Journal articles on the topic 'Fatality prevention'
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Leece, Pamela, and Aaron Orkin. "Opioid Overdose Fatality Prevention." JAMA 309, no. 9 (March 6, 2013): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.375.
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Beletsky, Leo, Alexander Y. Walley, and Josiah D. Rich. "Opioid Overdose Fatality Prevention—Reply." JAMA 309, no. 9 (March 6, 2013): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.381.
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Desapriya, Ediriweera, Ricky Jhauj, and Ketki Merchant. "Cataract Surgery and Motor Vehicle Fatality Prevention." JAMA Ophthalmology 136, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1602.
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Elster, Nanette R., and M. Gabriela Alcalde. "Child Fatality Review: Recommendations for State Coordination and Cooperation." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00091.x.
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Preventable childhood injuries and deaths are a major public health problem in the United States. In 2000, the most recent year for which mortality data are available, over 10,000 children from birth to age 18 died from unintentional injuries in the United States and nearly 3,000 from the same age group died from homicide or suicide. According to the Childhood Injury Fact Sheet produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children one to 21 years of age.”Preventing child fatalities requires further understanding of the causes and circumstances surrounding child deaths. One mechanism for doing this is multidisciplinary child fatality review teams. These teams exist at the state and local level and perform the functions of identifying, reviewing, and recommending preventive measures to reduce the number of preventable child deaths and life-threatening injuries.
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Zhong, Nanshan. "Management and prevention of SARS in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1447 (July 29, 2004): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1491.
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The case fatality was the lowest (3.8%) among 1512 cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong Province, China. Rational use of corticosteroid, non–invasive ventilation and the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine may partly have contributed to the lowest fatality figure. There was a close linkage between civet cats and humans in terms of transmission of SARS. Strict control of the wild–animal market may be significant in preventing a new outbreak of SARS this year.
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Tseng, Victoria L., Fei Yu, and Anne L. Coleman. "Cataract Surgery and Motor Vehicle Fatality Prevention—Reply." JAMA Ophthalmology 136, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1605.
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Lee, Chun-Yi, Ya-Wen Wu, Chih-Ken Chen, and Liang-Jen Wang. "The Rate of Fatality and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Various Suicide Methods." Crisis 35, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000266.
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Background: Understanding lethality and risk factors of suicide methods is an initial step in suicide prevention. Aims: To investigate the fatality rate and demographic characteristics of various suicide methods. Method: This study enrolled consecutive individuals with episodes of suicide attempts registered in a surveillance database in a city with a high rate of suicide mortality in Taiwan, from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2010. In total, 3,089 suicide attempt events (including 2,583 nonfatal suicides and 506 completed suicides) occurred during the study period. Results: Overall, the fatality rate of suicides was 16.4%. Charcoal burning accounted for the most suicide deaths (37.6%), with a fatality rate of 50.1%. Suicide by hanging carried the highest fatality rate (81.2%). Males tended to choose more lethal methods and had higher fatality rates compared with females. Elders and married persons were less likely to attempt suicide by charcoal burning. The case fatality ratio increased along with age among suicide attempts, but not in those using charcoal burning. Conclusion: The choice of suicide methods and lethality might be influenced by one’s demographic characteristics. Results from this study may provide clues for establishing suicide prevention strategies such as restricting access to common lethal suicide methods in the high-risk group.
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Labarthe, Darwin R., George Howard, Monika M. Safford, Virginia J. Howard, Suzanne E. Judd, Mary Cushman, and Brett M. Kissela. "Incidence and Case Fatality at the County Level as Contributors to Geographic Disparities in Stroke Mortality." Neuroepidemiology 47, no. 2 (2016): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449102.
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Background: Is the high stroke mortality in the Southeastern parts of the United States driven by differences in stroke incidence or case-fatality? This question remains unanswered. Differences in incidence would underscore the need for stroke prevention, while differences in case fatality would call for improved stroke care. Methods: Quartiles of US counties were defined by stroke mortality, and this gradient was related with stroke incidence and stroke case fatality in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, where 1,317 incident stroke events (of which 242 were fatal) occurred among 29,650 participants. Results: There was a significant (p = 0.0025) gradient of fatal stroke events in REGARDS (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 (Q4/Q1) hazard ratio 1.95, 95% CI 1.35-2.81), demonstrating the consistency of REGARDS with national mortality data. The gradient for incident stroke (fatal + nonfatal) was also significant (p = 0.0023; Q4/Q1 hazard ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.52). The gradient for stroke case-fatality was marginally significant (p = 0.058), though the OR for Q4/Q1 (1.71, 95% CI 1.13-2.25) was large. Conclusions: Both stroke incidence and case-fatality in REGARDS appear to be contributing, underscoring the need for strengthening both stroke prevention and acute stroke care in order to reduce the disparity.
