Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fatigue of polymer foams

Academic literature on the topic 'Fatigue of polymer foams'

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Published: 28 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Bobrova, E. Yu, I. I. Popov, A. D. Zhukov, and M. I. Ganzhuntsev. "FATIGUE STRENGTH OF FOAMED POLYMERS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(56) (November 16, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.56.4.003.

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Statement of the problem. The durability of structures largely depends on the ability of heat-insulating products, including those based on foamed plastics, to withstand the action of alternating loads for a long time. Creep deformations can be formed in foam plastics as a result of prolonged vibrations, which leads to violation of the integrity of the insulating shell and affects the reliability of enclosing structures. The development and implementation of a methodology for assessing the fatigue strength of foamed polymers is an urgent task. The aim of the study is to test the developed methodology and experimentally determine the change in vibrational creep deformations of rigid foam plastics over time. Results. It has been established that the influence of temperature fluctuations in combination with mechanical influences leads to cyclic stresses in the insulating layer and also affects the strength and elastic modulus of the polymer matrix. An assessment of the nature of the influence of temperature on the fatigue strength of rigid foam plastics showed that the limits of the fatigue strength of materials have extrema at a temperature of 20 °C. Decreasing the temperature to minus 40 °C or its gradual increase to 80 °C leads to a decrease in fatigue strength. The most significant reduction occurs in polyurethane foams and carbamide foams. Conclusions. Rigid gas-filled plastics have a number of promising properties, such as strength and reduced flammability. The results obtained are in full agreement with modern ideas about the mechanism of structural relationships of the structure and their influence on the properties of foamed polymers. The practical significance of the research lies both in obtaining data on the resistance of rigid foams and in the possibility of using the developed methodology for other foams.
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Saenz, Elio E., Leif A. Carlsson, Gary C. Salivar, and Anette M. Karlsson. "Fatigue crack propagation in polyvinylchloride and polyethersulfone polymer foams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 16, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636213505304.

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Saenz, Elio E., Leif A. Carlsson, and Anette M. Karlsson. "In situ analysis of fatigue crack propagation in polymer foams." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 101 (March 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.10.009.

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Е. Ю., Боброва,, Попов, И. И., Жуков, А. Д., and Ганжунцев, М. И. "Fatigue Strength of Foamed Polymers." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 4(68) (December 21, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.68.4.006.

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Постановка задачи. Долговечность строительных конструкций во многом зависит от способности теплоизоляционных изделий, в том числе на основе вспененных пластмасс, длительное время противостоять действию знакопеременных нагрузок. Деформации ползучести могут формироваться в пенопластах в результате длительных вибраций, что приводит к нарушению целостности изоляционной оболочки и оказывает влияние на надежность ограждающих конструкций. Разработка и реализация методики оценки усталостной прочности вспененных полимеров является актуальной задачей. Целью исследования является апробация разработанной методики и экспериментальное определение изменения деформаций вибрационной ползучести жестких пенопластов во времени. Результаты. Установлено, что влияние температурных колебаний в сочетании с механическими воздействиями приводит к возникновению циклических напряжений в изоляционном слое, а также влияет на прочность и модуль упругости полимерной матрицы. Оценка характера влияния температуры на усталостную прочность жестких пенопластов показала, что пределы усталостной прочности материалов имеют экстремумы при температуре 20 С. Снижение температуры до -40 С или ее постепенный рост до 80 С приводит к снижению усталостной прочности. Наиболее существенное снижение происходит у пенополиуретанов и карбамидных пенопластов. Выводы. Жесткие газонаполненные пластмассы обладают рядом перспективных свойств, в частности прочностью и пониженной горючестью. Полученные результаты полностью согласуются с современными представлениями о механизме структурных взаимосвязей и их влиянии на свойства вспененных полимеров. Statement of the problem. The durability of building structures largely depends on the capacity of heat-insulating materials, including foamed polystyrenes, to resist the action of alternating loads for a long time. Vibration creep deformations develop in foams, which, in turn, affect the reliability of the fence structure. The development of a technique for assessing the fatigue strength of foamed polymers and the implementation of this technique is an urgent task. The aim of the study is to test the developed methodology and experimentally determine the change in vibration creep deformations of rigid foams in time. Results. As a result of the studies, it has been established that the effect of temperature fluctuations in combination with mechanical influences not only leads to the occurrence of cyclic stresses in the insulation layer but also affects the mechanical characteristics of the polymer base itself (strength and elastic modulus), in connection with which it is extremely important to assess the nature of the effect of temperature on the fatigue strength of foams, especially since there are no such data in the literature concerning rigid gas-filled plastics. Conclusions. Rigid gas-filled plastics have a number of promising properties, in particular strength and reduced flammability. The results obtained are in full agreement with modern concepts of the relationship between the structure and properties of polymeric materials. The practical significance of the research lies in both obtaining data on the endurance of rigid foams and in the possibility of using the developed technique for other foamed plastics.
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Selvam, Vignesh, Vijay Shankar Sridharan, and Sridhar Idapalapati. "Static and Fatigue Debond Resistance between the Composite Facesheet and Al Cores under Mode-1 in Sandwich Beams." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020051.

