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Journal articles on the topic 'Fatigue of polymer foams'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 April 2023

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1

Bobrova, E. Yu, I. I. Popov, A. D. Zhukov, and M. I. Ganzhuntsev. "FATIGUE STRENGTH OF FOAMED POLYMERS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(56) (November 16, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.56.4.003.

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Statement of the problem. The durability of structures largely depends on the ability of heat-insulating products, including those based on foamed plastics, to withstand the action of alternating loads for a long time. Creep deformations can be formed in foam plastics as a result of prolonged vibrations, which leads to violation of the integrity of the insulating shell and affects the reliability of enclosing structures. The development and implementation of a methodology for assessing the fatigue strength of foamed polymers is an urgent task. The aim of the study is to test the developed methodology and experimentally determine the change in vibrational creep deformations of rigid foam plastics over time. Results. It has been established that the influence of temperature fluctuations in combination with mechanical influences leads to cyclic stresses in the insulating layer and also affects the strength and elastic modulus of the polymer matrix. An assessment of the nature of the influence of temperature on the fatigue strength of rigid foam plastics showed that the limits of the fatigue strength of materials have extrema at a temperature of 20 °C. Decreasing the temperature to minus 40 °C or its gradual increase to 80 °C leads to a decrease in fatigue strength. The most significant reduction occurs in polyurethane foams and carbamide foams. Conclusions. Rigid gas-filled plastics have a number of promising properties, such as strength and reduced flammability. The results obtained are in full agreement with modern ideas about the mechanism of structural relationships of the structure and their influence on the properties of foamed polymers. The practical significance of the research lies both in obtaining data on the resistance of rigid foams and in the possibility of using the developed methodology for other foams.

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2

Saenz, Elio E., Leif A. Carlsson, Gary C. Salivar, and Anette M. Karlsson. "Fatigue crack propagation in polyvinylchloride and polyethersulfone polymer foams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 16, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636213505304.

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3

Saenz, Elio E., Leif A. Carlsson, and Anette M. Karlsson. "In situ analysis of fatigue crack propagation in polymer foams." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 101 (March 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.10.009.

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4

Е. Ю., Боброва,, Попов, И. И., Жуков, А. Д., and Ганжунцев, М. И. "Fatigue Strength of Foamed Polymers." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 4(68) (December 21, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.68.4.006.

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Постановка задачи. Долговечность строительных конструкций во многом зависит от способности теплоизоляционных изделий, в том числе на основе вспененных пластмасс, длительное время противостоять действию знакопеременных нагрузок. Деформации ползучести могут формироваться в пенопластах в результате длительных вибраций, что приводит к нарушению целостности изоляционной оболочки и оказывает влияние на надежность ограждающих конструкций. Разработка и реализация методики оценки усталостной прочности вспененных полимеров является актуальной задачей. Целью исследования является апробация разработанной методики и экспериментальное определение изменения деформаций вибрационной ползучести жестких пенопластов во времени. Результаты. Установлено, что влияние температурных колебаний в сочетании с механическими воздействиями приводит к возникновению циклических напряжений в изоляционном слое, а также влияет на прочность и модуль упругости полимерной матрицы. Оценка характера влияния температуры на усталостную прочность жестких пенопластов показала, что пределы усталостной прочности материалов имеют экстремумы при температуре 20 С. Снижение температуры до -40 С или ее постепенный рост до 80 С приводит к снижению усталостной прочности. Наиболее существенное снижение происходит у пенополиуретанов и карбамидных пенопластов. Выводы. Жесткие газонаполненные пластмассы обладают рядом перспективных свойств, в частности прочностью и пониженной горючестью. Полученные результаты полностью согласуются с современными представлениями о механизме структурных взаимосвязей и их влиянии на свойства вспененных полимеров. Statement of the problem. The durability of building structures largely depends on the capacity of heat-insulating materials, including foamed polystyrenes, to resist the action of alternating loads for a long time. Vibration creep deformations develop in foams, which, in turn, affect the reliability of the fence structure. The development of a technique for assessing the fatigue strength of foamed polymers and the implementation of this technique is an urgent task. The aim of the study is to test the developed methodology and experimentally determine the change in vibration creep deformations of rigid foams in time. Results. As a result of the studies, it has been established that the effect of temperature fluctuations in combination with mechanical influences not only leads to the occurrence of cyclic stresses in the insulation layer but also affects the mechanical characteristics of the polymer base itself (strength and elastic modulus), in connection with which it is extremely important to assess the nature of the effect of temperature on the fatigue strength of foams, especially since there are no such data in the literature concerning rigid gas-filled plastics. Conclusions. Rigid gas-filled plastics have a number of promising properties, in particular strength and reduced flammability. The results obtained are in full agreement with modern concepts of the relationship between the structure and properties of polymeric materials. The practical significance of the research lies in both obtaining data on the endurance of rigid foams and in the possibility of using the developed technique for other foamed plastics.

