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Bonner, Shelagh Anne. "Immunomodulatory effects of dietary fatty acids." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366809.
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Sherrington, Emma J. "Tissue responses to dietary lipids in the rat." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365389.
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Borthakur, Gayatri. "Dietary influences on the N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in blood and vascular lipids." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286236.
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Donnellan, Christopher Edward. "The effect of dietary fatty acids upon the development of obesity and insulin resistance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314138.
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Mora, Katherine. "Diet and Depression: A Secondary Analysis from NHANES 1999-2002." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194112.
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This Ph.D. dissertation presents results that shed light on whether there is an association between dietary intake and depressive disorder, feelings of sadness, or thoughts of death. This question is investigated in the context of a secondary data analysis using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. Subjects in this study were identified as a subpopulation of the NHANES survey that completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview questionnaire for major depression. The presence of depression may lead to a decline in dietary intake and nutritional status. Conversely, poor dietary intake may have a role in the etiology of depression. Specifically, depression is associated with lower plasma, erythrocyte, phospholipid, and adipose tissue omega-3 fatty acids. Little is known about the comprehensive dietary intake of those with depression or depressive symptoms. Initially, comparisons of the dietary profile between those with and without depression or depressive symptoms were investigated. Secondly, analysis was done to determine the relationship between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and depression or depressive symptoms. Lastly, to clarify the relationship between diet and depression, misreporting of dietary energy intake was evaluated.No significant differences in the dietary profile or nutritional biochemistries were found between the altered mood and normal mood groups. No significant differences were found in dietary omega-3 fatty acids between the depressed and non-depressed groups, even after adjusting for confounding variables. Misreporting of energy intake was not significantly associated with altered mood status and remained non-significant after adjusting for confounding variables. In both groups, a significant decreasing trend in the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI:BMRest) was found as body mass index increased.Based on dietary intake alone, the relationship between depression and specific nutrients may not be apparent. Dietary intake among those with depression and depressive symptoms appears to be adequate, but adequacy may not be sufficient as a route for prevention or management of depression. Further investigation of diet and depression ought to measure diet, including nutrition supplements, and biochemical levels of nutrients from a broader age range of adults and children and those with comorbid illnesses.
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Latham, Peter. "Effects of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on proliferation and apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302105.
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Phetteplace, Hope W. "Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids affect plasma and tissue lipids in chickens." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39900.
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Ly, Lan H. "Immunosuppressive dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate costimulatory regulation of murine CD4+ T-cell function." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1535.
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Consumption of fish oils (FO) enriched with the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is beneficial to a variety of inflammatory disorders due, in part, to the alteration of membrane composition of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells. We previously observed that down-regulation of proliferation and cytokine synthesis by CD4+ T-cells in mice fed diets rich in n-3 PUFA was dependent on the involvement of CD28, a co-stimulatory molecule necessary for T-cell activation. Since the co-receptor homologues, CD28 and CTLA-4, have opposing effects on T-cell activation, we hypothesized that the balance of costimulatory and downregulatory properties of CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively, would be altered by diet. A significant increase (p<0.05) in CD28 and CTLA-4 surface expression was observed in CD4+ T-cells post-stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore (PMA/Iono) or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (αCD3/CD28) antibodies in all diet groups. A significant increase (p<0.01; 20%) in the number of CD28 molecules was observed in n-3 PUFA vs. CO-fed mice after 48 h of in vitro CD4+ T-cell activation, and both CTLA-4 mRNA transcript and protein levels were upregulated by 50% at 72 h post-activation (p<0.01). Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 mAb in vivo in Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)-vaccinated mice did not alter the suppressive effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on antigen (PPD)-induced lymphocyte proliferation or delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
T-cells from both the C57BL/6 and IL-10mice fed dietary n-3 PUFA after 72 h of in vitro stimulation with αCD3/CD28. CD4T-cells from C57BL/6 mice fed DHA produced significantly less IFNγ and IL-10, while CD4T-cells from IL-10Ligation of CD28 upregulates IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) expression on CD4+ T-cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary n-3 PUFA would suppress T-cell function through the effects of IL-10. Surprisingly, the proliferation of purified splenic CD4+ T-cells activated in vitro with αCD3/CD28 was suppressed by dietary n-3 PUFA in both conventional mice (C57BL/6) and IL-10 gene knockout (IL-10(-/-)) mice. Furthermore, IL-10R cell surface expression was significantly down-regulated on CD4+ T-cells from both the C67BL/6 and IL-10(-/-) mice fed dietary n-3 PUFA produced significantly more IFNγ compared to the CO-fed group.
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Blay, Matthew. "Maturation of auditory parameters in the preterm infant with particular reference to diet." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6513.
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This study was developed from the original protocol which was to examine the role of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in the maturation of the auditory system in the preterm infant. The particular dietary components under investigation were arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaneoic( DHA) acids. This study investigates the wider aspects and implications of the preterm birth on the maturation of the preterm auditory system. Testing was performed using Auditory brainstem response (ABR) on preterm infants in Hillingdon Hospital's neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The recruitment criteria was <32 weeks gestational age (GA) or <1500g. A normative data set was produced using term infants (3742 weeks GA). Tympanometric testing was also introduced to assess middle ear (ME) function in both preterm and term infants. The susceptance and conductance components were recorded at frequencies between 226 and 2000Hz. This testing enabled normative data to be established for multi-component, multi-frequency tympanometric analysis. The effect of the preterm birth on tympanometric data was also examined. A total of 22 preterm infants were recruited onto the study. The maturational characteristics of ABR parameters relating to neural transmission and synaptic efficacy were investigated. The peripheral auditory system (PAS) and the lower brainstem region were found to have maturation in their neural transmission properties. The auditory nerve, however, displays constant neural transmission properties throughout the preterm period. Maturation of the synaptic efficacy (using the rate effect) of the PAS was not identified. However, both auditory nerve and lower brainstem regions display reductions in the rate effect. This was greatest in the auditory nerve. The effect of the preterm birth was assessed. The PAS showed lesser conductive properties for the preterm infant during the term period. This behaviour was confirmed by poor tympanometric data for the preterm infants. The auditory nerve showed the same transmission properties for both term and preterm infants. This indicates that the lack of maturation in this region is replicating the characteristics of the term infant developing in utero. The lower brainstem region would seem to be the most susceptible to delayed development in the preterm infant. The rate effect for the PAS and auditory nerve indicate that the extra-uterine environment has not been detrimental to the maturation of synaptic efficacy as measured by the rate effect. The lower brainstem region rate effect is slightly higher for the preterm infants. This may indicate that this region is the most susceptible to possible synaptic deficiency. There is indication of a gender effect for transmission properties in the preterm infant. This suggests superior properties for females in the central auditory system. It is possible that this also occurs on a synaptic level. Dietary analysis suggested that the preterm infants (on this study) fed formula milk enriched with a LCPUFA composition have comparable auditory function (as measured by ABR) with breastfed infants. It is concluded that breastmilk would be the diet of choice due to the additional medical benefits. Tympanometry was found to be well tolerated in both term and preterm neonate populations. Testing in enclosed style incubators in the NICU was successful. Normative characteristics for multi-component tympanornetry at various frequencies was established. The ear canal acoustic and mechanical properties were identified as a source of variability for tympanogram morphology in the neonate populations. The interaction of the neonate external auditory meatus (EAM) violates assumptions relating to numerical data. A lack of maturation was found for preteen data, there was no evolution to the normative term data over the period studied. The more complex nature of the preterm tympanometric data was still observed during the term period. This indicates that there is a difference between the maturational characteristics of the term infant and those for the preterm infant in the clinical environment. The PAS ABR characteristics were compared with tympanometric data collected from the preterm infants. The lack of maturation in the tympanometric data suggests that the major contribution to the ABR maturation during the preterm period is due to the cochlear transduction and basic synaptic delay components. In addition, that poorer ME function (as displayed in the tympanometric data) contributes to the lesser PAS ABR conductive properties in the preterm population by the term period.
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Langevin, Karolanne. "Fatty Acids Profiles of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) in Lakes of the Outaouais Region with and without Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35366.
