exposure between steam and oil. The effect of the injection pattern using an inverted five-spot pattern is also evaluated in this paper. Two reservoir model scenarios are used to illustrate the proposed method: the faulted reservoir model and hydraulically fractured reservoir model. A new development plan is proposed to overcome the faulted reservoirs in the steam injection process with a 20-25% increase in oil recovery compared to the traditional approach. It was observed that the presence of hydraulic fractures in the steam injection process significantly increased the oil recovery by 25-40%. The sensitivity results indicate that parameters such as the fracture schedule and permeability multiplier in the fracture zone affect the increment in oil recovery during the fracture-assisted steam flooding process. This study proves an improvement in the effectiveness of the steam injection process in faulted reservoirs and presents a unique approach to improve steam-oil exposures. This paper introduces a new development plan to overcome faulted reservoirs in the steam injection process. We also introduce an alternative approach to the application of fracture-assisted flooding in the steam injection process. Both methods will greatly impact to increase.
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Esmaeilzadeh, Zahra, David Eaton, and Chaoyi Wang. "Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation and Fault Activation in the Presence of a Sealing Fault and Highly Permeable Damage Zone - A Case Study of the Montney Formation in British Columbia." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2022-3723715.
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Segura, J. M., R. C. Bezerra de Melo, A. Martínez, J. Alvarellos, M. Morón, S. Fontenla, E. Vargas, C. Rojas, and J. I. Arregui. "Fracture Assessment From Well-Centered and Reservoir Scale Coupled Geomechanical Models." In International Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/igs-2022-148.
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Abstract An integrated and multiscale analysis has been performed to ensure safe reinjection of formation water into a sandstone saline aquifer during the lifecycle of an onshore field. The study includes well centered models to evaluate the possibility of creation and propagation of hydraulic fractures, paying special attention to vertical fracture containment within the target zone. The hydraulic fracture models are fed by geomechanical models that provide estimations of stresses and rock mechanical properties, and which include lithological and stress contrasts that replicate the drilling experience of the two injection wells. A 3D reservoir scale coupled geomechanical and fluid-flow model has been generated for integrity analysis of the target and seal formations, and faults, also analyzing the effect that injection operations could have on surface uplift. The most critical assumptions are considered in the assessment, like lower than expected fracture gradient, higher than expected injection rates, and mechanical and fluid flow parameters that favor hydraulic fracture propagation. The analyzed cases show how eventual fractures would be confined in height, only propagating laterally with a tendency of stabilizing and without affecting the integrity of nearby wells. No other type of rock failure nor fault reactivation is observed anywhere in the model. Introduction Reinjection of formation water that has been extracted along with hydrocarbons must be performed in a secure and safe manner. Geomechanics analysis can help in predicting the effect of pore-pressure increase associated to injection operations on the deformation and failure of rock (in target formation and in surrounding formations) as well as on the reactivation of faults, being both relevant aspects in ensuring safe operations during the field lifecycle.
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Goteti, Rajesh, Yaser Alzayer, Hyoungsu Baek, and Yanhui Han. "Regional In-Situ Stress Prediction in Frontier Exploration and Development Areas: Insights from the First-Ever 3D Geomechanical Model of the Arabian Plate." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204866-ms.
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Abstract In this paper, we present results from the first-ever 3D geomechanical model that supports pre-drill prediction of regional in-situ stresses throughout the Arabian Plate. The results can be used in various applications in the petroleum industry such as fault slip-tendency analysis, hydraulic fracture stimulation design, wellbore stability analysis and underground carbon storage. The Arabian tectonic plate originated by rifting of NE Africa to form the Red Sea and the Gulfs of Aden and Aqaba. The continental rifting was followed by the formation of collisional zones with eastern Turkey, Eurasia and the Indo-Australian Plate, which resulted in the formation of the Eastern Anatolian fault system, the fold-thrust belts of Zagros and Makran, and the Owen fracture zone. This present-day plate tectonic framework, and the ongoing movement of the Arabian continental lithosphere, exert a first-order control on the of in-situ stresses within its sedimentary basins. Using data from published studies, we developed a 3D finite element of the Arabian lithospheric plate that takes into account interaction between the complex 3D plate geometry and present-day plate boundary velocities, on elastic stress accumulation in the Arabian crust. The model geometry captures the first-order topographic features of the Arabian plate such as the Arabian shield, the Zagros Mountains and sedimentary thickness variations throughout the tectonic plate. The model results provide useful insights into the variations in in-situ stresses in sediments and crystalline basement throughout Arabia. The interaction between forces from different plate boundaries results in a complex transitional stress state (thrust/strike-slip or normal/strike-slip) in the interior regions of the plate such that the regional tectonic stress regime at any point may not be reconciled directly with the anticipated Andersonian stress regimes at the closest plate boundary. In the sedimentary basin east of the Arabian shield, the azimuths of the maximum principal compressive stresses change from ENE in southeast to ~N-S in northern portions of the plate. The shape of the plate boundary, particularly along the collisional boundaries, plays a prominent in controlling both the magnitude and orientations of the principal stresses. In addition, the geometry of the Arabian shield in western KSA and variations in the sedimentary basin thickness, cause significant local stress perturbations over 10 – 100 km length scales in different regions of the plate. The model results can provide quantitative constraints on relative magnitudes of principal stresses and horizontal stress anisotropy, both of which are critical inputs for various subsurface applications such as mechanical earth model (MEM) and subsequently wellbore stability analysis (WSA). The calibrated model results can potentially reduce uncertainties in input stress parameters for MEM and WSA and offer improvements over traditional in-situ stress estimation techniques.