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5

Selvam, Vignesh, Vijay Shankar Sridharan, and Sridhar Idapalapati. "Static and Fatigue Debond Resistance between the Composite Facesheet and Al Cores under Mode-1 in Sandwich Beams." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020051.

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The debonding toughness between unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer face sheets and cellularic cores of sandwich structures is experimentally measured under static and fatigue loading conditions. The effect of various core geometries, such as regular honeycomb and closed-cell foams of two relative densities on the adhesive interfacial toughness is explored using the single cantilever beam (SCB) testing method. The steady-state crack growth measurements are used to plot the Paris curves. The uniformity of adhesive filleting and the crack path was found to affect the interfacial toughness. The static Mode-1 interfacial toughness of high-density foam cores was witnessed to be maximal, followed by low-density honeycomb, high-density honeycomb, and low-density foam core. Similarly, the fatigue behavior of the low-density honeycomb core has the lowest crack growth rates compared to the other samples, primarily due to uniform adhesive filleting.

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6

Christman, D. L., W. V. Floutz, T. Narayan, and C. J. Reichel. "Slab Foams Prepared from Modified TDI (Cushion Fatigue Study)." Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, no. 3 (May 1993): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9302900304.

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7

Kanny, Krishnan, Hassan Mahfuz, Tonnia Thomas, and Shaik Jeelani. "Fatigue of Crosslinked and Linear PVC Foams under Shear Loading." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 23, no. 6 (April 2004): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684404032860.

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8

Chang, Boon Peng, Aleksandr Kashcheev, Andrei Veksha, Grzegorz Lisak, Ronn Goei, Kah Fai Leong, Alfred ling Yoong Tok, and Vitali Lipik. "Nanocomposite Foams with Balanced Mechanical Properties and Energy Return from EVA and CNT for the Midsole of Sports Footwear Application." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040948.

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Polymer foam that provides good support with high energy return (low energy loss) is desirable for sport footwear to improve running performance. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam is commonly used in the midsole of running shoes. However, EVA foam exhibits low mechanical properties. Conventional mineral fillers are usually employed to improve EVA’s mechanical performance, but the energy return is sacrificed. Here, we produced nanocomposite foams from EVA and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) using a chemical foaming process. Two kinds of CNT derived from the upcycling of commodity plastics were prepared through a catalytic chemical vapor deposition process and used as reinforcing and nucleating agents. Our results show that EVA foam incorporated with oxygenated CNT (O-CNT) demonstrated a more pronounced improvement of physical, mechanical, and dynamic impact response properties than acid-purified CNT (A-CNT). When CNT with weight percentage as low as 0.5 wt% was added to the nanocomposites, the physical properties, abrasion resistance, compressive strength, dynamic stiffness, and rebound performance of the EVA foams were improved significantly. Unlike the conventional EVA formulation filled with talc mineral fillers, the incorporation of CNT does not compromise the energy return of the EVA foam. From the long-cycle dynamic fatigue test, the CNT/EVA foam displays greater properties retention as compared to the talc/EVA foam. This work demonstrates a good balanced of mechanical-energy return properties of EVA nanocomposite foam with very low CNT content, which presents promising opportunities for lightweight–high rebound midsoles for running shoes.

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9

Stevens, B. N., J. F. Scott, D. J. Burchell, and F. O. Baskent. "A Comparison of the Dynamic Fatigue Performance of Typical Carpet Underlayment Foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 26, no. 1 (January 1990): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9002600101.

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10

Zenkert, Dan, and Magnus Burman. "Tension, compression and shear fatigue of a closed cell polymer foam." Composites Science and Technology 69, no. 6 (May 2009): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.04.017.

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11

Ashcroft, Ian A., Juan Pablo Casas-Rodriguez, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Fatigue Crack Growth in Adhesively Bonded Joints with Intermittent Impacts." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.5.