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Fatty acids (FAs) are used as trophic markers in aquatic food web studies, but few studies have quantified individual variability in FAs profiles over several sites in a range of conditions. I investigated whether FAs profiles of yellow perch (YP), Perca flavescens, vary with body size and between lakes with and without largemouth (Micropterus salmoides), and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the most common and abundant piscivores in lakes of the region. I analyzed the FAs of YP as well as zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and prey fish collected from eight lakes where bass were either present or absent in the Outaouais region over the summer of 2016. I compared the growth rate of YP between the lakes and the YP in lakes without bass exhibited a slower growth rate. I also compared the FA signatures of YP using redundancy analysis (RDA). 23 FAs could be identified and quantified. FAs profiles were dominated by palmitic- (16:0), oleic- (18:1), stearic- (18:0), and palmitoleic acid (16:1). The RDA analysis based on FAs profiles of YP revealed variation along two main gradients (the presence of bass and the date of capture). The first two eigenvectors accounted for 42.1% of the variation (RDA1=27.6% and 2=14.6%). Arachidonic (20:4) and docosatrienoic (22:3) were the most correlated FAs with RDA1. Due to the sampling period, it was impossible to determine if the observed effects were due to the date of capture, the presence of bass, or a change in metabolism, but the last two were deemed as the most plausible explanations. It was concluded that the utility of FA signatures to quantify diet in natural environments is limited and that FAs might be more successful as markers in primary consumers and other lower trophic levels. It is recommended that a combination of FAs, stable isotopes, and modelling should be used in the future.
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Skidmore, Paula Marie Louise. "Diet and cardiovascular risk : population studies in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342981.
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Sado, Kamdem Sylvain Leroy <1973>. "Effect of diet supplementation in unsaturated fatty acids on meat keeping qualities: study of selected fatty acids antimicrobial properties and inhibition mechanism on Staphylococcus aureus." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/418/.
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Purcell, Robert. "Regulation of endothelial cell function by omega-3 fatty acids and their oxygenated metabolites : mediators of vascular protection?" Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701662.
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Grady, Sicilia Tatiana. "Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids and subsequent effects on fresh, cooled, and frozen seminal characteristics of stallions." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2868.
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Vierheller, Pamela Diane. "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Human Diet: Implications for Cognition, Mood, and Neural Development." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1179332516.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 19, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; PUFA; omega-3; omega-6; cognition; mood; neural development Includes bibliographical references.
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Cameron, James Raymond. "The Effect of Diet and Fatty Acid Composition on Egg Quality and Other Reproductive Performance Measurements of Captive Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CameronJR2006.pdf.
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Guardieiro, Monique Mendes. "Viabilidade seminal pré e pós-criopreservação em touros suplementados com gordura protegida e/ou antioxidantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22082013-164252/.
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A criopreservação de sêmen é de fundamental importância para a expansão das técnicas reprodutivas como a inseminação artificial, a transferência de embriões e a fecundação in vitro, entretanto é responsável pelo estresse oxidativo da célula espermática. Para incrementar a sobrevivência celular após a congelação, a membrana plasmática deve ter adequada fluidez que é garantida pelos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e suporte de defesa antioxidante para proteger contra a peroxidação lipídica. No intuito de tornar os espermatozoides mais resistentes à criopreservação, 48 touros da raça Nelore foram confinados (três animais por baia) e designados a quatro tratamentos de acordo com a adição de gordura protegida da degradação ruminal e/ou antioxidantes à dieta. Aos primeiros 30 dias, todos os touros receberam a mesma dieta de adaptação (bagaço de cana, polpa cítrica, farelo de glúten de milho, ureia e sal mineral). Posteriormente, durante 75 dias, a mesma dieta foi oferecida, diferindo na adição de: G) Gordura protegida da degradação ruminal (rica em ácido linoleico, Megalac-E®, 1,5% na MS; n = 12); A) antioxidante (fonte de vitamina C e selênio, EconomasE®, 3g/cabeça/dia; n = 12; GA), Megalac-E® e EconomasE® (n = 12) ou C) controle (n = 12). Colheitas e congelação de sêmen foram realizadas ao 0, 15, 30, 45, 55, 65 e 75 dias. Os dados foram analisados como medidas repetidas pelo Glimmix do SAS. O peso corporal e o perímetro escrotal não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P = 0,37). A atividade da glutationa peroxidase no plasma sanguíneo e seminal foi maior para as dietas contendo antioxidantes, especialmente aos 75 dias. O volume, turbilhonamento, vigor, porcentagem de cabeças aglutinadas do sêmen fresco, foram similares entre os grupos. Entretanto, dietas contendo gordura reduziram o número total de espermatozoides (P = 0,07) e a porcentagem de espermatozoides normais (P = 0,09). A peroxidação lipídica e a cinética espermática do sêmen descongelado foram similares entre as dietas experimentais. Por outro lado, dietas não contendo gordura aumentaram a porcentagem de espermatozoides com membrana plasmática (MP) íntegra e membrana acrossomal (MA) não reagida (62,2 ± 2,87 vs 53,3 ± 2,87%; P < 0,05). Além disso, dietas sem antioxidantes provocaram aumento no número de células espermáticas com MP lesada e MA reagida. Aos 65 dias de suplementação, espermatozoides de touros alimentados com dietas com gordura apresentaram maior estabilidade da MP, em relação aos outros tratamentos (60,4 ± 2,62 vs 52,7 ± 2,62%; P = 0,05), porém, aumentou o número de espermatozoides mortos (P = 0,10). O potencial mitocondrial espermático não foi afetado pelos tratamentos. Conclui-se que, apesar da viabilidade espermática pré-congelação não ter sido afetada pelas dietas experimentais, efeito benéfico aos espermatozoides após criopreservação foi encontrado quando suplementou-se touros com dietas contendo antioxidantes, em relação a dietas contendo gordura.Cryopreservation of semen is of fundamental importance to the expansion of reproductive techniques such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization, however, it is responsible for the oxidative stress of the sperm cell. To enhance cell survival after freezing, the plasma membrane has to have sufficient fluidity that is guaranteed by polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant defense to protect against lipid peroxidation. In order to make the sperm more resistant to cryopreservation, 48 Nelore bulls were confined (three animals per pen) and assigned to four treatments according to the addition of rumen protected fat and/or antioxidants to the diet. During 30 days, all bulls were fed the same adaptation diet (sugar cane bagasse, citrus pulp, corn gluten meal, urea and mineral salt). Thereafter, for 75 days, the same diet was offered, differing in the addition of: F) fat protected from rumen degradation (rich in linoleic acid; Megalac-E®, 1.5% DM, n = 12); A) Antioxidant (a source of vitamin C and selenium, EconomasE®, 3g/head/day, n = 12); FA) Megalac-E® and EconomasE ® (n = 12); or C) control group (n = 12). Semen collection and freezing were performed seven times: 0, 15, 30, 45, 55, 65 and 75 days of offering experimental diet period. Data were analyzed by repeated measures of GLIMMIX of SAS. Body weight and scrotal circumference did not differ between treatments (P = 0.37). The glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and seminal plasma was higher for diets containing antioxidants, especially at 75 days. The volume, mass motility, vigor, numbers of agglutinated spermatozoa in fresh semen were similar between groups. However, fat-containing diets reduced the total number of sperm (P = 0.07) and the percentage of normal spermatozoa (P = 0.09). Lipid peroxidation and the kinetics of thawed sperm were similar among diets. Moreover, diets not containing fat increased the percentage of intact sperm plasma membrane (PM) and unreacted acrosomal membrane (62.2 ± 2.87 vs 53.3 ± 2.87%, P < 0.05). In addition, diets without antioxidants caused an increase in the number of sperm cells with damaged PM and with Induction of sperm acrosome reaction. After 65 days of supplementation, sperm of bulls fed diets with fat had higher stability of the PM, compared to other treatments (60.4 ± 2.62 vs. 52.7 ± 2.62%, P = 0.05), however there was an increase the number of dead sperm (P = 0.10). The mitochondrial potential of spermatozoa was not affected by treatments. It is concluded that despite tha fact that the pre-freezing sperm viability was not affected by the experimental diets, beneficial effect to the sperm cells after cryopreservation was found when bulls were supplemented with diets containing antioxidants, compared to diets containing fat.
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Scarborough, S. C. "The effects of dietary fatty acids and knockdown resistance on the lipid composition and excitable properties of housefly nerve and muscle membranes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381085.
