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Zelenka, J., D. Schneiderova, E. Mrkvicova, and P. Dolezal. "The effect of dietary linseed oils with different fatty acid pattern on the content of fatty acids in chicken meat." Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 2 (February 19, 2008): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1985-vetmed.
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Effects of 1, 3, 5 or 7% of linseed oil in the diet on the content of fatty acids in breast and thigh meat were studied in broiler chickens. Oils made either of seeds of the linseed cultivar Atalante (A) with a high content of α-linolenic acid or of the cultivar Lola (L) with a predominating content of linoleic acid were fed from 25 to 40 days of age. When feeding A, the contents of all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosatrienoic acid, were significantly higher, those of n-6 PUFA were lower, and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA was narrower (<I>P</I> < 0.001) than when L was fed. The narrowest n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio was observed at the content 36 g of α-linolenic acid (58 g A) per kg of the diet while the widest one at 2 g of α-linolenic acid (70 g L) per kg of the diet. When using L, the increasing level of linoleic acid in feed was associated with significantly increasing levels of all n-6 PUFA in meat. The content of all n-3 PUFA increased after the application of oil A, but the dependence for eicosapentaenoic acid in thigh meat was expressed significantly more precisely by the second degree parabola with the maximum at the level of 37 mg of α-linolenic acid and for clupanodonic and docosahexaenoic acids by parabolas with maxima at the level of α-linolenic acid in the diet 41 g and 30 g for breast meat and 35 g and 27 g for thigh meat, respectively. By means of the inclusion of linseed oil with a high content of α-linolenic acid in the feed mixture it would be possible to produce poultry meat with a high content of n-3 PUFA as a functional food.
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Skřivan, M., M. Marounek, M. Englmaierová, E. Skřivanová, and K. Růnová. "Effect of freeze-dried pasture herbage on ileal digestibility of amino acids and fatty acids in chickens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 6 (May 25, 2018): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2017-cjas.
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The ileal digestibility of amino acids and fatty acids in young chickens fed control diet or experimental diets supplemented with freeze-dried pasture herbage at 20 or 40 g/kg was studied. Control diet contained wheat, maize, and soybean meal. Predominant species in the pasture herbage harvested in May were Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis, and Trifolium pratense. Freeze-dried pasture herbage contained less protein (169 g/kg) and fat (24 g/kg) and more neutral detergent and acid detergent fibre (340 and 210 g/kg) and tannins (12.38 g/kg) than control diet. Concentrations of amino acids, except phenylalanine and threonine, were lower in pasture herbage than in control feed. In both the control feed and freeze-dried pasture herbage, unsaturated fatty acids occurred in higher proportions than saturated fatty acids. In freeze-dried pasture herbage linolenic acid was the main fatty acid. In chickens fed freeze-dried pasture herbage the ileal digestibility of amino acids and fatty acids decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Freeze-dried pasture herbage at 4% in diet had negative effect (P < 0.05) on the digestibility of amino acids and fatty acids in comparison with control diet. But there was no significant effect of 2% freeze-dried pasture herbage in diet on amino acids digestibility. This suggests that pasture herbage contains anti-nutritional factors that inhibit proteolysis and lipolysis. The effect of pasture herbage on digestibility was variable. In chickens fed diets containing 4% freeze-dried pasture herbage, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids varied from 0.39 (cysteine) to 0.91 (methionine). Variability in the ileal digestibility of fatty acids was less pronounced (from 0.65 to 0.89).
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Bolton-Smith, C., M. Woodward, S. Fenton, M. K. McCluskey, and The Late C. A. Brown. "Trans fatty acids in the Scottish diet." British Journal of Nutrition 74, no. 5 (November 1995): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950169.
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Trans fatty acids produced during hardening of oils have been associated with higher cholesterol levels and increased risk of heart disease. The potential risk from trans fatty acids may be greater in populations with relatively low intakes of essential fatty acids such as the Scots, who also have a high prevalence of heart disease. Means and ranges of trans fatty acid intakes are reported here for a Scottish population. A semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to survey the diet of 10359 Scottish men and women aged 40–59 years in 1984–6 as part of the baseline Scottish Heart Health Study. Trans fatty acid levels were calculated for each food item on the questionnaire and the total subdivided into that which is derived naturally (primarily by bacterial fermentation in ruminants) and that which is produced during industrial hydrogenation (hardening) of vegetable and fish oils. Means and ranges of intakes of each trans fatty acid variable were calculated by sex, age, smoking and social class groups. Mean total trans fatty acid intakes for men were 7.1 (SD 3·1) g/d, 2·7 (SD 2·9)% energy and for women were 6.4 (SD 2·9) g/d, 3·3 (SD 3·0)% energy. Industrially hydrogenated trans fatty acids made up nearly 58% of the total intake for men and 61% for women, with about 60% coming from cakes, biscuits and sweets, and 20% coming from the cheaper hard margarines. The main sources of the naturally derived trans fatty acids were red meat (27%), milk (20%), butter (18–19%) and cheese (13–16%). Differences between age, smoking and social class groups were apparent. However, apart from the social class differences of up to 1 g/d, these were so small that they are unlikely to be of any biological significance unless compounded by other factors such as marginal essential fatty acid adequacy. The possibility of trans fatty acid intakes up to 48 g/d and 12% total energy (compared with the Department of Health (1991) recommendations of 5 g/d or 2% energy) highlights the need for careful monitoring of the health risks at these high levels of intake.
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Hou, Zhenxin, Cynthia K. Faulk, and Lee A. Fuiman. "Dynamics of diet-egg transfer of fatty acids in the teleost fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1804 (June 15, 2020): 20190646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0646.
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Eggs of marine organisms are increasingly being recognized as important components of marine food webs. The degree to which egg fatty acid profiles reflect maternal diet fatty acid profiles, and therefore the value of fatty acids in eggs as trophic biomarkers, depends on the species' reproductive strategy and the extent of modification of ingested fatty acids. We measured the dynamics of transfer of recently ingested fatty acids to spawned eggs in a batch-spawning teleost, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ). Results of 21 diet-shift experiments, from which the fatty acid profiles of the diets and eggs were compared, showed that 15 of 27 fatty acids measured (one saturated, two monounsaturated and 12 polyunsaturated fatty acids) in eggs were correlated with their levels in the recent diet, and the rate of incorporation into eggs was proportional to the magnitude of the diet shift. Large shifts in diet might occur naturally during spawning migrations or when prey communities vary over time. Results of this study indicate that fatty acids in red drum eggs can be useful for studying adult diet and exploring trophic linkages in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Sam, Qi Hui, Hua Ling, Wen Shan Yew, Zhaohong Tan, Sharada Ravikumar, Matthew Wook Chang, and Louis Yi Ann Chai. "The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126453.
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Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), derived primarily from diet, are less understood. Here, we demonstrated that SCFA and MCFA have divergent immunomodulatory propensities. SCFA down-attenuated host pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα response predominantly through the TLR4 pathway, whereas MCFA augmented inflammation through TLR2. Butyric (C4) and decanoic (C10) acid displayed most potent modulatory effects within the SCFA and MCFA, respectively. Reduction in TRAF3, IRF3 and TRAF6 expression were observed with butyric acid. Decanoic acid induced up-regulation of GPR84 and PPARγ and altered HIF-1α/HIF-2α ratio. These variant immune characteristics of the fatty acids which differ by just several carbon atoms may be attributable to their origins, with SCFA being primarily endogenous and playing a physiological role, and MCFA exogenously from the diet.