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The use of structural adhesive joints to join carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) adherends is now well established in the aerospace industry. These joints are subjected to varied load spectra, of which one of the most damaging forms of loading is fatigue with intermittent low energy impacts, which is termed combined standard and impact fatigue (CISF) in this paper. It is seen that the rate of crack growth in impact fatigue is greater than that in standard fatigue for a given value of the strain energy release rate, moreover, it is seen that the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in standard fatigue (SF) increases after a block of impact fatigue. In this paper a model is proposed to predict crack growth in bonded joints subjected to CISF. The model is based on numerical crack growth integration (NCGI) with a method of accounting for the accelerated crack growth in SF following IF. The model was seen to provide a good prediction of the fatigue crack growth in CISF.

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12

Teske, Michael, Katharina Wulf, Joschka Fink, Andreas Brietzke, Daniela Arbeiter, Thomas Eickner, Volkmar Senz, Niels Grabow, and Sabine Illner. "Controlled biodegradation of metallic biomaterials by plasma polymer coatings using hexamethyldisiloxane and allylamine monomers." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0079.

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AbstractPlasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is a promising process for the generation of tailor-made polymer coatings on medical devices in order to improve their implant/ host interaction. The ultra-thin coatings can fulfil a variety of purposes, depending on the monomers used, the process conditions and the location of the coated implants in the human body. In addition, even complex geometries can be coated easily and without the application of solvents. Particularly hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasma polymer coatings can improve biocompatibility, especially in blood contact. Furthermore, the selection of the monomers used enables the generation of specific functional groups for further surface immobilization of drugs, such as proteins, by chemical crosslinking. The release of toxic residues from polymeric implants, such as monomers, additives or degraded components, can also be avoided. The aim of our investigation was the generation of plasma polymer films, their characterization and application as coatings for biodegradable metallic biomaterials in order to retard the degradation process. Metallic biomaterials, in various forms are frequently used in orthopaedics, dentistry, cardiovascular and neurosurgical equipment, because of their tensile strength, fracture toughness, fatigue strength and electrical conductivity. Plasma polymerization was performed using the monomers hexamethyldisiloxane and allylamine. The resulting plasma polymers were analysed in an accelerated degradation test. Both plasma polymers appear to be promising, while polyHMDSO appears to degrade over time and polyallylamine indicates to be stable.

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13

Kumar, M. S. Senthil, Chithirai Pon Selvan, K. Santhanam, A. Kadirvel, V. Chandraprabu, and L. SampathKumar. "Effect of Nanomaterials on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2165855.

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The good adhesion and interfacial interaction between the nanomaterial and the matrix show that the low content polymer nanocomposite has better tribological and mechanical properties such as strength, modulus, fracture toughness, and fatigue properties. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers in this field for the past two decades. Nanomaterials are available in many forms, such as nanotubes, nanoclays, nanofibers, nanoparticles, and graphene depending on the shape. This article summarizes the mechanical test results of different nanocomposite materials under various operating conditions. In addition, the current research clearly describes various decisive factors that affect material properties, such as the dispersion of nanoparticles, clay tactoids, processing conditions, agglomeration, and distribution status. The tribological properties and fatigue resistance of nanocomposites are also discussed in this study. In addition, the article also discusses the related issues of incorporating nanomaterials into the matrix.

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14

Gulanová, Jana, Matúš Margetin, Papa-Birame Gning, and Andrej Chríbik. "Experimental investigation of properties of GFRP foam cored sandwich joints." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815705007.

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Presented paper focuses on intermediate outcomes of the bilateral project between the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, STU in Bratislava, Slovakia and the Institute of Automotive and Transport Engineering, UBFC in Nevers, France. Thus, mechanical properties and behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer composite foam cored sandwich panels joints were researched to estimate the best possible joint technology. Three-point bending and four-point bending were used to evaluate flexure strength and static force-flexure curve. Based on such testing, one specific joint composition was chosen to be broadly investigated. Finally, chosen type of joint panels was tested under four-point cyclic loading to obtain its fatigue properties.

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15

Singh, S., and D. Khan. "Crack Tip Radius Effect on Fatigue Crack Growth and Near Tip Fields in Plastically Compressible Materials." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.15983.