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Kellen, Sara. "Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colorectal Cancer and the Development of the Total Western Diet-2." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4016.
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The Western diet is commonly consumed by industrialized societies and characterized by an increased consumption of vegetable oils rich in omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids. This results in a higher ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in the diet. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are believed to induce a pro-inflammatory response in the body. Therefore, this change in PUFA concentration and/or ratio of n-6:n-3 in the Western diet may contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Five identical diets, varying only in PUFA concentration and n-6:n-3 ratio, were fed to mice dosed with a carcinogen and an inflammatory accent (AOM+DSS). The diets included: 1.) AIN-93G, control diet, containing 7% (kcal) dietary PUFA, 7:1 n-6:n-3 ratio, 2.) 2.5% dietary PUFA 1:1 n-6:n-3 ratio, 3.) 2.5% PUFA 20:1 n-6:n-3, 4.) 10% PUFA 1:1 n-6:n-3, and 5.) 10% PUFA 20:1 n-6:n-3. PUFA ratio had a significant effect on tumor size. Diets having an n-6:n-3 ratio of 1:1 resulted in significantly larger tumors than diets with an n-6:n-3ratio of 20:1. Mice fed either the AIN-93G or 2.5% 1:1 diet had the highest number of tumors compared to the other experimental diets. From these results, it appears that the dietary PUFA profile influences the etiology of CRC.
Studies investigating CRC commonly use rodent models to investigate human diseases. Typically rodents are fed diets formulated to promote growth and heath, however these diets are considerably different than the Western diet in terms of macro- and micronutrients. Diet is known to influence CRC incidence, which led to the development of the Total Western Diet (TWD) by Hinze and colleagues. The TWD is a rodent diet that uses purified ingredients to match the macro- and micronutrient composition of the average American diet. However, the complex nature of whole-foods is also known to impact colon health, so the TWD was redesigned. The TWD-2 is the only whole-foods-based rodent diet that emulates the macro- and micronutrient consumption of the average American. Initiating studies using the TWD-2, in place of the AIN diets, will hopefully make the rodent a better model for human disease research.
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Hagfors, Linda. "A Mediterranean dietary intervention study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89.
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Jaritkhuan, Somtawin. "Thraustochytrids as a food source in aquaculture." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343334.
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Naples, Scott Thyfault John P. "Metabolic responses to a high fat diet in skeletal muscle of rats bred for high or low endurance running capacities." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6585.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 19, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Thyfault. Includes bibliographical references.
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Pita, Maria Carolina Gonçalves. "Fontes marinhas e vegetais de PUFAs na dieta de galinhas poedeiras: efeito na composição lipídica da gema do ovo e tempo de incorporação dos ácidos graxos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-01082007-153351/.
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Foram utilizadas 144 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White por um período de quatro semanas, com o intuito de verificar o efeito da adição de 3% dos óleos de soja, milho, canola, linhaça, salmão ou da mistura de sardinha e atum na dieta das aves, sobre a composição dos ácidos graxos na gema dos ovos e no plasma sanguíneo das aves, bem como o tempo de incorporação total de cada ácido graxo na gema dos ovos durante o período experimental. Paralelamente foram avaliados, o desempenho das aves e a qualidade externa dos ovos. Para análise estatística dos resultados empregou- se modelo fatorial 6X6 em blocos casualizados sendo as aves distribuídas em 72 gaiolas. A adição de 3% de óleo de salmão ou de milho à ração determinou redução significativa no consumo alimentar. O tratamento que recebeu 3% de óleo de salmão promoveu menor peso da casca dos ovos (g) bem como menor espessura da casca (mm). A inclusão dos óleos de linhaça, soja ou milho à dieta, determinou aumento dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados na gema e no plasma das galinhas. A adição de óleo de sardinha e atum proporcionou maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados na gema. Os teores de PUFAs n-3 foram maiores nas gemas do tratamento a base de óleo de sardinha, enquanto que no plasma a maior concentração foi observada no tratamento com óleo de linhaça. O óleo de linhaça proporcionou o maior teor de ácido α-linolênico incorporado à gema e no plasma sanguíneo. As quantidades de EPA na gema e no plasma mostraram-se maiores no grupo que recebeu 3% de óleo de sardinha e atum que, por sua vez, também foram responsáveis pelos mais elevados teores de DHA na gema dos ovos. Já com relação ao plasma, as maiores concentrações de DHA foram observadas nos grupos alimentados com óleos de salmão e sardinha/atum. Os PUFAs diminuíram na gema até o oitavo dia experimental, enquanto que os PUFAs n-3 aumentaram até este dia. Os teores de ácido α-linolênico foram crescentes até o décimo dia de experimento, enquanto que as concentrações de EPA e DHA aumentaram até o oitavo dia de experimento.Hundred forty-four Shaver White laying hens were used over a 4 week experimental period to investigate the effect of 3% of soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, salmon oil or tuna and sardine oil added to the diets, upon the fatty acid egg yolk composition, blood plasma levels and incorporation time of each fatty acid into the egg yolk. Reproductive performance of hens and external egg quality were evaluated. Hens were allocated into 72 cages and the experimental design was a 6X6 randomized factorial model. Hens fed 3% salmon or corn oil diet showed a significant reduction of food consumption, eggshell weight (g) and eggshell thickness (mm). The addition of flaxseed, soybean or corn oil into the diet increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids levels into the egg yolk and in the blood plasma. Adding tuna and sardine oil into the diet increased the concentration of yolk saturated fatty acids. The levels of PUFAs n-3 were increased in the tuna and sardine oil treatment, while the flaxseed oil increased the plasma fatty acids. The deposition of α-linolenic fatty acids was higher in the group fed flaxseed oil The percentage of EPA into the yolk and plasma was higher for the hens fed 3% tuna and sardine oil diet, as well as the levels of yolk DHA. The concentration of DHA into the plasma was higher for the salmon and tuna/sardine oil treatments. The PUFAs yolk decreased during the first eight days of experiment, while the PUFAs n-3 increased during the same period. The concentration of α-linolenic acid increased until ten days of experiment, while the percentage of EPA and DHA increased up to the eighth experimental day.
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Rose, Angela M. "Relationships Between the Features of Metabolic Syndrome and Fatty Acids in the Diet, Plasma, and Adipose Tissue of Healthy Older Adults." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337899212.
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Lu, Yu-Chun. "Effect of diet fatty acids on body energy partitioning through the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486462067843508.
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Abel, Stefan. "Fatty acids as cancer preventive tools in the dietary modulation of altered lipid profiles associated with hepatocarcinogenesis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis consists of a brief description on cancer, carcinogenesis, the changes in the type and level of dietary fat available in our diets over time and association with the development of certain diseases. The main focus of this research was on omega 6 and omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFA) and their interaction with regards to carcinogenesis.
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Ross, Amy Patricia. "Effects of a High Fructose Diet on Physiology and Cognition in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/45.
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Fructose consumption has increased exponentially during the past four decades. The physiological effects of a high fructose diet include obesity and insulin resistance. In animal models, the effects of a high fructose diet on fat distribution are inconclusive in that some studies find increases in body mass and lipids while others find no effect. Recent findings indicate that a high fructose diet causes hippocampal insulin resistance in hamsters, raising the possibility that the diet causes impairments in cognition. The following experiments tested the hypotheses that a high fructose diet alters fat distribution rather than total body mass and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory. Results indicated that the high fructose diet did not affect fat distribution, but did increase plasma triacylglycerides. Interestingly, the diet also impaired spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze, and this effect was correlated with plasma triacylglycerides. These results indicate that a high fructose diet impairs brain function.
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Rogers, Wendy J. "Effects of dietary stearic and linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis and longevity of aging strain A/ST mice." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115733.