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The debonding toughness between unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer face sheets and cellularic cores of sandwich structures is experimentally measured under static and fatigue loading conditions. The effect of various core geometries, such as regular honeycomb and closed-cell foams of two relative densities on the adhesive interfacial toughness is explored using the single cantilever beam (SCB) testing method. The steady-state crack growth measurements are used to plot the Paris curves. The uniformity of adhesive filleting and the crack path was found to affect the interfacial toughness. The static Mode-1 interfacial toughness of high-density foam cores was witnessed to be maximal, followed by low-density honeycomb, high-density honeycomb, and low-density foam core. Similarly, the fatigue behavior of the low-density honeycomb core has the lowest crack growth rates compared to the other samples, primarily due to uniform adhesive filleting.
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Christman, D. L., W. V. Floutz, T. Narayan, and C. J. Reichel. "Slab Foams Prepared from Modified TDI (Cushion Fatigue Study)." Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, no. 3 (May 1993): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9302900304.

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Kanny, Krishnan, Hassan Mahfuz, Tonnia Thomas, and Shaik Jeelani. "Fatigue of Crosslinked and Linear PVC Foams under Shear Loading." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 23, no. 6 (April 2004): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684404032860.

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Chang, Boon Peng, Aleksandr Kashcheev, Andrei Veksha, Grzegorz Lisak, Ronn Goei, Kah Fai Leong, Alfred ling Yoong Tok, and Vitali Lipik. "Nanocomposite Foams with Balanced Mechanical Properties and Energy Return from EVA and CNT for the Midsole of Sports Footwear Application." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040948.

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Polymer foam that provides good support with high energy return (low energy loss) is desirable for sport footwear to improve running performance. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam is commonly used in the midsole of running shoes. However, EVA foam exhibits low mechanical properties. Conventional mineral fillers are usually employed to improve EVA’s mechanical performance, but the energy return is sacrificed. Here, we produced nanocomposite foams from EVA and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) using a chemical foaming process. Two kinds of CNT derived from the upcycling of commodity plastics were prepared through a catalytic chemical vapor deposition process and used as reinforcing and nucleating agents. Our results show that EVA foam incorporated with oxygenated CNT (O-CNT) demonstrated a more pronounced improvement of physical, mechanical, and dynamic impact response properties than acid-purified CNT (A-CNT). When CNT with weight percentage as low as 0.5 wt% was added to the nanocomposites, the physical properties, abrasion resistance, compressive strength, dynamic stiffness, and rebound performance of the EVA foams were improved significantly. Unlike the conventional EVA formulation filled with talc mineral fillers, the incorporation of CNT does not compromise the energy return of the EVA foam. From the long-cycle dynamic fatigue test, the CNT/EVA foam displays greater properties retention as compared to the talc/EVA foam. This work demonstrates a good balanced of mechanical-energy return properties of EVA nanocomposite foam with very low CNT content, which presents promising opportunities for lightweight–high rebound midsoles for running shoes.
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Stevens, B. N., J. F. Scott, D. J. Burchell, and F. O. Baskent. "A Comparison of the Dynamic Fatigue Performance of Typical Carpet Underlayment Foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 26, no. 1 (January 1990): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9002600101.