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Haas, Erin, Christine Truong, Laura Bartolomei-Hill, Michael Baier, Barbara Bazron, and Kathleen Rebbert-Franklin. "Local Overdose Fatality Review Team Recommendations for Overdose Death Prevention." Health Promotion Practice 20, no. 4 (September 11, 2018): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839918797617.
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Hon, Heidi H., Thomas R. Wojda, Noran Barry, Ulunna MacBean, John P. Anagnostakos, David C. Evans, Peter G. Thomas, and Stanislaw P. Stawicki. "Injury and fatality risks in aeromedical transport: focus on prevention." Journal of Surgical Research 204, no. 2 (August 2016): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2016.05.003.
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Quan, Linda, Edmond J. Gore, Kim Wentz, Jill Allen, and Alvin H. Novack. "Ten-Year Study of Pediatric Drownings and Near-Drownings in King County, Washington: Lessons in Injury Prevention." Pediatrics 83, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.6.1035.
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The factors associated with submersion events among <20-year-old persons that occurred in King County from 1974 to 1983 were studied to focus prevention efforts. Near-drowning (n = 103) and drowning (n = 96) victims were identified from medical examiners' reports, paramedics' reports, and hospital discharge registers. Annual incidence was 5.5; the mortality rate was 2.6 per 100,000 children. Although preschool-aged children had the largest incidence (12.8), followed by older adolescents (4.9), adolescents had the largest case fatality rate, 77%. Lake and river victims had the largest incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate; swimming pools, the smallest case fatality rate (25%). A total of 89% of all victims had absent or no supervision; victims supervised by lifeguards had a 42% case fatality rate. Prior seizures were part of the history of 7.5% of all victims; 25% of fatal submersions by adolescents were associated with alcohol. Bathtub submersions were associated with child abuse in three of 16 preschool-aged children and epilepsy in four of five older children. Certain age groups and sites combined had the greatest incidence: preschool-aged children in swimming pools, infants in bathtubs, teenagers in lakes and rivers. Incidence decreased in public and semipublic pools coincident with fencing regulations. These findings suggest prevention strategies: extending fencing requirements to private pools, discouraging alcohol consumption during water sports, changing bathing practices of epileptics, and improving lifeguard efficacy.
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Adeyemi, Oluwaseun, Rajib Paul, and Ahmed Arif. "Spatial Cluster Analysis of Fatal Road Accidents From Non-Use of Seat Belts Among Older Drivers." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.374.
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Abstract Identifying county-level spatial clusters of fatal accidents due to non-use of seatbelt among drivers 65 years and older can help with injury prevention policies and targeted place-based interventions. We estimated the odds and identified hotspots of fatal accidents among drivers 65 years and older (n=57,715) based on a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2010 to 2018 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. The outcome variable was fatality status (fatal/non-fatal), and the main independent variable was seatbelt use (not used/used). Other covariates were drunk driving, distracted driving, and speeding while age, gender, and airbag deployment were used as confounders. Rural-urban status of accident location was used as an effect modifier. Odds ratios were calculated from logistic regression. The age-adjusted fatality rate was computed as the crude fatality rate per 100,000 population weighted by the average population composition by age-groups. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed by local Moran’s I, and cluster analysis was performed using the Moran’s I index-derived Z-scores. The median age-adjusted seatbelt-related fatality rate per county was 2.35 per 100,000 population (IQR: 5.60). Not wearing a seatbelt was associated with an 11-fold (Adjusted OR: 11.37; 95% CI: 10.18-12.70) increased odds of a fatal event in metropolitan counties and a 7-fold (Adjusted OR: 7.43; 95% CI: 6.10-9.04) increased odds in rural counties and small towns. Hot spots for seatbelt-related fatal road accidents were found in multiple counties in Texas, South Dakota, and Mississippi. Study findings can be used for county-specific interventions tailored to 65 and older for preventing fatal road accidents.
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Rie, Dongho, and Jioh Ryu. "Sustainable Urban Planning Technique of Fire Disaster Prevention for Subway." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010372.