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Britton, ME, C. Fong, DG Wickens, and JS Yudkin. "Diet and Serum Diene Conjugated Fatty Acids." Clinical Science 79, s23 (October 1, 1990): 10P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs079010pa.
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Khoo, Nicholas KH, and Francisco J. Schopfer. "Nitrated fatty acids: from diet to disease." Current Opinion in Physiology 9 (June 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.013.
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FARNWORTH, E. R., and J. K. G. KRAMER. "THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING SOW DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON FETAL PLASMA FATTY ACID PATTERNS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-094.
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Sows were fed a control diet or one with added tallow or soybean oil during gestation. Sow and fetal blood plasma fatty acids were determined at 57, 85 and 110 d gestation. The sow plasma fatty acid pattern, particularly 18:2n-6, was influenced by diet, but showed little change during gestation. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, were found in sow plasma. Fetal blood fatty acids were not directly influenced by maternal diet, but showed changes as gestation progressed. In the fetal plasma, 20:4n-6 was the major long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, but in addition, high levels of 22:6n-3 were also found. The percent n-6 fatty acids were in higher concentrations than the n-3 fatty acids in both maternal and fetal plasma. Key words: Fetus, blood, fatty acids, swine
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Sánchez-Villegas, A., P. Henríquez, M. Bes-Rastrollo, and J. Doreste. "Mediterranean diet and depression." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 8A (December 2006): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007668578.
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AbstractObjectiveThe adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ensures an adequate intake of B vitamins and w-3 fatty acids. A protective role on depression has been suggested for both nutrients.DesignCross-sectional analysis from the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort study. Data from 9670 participants (4211 men and 5459 women) were analised. Logistic regression analyses were fitted to assess the association between B-vitamins and w-3 fatty acids intake (quintiles) and the prevalence of depression.ResultsFolate intake was inversely associated with depression prevalence among men, especially smokers. Among women, B12 vitamin intake was inversely associated with depression, especially among smokers and physically active women. No significant associations were observed for w-3 fatty acids intake.ConclusionsThe adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ensures an adequate intake of fruits, nuts, vegetables, cereals, legumes or fish, important sources of nutrients linked to depression prevention.
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Woodside, Jayne V., and Daan Kromhout. "Fatty acids and CHD." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (November 2005): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005465.
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During the last century much evidence has accumulated to suggest that from a public health perspective the type of fat is more important than the amount of fat. Saturated and trans-fatty acids increase and both n-6 and n-3 PUFA decrease the risk of CHD. Most of the knowledge about the effects of dietary fatty acids on CHD risk is based on observational studies and controlled dietary experiments with intermediate end points (e.g. blood lipoprotein fractions). Information from high-quality randomised controlled trials on fatty acids and CHD is lacking. The Netherlands Institute for Public Health has calculated the potential health gain that can be achieved if the fatty acid composition of the current Dutch diet is replaced by the recommended fatty acid composition. The recommendations of The Netherlands Health Council are: saturated fatty acids <10% energy intake; trans-fatty acids <1% energy intake; fish consumption (an indicator of n-3 PUFA) once or twice weekly. Implementation of this recommendation could reduce the incidence of CHD in The Netherlands by about 25 000/year and the number of CHD-related deaths by about 6000/year and increase life expectancy from age 40 years onwards by 0.5 year. These projections indicate the public health potential of interventions that modify the fatty acid composition of the diet.
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Siddiqui, Rafat A., Kevin A. Harvey, Nargiz Ruzmetov, Steven J. Miller, and Gary P. Zaloga. "n-3 Fatty acids prevent whereas trans-fatty acids induce vascular inflammation and sudden cardiac death." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 12 (October 13, 2009): 1811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992030.
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n-3 PUFA have well-recognised cardio-beneficial effects. In contrast, premature coronary deaths are associated with consumption of high levels of trans-fatty acids (TFA). The present study determined the effects of n-3 PUFA and TFA on sudden cardiac death and vascular inflammation. A rat coronary ligation model was used to study the effect of fatty acids on sudden cardiac death, whereas a mouse femoral artery ligation model was used to study compensatory vascular remodelling. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were utilised for the in vitro studies to investigate expression of inflammatory molecules. Feeding animals an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet caused a sevenfold increase in plasma n-3 PUFA compared with that of the TFA-fed group, whereas a TFA-enriched diet caused a 2·5-fold increase in plasma TFA compared with the n-3 PUFA group. Animals on a TFA diet had a lower survival rate due to sudden cardiac death and exhibited variable degrees of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Animals on a TFA diet had diminished hindlimb collateral growth, whereas animals on the n-3 PUFA diet exhibited extensive collateral growth about ligated regions. HAEC treated with TFA (trans-18 : 2) showed significantly increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and nitrosylation of cellular proteins than those treated with DHA (n-3 PUFA, 22 : 6). The in vivo study demonstrates that, in contrast to TFA, n-3 PUFA improve animal survival after myocardial infarction, prevent development of atherosclerotic lesions and stimulate compensatory vascular remodelling. The in vitro study demonstrates that TFA induce, while n-3 PUFA prevent, vascular inflammation.
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Glick, Norris R., and Milton H. Fischer. "The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 18, no. 4 (May 22, 2013): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587213488788.
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Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.
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Utomo, Nur Bambang Priyo, Ing Mokoginta, and Lia Nurmalia. "PENGARUH PERBEDAAN KANDUNGAN ASAM LEMAK N-3 DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PENAMPILAN REPRODUKSI IKAN ZEBRA (Brachydanio rerio)." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.168.
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This experiment was conducted to determine the dietary n-3 fatty acid requirement for reproduction of broodstock zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Three isonitrogenous (39% crude protein) and isocaloric (3,260 kcal digestible energy/kg diet) practical diets, namely diets A, B, and C, with different levels of fatty acids were fed to zebrafish broodstock. The broodstock were cultivated in aquaria. Diet A contained low dosage of n-3 fatty acids (0.4%) and 2% n-6 fatty acids, while diets B and C contained 2% n-6 fatty acids, combined respectively with 1% and 1.5% n-3 fatty acids. Fish were fed ad satiation for 60 days using these diets. During feeding periode, gonade maturation stages were examined. The n-3 and n-6 fatty acids affected fecundity, fertilization rate, and hatching rate. On the other hand, fish fed on diets A, B, or C did not show any significance differences in the gonade somatic index and total Survival Rate (SR) of larvae produced. Fish fed on diet B produced the highest fecundity (616 eggs/g of fish), fertilization rate (94.6%), and hatching rate (93.8%). The total lipid content of eggs were significant, ranging from B (29.7%), C (23.7%), and A (16.1%). At a dosage of 2% n-6 fatty acids, zebrafish require 1% of dietary n-3 fatty acids in the diet for reproduction. Excess dosage of n-3 fatty acid in the diet adversely affected fecundity, fertilization rate, and hatching rate.
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Jeffery, Nicola M., Mario Cortina, Eric A. Newsholme, and Philip C. Calder. "Effects of variations in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat diet on spleen lymphocyte functions." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 5 (May 1997): 805–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970077.