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This investigation studies the effects of diets containing varying amounts of linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) and stearic acid (a saturated fatty acid) on tumorigenesis, weight and longevity in strain A/ST mice. Linoleic acid [ 18 carbons and 2 double bonds (18:2)] was chosen to represent a fatty acid known to enhance tumorigenesis and obesity in certain strains of mice. Stearic acid [ 18 carbons and no double bonds (18:0)] represents a saturated fatty acid known to increase the latency period for mammary tumor development and to decrease the rate of tumor growth. This study was conducted to determine whether the effects of fatty acids observed in younger mice on time to tumor, survival and body weights were also found in aging animals. Further, by varying the amount of linoleic acid in the diet, this study examined whether the tumor enhancing effects of increasing amounts of linoleic acid could be overcome by the incorporation of dietary stearic acid. All diets had equal percentages, by weight, of protein, salt, sucrose, mineral salt, and vitamin levels and an equal number of calories per gram of food. The SF diet was rich in linoleic acid. The SA-1 diet contained enough linoleic acid to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency, and the SA-4 diet contained the maximal amount of linoleic acid for tumor enhancement. Total body weight and tumor production in the three dietary groups show a relationship between an increase in body weight and tumor production as the amount of dietary linoleic acid increases. There also is an inverse relationship between animal survival and body weight as the amount of dietary linoleic acid increases. Survival thus appears to be dependent on tumor production in the three dietary groups, where there appears to be an inverse relationship between survival and time to tumor as the amount of dietary linoleic acid increases at each timepoint. These results suggest that the inclusion of stearic acid in the diet can, in part, overcome this enhancing effect of linoleic acid, even at the optimal tumor producing level of linoleic acid. The results of this study indicate that that effects of linoleic and stearic acid in aging mice are similar to those in younger animals.Department of Biology
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Latreille, Julie. "Approche épidémiologique du rôle des acides gras sur le vieillissement cutané dans le cadre de l’étude SU.VI.MAX." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CNAM0866/document.
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L’éventuel effet photo-protecteur sur la peau des lipides a été jusqu’à présent peu examiné. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’apport alimentaire en acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI) et en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 et le photo-vieillissement cutané du visage chez une large population d’hommes et de femmes âgés entre 45 et 60 ans. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence un lien inverse entre les apports en en huile d’olive et la sévérité du photo-vieillissement. Lors de l’étude des AGPI n-3, un lien inverse a été mis en évidence entre la sévérité du photo-vieillissement et les apports en acide α-linolénique (ALA) des huiles végétales et des fruits et légumes chez les hommes. Chez les femmes un lien inverse a été trouvé avec les apports en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et une tendance avec les ALA des huiles végétales. Ces travaux soutiennent les recommandations en faveur d’un régime riche en huile d’olive et en AGPI n-3 comme celui du régime méditerranéenThe possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet
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Lavrador, Maria Silvia Ferrari. "Efeito da ingestão das gorduras interesterificadas sobre vias inflamatórias e metabólicas no fígado e tecido adiposo de camundongos LDLr-KO." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-13062017-164736/.
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Introdução: as gorduras interesterificadas, ricas em ácidos graxos saturados, vêm sendo utilizadas pela indústria alimentícia em substituição aos ácidos graxos trans. Os principais ácidos graxos saturados empregados no processo de interesterificação são o palmítico e o esteárico, os quais podem, respectivamente, apresentar efeitos deletérios ou serem neutros, do ponto de vista cardiovascular e metabólico. A quantidade de ácido esteárico na dieta é menor em comparação ao palmítico, e não está elucidada a implicação de seu alto consumo. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das gorduras interesterificadas contendo ácido palmítico ou ácido esteárico sobre as principais vias de sinalização envolvidas no metabolismo do tecido hepático e adiposo. Métodos: camundongos machos LDLr-KO foram alimentados durante 16 semanas com dieta hiperlipídica (40% de energia em forma de gordura) contendo maior concentração de poli-insaturados (POLI), palmítico (PALM), palmítico interesterificado (PALM INTER), esteárico (ESTEAR) ou esteárico interesterificado (ESTEAR INTER). Determinaram-se a composição corporal, conteúdo de gordura no fígado, concentração plasmática de colesterol, triglicérides, glicose e insulina. A expressão de genes envolvidos no metabolismo lipídico e vias inflamatórias no tecido adiposo visceral e hepático foi determinada por RT-qPCR. Além disso, a síntese de proteínas e proteínas fosforiladas foi medida por Imunnoblotting. O infiltrado de células inflamatórias no tecido hepático e histologia do tecido adiposo, bem como o conteúdo de colágeno do fígado, foram determinados por coloração com eosina e hematoxilina e Sirius Red, respectivamente. Resultados: o processo de interesterificação não alterou parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos e as quantidades de CT e TG no tecido hepático. No entanto, ambas as gorduras interesterificadas induziram maior conteúdo de colágeno no fígado e fosforilação de JNK. Adicionalmente, o grupo ESTEAR INTER desenvolveu NASH, associada a maior infiltrado de neutrófilos. Por outro lado, PALM INTER induziu maior expansão do tecido adiposo, juntamente com hipertrofia de adipócitos, condições associadas à ativação da via de sinalização \"upstream\" do NFkB, observada para a fosforilação de IKK, o que contribuiu para maior teor de TNFalfa. Conclusão: as gorduras interesterificadas enriquecidas com ácido palmítico induziram fibrose hepática, bem como a expansão do tecido adiposo, com hipertrofia dos adipócitos; e as gorduras contendo ácido esteárico induziram NASH em camundongos LDLr-KOBackground: interesterified fats, rich in saturated fatty acids, have been used by the food industry as a substitute for trans fatty acids. The main saturated fatty acids used in the interesterification process are palmitic and stearic, which may, respectively, have deleterious effects or be cardiovascular and metabolic neutral. Objetive: to evaluate the effect of interesterified fats containing palmitic or stearic acids on signaling pathways involved in the hepatic and adipose tissue lipid metabolism. Methods: Weaning male LDLr-KO mice were fed a high-fat diet (40% energy as fat) containing polyunsaturated (PUFA), palmitic (PALM), palmitic interesterified (PALM INTER), stearic (STEAR) or stearic interesterified (STEAR INTER) fats for 16 weeks. Body composition, liver fat content, total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. Gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation process in liver and white adipose tissue was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, amount of proteins and activated proteins were measured by Western blot. Hepatic and adipose tissue inflammatory cells infiltration as well as liver collagen content were determined by eosin and hematoxylin and Sirius Red staining, respectively. Results: Interesterified process did not alter plasma biochemical parameters and amounts of TC and TG in hepatic tissue. However, both interesterified fats brought on a higher liver collagen content and JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, STEAR INTER group developed NASH associated with a higher neutrophil infiltration. On the other hand, PALM INTER induced a higher adipose tissue expansion together with the enlargement of adipocytes, conditions associated with the activation of upstream NFkB signaling pathway as observed for IKK phosphorylation, contributing to higher TNFalpha protein content. Conclusions: Interesterified fats containing stearic acid induced NASH and enriched with palmitic acid trigger on steatosis with fibrosis as well as hypertrophy and inflammatory signaling activation in the adipose tissue in LDLr-KO mice
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Gibbs, Rachael Ann. "Very long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet and opportunities to increase intake of them." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515778.
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Grieve, Adrian. "Effects of diet quality and quantity on resource use, growth and fatty-acid composition of a benthic generalist consumer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136467.
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Variation in quality and quantity of food resources can affect consumer productivity responses throughout the food chain, particularly the efficiency at which basal resources are converted to consumer biomass. I performed a manipulative feeding experiment to investigate the somatic growth and fatty acid incorporation in the benthic generalist isopod Asellus aquaticus, in response to differing ratios of autochthonous (high quality algae) to allochthonous (low quality leaf litter) foods. I used stable isotopes to quantify the assimilated diet proportions across a range of diet treatments to determine the relative resources that contributed to growth. There were significant differences in growth between treatments, being lowest in treatments A (100% leaf litter) and G (100% algae), with highest growth experienced in treatment B (90% leaf litter/ 10% algae). Stable isotope data revealed that there was very little variation in algal assimilation among combined diet treatments. Fatty acids (FA) indicators eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA):total FA and EPA:omega 3 (ω3) FA and arachidonic acid (ARA):total FA declined with increasing growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA):ω3 showed a positive relationship with growth. These findings provide support for previous feeding trials conducted with Asellus, though there are some contrasts with zooplankton. The results suggest a balance between allochthonous and autochthonous dietary sources combine to enhance primary consumer fitness, and the relative availability of each may interact to determine growth and accumulation of important FA compounds. In terms of FA and trophic transfer, temporal and spatial variation in consumer physiological demands might determine the retention and use of FA.
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Sampels, Sabine. "Fatty acids and antioxidants in reindeer and red deer : emphasis on animal nutrition and consequent meat quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200531.pdf.