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Zenkert, Dan, and Magnus Burman. "Tension, compression and shear fatigue of a closed cell polymer foam." Composites Science and Technology 69, no. 6 (May 2009): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.04.017.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Le, Bail Jean-Baptiste. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique sous chargement d’une butée d’amortisseur en mousse de polyuréthane : vers une démarche de dimensionnement en fatigue." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENTA0003.

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Les butées d’amortisseur en mousse de polyuréthane sont largement utilisées dans le milieu automobile. Leur principale fonction est d’amortir les chocs verticaux aux roues et de contribuer à l’intégrité de la suspension du véhicule. La réponse mécanique de ce type de pièces implique de prendre en considération différents mécanismes, allant du flambement des parois de la pièce à l’auto-contact en passant par les non-linéarités géométriques. La caractérisation actuelle de ces butées d’amortisseur en mousse de polyuréthane en fatigue est aujourd’hui limitée au cahier des charges du client et aux tests prédéfinis par celui-ci. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une caractérisation expérimentale complète du comportement mécanique afin d’aboutir à l’identification d’une loi de comportement type Hyperfoam. Cette caractérisation est effectuée en s’appuyant également sur des techniques d’imagerie, MEB et tomographique, afin de caractériser le lien entre la microstructure et le comportement mécanique de la butée d’amortisseur. Cette étude doit permettre au final, de définir une démarche globale pour le dimensionnement en fatigue des butées d’amortisseur en mousse de polyuréthane
Polyurethane foam jounce bumpers are widely used in the automotive industry. Their main function is to absorb vertical shocks to the wheels and contribute to the integrity of the vehicle suspension. The mechanical response of this type of parts implies to take into account different mechanisms, from the buckling of the walls of the part to the self-contact through the geometrical non-linearities. The current characterization of these polyurethane foam jounce bumpers in fatigue is currently limited to the customer’s specifications and to the tests predefined by him. The objective of this thesis is to carry out a complete experimental characterization of the mechanical behavior in order to identify an Hyperfoam type behavior law. This characterization is also based on imaging techniques, SEM and tomographic, in order to characterize the link between the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the jounce bumper. This study should allow to define a global approach for the fatigue design of polyurethane foam jounce bumper
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Fan, Haibo. "HfC structural foams synthesized from polymer precursors." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Dissertation/FAN_HAIBO_30.pdf.

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Bhattacharya, Subhendu, and subhendu bhattacharya@rmit edu au. "Development of macro/nanocellular foams in polymer nanocomposites." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20100122.114345.

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This thesis focuses on the generation of fine cell polymer foams using a heterogeneous nucleating agent (nanoclay), appropriate polymer blending strategies and accurate control of foam processing parameters. Foaming behaviour of HMSPP/ clay nanocomposites and HMS-PP/EVA/clay nanocomposite blends is studied using a batch and a continuous foam injection moulding system. Morphological studies using TEM and SEM led to a few interesting deductions. It is very difficult to attain complete exfoliation in case of HMS-PP/clay nanocomposites even at low clay loadings due to a non polar nature and low graft efficiencies of HMS-PP matrix. The addition of clay to an immiscible blend of HMS-PP/EVA results in compatibilization between the dispersed and the continuous phase. Nanocellular foams (290 nm) were subsequently generated in the batch process at a foaming temperature of 147oC and 25 seconds foaming time. The addition of immiscible EVA-28 to the HMS-PP matrix in presence of clay particles further results in reduction of foam cell sizes to 100 nm. The effect of gas concentration, foaming temperature, injection pressure, and foaming time on foam cell size was studied. It was found that the foam cell size was highly sensitive to the injection pressure at the mould gate (hence pressure drop rate) and foaming temperature. The cell size linearly decreased with increase in gas concentration and foaming time. The sensitivity of foam cell sizes to changes in processing parameters decreases with increase in clay concentration. The effect of addition of clay particle on gas solubility was modelled using the Guggenheims contact fraction approach and subsequently a new model to predict gas solubility was developed using statistical thermodynamic tools. Additionally the effect of shear and extensional rheology on foam cell morphology was modelled. It was found that the viscoelasticity of the polymer matrix greatly affects cell sizes as compared to extensional viscosity.
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Clarke, Alexander E. S. "Microwave techniques for the preparation of polymer foams." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488321.