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To obtain further information about the immunomodulatory effects of specific dietary fatty acids, weanling male rats were fed for 6 weeks on high-fat (178 g/kg) diets which differed according to the principal fatty acids present. The nine diets used differed in their contents of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids; as a result the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and the PUFA: saturated fatty acid ratio varied (from 17·8 to 58·5 g/lW g fatty acids and from 0·28 to 5·56 respectively). The n−6 PUFA: n−3 PUFA ratio was kept constant in all diets at approximately 7·0.The fatty acid compositions of the serum and of spleen lymphocytes were significantly influenced by that of the diet fed. The ex vivo proliferation of spleen lymphocytes decreased as the levelof oleic acid in the diet increased. Spleen natural killer cell activity decreased as the oleic acid content of the diet increased and increased as the palmitic acid content of the diet increased. The extent of the effects of these fatty acids on lymphocyte functions was modified by the nature of the background fatty acid composition of the diet.
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Liu, S., V. E. Baracos, H. A. Quinney, and M. T. Clandinin. "Dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids modify fatty acyl composition and insulin binding in skeletal-muscle sarcolemma." Biochemical Journal 299, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990831.
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Feeding animals with diets high in saturated fat induces insulin resistance, and replacing saturated fat isocalorically with poly-unsaturated fat, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, will prevent the development of insulin resistance in skeletal-muscle tissue. To investigate the mechanism, rats were fed on high-fat (20%, w/w) semipurified diets for 6 weeks. Diets containing ratios of polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid of 0.25 (low-P/S diet) and 1.0 (high-P/S diet) were used to study the effect of the level of saturated fat. To study the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, diets with a low-P/S ratio containing either 0 (low-omega-3 diet) or 3.3% (high-omega-3 diet) long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil were fed. Plasma membrane from skeletal muscle was purified. The content of fatty acids in sarcolemmal phospholipid was significantly related to the dietary composition. Insulin binding to intact sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from rats fed on diets high in omega-3 fatty acids increased 14-fold compared with animals fed on the low-omega-3 diet (P < 0.0001). Feeding rats on a diet with a high P/S ratio increased sarcolemmal insulin binding by 2.3-fold (P < 0.05). Increased insulin binding was due to increased receptor number at the low-affinity high-capacity binding site. Dietary effects on insulin binding were eliminated when studies were carried out on detergent-solubilized membranes, indicating the importance of the phospholipid fatty acyl composition for insulin binding. The results suggest that dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids increase insulin binding to sarcolemma by changing the fatty acyl composition of phospholipid surrounding the insulin receptor, and this might be the mechanism by which dietary fatty acids modify insulin action.
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Cisneros, Lucía Cristina Vázquez, Alma Gabriela Martínez Moreno, Antonio López-Espinoza, and Ana Cristina Espinoza-Gallardo. "Effect of the fatty acid composition of meals on postprandial energy expenditure: a systematic review." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 65, no. 7 (July 2019): 1022–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.7.1022.
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SUMMARY The energy imbalance produced by an increase in caloric intake and/or decrease in energy expenditure induces obesity. However, the fatty acid composition of a diet can affect the metabolism in different ways, having a role in the development of obesity. AIM To determine the effect of different fatty acids types and composition on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and postprandial energy expenditure in humans. METHODS A search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielded a total of 269 potential articles as a first result; 254 were excluded according to the criteria. RESULTS Fifteen articles were used for this systematic review. The studies analyzed report different effects of the fatty acids of the treatment on the diet-induced thermogenesis. Evidence indicates that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids causes a greater DIT than saturated fatty acids. Also, the consumption of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids has been shown to increase DIT. Likewise, the use of certain oils has shown positive effects on postprandial energy expenditure, as is the case of olive oil, compared to rapeseed oil. CONCLUSIONS The use of specific types of fatty acids in the everyday diet can increase postprandial energy expenditure in humans. Nevertheless, longer-term studies are required.
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Colombo, C., P. Muti, V. Pala, A. Cavalleri, E. Venturelli, M. Locardi, F. Berrino, and G. Secreto. "Plant-Based Diet, Serum Fatty Acid Profile, and Free Radicals in Postmenopausal Women: The Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial." International Journal of Biological Markers 20, no. 3 (July 2005): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080502000304.
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High calorie and fat consumption and the production of free radicals are two major mechanistic pathways between diet and disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of a plant-based diet poor in animal fat and rich in (n-3) fatty acids on fatty acids of serum phospholipids and on the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs). One hundred and four healthy female postmenopausal volunteers were recruited and randomized to a dietary intervention or a control group. Dietary intervention included a program of food education and biweekly common meals for 18 weeks. When the intervention and control groups were compared, it was seen that dietary intervention resulted in a significant reduction of saturated fatty acids (-1.5%) and a significant increase in (n-3) fatty acids (+20.6%), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (+24.8%). We observed that arachidonic acid decreased (–7.7%), while (n-6) fatty acids did not, and the (n-3)/(n-6) polyunsaturated ratio increased significantly (+24.1%). As expected, ROMs decreased significantly in the intervention group (-6%). The results indicated that a plant-based diet can improve the serum fatty acid profile and decrease ROMs production. These results suggest that a plant-based diet may reduce the body's exposure to oxidative stress.
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Galli, C., and F. Marangoni. "N-3 fatty acids in the Mediterranean diet." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75, no. 3 (September 2006): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.007.
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Bassett, Chantal M. C., Richelle S. McCullough, Andrea L. Edel, Thane G. Maddaford, Elena Dibrov, David P. Blackwood, Jose A. Austria, and Grant N. Pierce. "trans-Fatty acids in the diet stimulate atherosclerosis." Metabolism 58, no. 12 (December 2009): 1802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.010.
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Beare-Rogers, Joyce. "Are Saturated Fatty Acids Essential in the Diet?" Nutrition Reviews 53, no. 9 (April 27, 2009): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb05485.x.
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Muhlhausler, Beverly S. "Fatty acids in the infant diet: size matters." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002365.
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Enig, M. G., S. Atal, M. Keeney, and J. Sampugna. "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 9, no. 5 (October 1990): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1990.10720404.
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Lindseth, Glenda, and Thomas Petros. "Neurobehavioral Effects of Consuming Dietary Fatty Acids." Biological Research For Nursing 18, no. 5 (July 26, 2016): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800416657638.
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Background: Research results on the neurobehavioral effects of consuming dietary fatty acids are mixed. Therefore, this study examined the effects of consuming dietary fatty acids on depression, mood, and anxiety. Methods: In this randomized crossover-design study, 37 university students served as their own controls, consuming each of the following diets for a 4-day period with a 2-week washout period between diets: (1) low fatty acid, (2) high saturated fatty acid (SFA), (3) high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and (4) control. The order of sessions was counterbalanced across dietary groups. Following consumption of each diet, participants were examined for within-subject differences in depression, mood, and anxiety. Measures included weighed dietary fat intakes, Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scales, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Results: Participants had significantly higher positive affect scores ( p < .007) and were significantly less irritable ( p < .04) when they consumed diets rich in SFAs and PUFAs than when they consumed a low fatty acid or control diet. However, depression, anxiety, and negative affect scores did not differ significantly among diets. Analysis of participants’ serum lipid levels following their intake of the fatty acid and control diets indicated significantly higher levels of total cholesterol ( p = .006) and serum triglycerides ( p = .003) with the control diet. Conclusions: These results highlight the neurobehavioral benefits of consuming dietary fatty acids among healthy individuals. By concentrating on the positive effects of diet on affective processes, health professionals can also provide support for at-risk individuals.