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Motivated by the prospective uses of plastically compressible materials such as, metallic and polymeric foams, transformation toughened ceramics, toughened structural polymers etc., the present authors investigate the crack-tip radius effect on fatigue crack growth (FCG) of a mode I crack and near-tip stress-strain fields in such plastically compressible solids. These plastically compressible materials have been characterised by elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations. Simulations are conducted for plane strain geometry with two different hardness functions: one is bilinear hardening and the other one is hardening-softening-hardening. It has been observed that plastic compressibility as well as strain softening lead to significant deviation in the amount of crack growth. It has further been revealed that the nature of FCG is appreciably affected by initial crack-tip radius. Even though it may look from outside that the increase in tip radius will lead to decrease in FCG, but the nature of FCG variation with respect to tip radius is found to be a combined effect of tip radius, plastic compressibility and work or strain softening etc.

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16

Крыжевич, Г. Б. "Constant life diagrams for structures from polymer composite materials." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII)</msg>, no. 1(59) (March 4, 2023): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2023.59.1.005.

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Целью настоящей статьи является разработка основных положений универсального способа построения диаграммы предельных амплитуд цикла (ДПА) по экспериментальным данным, обеспечивающего создание научно-обоснованный подхода к систематизации данных о влиянии несимметрии циклов нагружения на усталостную долговечность слоистых полимерных композиционных материалов (ПКМ) в условиях одноосного растяжения-сжатия. При достижении этой цели, получены следующие результаты. Установлено, что формы ДПА для слоистых ПКМ обладают большим разнообразием (по сравнению с металлами, сплавами и другими конструкционными материалами), что объясняется, главным образом, существенным накоплением усталостных повреждений при действии переменных напряжений не только в тех частях цикла нагружения, когда зона потенциального повреждения растягивается, но и когда она сжимается. Установлено, что для слоистых ПКМ в общем случае характерно наличие трех характерных участков ДПА. Предложены нелинейные зависимости для аппроксимации концевых участков и линейные - для среднего участка. Предложен рациональный набор параметров, на основе которых строятся аппроксимационные зависимости. Предложен алгоритм выделения среднего участка диаграммы на основе созданияполиномиальной модели ДПА, осуществляемого методами теории планирования эксперимента. На основе этой модели устанавливаются промежутки, в пределах которых происходит медленное изменение предельных амплитуд при изменении средних амплитуд цикла. Суммирование этих промежутков позволяет оценить границы среднего участка ДПА. The purpose of this article is to formulate the main provisions of a universal method for constructing a constant life diagram (CLD) based on experimental data, which provides the creation of a scientifically based approach to systematizing data on the effect of asymmetry of loading cycles on the fatigue life of layered polymer composite materials under uniaxial tension-compression conditions. In achieving this goal, aimed at creating a science-based approach to the systematization of experimental data on the effect of asymmetry of loading cycles on the fatigue life of layered polymer composite materials under uniaxial tension-compression conditions, the following results were obtained. It has been established that the forms of a CLD for layered polymer composite materials are very diverse (compared to metals, alloys and other structural materials), which is mainly due to the significant accumulation of fatigue damage under the action of variable stresses, not only in those parts of the loading cycle when the zone of potential damage is stretched, but also when it shrinks. It has been established that, in the general case, layered polymer composite materials are characterized by the presence of three characteristic areas of a CLD. Non-linear dependences are proposed for approximating the end sections and linear ones for the middle section. A rational set of parameters is proposed, on the basis of which approximation dependencies are built. An algorithm for selecting the middle section of the diagram based on the creation of a polynomial model of a diagram, carried out by methods of the theory of experiment planning, is proposed. Based on this model, intervals are established within which the limiting amplitudes slowly change with a change in the average amplitudes of the cycle. The summation of these intervals makes it possible to estimate the boundaries of the middle section of the CLD.

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17

Jen, Yi-Ming, and Chia-Wei Chang. "Combined Temperature and Moisture Effect on the Monotonic and Fatigue Strengths of Sandwich Beams with Glass-Polypropylene Faces and Aluminum Foam Cores." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600108.