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Asik, Emin Erkan. "Characterization And Fatigue Behaviour Of Ti-6al-4v Foams." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614570/index.pdf.

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Porous Ti-6Al-4V alloys are widely used in the biomedical applications for hard tissue implantation due to its biocompatibility and elastic modulus being close to that of bone. In this study, porous Ti-6Al-4V alloys were produced with a powder metallurgical process, space holder technique, where magnesium powders were utilized in order to generate porosities in the range of 50 to 70 vol. %. In the productions of Ti-6Al-4V foams, first, the spherical Ti-6Al-4V powders with an average size of 55 &mu
m were mixed with spherical magnesium powders sieved to an average size of 375 &mu
m, and then the mixtures were compacted with a hydraulic press under 500 MPa pressure by using a double-ended steel die and finaly, the green compacts were sintered at 1200
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Twite, Kabamba Eddy. "Polymer foams and composites recycling : Rheological and Macromolecular Investigations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27578/27578.pdf.

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Talal, Sina. "Effect of long-term compression on rigid polymer foams." Thesis, Kingston University, 1999. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20640/.

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The sponsors of this project have been using the rigid heavily-crosslinked polyurethane foam detailed in this study for load-bearing applications. One of the main requirements of this material is that it must possess excellent recovery properties following extensive compressive periods over several years. For such long loading regimes, there is need for detailed understanding of the compressive behaviour of this material, and its subsequent recovery upon release. More recently, there has been a growing interest in replacing the polyurethane foam with an alternative cellular plastic that possesses similar, if not identical, compressive recovery and behaviour. Attention was focused on the other primary polymer contingent, a polyethylene foam. A polyimide foam was also considered as it was already being used in applications similar to those of the polyurethane foam. The structures of the foams were investigated by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis. The deformation mechanisms that occur during the application of a compressive force were examined visually via a scanning electron microscope compression rig. The mechanical analysis involved stress-strain testing whereby three stages of compression were identified (‘linear elastic, stress plateau and densification’), as described in the literature. Quadratic relationships were found to exist between the foam density and the ‘elastic modulus, plateau modulus and the compressive strength’ respectively. Such relationships had previously been found to exist in the literature, but not for the rigid variety of foam at such a broad range of densities. Further analysis included a detailed study of the recovery of the polyurethane (100 kg m[sup]-3 to 800 kg m[sup]-3) foams, a lightly-crosslinked polyethylene foam and a non-crosslinked polyimide foam. The foam samples were compressed by strains which spanned their linear elastic and stress plateau regimes i.e. by 2.5% to 35% for periods ranging from 3 days up to one year at ambient temperature. This analysis was also undertaken at elevated temperature as a means of accelerating the ageing process. Recovery of all of the samples was monitored for a minimum of 100 days at ambient temperature following release. Recovery of all of the foams tested was found to occur in two stages; an initial rapid recovery within the first day following release followed by a much slower recovery phase over a period of approximately 100 days. The initial rapid recovery was attributed to the recovery of the bulk polymer whilst the recovery of the cellular structure was associated with the ensuing slower recovery phase. In addition, recovery of the foams was found to be dependent more upon the compressive strain than on other parameters, such as compressive period and foam density. For compressive periods exceeding two weeks, recovery is almost independent of the latter parameters.
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Chen, Linling. "Developing Constitutive Equations for Polymer Foams Under Cyclic Loading." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1354739399.

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Shishesaz, Mohammad Reza. "Structure-property relationships in extruded plastics foams." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5404.