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Nguyen, Jason P. "The effect of a diet supplemented with flaxseed oil on the lipid content and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle tissue." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4777.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 33 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-33).
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Amir-Ahmady, Batoul. "The molecular mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulation by dietary factors in intact animals." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1604.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 126 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-115).
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Lattimer, James M. "Effects of diet induced short chain fatty acids on blood metabolites and key regulators of lipid metabolism in gilts." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13613.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Human Nutrition
Mark D. Haub
Background: Dietary fiber has been shown to help improve several metabolic disorders including obesity and type II diabetes. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood. Purpose: This study was designed to compare the effects of energy restriction and dietary fiber and subsequent production of short chain fatty acids on body composition, biomarkers of health, and hepatic and myocellular expression of key regulators of lipid metabolism Methods: Crossbred gilts (n=17) were randomly assigned to either a control (CON), high fiber (HF) or energy restricted (ER) diet for 42 days. Gilts on the CON and HF diets were fed ad libitum. The ER Gilts were pair fed HF gilts and matched for body weight gain. Blood samples were collected and glucose, insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations were measured. Liver and muscle tissue were biopsied and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gama (PGC-1α) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) were determined via RT-PCR. Results: HF gilts had significantly higher plasma TG and lower NEFA concentrations when compared to the CON and ER. The HF diet elicited a significant increase in all plasma SCFA concentrations. No differences in fold change of myocyte CPT1 and PGC-1α mRNA expression were found while they tended to be lower in hepatic samples of the HF gilts. HF gilts also had a lower (P < 0.05) back fat thickness when compared to the ER even though energy intakes were similar. Minimal changes were observed in fasting glucose and insulin as a result of diet. Conclusions: Gilts consuming a diet high in dietary fiber (DF) significantly altered their plasma lipid profiles independently to that of energy restriction and body weight and appears to be a result of plasma SCFA concentration. DF and/or SCFA appear to have minimal affects on CPT1 and PGC-1α in the liver and muscle of gilts.
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Brewster, Jasmine Dawn. "Characterizing the diet and habitat niches of coastal fish populations in the Beaufort Sea Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Area." Marine Ecological Progress Series, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31961.
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To evaluate the niche of coastal fish populations in the Beaufort Sea, stable isotopes (SI) and fatty acids (FA) were used to characterize species-specific niches, niche overlaps and resource partitioning (nicheROVER) of the Shingle Point fish populations. Fishes were grouped into three isotopic groups: marine, coastal, and freshwater (Ward’s clustering analysis), and five dietary groupings (using FA), where benthic feeding strategies were prevalent (correspondence analysis). Niche metrics were used to evaluate if total mercury (THg) could contribute complementary trophic information (residual permutation procedure (RPP)). Three THg groups (high, intermediate, low) were identified (boxplot analysis). High THg was identified in high trophic and benthic feeders, high THg ranges were observed in species with large niche sizes, high trophic feeding, and freshwater influences (RPP). The bioavailability of freshwater introduced THg to marine biota was assessed, however further research needs to be performed. Combining dietary indicators SI, FA, and THg, allowed for the characterization of the diet and habitat use of coastal fish populations, better understanding of the niches of these species, and developed baseline information for future monitoring in an MPA, as climate change continues to effect the Beaufort coastal environment.February 2017
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Simmons, Courtney Anne. "The effect of a flaxseed-oil enhanced diet on the shelf life and sensory characteristics of farmed brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10129.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 115 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Escobar, Esdras Launi Oliveira. "Acidos graxos com diferentes caracteristicas afetam o crescimento prostatico e a expressão dos receptores de androgeno (AR) e dos ativadores da proliferação dos peroxissomos y (PPARy)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317564.
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Orientador: Hernandes Faustino de CarvalhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:33:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Escobar_EsdrasLauniOliveira_M.pdf: 992060 bytes, checksum: 84890f8de9a24a3d1c8b06e7da089112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A próstata é uma glândula acessória do trato reprodutor masculino. Muitos são os fatores envolvidos no carcinogênese prostática. Os nutricionais são usualmente associados com a etiopatogenia do câncer de próstata, sendo que os ácidos graxos estão entre os mais importantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos ácidos graxos presentes na dieta sobre o crescimento da próstata ventral de ratos, sobre a organização do tecido e sobre a expressão do receptor de andrógeno (AR) e do receptor dos ativadores da proliferação dos peroxissomos ? (PPAR?). Ratos Wistar machos foram utilizados, divididos em 5 grupos que receberam dietas isocalóricas por 10 semanas após o desmame. O grupo I foi tratado com dieta cuja porção lipídica continha óleo de soja. O grupo II recebeu óleo de soja e óleo de linhaça (1:1). O grupo III foi alimentado com óleo de linhaça. O grupo IV teve na dieta óleo de soja e banha de porco (1:1). O grupo V foi tratado com banha de porco. Ao fim do tratamento, as próstatas foram removidas e processadas para imunohistoquímica ou congeladas para análises bioquímicas. Os níveis circulantes de testosterona e do estradiol foram medidos. Os ensaios demonstraram que a banha de porco e o óleo de linhaça causaram efeitos opostos em relação ao crescimento prostático. Enquanto o primeiro promoveu um aumento no peso prostático, o outro causou uma significativa diminuição no órgão. A análise histológica revelou nítida hiperplasia epitelial, que foi confirmada pela análise estereológica, em resposta ao tratamento com dieta contendo apenas banha de porco como componente lipídico. Esta estrutura epitelial está associada a um aumento na taxa de proliferação epitelial, como demonstrado pela quantificação de células em proliferação, com o uso do antígeno Ki67. Experimentos de imunohistoquímica e Western blotting demonstraram um aumento na expressão de AR e PPAR? nos grupos que receberam banha de porco na dieta, enquanto o óleo de linhaça (contido) promoveu uma diminuição nos níveis de ambas as proteínas nucleares. Estes resultados sugerem que o crescimento prostático é influenciado por ácidos graxos presentes na dieta, e que esta influência pode ocorrer através de um aumento da expressão de AR e de PPAR?. Estes dados sugerem que PPAR? pode representar o elo de ligação entre a dieta e a predisposição ao câncer do próstata, sendo que a expressão e a função do AR podem ser alvos de regulação pelo PPAR?. Como os níveis circulantes de testosterona mostraram-se alterados é também possível que as alterações prostáticas sejam secundárias aos efeitos sistêmicos da dieta
Abstract: The prostate is an accessory gland of the male reproductive tract. Many factors are involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Nutritional factors are usually associated with the etiopathogenesis of the prostate cancer and fatty acids are among the most important ones. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dietary fatty acid on the rat ventral prostate growth, tissue organization, and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and peroxisome proliferation-activator receptor ? (PPAR?). Male Wistar rats were used and divided in 5 groups that received isocaloric diets for 10 weeks after weaning. Group I was treated with soybean oil. Group II received soybean oil and linseed oil (1:1). Group III was fed on linseed oil. Group IV had soybean oil and rendered pork fat (1:1). Group V was treated with rendered pork fat. At the end of treatment, the prostates were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry or frozen for biochemical analyses. Circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol were measured. Experiments demonstrated that lard and linseed oil caused opposite effects on prostatic growth. While the former promoted an increase in prostatic weight, the latter resulted in a significantly lighter organ. Epithelial hyperplasia was observed by histological inspection and confirmed by stereology as the major tissue response to the rendered pork fat diet. This aspect was associated with higher proliferative rates as demonstrated by counting proliferating cell expressing the KI-67 antigen. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated increased expression of AR and PPAR? in groups receiving lard as the source of fatty acids, while linseed oil promotes a decrease on the protein levels of both nuclear receptors. These results suggest that prostate growth is influenced by dietary fatty acids and that this influence might occur via enhanced expression of PPAR? and AR. One suggests that PPAR? might represent the link between diet and predisposition to prostate cancer and that AR expression and function could be targeted by PPAR? activation. Since the levels of circulating testosterone were altered it is also possible that prostatic changes are secondary to systemic effects of the diet
Mestrado
Histologia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Dunder, T. (Teija). "Environment and atopy and asthma in childhood:the effect of dietary fats, common infections and asthma treatment practises on morbidity rates." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287510.