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Recently, the sandwich structures with thermoplastic faces and metal foam cores have been received much attention in the automobile, aerospace and naval industries. Since the material properties of the polymer-based faces and adhesive films employed in the sandwich structures are sensitive to the temperature and humidity, the knowledge of the environmental effect on the mechanical properties are important to the design and application of such structures. Therefore, the hygrothermal effect on the static and fatigue bending strengths of the sandwich beams with glass-polypropylene faces and aluminum foam cores were experimentally analyzed in the present study. The monotonic and cyclic four-point bending tests were conducted under four environmental conditions, i.e., 25°C/45% RH, 25°C/75% RH, 50°C/45% RH, and 50°C/75% RH, to evaluate the influence of combined temperature and humidity on the strengths against the static and cyclic flexural loads. Experimental results show that the humidity has tiny effect on the static and fatigue strengths when the specimens were tested at fixed temperature. However, the temperature plays an important role in the environmental effect because the monotonic and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich specimens decrease significantly when the ambient temperature rises from 25 to 50°C. Furthermore, under four considered environmental conditions, two crack systems, the core shear ones and the face/core interfacial ones, were observed both in the monotonic and cyclic tests. The development of interfacial cracks strongly depends on the environmental variables. Accordingly the interfacial cracks play an important role in the static and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich structures.

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18

Shen, Zhenzhen, James Storey, Otto Fanini, and Michael Osterman. "Modeling Vibration Induced Fatigue Failure of Free Standing Wire Bonds." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-tha55_087.

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Abstract Wire bonds are used to connect device terminals to package terminals or substrate terminal that forms circuits that are needed to create desired higher level functions. If a wire bond breaks or becomes detached during operation, the desired function will be lost. Depending on the design, a loss in function could be catastrophic. Aluminum, gold, and copper wires are used to create wire bonds in electronic products. These materials have been selected for their ability to be formed as fine wires and their ability to provide low electrical resistance. In many electronics packages, wire bonds are encapsulated in a polymer molding compound that is used to protect the electronic device. However, in some electronic devices such as hermetically sealed cavity packages, wire bonds may be free-standing. Under vibration loading, free-standing wire bonds may be subject to failure due to mechanical fatigue. In this work, an analytic model is presented for predicting natural frequency of a free-standing wire bond and for assessing a wire bond time to failure under a harmonic loading condition. The model for natural frequency is calibrated by finite element analysis and validated through experimental testing. The life prediction model, a test plan, and preliminary test results are presented.

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19

Palissery, V., M. Taylor, and M. Browne. "Fatigue characterization of a polymer foam to use as a cancellous bone analog material in the assessment of orthopaedic devices." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 2004): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsm.0000010098.65572.3b.

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20

Akimoto, Hideo. "Polymer Foams." Seikei-Kakou 34, no. 9 (August 20, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.34.340_2.

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21

Rostami, Javad, Peter W. Tse, and Maodan Yuan. "Detection of broken wires in elevator wire ropes with ultrasonic guided waves and tone-burst wavelet." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719855915.

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Elevator wire ropes with polymer cores hold and hoist heavy fluctuating loads in a corrosive environment. Such working condition causes metal fatigue, which together with abrasion around pulleys leads to progressive loss of the metallic cross section. This can be seen in the forms of a roughened and pitted surface of the ropes, reduction in diameter, and broken wires. Therefore, their deterioration must be monitored so that any unexpected damage or corrosion can be detected before it causes a fatal accident. Ultrasonic-guided wave-based inspection, which has proved its capability in nondestructive testing of platelike structures such as tubes and pipes, can monitor the cross section of wire ropes in their entire length from a single point. However, guided waves have drawn less attention for defect detection purposes in wire ropes. This article reports the condition monitoring of a steel wire rope from a hoisting elevator with broken wires as a result of corrosive environment and fatigue. Finite element analysis was conducted as a baseline to study guided wave propagation in wire ropes and plot dispersion curves. Guided wave propagation in wire ropes was experimentally investigated on a newly built cable stretching machine equipped with a load sensor under different amount of tensile loading. To expose the indication of broken wires, the recorded signals were analyzed by tailor-made continuous wavelet transform called tone burst wavelet.

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22

Chen, Limeng, Deniz Rende, Linda S. Schadler, and Rahmi Ozisik. "Polymer nanocomposite foams." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 12 (2013): 3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ta00086e.

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23

LEE, L., C. ZENG, X. CAO, X. HAN, J. SHEN, and G. XU. "Polymer nanocomposite foams." Composites Science and Technology 65, no. 15-16 (December 2005): 2344–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.016.

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24

Altstädt, Volker, and Georg Krausch. "Special issue – Polymer foams." Polymer 56 (January 2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.11.001.

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25

Huang, J. S., and L. J. Gibson. "Creep of polymer foams." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 3 (February 1991): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00588298.

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26

Hedrick, J., J. Labadie, T. Russell, D. Hofer, and V. Wakharker. "High temperature polymer foams." Polymer 34, no. 22 (January 1993): 4717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90707-h.