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Subway infrastructure is a representative urban infrastructure for sustainable urban development as part of its policy to harmonize with economic growth. As the transportation infrastructure of large cities develops with high speed and intelligence, more attention will be paid to its safety. The main cause of death in subway fires is asphyxiation, due to the closed specificity of the underground space. Therefore, smoke exhaust facilities should be capable of minimizing the effects of smoke to ensure the safe evacuation of passengers in the event of fire. In this study, three kinds of fire locations are adopted to analyze the distribution of platform temperature, CO, and visibility in connection with the smoke exhaust system operation method. We evaluate the performance of the applicable smoke exhaust system from ASET-based untenable area analysis. Fatality evaluation by escape analysis according to the smoke exhaust system estimates the fatality based on the tenability performance evaluation. Moreover, the FED method was used to evaluate tenability performance. Therefore, the result of this study suggests a solution for sustainable subway Disaster response from the performance evaluation of the subway platform smoke exhaust system for safe evacuation of passengers, which is essential for subway construction or remodeling.
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Seo, Su Ra, Shin Yi Jang, and Sung-il Cho. "Trends in Incidence and Case Fatality Rates of Heart Disease and Its Subtypes in Korea, 2006–2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 8451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228451.
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Heart disease (HD) is the second leading cause of death in Korea. Several studies in Korea have analyzed the trends of incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), but few have investigated incidence and mortality trends of HD and its subtypes. The aim of this study was to assess the national trends in incidence and case fatality rates of overall HD and its subtypes (including IHD, heart failure (HF), arrhythmia, hypertensive HD (HHD), valvular HD, pulmonary HD, and others) in Korea between 2006 and 2015. Using records from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) claims database (2003–2015) and by obtaining the causes of death (Korean Statistical Information Service, 2006–2017), we analyzed the crude and age-standardized incidence rates from 2006 to 2015 and the case fatality rates from 2006 to 2017 of HD and its subtypes. Between 2006 and 2015, the incidence of overall HD changed minimally, but the age-standardized incidence of HD decreased from 210.0 persons per 100,000 populations in 2006 to 161.3 persons in 2015. However, incidence rates have increased in arrhythmia, HD other, pulmonary HD, and the case fatality rates have increased in HF, valvular HD, and HD other. Therefore, it is essential to continuously monitor the incidence and case fatality rates of HD and its subtypes and expand the focus onto prevention and treatment strategies from MI or IHD to various HD subtypes. Active prevention and management are needed to alleviate the burden of HD due to an aging population in Korea.
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de Souza Anacleto, Maria Cecília, Jessica Souza Lopes da Silva, Millena Venâncio Gonçalves, Mateus da Silva Matias Antunes, and Diêgo Correia de Andrade. "Factors Associated with Mortality from Renal Failure in Brazil: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.08.
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Background and aims: The incidence of renal failure (RF) is growing in Brazil, resulting in increased public spending and negatively affecting the public health, which can lead to patient death. Identifying factors associated with mortality from this condition can help to characterize susceptible populations; therefore, institutional and governmental measures can be adopted for prevention and treatment. Materials and Methods: Descriptive epidemiological study using secondary data from Brazilian database (DATASUS). Deaths from RF between 2009 and 2019 and characteristics such as color/race, gender, education, region, and age group of the individuals were analyzed. Results: Since 2016, there has been a reduction of approximately 2% per year in the RF case fatality rate. North, Northeast, and Southeast regions had the highest case fatality rate, 13.6%, 13.17%, and 12.84%, respectively, which may be associated with high prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases. The elderly had the highest case fatality rates, ranging from 9.67% in individuals aged 50-59 years to 27.52% in the elderly over 80 years. Children under 1 year of age had a high case fatality rate of 15.03%. Moreover, the case fatality rate for individuals with education levels above 12 years of schooling was 0.50%, while the case fatality rate for individuals with 1 to 3 years of schooling was 3.52%, which is seven times higher. Case fatality rates of indigenous populations in the South and Southeast regions were 12.0% and 16.5%, approximately 20% higher than other populations. Conclusion: The presence of chronic-degenerative diseases, age above 50 and below 1 (elderly and preterm newborns), low level of education and being indigenous are factors associated with mortality from RF in Brazil.
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Arshad, Abdul Rehman, Imtiaz Bashir, Farhat Ijaz, Nicholas Loh, Suraj Shukla, Ubaid Ur Rehman, and Rana Khurram Aftab. "Is COVID-19 Fatality Rate Associated with Malaria Endemicity?" Discoveries 8, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): e120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15190/d.2020.17.
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COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). COVID-19 has yielded many reported complications and unusual observations. In this article, we have reviewed one such observation: an association between malaria endemicity and reduced reported COVID-19 fatality. Malaria-endemic regions have a significantly lower reported COVID-19 fatality rate as compared to regions where malaria is non-endemic. Statistical analyses show that there is a strong negative correlation between the reported SARS-CoV-2 fatality and endemicity of malaria. In this review, we have discussed the potential role of CD-147, and potential malaria-induced immunity and polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients. Noteworthy, the results may also be due to underreported cases or due to the economic, political, and environmental differences between the malaria endemic and non-endemic countries. The study of this potential relationship might be of great help in COVID-19 therapy and prevention.