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Physical properties and morphology of extruded semicrystalline polymers can be significantly affected by modification and change in die design and melt viscosity of the molten polymer. Further modifications to physical properties (i.e. density and open cell fraction) of foamed material occur, following the modification of melt viscosity by melt blending of polypropylene and high density polyethylene). The main object of this research project was to carry out a systematic examination of rheological properties of polymer/gas mixture, affect of die design, polymer molecular weight (melt viscosity), and processing conditions on density, open cell fraction, cell morphology (i.e. cell size and cell size distribution) and micromorphology of polyolefin foams. Also attention was given to method of stabilisation of extruded foam, where, it was found support of the extrudated foam (by adding a specially designed die adapter to the end of the die) prior to entering the cooling tank could result not only to a specimen with uniform cross section, but also due to drop in melt temperature, the cell walls are to some extent rigidized, hence, the collapse of bubbles are limited. From commercial point of view control of cell collapse, density and open cell fraction, will make these foamed materials valuable for their filtration characteristics. Microstructural analysis of polypropylene (unfoamed state) by X-ray diffraction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry revealed 13-spherulites are only formed in skin layer, and beneath the thickness of 500 pm from the surface, the crystal structure of this polymer is only consist of B-spherulites. On the other hand, the chemical blowing agent (Hydrocerol CF-20), was found to have nucleating affect on microstructure of polypropylene, where, it has resulted in reduction of size of spherulites together with a drop in recrystallisation temperature and formation of P and a spherulites through the thickness of extrudated foam. The foregoing chemical blowing agent was found to have no significant affect on the crystal structure of the high density polyethylene.
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Quell, Aggeliki [Verfasser]. "Monodisperse Emulsions as Template for Highly Structured Polymer Foams / Aggeliki Quell." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178152/34.

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Books on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Shutov, Fjodor A. Integral/Structural Polymer Foams. Edited by G. Henrici-Olivé and S. Olivé. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7.

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Gupta, Nikhil, Dinesh Pinisetty, and Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy. Reinforced Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01243-8.

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1925-, Henrici-Olivé G., and Olivé S. 1922-, eds. Integral/structural polymer foams: Technology, properties, and applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Polymer foams handbook: Engineering and biomechanics applications and design guide. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 2007.

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Creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites. Great Abington, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2011.

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Montesano, John, and John Montesano. Fatigue of polymer matrix composites at elevated temperatures. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Montesano, John. Fatigue of polymer matrix composites at elevated temperatures. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Company, Celanese Research, and Langley Research Center, eds. Exploratory development of foams from liquid crystal polymers. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. Isothermal fatigue, damage accumulation, and life prediction of a woven PMC. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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G, Advani Suresh, ed. Flow and rheology in polymer composites manufacturing. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Shutov, F. A. "Syntactic polymer foams." In Chromatography/Foams/Copolymers, 63–123. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15786-7_7.

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Rätzsch, M., H. Bucka, and U. Panzer. "Polypropylene foams." In Polymer Science and Technology Series, 635–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_86.

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Bogdanovich, Pavel N., and Denis V. Tkachuk. "Polymer Fatigue." In Encyclopedia of Tribology, 2578–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_818.

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Tawiah, Benjamin, Charles Frimpong, and Bismark Sarkodie. "Polymer Nanocomposite Foams and Acoustics." In Multifunctional Polymeric Foams, 111–35. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003218692-7.

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Antunes, Marcelo, and José Ignacio Velasco. "Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Foams." In Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites, 279–332. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118945964.ch8.

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Shutov, Fjodor A., G. Henrici-Olivé, and S. Olivé. "General Description of Integral (Structural) Foams." In Integral/Structural Polymer Foams, 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7_1.

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Shutov, Fjodor A., G. Henrici-Olivé, and S. Olivé. "Rotational Molding and Other Processes." In Integral/Structural Polymer Foams, 123–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7_10.

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Shutov, Fjodor A., G. Henrici-Olivé, and S. Olivé. "Secondary Processing." In Integral/Structural Polymer Foams, 131–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7_11.

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Shutov, Fjodor A., G. Henrici-Olivé, and S. Olivé. "Comparison and Selection of Integral Foam Processes." In Integral/Structural Polymer Foams, 138–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7_12.

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Shutov, Fjodor A., G. Henrici-Olivé, and S. Olivé. "Integral Foam Based on Polyurethanes." In Integral/Structural Polymer Foams, 153–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Petrović, Saša, Nemanja Kašiković, Željko Zeljković, and Rastko Milošević. "Factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p50.