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Selvaraj, R. K., and G. Cherian. "Changes in delayed type hypersensitivity, egg antibody content and immune cell fatty acid composition of layer birds fed conjugated linoleic acid, n-6 or n-3 fatty acids." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-058.
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The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), egg yolk antibody content, immune tissue fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation products of layer birds were investigated. One hundred and twenty layer birds were fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) + animal fat (Diet I), sunflower oil (Diet II), canola + flax oil (Diet III) or fish oil (Diet IV). The total added lipid content of the diet was 3%. Birds fed Diets III and IV had higher content of n-3 fatty acids in lymphocyte and splenocytes. Thiobarbituric reactive substances were higher (P < 0.05) in the breast and thigh muscle of Diet IV fed birds. Serum and yolk anti-BSA antibody contents were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed Diets III and IV. DTH was decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed Diets IV and III. The number of lymphocyte CD4+ and CD8+ cells and spleen mononuclear cell CD4+, CD8+ and IgM+ cells did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatment groups. Feeding n-3 fatty acids increased antibody-mediated immune response, while n-6 fatty acids and CLA increased cell-mediated immune response. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, delayed type hypersensitivity, immunoglobulins
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Menezes, Luís Fernando Glasenapp de, Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski, João Restle, Ivan Luiz Brondani, Raul Dirceu Pazdiora, and Jonatas Cattelam. "Profile of ingested fatty acids and in the duodenal digest of steers fed different diets." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 11 (November 2010): 2502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001100025.
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It was evaluated in this study the effect of the type of the diet on duodenal flow of long-chain fatty acids in steers. The tested diets were the following: conventional (feedlot diet composed of 60% corn silage and 40% of concentrate); winter forage silage - rye grass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam); or tropical forage silage - association of millet (Pennisetum americanum, Leeke + alexander grass, Brachiaria plantaginea). Six Charolais × Nellore crossbred steers with cannulas in duodenum were used in a 3 × 3 double Latin square. Dry material intake was similar among the groups (mean of 4,037 g/day), but the intake of total fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher in the group fed tropical pasture silage. On the other hand, the animals which received the conventional diet consumed higher quantity of unsaturated fatty acids. Tropical pasture silage provided higher consumption of vacenic acid (C18:1 t-11) and the winter forage silage offered higher consumption of conjugated linoleic acid. The intake of omega-6 fatty acids was higher in the group fed conventional diet and for omega-3, intake was higher in the group fed tropical pasture diet. The total fatty acid flow in the duodenum was not affected by the diets, but in all treatments it was higher than the consumed one. The animals fed diet with concentrate show the greatest changes on the profile of fatty acids during the ruminal fermentation. Conventional diets provide the highest intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest availability of vacenic acid in the small intestine, but they do not increase the supply of intestinal conjugated linoleic acid.
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Czauderna, M., J. Kowalczyk, and K. A. Krajewska. "Influence of dietary selenium level on the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, other fatty acids and amino acids in the liver and femoral muscles of rats." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2011): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/55/2010-cjas.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of diets containing conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLAmix) with or without low (<sub>L</sub>Se) or high (<sub>H</sub>Se) concentration of selenised yeast (SeY) on body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and concentrations of CLA isomers and other fatty acids (FA) in the liver and femoral muscle of rats. The investigation was performed on 48 female rats (Wistar, Hsd Brl Han: WIST), aged 8 weeks with an initial body weight of 195.7 ± 0.8 g. After one week of submaintenance feeding, for 6 weeks the rats were fed ad libitum the Labofeed H diet supplemented with 1.5% CLAmix with or without low (0.2 μg Se/g diet) or high (0.5 μg Se/g diet) concentration of Se as SeY. The diet enriched with <sub>L</sub>Se or <sub>H</sub>Se elevated the BWG of rats compared with the control group, while the <sub>L</sub>Se diet resulted in the most efficient increase in BWG. The diet containing CLAmix, irrespective of the presence of SeY, stimulated the accumulation of Se in the liver and muscles in comparison with the diet enriched with SeY. The addition of SeY to the diet enriched with CLAmix stimulated the accumulation of cis9trans11 (c9t11), t10c12 and cc isomers of CLA in the liver. The diet containing CLAmix and LSe most efficiently increased the concentration of these CLA isomers in muscles. The diets enriched with SeY increased the concentration of essential, endogenous and total amino acids (AA) in the liver, whereas the diets enriched with SeY or CLAmix reduced the concentration of these AA in muscles. The diets enriched with CLAmix and/or SeY decreased the Δ9-desaturase index in the liver and muscles compared with the control group. These diets increased Δ4-, Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase indexes in muscles, but significantly reduced the elongase index compared with the control group. Our study shows that dietary CLAmix increased the concentration of C14:0, C18:0 and the sum of saturated FA (SFA) in the liver, whereas the diets enriched with SeY, irrespective of the presence of CLAmix, slightly reduced the concentration of C14:0, C18:0, and SFA in muscles compared with the control group. The diets containing SeY and/or CLAmix increased the accumulation of arachidonic acid (ArA), linolenic acid (αLNA) and c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6 in the liver compared with the control rats. Negative effects of dietary SeY and/or CLAmix on the accumulation of αLNA, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5, c7c10c13c16c19C22:5, c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6, linoleic acid, ArA and c8c11c14C20:3 in muscles were found out. The CLAmix diet increased the Δ4-, Δ5-desaturase and elongase indexes in the liver. It also increased the Δ4-, Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase indexes in muscles, but significantly reduced the elongase index compared with the control group. The finding that the diet with CLAmix and <sub>H</sub>Se fed to rats decreased total FA and most efficiently increased the content of Se and essential AA in muscles is valuable information for nutritionists carrying out research on farm animals to improve the nutritive value of food from the aspect of human health.
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Petrek, J. A., L. C. Hudgins, M. Ho, D. R. Bajorunas, and J. Hirsch. "Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, an indication of dietary fatty acids, and breast cancer prognosis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 4 (April 1997): 1377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1997.15.4.1377.
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PURPOSE Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue is an indicator of the long-term ingestion pattern of several specific fatty acids. There is good correlation of antecedent diet with the essential fatty acids, and there is reflection of the diet with the fatty acids that can be synthesized. The relationship between the fatty acid levels and lymph node status and clinical outcome was examined. METHODS At the time of diagnostic surgery, 161 women with clinical stage T1NO breast cancer had subcutaneous adipose tissue (breast and abdominal) aspirated. The concentrations of 35 fatty acids, seven summed classes, and six fatty acid groups were measured by capillary gas chromatography. Lymph node status was determined with axillary dissection, and patients were followed-up (mean, 7.3 years) for clinical outcome. RESULTS There was no significant association of any adipose tissue fatty acids with overall survival, although few (16 of 161 women) died of breast cancer. However, the odds of having positive lymph nodes (57 of 161 women) were significantly higher for women with a greater adipose tissue proportion of oleic acid (odds ratio [OR], 7.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78 to 32.1) or total saturated acids (OR, 8.43; 95% CI, 1.48 to 40.0) and significantly lower with a higher proportion of trans fatty acids (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.77), as assessed by multivariate logistic regression. CONCLUSION These data support previous research with dietary questionnaire methodology, suggesting that specific dietary fatty acids may be associated with breast cancer promotion. Further research with long-term clinical follow-up is necessary to investigate these observations in large, diverse populations before dietary recommendations can be envisioned.