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27

Santo, Loredana. "Shape memory polymer foams." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 81 (February 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.12.003.

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Zenkert, Dan, Andrey Shipsha, and Magnus Burman. "Fatigue of Closed Cell Foams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 8, no. 6 (November 2006): 517–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636206065886.

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29

Visser, Claas Willem, Dahlia N. Amato, Jochen Mueller, and Jennifer A. Lewis. "Polymer Foams: Architected Polymer Foams via Direct Bubble Writing (Adv. Mater. 46/2019)." Advanced Materials 31, no. 46 (November 2019): 1970326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201970326.

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30

Wang, Yanlei, Hongyu Yi, Pengfei Liang, Chongchong Chai, Chuanqi Yan, and Shengxiong Zhou. "Investigation on Preparation Method of SBS-Modified Asphalt Based on MSCR, LAS, and Fluorescence Microscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 7304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147304.

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The preparation method of SBS-modified asphalt has a direct effect on its overall performance. Currently, the optimal process is usually determined by conventional performance properties, such as softening point, ductility, and penetration, which may deviate from practical field performance. This study aims to investigate the influence of different preparation methods on the performance and microstructure of SBS-modified asphalt based on fluorescence microscopy testing, the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, as well as Burgers model fitting. SBS-modified asphalt was prepared with different shear rates, shear temperatures, shear times, development time, and sulfur addition. The results show that the optimal process for preparing SBS-modified asphalt is 2 h of shearing at 180 °C and 4000 r/min, followed by sulfurization and 6 h of development. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt is most notably influenced by sulfurization, which forms C–S bonds to make the polymer network stronger, thereby improving the high-temperature performance as well as the fatigue resistance. However, due to high-temperature sensitivity, C–S bonds may break during development, leading to weakened performance. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt without sulfur addition shows a monotonically increasing trend with the extension of development time.

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31

McCall, William R., Kanguk Kim, Cory Heath, Gina La Pierre, and Donald J. Sirbuly. "Piezoelectric Nanoparticle–Polymer Composite Foams." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 22 (November 4, 2014): 19504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am506415y.

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32

Bush, S. F., and O. K. Ademosu. "Low-density rotomoulded polymer foams." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 263, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.01.029.

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33

Beaucage, G., J. H. Aubert, R. R. Lagasse, D. W. Schaefer, T. P. Rieker, P. Erlich, R. S. Stein, S. Kulkarni, and P. D. Whaley. "Nano-structured, semicrystalline polymer foams." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34, no. 17 (December 1996): 3063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199612)34:17<3063::aid-polb18>3.0.co;2-5.

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34

Wang, Dehu, Qingfeng Hou, Yousong Luo, Youyi Zhu, and Hongfu Fan. "Stability Comparison Between Particles-Stabilized Foams and Polymer-Stabilized Foams." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 36, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2013.859625.

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35

Suethao, Supitta, Darshil U. Shah, and Wirasak Smitthipong. "Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184060.

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Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses. The vast majority of these manufactured foams are homogeneous with respect to porosity and structural properties. In contrast, while cellular materials are also ubiquitous in nature, nature mostly fabricates heterogeneous foams, e.g., cellulosic plant stems like bamboo, or a human femur bone. Foams with such engineered porosity distribution (graded density structure) have useful property gradients and are referred to as functionally graded foams. Functionally graded polymer foams are one of the key emerging innovations in polymer foam technology. They allow enhancement in properties such as energy absorption, more efficient use of material, and better design for specific applications, such as helmets and tissue restorative scaffolds. Here, following an overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams, we explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams and their emerging structures and properties. Processes can be as simple as utilizing different surface materials from which the foam forms, to as complex as using microfluidics. We also highlight principal challenges that need addressing in future research, the key one being development of viable generic processes that allow (complete) control and tailoring of porosity distribution on an application-by-application basis.

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36

Taherishargh, Mehdi, Bálint Katona, Thomas Fiedler, and Imre Norbert Orbulov. "Fatigue properties of expanded perlite/aluminum syntactic foams." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316654305.