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Abstract
Despite the common recommendations of the criteria for the diagnosis of asthma there is still a wide variation within different regions in diagnoses, use of medications and hospitalisation rates especially among young children. This thesis elucidates the role of spesified environmental risk factors associated with the development of atopic diseases in childhood.
In two prospective follow-up surveys we found that allergies and asthma associate with the consumption of margarines, butter and fish and that the common infection of childhood, RS-virus infection, does not increase asthma morbidity in adolescence. In a randomised set-up we were able to verify that the common childhood infections do not protect from allergies and asthma. In a retrospective survey we found that hospitalisation rates can reflect medication practices in different regions.
Our results indicate that consumption of fat in the diet can be one triggering factor for allergies but common childhood infections are merely markers of susceptibility to allergies and asthma rather than the cause of it.
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Oliveira, Claudimar de Jesus. "Avaliação comparativa, \"in vitro\" e \"in vivo\", das propriedades antioxidantes da dieta do estado de São Paulo com a Dieta Mediterrânea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-22092017-110415/.
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O bom funcionamento do organismo está intimamente relacionado com o consumo alimentar, pois através dos alimentos obtemos os nutrientes essenciais para processos biológicos vitais. Várias pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas com a finalidade de se determinar a atividade antioxidante de compostos em alimentos e de forma geral, condutas e hábitos alimentares. Alguns padrões dietéticos são seguidos como modelo, sendo o caso da Dieta Mediterrânea. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante de rações alimentares (comumente denominadas dietas) consumidas em duas localidades: 1) estado de São Paulo e 2) Grécia. As rações foram elaboradas com alimentos coccionados e alimentos in natura, inerentes a cada população, obtidos através de relatórios de órgãos oficiais - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e Eurapean Commission (Health Monitoring Programme - Data Food Networking - DAFNE). Após processamento, esses alimentos foram liofilizados e então, triturados. Para determinação da atividade antioxidante in vitro, alíquotas das rações foram desengorduradas, devido à natureza dos ensaios antioxidantes in vitro. Para determinação da atividade antioxidante in vitro foram realizados dois ensaios: cooxidação β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e 2,2-difenil-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Além da atividade antioxidante in vitro, foram executados ensaios nas dietas para a determinação da composição centesimal, perfil de ácidos graxos e determinação dos compostos fenólicos totais. Após esse delineamento, realizou-se o ensaio biológico, onde foram utilizados 30 ratos machos, da linhagem Wistar, recém desmamados e submetidos a 30 dias de tratamento, sob condições ambientais controladas, após os quais, os animais foram sacrificados para a retirada de cérebro, fígado e plasma. Ensaios foram realizados nesses tecidos com a finalidade de se avaliar a eficácia da conduta dietoterápica: atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em tecidos alvo (fígado e cérebro), peroxidação de tecidos (fígado, cérebro e plasma) e perfil de ácidos graxos (fígado, cérebro e plasma). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as duas dietas estudadas mantiveram a integridade orgânica. Um fato relevante é que a dieta do Estado de São Paulo foi composta por alimentos acessíveis e de hábito regular na população nacional estudada, sendo essa equiparada qualitativamente com a Dieta Mediterrânea, uma referência mundial. A Dieta Nacional do Estado de São Paulo (DNSP) possui atividade antioxidante similar à Dieta Mediterrânea (DM), utilizada como modelo de referência.The good operation of the organism is intimately related with the alimentary consumption , since through the victuals we obtain essential nutrients for vital biological processes. Several researches have been accomplished with the purpose of being determined the antioxidant activity of composed in victuals and of general form, conducts and alimentary habits. Some dietary patterns are followed as model, being the case of the Mediterranean Diet. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of alimentary diets was evaluated (commonly denominated diets) consumed at two places: 1) state of São Paulo and 2) Greece. The diets were elaborated with victuals cooked and victuals in natura, inherent to each population, obtained through reports of official organs - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and European Commission (Health Monitoring Programme - it Dates Food Networking -DAFNE). After processing, those victuals were Iyophilized and then, triturated. For determination of the activity antioxidant in vitro, aliquots of the rations were degreased, due to the nature of the tests antioxidant in vitro. For determination of the activity antioxidant in vitro two rehearsals were accomplished: co-oxidation of linoléico acid and β-carotene and 2,2-difenil-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Besides activity antioxidant in vitro, were made executed in the diets for the determination of the centesimal composition, profile of fat acids and determination of compositions total phenolics compounds. After that out line, took place the biological rehearsal, where 30 male mice were used, of the lineage Wistar, recently weaned and submitted to 30 days of treatment, under controlled environmental conditions, after the ones which, the animals were sacrificed for the brain retreat, liver and it shapes. Rehearsals were accomplished in those tissues with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of the diets: activity of antioxidant enzymes in woven objective (Iiver and brain), peroxidation of tissues (Iiver, brain and it shapes) and profile of fat acids (Iiver, brain and it shapes). The obtained results indicated that the two studied diets maintained the organic integrity. An important fact is that the diet of the State of São Paulo was composed by accessible victuals and of regular habit in the studied national population, being that comparison qualitative with the Mediterranean Diet, a world reference. The National Diet of the State of São Paulo (DNSP) it possesses similar antioxidant activity to a reference model, Mediterranean Diet (DM).
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Fiamoncini, Jarlei. "Efeitos de dietas com diferentes conteúdos de ácidos graxos ômega-3 no metabolismo energético - modulação da função dos peroxissomos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42137/tde-21072011-160053/.
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Ácidos graxos ácidos saturados induzem resistência à insulina, enquanto ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 previnem. Camundongos Swiss foram tratados com dieta controle e dietas contendo óleo de peixe a 4% (NFO) e 40% (HFO) ou banha de suínos a 4% (NL) e 40% (HL) por oito semanas. O grupo HFO apresentou menor massa gorda e peso corpóreo em relação ao HL. Nos grupos NFO e HFO, a insulinemia, glicemia basal e aquela durante o teste de tolerância à glicose foi menor em relação ao HL. Apesar de não haver diferenças no conteúdo de triacilgliceróis no músculo esquelético, o grupo HFO apresentou 60% menos triacilgliceróis no fígado que nos grupos NL e HL. O menor consumo de oxigênio associado ao aumento da oxidação parcial do ácido palmítico e da atividade da acil CoA oxidase no fígado dos animais HFO, indicam maior oxidação peroxissomal de AG. Este processo demanda a metabolização de maior número de moléculas de AG, contribuindo para o menor acúmulo de gordura e preservação da tolerância à glicose.Saturated fatty acids induce insulin resistance, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent it. Swiss mice were fed on diets containing fish oil at 4% (NFO) and 40% (HFO) or lard at 4% and 40% for eight weeks. The HFO group showed smaller fat mass and body weight compared to HL. In the groups NFO and HFO, basal insulinemia and glycemia and the area under the curve during glucose tolerance test were lower, compared to HL. Despite no differences on skeletal muscle triacylglycerol content, the HFO group had 60% less triacylglycerols in the liver, compared to NL and HL. The lower oxigen consumption associated to the increase in partial oxidation of palmitic acid and activity of acyl CoA oxidase in the liver of the HFO group, indicate increased peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids. This process demands the metabolization of more fatty acid molecules, contributing to the decresed fat acumulation and preservation of glucose tolerance.
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Shultz, Jennifer M. "Effects of sex steroids and diet on adipose distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6592.
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Jankord, Ryan. "Modulation of the ACTH response to stress by IL-6, nitric oxide, diet and exercise." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4418.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "December 2006" Includes bibliographical references.
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Figueiredo, Roberta Marcondes Machado. "Efeito dos ácidos graxos saturados, poli-insaturados e trans no desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e esteatose hepática em camundongos com ablação gênica do receptor de LDL." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-18012013-145918/.