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Alcock, Joe, and Henry C. Lin. "Fatty acids from diet and microbiota regulate energy metabolism." F1000Research 4 (September 9, 2015): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6078.1.
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A high-fat diet and elevated levels of free fatty acids are known risk factors for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and visceral obesity. Although these disease associations are well established, it is unclear how different dietary fats change the risk of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Here, we review emerging evidence that insulin resistance and fat storage are linked to changes in the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, in turn, are highly influenced by the composition of fat in the diet. We review findings that certain fats (for example, long-chain saturated fatty acids) are associated with dysbiosis, impairment of intestinal barrier function, and metabolic endotoxemia. In contrast, other fatty acids, including short-chain and certain unsaturated fatty acids, protect against dysbiosis and impairment of barrier function caused by other dietary fats. These fats may promote insulin sensitivity by inhibiting metabolic endotoxemia and dysbiosis-driven inflammation. During dysbiosis, the modulation of metabolism by diet and microbiota may represent an adaptive process that compensates for the increased fuel demands of an activated immune system.
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De Gasperín, I., J. G. Vicente, J. M. Pinos-Rodríguez, F. Montiel, R. Loeza, J. M. Martínez-Hernández, and B. Isabel. "Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets fed to sows on fatty acids in brain, muscle and skin of their piglets." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i1.6.
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The aim of this research was to determine fatty acid profiles in piglet brain, skin, and muscle, and in the milk of sows fed fat with different saturation grades during gestation and lactation. At 42 days of gestation, 50 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to one of two treatments, namely a diet containing pork lard (n = 25) and a diet containing soybean oil (n = 25). The fats were provided at 3.6% during gestation and at 4% during lactation. The experimental diets were offered through the weaning of the piglets. The fatty acid profile of the milk was determined fourteen days after parturition. At weaning (21 days postpartum) and seven days later, one of the piglets (n = 64) from 16 sows allocated to each treatment was selected at random to determine fatty acid profiles in brain, skin and muscle. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in the diet with pork lard than in that with soybean oil, in which the polyunsaturated fat content was higher. A higher saturation of fatty acids was found in milk from the sows that consumed pork lard, which contained more saturated fatty acids than the milk from sows that consumed soybean oil. The fatty acid profiles in muscle and skin of the piglets were affected by the diet of the sows. However, the fatty acid profile of the piglets’ brains was not affected by the diet of their mothers.
Keywords: fat saturation, lard, piglet survival, sow feeding, soybean oil
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Arapostathi, Christina, Irene P. Tzanetakou, Alexander D. Kokkinos, Nicholas K. Tentolouris, Ioannis S. Vlachos, Ismini A. Donta, Kalliopi N. Perrea, Despina N. Perrea, and Nicholaos L. Katsilambros. "A Diet Rich in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Improves the Lipid Profile of Mice Previously on a Diet Rich in Saturated Fatty Acids." Angiology 62, no. 8 (April 20, 2011): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319711403734.
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This study investigated whether switching from a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) to a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or to one with equal amounts of MUFAs-SAFAs favorably affects the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic mice. C57BL/6 mice (n = 82) were allocated into 4 groups. The first group (control, n = 10) was fed standard chow. The 3 remaining groups (n = 24 mice/group) were fed a SAFA-rich diet for 8 weeks and were then allocated for 16 weeks to either a MUFA-rich diet, an equal in MUFAs-SAFAs-rich diet, or continued the previous SAFA-rich diet. After 8 weeks, mice consuming SAFA-rich diet had increased weight, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels ( P < .05 vs baseline). At week 24, MUFA-rich and MUFA-SAFA rich diets decreased TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ( P < .05) compared with week 8. In conclusion, switching to MUFA-rich diets or substituting half of the SAFAs with MUFAs can reverse diet-induced-hypercholesterolemia.
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Silverman, Jerald, Douglas W. Stone, and Jean D. Powers. "The lipid composition of milk from mice fed high or low fat diets." Laboratory Animals 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367792780745832.
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Total fatty acids and the proportions of methyl esters of individual fatty acids were measured in mouse milk. Pregnant mice were fed either a high fat (OF) diet or a low fat (LF) diet from 14 days of gestation. After parturition, each dam was milked once a day for a period of 18 days. The mean total fatty acid concentration over the entire study period was 110 mg/g of milk (approximately 11·7% fat as triglyceride) for both dietary treatment groups. During days 2 to 6 postpartum, the mean total fatty acid concentration for dams fed OF diet was lower than for the LF group. Although the concentration of total fatty acids of mouse milk was not affected by the level of dietary fat fed to the dam, several variations in the proportions of individual fatty acids were observed.
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Haugen, Margaretha A., Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh, Kristian S. Bjervea, Arne T. Høstmark, and Øystein Førre. "Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acids and their relationship to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with a vegetarian diet." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 4 (October 1994): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940059.
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In a controlled clinical trial we have recently shown that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improved after fasting for 7–10 d and that the improvement could be sustained through 3.5 months with a vegan, diet and 9 months with a lactovegetarian diet. Other studies have indicated that the inflammatory process in R A can be reduced through manipulation of dietary fatty acids. A switch to a vegetarian diet significantly alters the intake of fatty acids. Therefore, we have analysed the changes in fatty acid profiles of the plasma phospholipid fraction and related these changes to disease activity. The concentrations of the fatty acids 20: 3n-6 and 20: 4n-6 were significantly reduced after 3.5 months with a vegan diet (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 respectively), but the concentration increased to baseline values with a lactovegetarian diet. The concentration of 20: 5n-3 was significantly reduced after the vegan diet (P < 0.0001) and the lactovegetarian diet periods (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in fatty acid concentrations between diet responders and diet non-responders after the vegan or lactovegetarian diet periods. Our results indicate that the changes in the fatty acid profiles cannot explain the clinical improvement.
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Okanovic, Djordje, D. Ivanov, D. Palic, A. Mandic, and N. Ilic. "Meat fatty acid profile of pigs fed linseed enriched diet." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 3 (2012): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1203477o.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diet supplemented with linseed rich additive on fatty acid profile and omega-fatty acids content in pig meat. Twelve pigs were divided in a control and experimental group and grown to 110 kg of live weight. The experimental group was fed a standard diet enriched with 2.5% of commercial additive Vitalan?. After the end of feeding period, the meat samples from both groups were analyzed for fatty acids content in raw and roasted meat. The ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 acids was established. Samples from experimental group fed with linseed enriched diet showed higher ?-3 acids content in meat (6.24% - 7.23%), compared to the control group (0.71% - 1.64%), thus making it better for a human consumption from a health perspective. Linseed enriched diet positively influenced fatty acid composition of pig M. Longissimus dorsi muscle by decreasing SFA content, as well as increasing PUFA and UFA content. Heat treatment did not significantly decreased content of stearic and linoleic fatty acids in any sample. It was concluded that the diet enriched with extruded linseed had beneficial effect on the majority of monitored parameters in the study.