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The main purpose of this paper is to present the basic fatigue properties of metal matrix syntactic foams. The investigated syntactic foams consisting of expanded perlite and A356 aluminum matrix were produced using an inert gas pressure infiltration technique. The obtained foams were subjected to cyclic compressive loading in order to investigate their fatigue properties. The standard procedure for cyclic fatigue testing was slightly modified to account for the variation of porosity and strength which is typical for metallic foam samples. This approach allows the direct comparison of the fatigue test results between all investigated samples. Depending on the applied load level, two different failure mechanisms were identified that resulted in characteristic deformation – loading cycle curves. The failure mechanisms were further investigated on the microstructural scale: traces of fatigue beachmarks and extensive plastic deformation were found. Furthermore, Wöhler-like deformation – lifetime diagrams were created in order to predict the expected lifetime of the properties of metal matrix syntactic foams .

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37

Olurin, O. "Fatigue crack propagation in aluminium alloy foams." International Journal of Fatigue 23, no. 5 (May 2001): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-1123(01)00010-x.

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38

Zenkert, Dan, and Magnus Burman. "Fatigue of closed-cell foams in compression." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 13, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636210386847.

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39

Rodrigue, Denis, Yan Pelletier, and Ryan Gosselin. "Torsion Properties of Cylindrical Polymer Foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 40, no. 5 (September 2004): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x04047221.

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40

Antunes, Marcelo, and José Ignacio Velasco. "Multifunctional polymer foams with carbon nanoparticles." Progress in Polymer Science 39, no. 3 (March 2014): 486–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.11.002.

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41

Shastri, V. P., I. Martin, and R. Langer. "Macroporous polymer foams by hydrocarbon templating." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 5 (February 29, 2000): 1970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.5.1970.

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42

Shutov, Fyodor A. "Morphology of integral (structural) polymer foams." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 2, no. 1 (March 1986): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19860020113.

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43

Gupta, Nikhil, Steven E. Zeltmann, Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy, and Dinesh Pinisetty. "Applications of Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams." JOM 66, no. 2 (November 2, 2013): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0796-8.

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44

Haibach, Kristina, Angelika Menner, Ronald Powell, and Alexander Bismarck. "Tailoring mechanical properties of highly porous polymer foams: Silica particle reinforced polymer foams via emulsion templating." Polymer 47, no. 13 (June 2006): 4513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.114.

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45

Nakaş, G. Ipek, Emin Erkan Aşik, Bensu Tunca, and Şakir Bor. "Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Porous TiNi Alloys." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.591.

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While the wide range of applications of TiNi alloys make them highly appealing due to their shape memory and superelasticity properties, production of TiNi in the porous form further enlarges their application fields. Porous TiNi alloys have been studied extensively for biomedical applications due to their elastic modulus similar to that of bone. Accordingly, TiNi foams have been widely characterized in terms of their various mechanical properties; however, their fatigue properties have not been well studied, even though, it has a vital importance in structural applications such as medical implants. In the scope of this study, fatigue behavior of TiNi foams, which were produced from prealloyed powders by Mg space holder technique, was examined via load controlled cyclic compression-compression tests. The endurance limit of the tested foams was taken as the stress level at which the specimens sustain their integrity without showing any sign of failure beyond 106cycles. TiNi foams with porosity contents in the range of 39-64 vol%, which is suitable for bone ingrowth, were determined to have an endurance limit ranging in between 26-89 MPa. On the other hand, fractography studies on the failed foams after fatigue testing revealed that the failure occurs by the coalescence of micro-cracks initiated from pore walls leading to macro-crack formation aligned at 45owith respect to the loading axis.

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46

Du, Changling, David Anthony Fikhman, and Mary Beth Browning Monroe. "Shape Memory Polymer Foams with Phenolic Acid-Based Antioxidant Properties." Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061105.