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Introdução: A quantidade e o tipo de gordura alimentar exercem importante influência no desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular (DCV) e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática. Os ácidos graxos saturados e trans são consensualmente apontados como aterogênicos; já os poli-insaturados parecem exercer ação antiaterogênica. Com relação a esteatose hepática, sabe-se que os ácidos graxos saturados estão associados com o seu desenvolvimento; porém, a ação dos ácidos graxos trans na gênese e no desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática não está totalmente elucidada. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito do consumo de dietas enriquecidas com ácidos graxos saturados (SAT), poli-insaturados (POLI) ou trans (TRANS) sobre componentes envolvidos na indução e na progressão da placa aterosclerótica, bem como sobre o desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Métodos: Camundongos com ablação gênica para o receptor de LDL (LDLr-KO) foram alimentados com dietas hiperlipídicas (40% do valor calórico total sob a forma de gordura), enriquecidas com ácidos graxos SAT, POLI ou TRANS por 16 semanas e ao final submetidos a: 1) análises plasmáticas: colesterol total (CT), triglicérides (TG), insulina, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral-? (TNF-alfa) e perfil de lipoproteínas; 2) determinação da lesão aterosclerótica: área de lesão (Oil Red-O), conteúdo de ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) e infiltrado de macrófagos (imuno-histoquímica), colocalização de ABCA1 e macrófagos (microscopia confocal) e conteúdo de colágeno (Picrosirius-Red) na raiz aórtica; 3) conteúdo de CT, colesterol éster (CE) e colesterol livre (CL) na aorta total; 4) macrófagos peritoneais foram tratados com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), e IL-6, TNF-alfa e interleucina-10 (IL-10) medidas no meio de cultura; 5) no fígado: grau da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica, concentração de CT e TG e expressão de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de PPAR-gama, PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c, MTP, CPT-1 e ABCA1 por RT-qPCR; 6) determinação do conteúdo de tecido adiposo visceral e subcutâneo na carcaça. Resultados: O consumo de dieta não diferiu entre os grupos; comparado à dieta POLI, TRANS induziu menor ganho de peso refletido por menor conteúdo de tecido adiposo. TRANS induziu hepatomegalia, desenvolvimento de esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (NASH) e piora da sensibilidade insulínica (evidenciada pelo índice HOMAIR). As concentrações de AST e ALT não diferiram entre os grupos. A dieta TRANS elevou a expressão de mRNA de genes relacionados à lipogênese hepática (PPAR-gama e SREBP-1c) comparada à SAT e POLI e reduziu a expressão de MTP comparada à dieta POLI. Não houve diferença entre os grupos com relação à expressão de genes envolvidos na oxidação hepática de lípides (PPAR-gama e CPT-1). As concentrações plasmáticas de CT e TG foram maiores no grupo TRANS comparado a SAT e POLI. POLI apresentou menor área de lesão, infiltrado de macrófagos e conteúdo de ABCA1 comparados a SAT e TRANS. Macrófagos e ABCA1 não se colocalizaram na área de lesão. O conteúdo de CT na parede arterial foi menor no grupo POLI comparado a TRANS; CL foi menor no grupo POLI comparado a SAT e TRANS; CE não diferiu entre os grupos. Comparado a POLI, SAT e TRANS apresentaram maior conteúdo de colágeno e núcleos necróticos na placa aterosclerótica. A concentração plasmática de IL-6 não diferiu entre os grupos; já a concentração de TNF-alfa foi maior nos grupos POLI e TRANS em comparação a SAT. Em relação à resposta inflamatória de macrófagos ao LPS, POLI e TRANS apresentaram maiores concentrações de IL-6 e TNF-alfa comparadas a SAT. POLI apresentou menores concentrações de IL-10 em comparação aos demais grupos. A expressão hepática de ABCA1 não diferiu entre os grupos. Conclusão: O consumo de dieta TRANS induziu perfil lipídico proaterogênico, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, hiperglicemia e severo desenvolvimento de aterosclerose, além de hepatomegalia, maior acúmulo hepático de lípides e desenvolvimento de NASH. Por outro lado, POLI preveniu o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose, independentemente de sua ação inflamatória.Introduction: The amount and type of dietary fat play important roles on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and on the development of hepatic steatosis. Saturated (SAT) and trans (TRANS) fatty acids are known as pro-atherogenic, while the polyunsaturated (POLY) fats seem to exert an antiatherogenic action. Regarding hepatic steatosis, it is known that SAT are associated with its development, however, the role of TRANS in the genesis and development of hepatic steatosis is not fully undestood. This study evaluated the effect of the intake of diets enriched with SAT, POLY or TRANS on the parameters involved in the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque and also on the development of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: LDL receptor knock-out (LDLR-KO) male mice were fed for 16 weeks a high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) enriched with SAT, POLY or TRANS, for 16 weeks. The following parameters were mesured: 1) plasma: total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), insulin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- ? (TNF-?) and lipoprotein profile; 2) atherosclerotic lesion - lesion area (Oil Red-O), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophages (confocal microscopy) and collagen content (Picrosirius-Red); 3) TC, cholesteryl ester (CE) and free cholesterol (FC) content of the total aorta; 4) interleukin-6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10) and TNF-alfa in the culture medium of peritoneal macrophages after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 5) liver: degree of fat liver disease, concentration of TC and TG and mRNA expression (RT-qPCR) of PPAR-gama, PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c, MTP, ABCA1 and CPT-1; 6) visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue contents in the carcass of the animals. Results: Food intake did not differ amongst the groups, however, compared to POLY, TRANS induced less weight gain, due to lower adipose tissue content. TRANS induced hepatomegaly, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and worsening of insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by the index HOMAIR. The concentrations of ALT and AST did not differ among groups. TRANS increased the mRNA expression of the hepatic lipogenic genes (PPAR-gama and SREBP-1c) compared to the SAT and POLY and reduced the mRNA expression of MTP compared to POLI. There was no difference among the groups regarding the mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid oxidation (PPAR-gama and CPT-1). Plasma concentrations of TC and TG were higher in TRANS compared to SAT and POLY. POLY showed lower arterial lesion area, macrophage infiltration and ABCA1 content compared to SAT and TRANS. ABCA1 and macrophages did not colocalize in the lesion area. The TC content in the arterial wall was lower on POLY compared to TRANS; FC was lower on POLY compared to SAT and TRANS; CE did not differ among groups. Compared to POLY, SAT and TRANS showed higher collagen content and necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques. The plasma concentration of IL-6 did not differ among groups, however, TNF-alfa plasma concentration was higher in POLY and TRANS compared to SAT. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, POLY and TRANS showed higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alfa compared to SAT. Moreover, POLY had the lowest concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The hepatic expression of ABCA1 did not differ amongst the groups. Conclusion: TRANS induced pro-atherogenic lipid profile, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and severe atherosclerosis, and in addition, elicted hepatomegaly, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and NASH. On the other hand, POLY prevented the development of atherosclerosis, independently of their pro-inflammatory activity.
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Amaro, Gustavo Matheus. "Efeitos dos ácidos graxos ômega-3 na progressão do câncer de próstata /." São José do Rio Preto, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192715.
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Orientador: Rejane Maira GóesResumo: O câncer de próstata (CaP) é um dos tipos mais recorrentes de câncer em homens e o consumo excessivo de lipídeos saturados favorece o seu desenvolvimento. Ao contrário, dietas ricas em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) tipo ômega-3 (n-3) tem sido associadas com menor incidência do CaP. O presente trabalho avaliou as repercussões do consumo de ácidos graxos PUFAs n-3 da série marinha, ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) e ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA), sobre a progressão tumoral na próstata ventral de camundongos transgênicos para o adenocarcinoma de próstata (TRAMP). Camundongos TRAMP foram alimentados com dieta padrão e eutanasiados com 8 (C8), 12 (C12) e 20 (C20) semanas de vida ou então alimentados com uma dieta rica em óleo de peixe (10% óleo de peixe) a partir da oitava semana de vida e então eutanasiados com 12 (T12) ou 20 semanas (T20). Os resultados adquiridos demonstraram o aumento na proliferação celular bem como na expressão tecidual do receptor de andrógeno (AR) e glicocorticoide (GR) e no número de linfócitos T na próstata dos grupos controles conforme o aumento da idade e da agressividade das lesões. A intervenção dietética com PUFAs n-3 proporcionou a preservação do microambiente glandular levando a uma menor frequência de lesões proliferativas, indicando um atraso na progressão tumoral, onde foi observado níveis de proliferação celular, da expressão tecidual de AR e GR e de linfócitos T inferiores que seus controles de mesma idade. Ainda, o consumo de DHA/EPA pro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequent cancers among male individual and saturated lipid intake is linked to its development. However, diets rich in omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have been associated to lower PCa development risk. The present study assessed the outcome of the marine n-3 PUFA intake, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), upon tumor progression at the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP). TRAMP mice were chow-fed and euthanized at 8 (C8), 12 (C12) and 20th (C20) week of age or fed with a fish oil-enriched diet from 8 to 12 (T12) or 20th (T20) week of age and then euthanized. The results indicated an increase in proliferation rate, tissue expression of androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the number of T-cells at the prostate of the control groups according to the increase of age and aggressiveness of the lesions. Dietary intervention with n-3 PUFA led to the maintenance of the glandular microenvironment, highlighted by a reduction of the frequency of proliferative lesions, indicating a delay in PCa progression whereas the levels of cell proliferation, tissue expression of AR and GR and the number of T-cells were lower than the control groups of the same age. Also, DHA/EPA intake promoted a lowering effect of serum triglycerides and cholesterol, improving the metabolic profile of these animals. Thereby incorporation o DHA/EPA on diet is capable of decrease the severity o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Wennberg, Maria. "Biomarkers of fish consumption and risk of stroke or myocardial infarction." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå university, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33906.