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Cerovic, Aleksandra, Ivanka Miletic, Dusko Blagojevic, Sladjana Sobajic, Miodrag Colic, Milijana Vasiljevska, and Milica Poznanic. "The effect of zinc diet on distribution of fatty acid in blood plasma chylomicrons." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, no. 1 (2005): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0501015c.
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The effect of dietary zinc on the distribution of fatty acids in blood plasma chylomicrons was studied. The experiment was performed on male Mongolian Gerbils, fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with standard diet, containing 8 or 38 mg of Zn per kg of food (low zinc diet group, LZ, and saturated zinc diet group, SZ, respectivelly). At the 21st day gerbils were given sunflower oil by gavage. After 2.5 hours, blood was collected from abdominal vein, and samples were pooled (five animals per one sample). Chylomicron fractions were isolated by ultracentrifugation and mass of dried chylomicrons was measured. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Significantly higher amount of chylomicrons in blood plasma of SZ than in LZ group was found. In chylomicrons, following fatty acids were found: 16:0, 16:1, 17:0, 17:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0, 21:0 and 20:4. The amount of individual fatty acids in chylomicrons in both groups was similar, except 20:4 where lower amount in SZ group was found. Zinc diet did not affect fatty acid distribution in chylomicrons of both groups. Animals fed with zinc saturated diet had higher amount of fatty acids in blood plasma. Observed results suggest that dietary zinc influences the quantity of fatty acids absorption but not its distribution in chylomicrons.
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Mir, P. S., M. Ivan, M. L. He, B. Pink, E. Okine, L. Goonewardene, T. A. McAllister, R. Weselake, and Z. Mir. "Dietary manipulation to increase conjugated linoleic acids and other desirable fatty acids in beef: A review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-002.
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The diet is the source of many essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids for all mammals. These fatty acids either, as altered isomers or as other elongated products, have been found to provide unique advantages to human health. Currently two conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; trans-10, cis-12 C18:2) and two elongated products of linolenic acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3)] have been recognized for their roles in maintaining human health. Consumers can obtain these functional fatty acids from beef if the feeding management of beef cattle can be altered to include precursor fatty acids. Diet, breed, and gender are important factors that affect total fat content and/or the fatty acid profile of beef with regard to CLA, EPA, and DHA. Diet provides the precursor fatty acids that are altered and deposited, and breed dictates, the amount of fat that is deposited. These fatty acids can be increased in beef by increasing the forage:concentrate ratio, inclusion of non-fermented forage, and supplementation with various oils or oil seeds. The CLA and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) concentration in beef was increased by feeding sunflower oil or seeds, linseed, and soybean oil supplemented diets, while cattle fed linseed and fish oil supplemented diets had increased concentrations of EPA and DHA. Although the concentration of these fatty acids can be increased in beef, there is a need to further the understanding of the mechanism by which they exert positive affects on human health. Key words: Cattle, beef, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
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Janiszewska, Justyna, Joanna Ostrowska, and Dorota Szostak-Węgierek. "The Influence of Nutrition on Adiponectin—A Narrative Review." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051394.
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The adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ which synthesizes and secretes a variety of adipokines, including adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory properties. Its expression is influenced by numerous factors such as age, sex, body weight and adipose tissue content. However, dietary factors, i.e., diet structure and the percentage of individual nutrients and products, are very important modulators. Beneficial dietary habits are the Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, diet based on plant products and diet with reduced energy value. Moreover, the share of individual products and nutrients which increase the concentration of adiponectin is worth noting. This group may include monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, polyphenols, alcohol and milk products. Conversely, dietary ingredients which have a negative effect on the concentration of adiponectin are typical components of the Western diet: saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and red meat. Furthermore, a diet characterized by a high glycemic index such as a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet also seems to be unfavorable. Due to the fact that available knowledge should be systematized, this study aimed to summarize the most recent research on the influence of dietary factors on the concentration of adiponectin.
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Cropotova, Janna, and Svetlana Popel. "Mercury-Contaminated Fish and Essential Fatty Acids: Problems and Solutions." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 7, no. 1 (June 2012): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2012.07(1).29.
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Fish consumption is an important part of human diet due to essential omega-3 fatty acids found naturally in this product. Many researchers from all over the world found that high mercury concentrations in the body reduced the heart-protective effects of the fatty acids in fish oils. People shouldn't be constrained by choosing between the health hazards related to toxins caused by industrial pollution and the nutritional benefits provided by consummation of essential fatty acids contained in oily fish. It is very important to find an alternative natural source of essential omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA to restore an optimal ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the human diet.
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Zulkafli, Intan S., Brendan J. Waddell, and Peter J. Mark. "Postnatal Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Rescues Glucocorticoid-Programmed Adiposity, Hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia in Male Rat Offspring Raised on a High-Fat Diet." Endocrinology 154, no. 9 (June 19, 2013): 3110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1153.
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Fetal glucocorticoid excess programs several adverse outcomes in adult offspring, many of which can be prevented by postnatal, dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids. Here we tested 2 separate hypotheses: 1) a postnatal high-fat diet exacerbates the glucocorticoid-programmed phenotype; and 2) postnatal, dietary n-3 fatty acids rescue programmed outcomes, even in the presence of a high-fat diet challenge. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were either untreated or administered dexamethasone acetate (Dex; 0.5 μg/mL drinking water) from day 13 of pregnancy. Offspring were cross-fostered to untreated mothers and males were weaned onto a standard (Std), high-fat, low n-3 (HF), or high-fat, high n-3 (HFHn-3) diet. Prenatal Dex reduced birth weight (26%) and delayed puberty onset by 1.2 days, irrespective of postnatal diet. Prenatal Dex programmed increased blood pressure in adult offspring, an effect worsened by the postnatal HF diet. Supplementation with high n-3 fatty acids, however, prevented both the Dex and HF-induced increases in blood pressure. Prenatal Dex also programmed increased adiposity, plasma cholesterol, and plasma triglyceride levels at 6 months of age, particularly in those offspring raised on the HF diet. But again, each of these adverse outcomes was rescued by supplementation of the HF diet with n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, the capacity of n-3 fatty acids to overcome adverse programming outcomes remains evident, even in the presence of a HF diet challenge.
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Mansbridge, R. J., and J. S. Blake. "Nutritional factors affecting the fatty acid composition of bovine milk." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 1 (July 1997): S37—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970133.
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The predominant fatty acids in milk are the long-chain fatty acids myristic, palmitic and stearic. These saturated fatty acids account for 75 % of the total fatty acids, with a further 21 % occurring as monounsaturated fatty acids of which the most prevalent is oleic acid. Only 4 g/lOO g of the milk fatty acids are polyunsaturated, occurring mainly as linoleic and linolenic acids. All milk fatty acids are derived, almost equally, from either de novo synthesis or directly from preformed fatty acids in the diet. There are four main dietary sources of fatty acids: forages, oilseeds, fish oil and fat supplements. The digestive tract exerts a profound influence on the fate of dietary fatty acids. The short-chain saturated free fatty acids are absorbed through the walls of the rumen or abomasum into the bloodstream. The medium- and longer-chain saturated fatty acids pass into the small intestine, diffuse across the membrane wall where they are incorporated into lipoproteins and enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. The majority of unsaturated fatty acids are extensively hydrogenated in the rumen. However, recent work has shown that the levels of certain saturated fatty acids can be reduced and the levels of oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids increased by feeding oilseeds rich in mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, work reported here has confirmed that eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids can be transferred to milk when a diet containing fish oil is fed, but the transfer efficiencies are low
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Geiser, F., and G. J. Kenagy. "Polyunsaturated lipid diet lengthens torpor and reduces body temperature in a hibernator." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): R897—R901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.5.r897.