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Phenolic acids (PAs) are natural antioxidant agents in the plant kingdom that are part of the human diet. The introduction of naturally occurring PAs into the network of synthetic shape memory polymer (SMP) polyurethane (PU) foams during foam fabrication can impart antioxidant properties to the resulting scaffolds. In previous work, PA-containing SMP foams were synthesized to provide materials that retained the desirable shape memory properties of SMP PU foams with additional antimicrobial properties that were derived from PAs. Here, we explore the impact of PA incorporation on SMP foam antioxidant properties. We investigated the antioxidant effects of PA-containing SMP foams in terms of in vitro oxidative degradation resistance and cellular antioxidant activity. The PA foams showed surprising variability; p-coumaric acid (PCA)-based SMP foams exhibited the most potent antioxidant properties in terms of slowing oxidative degradation in H2O2. However, PCA foams did not effectively reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in short-term cellular assays. Vanillic acid (VA)- and ferulic acid (FA)-based SMP foams slowed oxidative degradation in H2O2 to lesser extents than the PCA foams, but they demonstrated higher capabilities for scavenging ROS to alter cellular activity. All PA foams exhibited a continuous release of PAs over two weeks. Based on these results, we hypothesize that PAs must be released from SMP foams to provide adequate antioxidant properties; slower release may enable higher resistance to long-term oxidative degradation, and faster release may result in higher cellular antioxidant effects. Overall, PCA, VA, and FA foams provide a new tool for tuning oxidative degradation rates and extending potential foam lifetime in the wound. VA and FA foams induced cellular antioxidant activity that could help promote wound healing by scavenging ROS and protecting cells. This work could contribute a wound dressing material that safely releases antimicrobial and antioxidant PAs into the wound at a continuous rate to ideally improve healing outcomes. Furthermore, this methodology could be applied to other oxidatively degradable biomaterial systems to enhance control over degradation rates and to provide multifunctional scaffolds for healing.

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47

Price, C. W., P. L. McCarthy, S. A. Letts, and F. M. Kong. "Examinations of low-density polymer foams with a low-voltage FESEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126743.

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The cell structure of low-density polymer foams is extremely delicate, and the application of conductive coatings for SEM examinations can obliterate much of the fine structural detail. In extreme cases, the structure can be significantly altered by the coating. This problem has been found to be particularly critical in low-density polymer foams. The thin membranes of polymer foams also are exceptionally susceptable to electron-beam damage. Consequently, both the improved low-voltage resolution and the low beam currents now available on an SEM equipped with a field-emission gun (FESEM) have proven to be highly beneficial for the examination of low-density polymer foams. This will be demonstrated for polystyrene foams; equally successful results have been obtained on other types of polymer foams.The simplest technique to examine the cell structure of polystyrene foams is to fracture specimens and examine the fracture surface. Since polystyrene is nonconductive, it must be coated to be examined in the conventional SEM.

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48

Paek, J. W., Beom Seob Kim, and Deug Joong Kim. "MoSi₂ Ceramic Foam Prepared by Polymer Pyrolysis." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.129.

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Ceramic foams containing MoSi2 were prepared by a self-blowing process of poly-silsesquioxane with MoSi2 as filler. Ceramic foams prepared by polymer pyrolysis were composed of MoSi2 and silicon oxycarbide glass matrix. Densities, pore sizes and mechanical properties of ceramic foams were depended on the filler content and heating rate for curing of polymer. Depending on the foaming condition, ceramic foams with a density of 1.2∼0.4 and a compressive strength of 3∼30 MPa were obtained.

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49

Aşik, Emin Erkan, Bensu Tunca, Gül Ipek Nakaş, and Şakir Bor. "Fatigue Behavior of 51 Vol.% Porous Ti-6Al-4V Alloy." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1221.

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Porous titanium alloys are widely used as implant materials due to their mechanical behavior similar to that of bone. In addition, fatigue properties of implant materials are especially important since medical implants mostly exposed to cyclic compressive loading conditions. In this study, porous Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been produced via sintering at 12000C for 2 hours employing magnesium space holder technique. Porosity of the produced foams were measured according to Archimedes’ principle and calculated to be in the range of 51 ± 1 vol.%. Mechanical properties of the foams were characterized by monotonic compressive and compression-compression mode fatigue tests. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of the foams were determined to be 167 ± 18 MPa and 12 ± 1 GPa respectively. Fatigue tests conducted with a frequency of 5 Hz and a constant stress ratio (σmin/σmax) of 0.1 revealed that porous Ti-6Al-4V alloys have a fatigue limit of approximately 135 MPa. Furthermore fracture surfaces of the foams were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

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Chen, Jian, Shuowei Dai, Cong Li, Wei Li, and Yanjie Ren. "Effects of Pore Size on Fatigue Deformation Mechanism of Open-Cell Copper Foam at Low Stress Amplitude." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091639.

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Axial compression-compression fatigue experiments on open-cell copper foams with different pore size were investigated in this paper. The effects of the strain amplitude on the fatigue properties were studied and found that there is an exponential relationship between the fatigue life and strain amplitude. The experimental results indicate that a smaller pore size is related to a lower fatigue life. The microstructures of failed copper foam tested at low stress amplitude were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), suggests that different pore size related to different fatigue behavior. The fatigue failure mechanism of the open-cell copper foams were compared by experimental research.

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