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Wardle, Sophie L. "The impact of N-3 pufa ingestion on metabolic, molecular and epigenetic responses to a short-term high-fat diet." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22368.
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Obesity is widely considered a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, less is known about the early adaptive responses to short-term periods of high-fat energy excess (HFEE). Previous reports detailing whole-body adaptation to fat and energy oversupply are equivocal, perhaps, in part, owing to use of different experimental protocols, varying durations of dietary manipulation and participant cohorts with individuals of varying characteristics. In addition to use of different dietary protocols between studies, alterations in functional end-point measures due to the type of dietary fat consumed warrants consideration. Daily n-3 PUFA intake, commonly obtained from pelagic fish oil (FO) consumption, has been shown to positively associate with insulin sensitivity in epidemiological studies and thus may be a useful dietary strategy for slowing insulin resistance development. Chapter 2 of this thesis extends previous literature by demonstrating that 6 d HFEE (150 % habitual energy intake; 60 % of energy from fat) does not clearly alter whole- body insulin sensitivity, irrespective of FO consumption. However, investigation of metabolism at the tissue level, as presented in Chapter 3 of this thesis, offers insight into a potential tissue-specific level of regulation that precedes whole-body regulation. Skeletal muscle insulin signalling protein (e.g. protein kinase B (PKB)) activity, levels of certain ceramide species, and AMPK α2 activity were altered following HFEE and may explain the early maladaptive responses to short-term HFEE. Moreover, FO intake as 10 % of total fats mediated some of these molecular responses, including PKB and AMPK α2 activity, reflecting possible functional effects of FO at the subcellular level. Regulation of these metabolic / molecular responses at both the tissue and whole- body level can be explained, in part, by genetic predisposition, environmental influence and more recently epigenetics, including microRNAs (miRNAs). In Chapter 4, we characterised the plasma and skeletal muscle miRNA responses to HFEE and oral glucose ingestion. We demonstrate transient changes in levels of certain miRNAs following oral glucose ingestion in both tissue types and in response to HFEE in skeletal muscle. However, no significant correlations between basal plasma and skeletal muscle miRNA levels were observed, suggesting that our candidate plasma miRNAs may be co-ordinating functional changes in other tissue types. Plasma miR- 145-5p and skeletal muscle miR-204-5p predicted a significant proportion of the variance in mean whole-body insulin sensitivity change in response to HFEE. These data indicate that these miRNAs may be useful biomarkers of insulin resistance development following HFEE. A constraint of this thesis is that all conclusions are made within the context of statistically unaltered insulin sensitivity. Therefore, future investigations of diet-induced maladaptation should consider establishing a time course of insulin resistance development in response to HFEE, or use different study populations. Populations that are more susceptible to T2D development, e.g., overweight, sedentary individuals would be of particular interest. These data would aid development of a working model of diet-induced insulin resistance that has more direct application to T2D progression and extends the data presented herein.
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Sasanti, Babalwa. "The effect of Fleckvieh crossbreeding in dairy cattle on the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk produced in intensive and pasture-fed systems." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2004.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Technologiae: Agriculture in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyConjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid (FA) present in the meat and milk of ruminant animals, is considered a functional nutrient for humans. The interest in CLA is attributed to its many health benefits, such as having anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects. Dairy products are a rich natural source of CLA, and preliminary research indicates that the levels in milk can vary based on cattle breed and feeding system. The Fleckvieh is a popular dual-purpose breed recently introduced to the Western Cape. It is used in crossbreeding programs with Holstein and Jersey herds to increase fertility and beef production. Holstein and Jersey cattle are the two most common South African dairy breeds, but little information is available on the effect of crossbreeding on FA content and CLA levels in the milk. The primary objective of this study was to compare milk FA composition and CLA content of these two dairy breeds and their respective Fleckvieh crosses. A second objective was to investigate the effect of lactation stage on CLA levels. Jersey (J) and Fleckvieh x Jersey (F×J) cows were kept in a pasture-based system (PBS) for the duration of the study. Holstein (H) and Fleckvieh x Holstein (F×H) cows were housed in a feedlot system and fed a total mixed ration (TMR) for the duration of the study. The FA and CLA content of feeds from these two feeding systems were also analysed and compared. All cows used in the study were housed at the Elsenburg Research Farm of the Western Cape Department of Agriculture. Milk samples were collected every 35 days from the cows in each feeding group, starting 10 days after calving. Samples were kept in a freezer at -20 °C until laboratory analyses. The total number of milk samples collected was 1044. The milk FA composition and CLA in particular were determined by gas chromatography. Differences between groups were statistically analysed by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that milk CLA levels are higher in Fleckvieh-crossbred cows when compared to purebred cows. The higher CLA content of milk from Fleckvieh crossbred cows demonstrates the feasibility of using Fleckvieh bulls in South African crossbreeding programs, and are also an indication that genetic selection for increased CLA content is possible. The analysis of lactation stage showed that milk CLA is higher during late lactation. A comparison of feed samples from the two feeding systems revealed that pasture feeding resulted in higher omega-3 FA in milk. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk fatty acids profile, diet, breed, health benefits, Fleckvieh, Holstein, Jersey, diet, pasture based system, total mixed ration system,
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Klopper, Tanya. "Safety and efficacy of n-3 enriched nutritional supplements in the management of cancer cachexia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1554.
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Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Background At least 40 - 80% of all cancer patients develop some degree of clinical malnutrition and cachexia. The complex and multi-factorial nature of cancer cachexia and the inability of conventional nutrition intervention to reverse or attenuate the effects of this syndrome have driven investigators to consider new therapies and approaches to manage the syndrome of cancer cachexia including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n-3 fatty acid of fish oil origin. Objectives The aim of this study was to review Phase I, Phase II and Phase III (RCT) trials investigating the safety and efficacy of n-3 supplementation in the treatment of cancer cachexia in adult patients with unresectable solid tumours, with special reference to weight loss, body composition, appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, functional status, acute phase response and quality of life. Adverse effects associated with EPA supplementation were also reviewed. Methodology and data collection The major databases were systematically searched for studies that met the inclusion criteria using a structured keyword search strategy or various combinations of these keywords. Relevancy of studies was assessed by two independent reviewers according to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Jadad scale. Data extraction was performed by the principal reviewer and one of the independent reviewers, and investigators of the included studies were contacted where further information was required. Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to heterogeneity of the data. However, where possible, the paired t-test was used for analysis of the data. Descriptive or non-quantitative analysis of the tabulated data provided a summary of the characteristics of the included studies enabling comparisons to be made between interventions and outcomes within the specified population. Results The search resulted in a total of 1408 citations, of which only 16 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, only 4 studies were of a good quality. Although the reported data was incomplete and variable, the combined analyses suggested that the effect of EPA supplementation on weight, fat mass, dietary intake, energy expenditure, and acute phase response was not significant. Interestingly there appeared to be a significant increase increased or decreased? in lean body mass (p<0.05). There was little or no data to draw any conclusions regarding the effect of supplementation on appetite and quality of life. Conclusion Despite several limitations in this review, the data collected and analysed are suggestive of the beneficial effects of EPA supplementation, but there remains a significant lack of substantial evidence and conclusive statistical analysis to confirm that EPA supplementation is a safe and effective method of intervention in the management of patients with cancer cachexia.