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Membrane lipids of vertebrate animals that tolerate cold are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because the lipid composition of cellular membranes in mammals can be experimentally altered by diet, we investigated whether a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids would lengthen bouts of torpor and reduce the minimum body temperature in hibernating chipmunks (Eutamias amoenus) compared with a diet rich in saturated fatty acids. Animals on the highly unsaturated diet showed significantly longer bouts of torpor, lower minimum body temperatures, and lower metabolic rates than those on a saturated diet. Animals on a control diet were intermediate. These dietary adjustments apparently influence the control of body temperature by the central nervous system, which results in a modification of the pattern of torpor. The observations also suggest a role of nutritional ecology in hibernation.
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Mutanen, Marja, and Antti Aro. "Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Factors in Healthy Subjects Consuming High Stearic or Trans Fatty Acid Diets." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 77, no. 01 (1997): 099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1655914.
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SummaryThe effects of stearic acid (Cl8:0) and trans fatty acids on variables related to coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in 80 healthy humans average age 29 ± 9 years. All subjects consumed a baseline diet high in saturated fatty acids, mainly from dairy fat for 5 weeks. After this baseline diet they were allocated either to a diet high (8.7% of energy, En%) in trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (40 subjects) or a diet high (9.3 En%) in stearic acid (40 subjects) for 5 weeks. All diets contained 32.2-33.9 En% fat, 14.6-15.8 En% saturated plus trans fatty acids, 12.2-12.5 En% cis-monounsaturated and 2.9-3.5 En% polyunsaturated fatty acids and 216-250 mg/10 MJ cholesterol. The fats were mixed into solid foods and almost all daily food was provided.In comparison with the baseline dairy fat diet no change was observed in the concentrations of plasma fibrin degradation products and D-dimers. Also the factor VII coagulant activity (F VII :C), tissue type plasminogen activity (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI-1) were not affected by the experimental diets. Small increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration during the stearic acid diet was statistically significant (from 3.49 to 3.63 g/1; p = 0.041), but probably without any biological significance. Both diets increased plasma level of lipoprotein Lp(a). It can be concluded that as far as coagulation and fibrinolysis are concerned there is no need to differentiate between stearic acid or trans monoenoic fatty acids.
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Strandberg, Ursula, Jussi Vesterinen, Timo Ilo, Jarkko Akkanen, Miina Melanen, and Paula Kankaala. "Fatty acid metabolism and modifications in Chironomus riparius." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1804 (June 15, 2020): 20190643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0643.
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A priori knowledge of fatty acid modifications in consumers is essential for studies using fatty acids as biomarkers. We investigated fatty acid metabolism and possible modification pathways in benthic invertebrate Chironomus riparius larvae (Diptera). We conducted diet manipulation experiments using natural food sources (two chlorophyte algae, a diatom and a non-toxic cyanobacterium). We also did a diet-switch experiment on two different resources, fish food flakes TetraMin ® and cyanobacterium Spirulina , to study fatty acid turnover in Chironomus . Results of the diet manipulation experiments indicate that Chironomus larvae have a strong tendency to biosynthesize 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6 from precursor fatty acids, and that the dietary availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) does not control larval growth. Fatty acid modifications explain why low dietary availability of PUFA did not significantly limit growth. This has ecologically relevant implications on the role of benthic chironomids in conveying energy to upper trophic level consumers. A diet-switch experiment showed that the turnover rate of fatty acids in Chironomus is relatively fast––a few days. The compositional differences of algal diets were large enough to separate Chironomus larvae into distinct groups even if significant modification of PUFA was observed. In summary, fatty acids are excellent dietary biomarkers for Chironomus , if modifications of PUFA are considered, and will provide high-resolution data on resource use. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Kelly, Colette N. M., Ruth D. Smith, and Christine M. Williams. "Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and haemostasis." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 2 (May 2001): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns200087.
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Diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are increasingly being recommended as a highly-effective cholesterol-lowering strategy in populations at risk of CHD. However, the need for a re-appraisal of the benefits of diets rich in MUFA became apparent as a result of recent studies showing that meals high in olive oil cause greater postprandial activation of blood coagulation factor VII than meals rich in saturated fatty acids. The present review evaluates the evidence for the effects of MUFA-rich diets on fasting and postprandial measurements of haemostasis, and describes data from a recently-completed long-term controlled dietary intervention study. The data show that a background diet high in MUFA has no adverse effect on fasting haemostatic variables and decreases the postprandial activation of factor VII in response to a standard fat-containing meal. Since the same study also showed a significant reduction in theex vivoactivation of platelets in subjects on the high-MUFA diet, the overall findings suggest that there is no reason for concern regarding adverse haemostatic consequences of high-MUFA diets.
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Rooke, J. A., I. M. Bland, and S. A. Edwards. "Relationships between fatty acid status of sow plasma and that of umbilical cord, plasma and tissues of newborn piglets when sows were fed on diets containing tuna oil or soyabean oil in late pregnancy." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 3 (September 1999): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001397.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate the relationships between maternal, umbilical cord and piglet fatty acid status, multiparous sows (six per diet) were fed on diets containing supplements (30 g/kg) of either soyabean oil or tuna oil for the last 21 d of pregnancy. The proportions of most fatty acids differed between diets: in particular, the tuna-oil-containing diet supplied more 22:6n-3 and less 18:2n-6 fatty acids than the soyabean-oil-containing diet. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentrations (mg/l) were greater than those in umbilical plasma and 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids were present in higher proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) in umbilical than maternal plasma. Feeding tuna oil increased the proportionate amounts (g/100 g fatty acids) of total n-3 fatty acids (particularly 22:6n-3) in umbilical cord, plasma and piglet tissues compared with feeding soyabean oil: in contrast, the proportion of 20:4n-6 was decreased by feeding tuna oil. Changes in piglet fatty acid proportions as a result of oil feeding were not influenced by piglet weight. While proportions of the long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglet liver, spleen and reproductive tract (ovaries plus uterus of the female, testes of the male) correlated well with those of umbilical plasma, those in brain and retina were poorly correlated. Therefore umbilical plasma cannot be used to predict the fatty acid status of piglet brain.
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Laurant, Pascal, Michel Dalle, Alain Berthelot, and Yves Rayssiguier. "Time-course of the change in blood pressure level in magnesium-deficient Wistar rats." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 3 (September 1999): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001427.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate the relationships between maternal, umbilical cord and piglet fatty acid status, multiparous sows (six per diet) were fed on diets containing supplements (30 g/kg) of either soyabean oil or tuna oil for the last 21 d of pregnancy. The proportions of most fatty acids differed between diets: in particular, the tuna-oil-containing diet supplied more 22:6n-3 and less 18:2n-6 fatty acids than the soyabean-oil-containing diet. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentrations (mg/l) were greater than those in umbilical plasma and 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids were present in higher proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) in umbilical than maternal plasma. Feeding tuna oil increased the proportionate amounts (g/100 g fatty acids) of total n-3 fatty acids (particularly 22:6n-3) in umbilical cord, plasma and piglet tissues compared with feeding soyabean oil: in contrast, the proportion of 20:4n-6 was decreased by feeding tuna oil. Changes in piglet fatty acid proportions as a result of oil feeding were not influenced by piglet weight. While proportions of the long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglet liver, spleen and reproductive tract (ovaries plus uterus of the female, testes of the male) correlated well with those of umbilical plasma, those in brain and retina were poorly correlated. Therefore umbilical plasma cannot be used to predict the fatty acid status of piglet brain.