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Polyurethanes are a group of polymers which are in many ways different from other types of plastic. They are used in many different areas due to the fact that many different chemicals can be used during their synthesis, resulting in a variety of structures. Sleeves are comprised of hard base often covered with compressible polyurethane (PU) foam layer. PU foam layer can have different composition and level of porosity which are the main factors influencing compressibility of the sleeve and therefore its area of use. Sleeves are also one of the least researched components in the flexographic printing process. However, mechanical properties of the polyurethane, its fatigue, lifespan and parameters influencing all of them have been extensively investigated in different areas and for different types and formulations of polyurethane. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves. Investigated parameters are foam density, level of strain and strain rate, influence of microstructure under different conditions and parameters influencing creep and stress relaxation. The review of the existing literature regarding mechanical properties of the PU foams makes it possible to select the parameters with the greatest possible influence on the flexographic printing process, as well as to find the most suitable methods to investigate the effect of exploitation on sleeve properties. As a large number of parameters influencing PU foam mechanical properties are fixed during printing, it can be concluded, through the review of the existing literature, that the main parameters to be investigated are the resilience of the sleeve compressible layer during cyclic compression testing (residual strain), maximum stress, Young’s modulus, hysteresis loss, and creep and stress relaxation during cyclic compression testing with strain retention.
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Kanny, Krishnan, Hassan Mahfuz, Leif A. Carlsson, Tonnia Thomas, and Shaik Jeelani. "Flexural Fatigue of PVC Foams." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25415.

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Abstract Flexural fatigue tests were performed on cross-linked PVC foams of densities in the range from 75 to 300 kg/m3 at a frequency of 3Hz and at a stress ratio, R = 0.1. S-N diagrams were generated, and the failure mechanisms were examined. The fatigue behavior was found to be similar to structural materials with a fatigue strength that decreased with increased stress and increased with increased foam density. The final failure event was catastrophic due to crack propagation initiating at the tension side of the beam. SEM analyses of unfailed and failed 300kg/m3 density foam specimens revealed cell wall cracking and densification of the foam. The densification contributed to stiffening of foam specimens. Viscoelastic parameters of the foams were determined at room temperature using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) over a frequency range of 1–10Hz. For the virgin specimens it was found that the viscoelastic moduli and damping ratio were quite independent of frequency over this range of frequencies. Except for the lowest density foam (75kg/m3), the damping ratio was quite independent of foam density.
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Winkler, W., P. P. Valko, and M. J. Economides. "A Rheological Model for Polymer Foams." In SPE Latin America/Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27013-ms.

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Fang, Peng, Zheng Wei, and Guang-lin Li. "Piezoelectrets: Polymer foams for transducer applications." In 2012 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications (SPAWDA 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawda.2012.6464047.

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Gomez, Sofia, Andrea Irigoyen, Stephanie Gonzalez, and Anette Baca. "Energy absorption of polymer syntactic foams." In Southwest Emerging Technology Symposium University of Texas- El Paso April 12-13, El Paso Marriott. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1861033.

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Song, Janice J., Ijya Srivastava, and Hani E. Naguib. "Development of multifunctional shape memory polymer foams." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-30: The 30th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918403.

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Hernando, L., H. J. Bertin, A. Omari, G. Dupuis, and A. Zaitoun. "Polymer-Enhanced Foams for Water Profile Control." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179581-ms.

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Hamidinejad, Mahdi, Raymond K. M. Chu, Tobin Filleter, and Chul B. Park. "Thermally conductive polymer-graphene nanoplatelet composite foams." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-33 : The 33rd International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5121675.

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Rosato, Chiara, Paolo Scopece, Piero Schiavuta, Marco Scatto, Francesca Felline, and Andrea Tinti. "Active Polymer Nanocomposites: application in thermoplastic polymers and in polymer foams." In 2015 1st Workshop on Nanotechnology in Instrumentation and Measurement (NANOFIM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nanofim.2015.8425349.