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Simopoulos, Artemis P. "Genetic Variation, Diet, Inflammation, and the Risk for COVID-19." Lifestyle Genomics 14, no. 2 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513886.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by various symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to life-threatening pneumonia, “cytokine storm,” and multiorgan failure. The manifestation of COVID-19 may lead to a cytokine storm, i.e., it facilitates viral replication that triggers a strong release of cytokines, which then modulates the immune system and results in hyperinflammation. Today’s diet is high in omega-6 fatty acids and deficient in omega-3 fatty acids; this, along with a high fructose intake, leads to obesity, which is a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Omega-6 fatty acids are proinflammatory and prothrombotic whereas omega-3 fatty acids are less proinflammatory and thrombotic. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids make specialized lipid mediators, namely resolvins, protectins, and maresins, that are potent anti-inflammatory agents. Throughout evolution there was a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with a ratio of 1–2/1 omega-6/omega-3, but today this ratio is 16–20/1 omega-6/omega-3, leading to a proinflammatory state. In addition, genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2, ELOV-2, and ELOV-5 lead to a more efficient biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA), and (alpha-linolenic acid) (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), leading to higher ARA levels. Because the US diet is already high in omega-6 fatty acids, the increased biosynthesis of ARA in people with the derived FADS haplotype (haplotype D) leads to an increased production of leukotrienes, thromboxanes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and eventually elevated levels of cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which may increase susceptibility to COVID-19. About 80% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 45% of European Americans have the FADS haplotype D and are thus efficient metabolizers, which could account for the higher vulnerability of these populations to COVID-19. Therefore, another reason that African Americans and Hispanics are more susceptible to COVID-19 is that they have a higher frequency of haplotype D, which is no longer beneficial in today’s environment and diet. Genetic variation must be considered in all studies of disease development and therapy because it is important to the practice of precision nutrition by physicians and other health professionals. The objective of this commentary is to emphasize the importance of genetic variation within populations and its interaction with diet in the development of disease. Differences in the frequency of genes and their interactions with nutrients in various population groups must be considered among the factors contributing to health disparities in the development of COVID-19. A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is essential to health. Physicians should measure their patients’ fatty acids and recommend decreasing the intake of foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids along with fruits and vegetables.
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Novgorodtseva, T. P., Yu K. Karaman, and N. V. Zhukova. "Modification of fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipids of blood and liver in rat in conditions of prolonged high-fat diet." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 59, no. 6 (2013): 644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20135906644.
Full textAbstract:
Studied the composition of fatty acids of polar and neutral lipids of plasma, erythrocytes and liver Wistar rats under prolonged high-fat diet. It was established that during long-term (90-180 days) in rats high-fat load is blocking the cells ligand-retseptor active capture polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This is confirmed by the accumulation of blood in LDL cholesterol and lipid fractions, esterified n-3 and n-6 PUFA (triacylglycerides, sterols esters, phospholipids), while the deficit these same fatty acids in the lipids of erythrocytes. In the liver under the influence of prolonged high-fat diet increased pool monoenic (18:1 n-9) and polyunsaturated (20:5 n-3, 20:3 n-6, 22:5 n-3) fatty acids. These data suggest that prolonged exposure of rats high-fat diet contributes to compensatory de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the liver. However, due to violations of the receptor active transport of fatty acids synthesized in the liver fatty acids are not captured by cells of the peripheral organs. Identified data allow us to expand the understanding of the role of nutritional factors in the physiology and pathophysiology of the cell, modulation of lipid metabolism.
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Jalc, D., M. Certik, K. Kundrikova, and P. Namestkova. "Effect of unsaturated C18 fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids) on ruminal fermentation and production of fatty acids isomers in artificial rumen." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2012-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (ALA) acid used as supplements (3.5% wt/wt) to a diet containing 80% lucerne and 20% barley on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). The experiment lasted 12 days with 6 days of stabilization period. The fatty acid (FA) supplementation to a mixed diet did not affect any parameters of rumen fermentation (degradation of DM, NDF, ADF, total VFA production, production of acetate, propionate and butyrate). The methane production was decreased numerically (NS) by FA supplements (OA, LA, and ALA by about 8, 8.3 and 13.2%, respectively). The stoichiometric parameters of rumen fermentation such as NM (nitrogen incorporated by microflora), OMF (organic matter fermented) and EMS (efficiency of microbial protein synthesis) were affected by unsaturated C18 FA to a different extent. EMS calculated from NM and OMF was significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) increased by OA, ALA and decreased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) by LA. The lipid metabolism was also affected by C18 FA supplements. The concentration of total FA and proportion of LCFA (long chain fatty acids, > C<sub>18:0</sub>) increased and proportion of MCFA (medium chain fatty acids, C<sub>14:0</sub> − C<sub>17:0</sub>) decreased after OA, LA and ALA addition. The biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids was characterized by increased (NS) accumulation of stearic acid and trans isomers C18:1 and lower SFA/UFA ratio in the effluent. The concentrations of two main BH intermediates, TVA (trans 11 C<sub>18:1</sub>) and CLA (cis 9, trans 11 C<sub>18:2</sub>), significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) increased (TVA − 1.06, 1.29 and 1.10; CLA − 0.32, 0.43 and 0.36 mg/g rumen fluid DM, respectively) after OA, LA and ALA supplementation compared to the control (TVA − 0.7; CLA − 0.23).
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Cullingford, Tim E. "The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid-activated receptors and neurological disorders." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 70, no. 3 (March 2004): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.008.
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Iverson, S. J., J. P. Y. Arnould, and I. L. Boyd. "Milk fatty acid signatures indicate both major and minor shifts in the diet of lactating Antarctic fur seals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-026.
Full textAbstract:
Fatty acid signature analysis is based on the principle that unique arrays of fatty acids within groups of organisms can be transferred, largely unaltered, up the marine food chain and thus may be an indicator of diet composition. We applied fatty acid signature analysis to milks collected from Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) at South Georgia in 1990–1991, during the perinatal period (N = 19) and subsequently during early (N = 11), mid (N = 11), and late (N = 8) foraging trips. In lactating otariid females, milk fatty acids secreted during the perinatal fast are derived largely from blubber mobilization and thus are influenced by dietary history prior to parturition. Conversely, milk fatty acids secreted during foraging trips are derived primarily from immediate dietary intake. The fatty acid signature of perinatal milks was significantly different from that of all other milks, suggesting differences in the prepartum diet when females are away from the breeding grounds. At the onset of foraging periods, the fatty acid composition of milks' changed dramatically to reflect a diet composed mainly of krill. However, during late foraging periods, milk fatty acids again changed from those of early and mid foraging, and suggested a predominance of teleost fish in the diet. These findings were consistent with independent assessments of diet by faecal analysis and indicate the potential value of fatty acid signature analysis in studying foraging ecology in free-ranging pinnipeds.