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Nalbach, Joseph R., Matthew S. Schwenger, Zachary M. Koleszar, Kelly Greiser, David Ozalas, Taissa Michel, Craig Bovenzi, and Wei Xue. "Polymer-Nanoparticle Composite Foams for Energy Harvesting Applications." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71002.

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Throughout the course of one day, the human body goes through numerous mechanical activities. These activities, while usually not very powerful individually, produce an ample amount of energy collectively. This mechanical energy can be harvested into electrical energy via piezoelectricity. Recent research into piezoelectric nanocomposites has yielded techniques to foam the materials into softer, porous structures more suitable for human comfort. This study focuses on using a host polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and citric acid to create foams. Citric acid, a common industrial chemical blowing agent (CBA), is used in this project due to its capabilities to produce foams with consistent pore sizes and distribution. These foams, coupled with piezoelectric nanoparticles, are fabricated, analyze, and tested. They are mechanically characterized using tensile testing. Electrical characterization is carried out using an integrated mechanical-electrical testing setup. These foams are lighter, softer, and can produce higher electrical output than non-porous counterparts. We believe that these foams have great potential in upcoming piezoelectric technology.
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Reports on the topic "Fatigue of polymer foams"

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Letts, S. A., L. M. Lucht, R. J. Morgan, R. C. Cook, T. M. Tillotson, M. B. Mercer, and D. E. Miller. Progress in development of low density polymer foams for the ICF Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5002895.

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Singhal, Pooja. Ultra Low Density Shape Memory Polymer Foams With Tunable Physicochemical Properties for Treatment of intracranial Aneurysms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1248313.

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Riveros, Guillermo, and Hussam Mahmoud. Underwater carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)–retrofitted steel hydraulic structures (SHS) fatigue cracks. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46588.

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Recent advances in the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) to retrofit steel structures subjected to fatigue cracks have shown to be a viable solution for increasing fatigue life in steel hydraulic structures (SHS). Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of FRP for retrofitting metal alloys and the promising potential of such has been well-demonstrated, the application has never been implemented in underwater steel structures. This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note presents the implementation of FRP patches to repair fatigue cracks at Old Hickory Lock and Dam miter gate.
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Mahmoud, Hussam, Guillermo Riveros, Lauren Hudak, and Emad Hassan. Experimental fatigue evaluation of underwater steel panels retrofitted with fiber polymers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46647.

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Many steel structures are susceptible to fatigue loading and damage that potentially threaten their integrity. Steel hydraulic structures (SHS) experience fatigue loading during operation and exposure to harsh environmental conditions that can further reduce fatigue life through stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, for example. Dewatering to complete inspections or repairs to SHS is time consuming and leads to economic losses, and current repair methods, such as rewelding, often cause new cracks to form after relatively few cycles, requiring repeated inspection and repair. The use of bonded carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) to repair fatigue cracks in metallic structures has been successful in other industries; recent work suggests that this method offers a more reliable repair method for SHS. Studies regarding CFRP retrofits of SHS indicate that early bond failure often controls the degree of fatigue life extension provided by the repair. This study aims to extend previous studies and increase the fatigue life of repaired steel components by employing methods to improve CFRP bonding. Additionally, using basalt reinforced polymer (BFRP) instead of CFRP is proposed. BFRP is attractive for SHS because it does not react galvanically and has excellent resistance to chemically active environments.
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Wilkins, Justin, Andrew McQueen, Joshua LeMonte, and Burton Suedel. Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42021.

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Given the reported extent of microplastics in the aquatic environment, environmentally relevant exposure information for sediments dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers will lend context to the risks posed by this contaminant during dredging. We measured the occurrence, abundance, and polymer composition of microplastics in sediments collected from nine dredged waterways and two non-dredged reference areas. The number of particles in sediment samples ranged from 162 to 6110 particles/kg dry wt., with a mean of 1636 particles/kg dry wt. Fragments were the most prevalent shape observed among the 11 study sites (100% frequency of occurrence), followed by fibers (81%), spheres (75%), foams (38%) and films (34%). Based on analyses of chemical composition of the particles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polyethylene:propylene was the most common polymer type observed. Consistent with results presented by other investigators microplastic concentrations and polymer types in bottom sediments in this study were also aligned with the most widely used plastics worldwide.
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