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Tiwari, Sanskruti. "Prevention of Transmission of COVID-19." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1897.
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Coronavirus disease is caused by an RNA VIRUS, sars-cov-2. It has become a global pandemic. With no defined treatment modality or vaccine prevention becomes the mainstay in control of this pandemic. The spread of this disease is through contact, aerosol, fomites etc. It can be prevented with the help of social distancing, hand hygiene , respiratory hygiene and strict isolation of cases. This article deals with various interventions to stop the spread of coronavirus disease.
The outbreak of this pandemic started inHunan seafood market place, Wuhan, China. No preventive measures were taken by the Chinese authorities which led to the outbreak of this deadly disease. Human to human transmission could have been easily prevented by simple measures like quarantine , isolation etc but due to utter negligence and no proper preventive strategy this pandemic happened. The responsible thing that can be done to control the spread of this disease is prevention. Prevention is also necessary till proper treatment strategies and medicine gets approved. Research is still going on throughout the world by experts in this field to control this pandemic. Although the case fatality rate of covid 19 is still low that is less then 1.5% still it proves to be a huge disease burden in todays situation. The old and deblititated should be more careful. Prevention of this disease can only be done with the proper use of masks, hand washing and sanitization, prevention of overcrowding , proper quarantine norms, early testing and isolation of cases.
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Ortega-Paredes, David, César Marcelo Larrea-Álvarez, Santiago Isaac Jijón, Karen Loaiza, Miroslava Anna Šefcová, Gabriel Molina-Cuasapaz, Pedro Barba, et al. "A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess Knowledge of COVID-19 among Undergraduate Students in North-Central Ecuador." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168706.
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Adherence to preventive measures is influenced by people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices towards a disease; therefore, assessing knowledge of COVID-19 is critical in the overall effort to contain the outbreak. This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduates (n = 3621) of different programs and different levels of education associated with universities in north-central Ecuador. The form consisted of 32 questions covering demographics, symptoms, detection, treatment, transmission, prevention and knowledge of the virus. The rate of correct answers was 75.5% (21.1 ± 5 out of 28), with differences observed regarding program of study, educational level and location of institution (α = 0.05), although effect size analyses showed that these differences could not be considered large. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that lower scores were associated with initial stages of education, careers related to social sciences and location of institution. Participants possessed sufficient knowledge about detection, transmission and prevention, although they overestimated fatality rate and were less confident about the characteristics of the virus and the effectiveness of traditional medicine. Consequently, future educational programs must place emphasis on addressing deficient knowledge. Certainly, improving COVID-19 literacy will promote the appropriate application of protective measures aimed at preventing the virus’ spread.
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Hargrove, Sarah L., Terry L. Bunn, Svetla Slavova, Dana Quesinberry, Tracey Corey, William Ralston, Michael D. Singleton, and Van Ingram. "Establishment of a comprehensive drug overdose fatality surveillance system in Kentucky to inform drug overdose prevention policies, interventions and best practices." Injury Prevention 24, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042308.
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BackgroundAccording to the National Center for Health Statistics, Kentucky had the third highest drug overdose fatality rate in the nation in 2015 at 29.9 drug overdose fatalities per 100 000 population.ObjectiveThe elevated drug overdose fatality rate necessitated the development and implementation of a comprehensive multisource drug overdose fatality surveillance system (DOFSS).MethodsDOFSS stakeholder work group members and data sources were identified, and memorandums of understanding were established. The following data sources were used to establish DOFSS: (1) death certificates; (2) autopsy reports; (3) toxicology result reports; (4) coroner reports; and (5) Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting (KASPER) (prescription drug monitoring programme) data. Drug overdose poisonings were defined using Injury Surveillance Workgroup 7 definitions. Analyses were performed to investigate possible drug overdose-related health disparities for disabled drug overdose decedents and to characterise gabapentin in drug overdose deaths.ResultsDOFSS identified 2106 drug overdose poisoning fatalities in Kentucky for 2013–2014. Identification of specific drugs involved in drug overdose deaths increased from 75.8% using a single data source to 97.5% using multiple data sources. Disabled drug overdose decedents were significantly more likely to have an active prescription for drugs identified in their system compared with the non-disabled drug overdose decedents. Toxicology data showed increased gabapentin involvement in drug overdose deaths from 2.9% in 2013 to 17% in 2014. Alprazolam was found most often in combination with gabapentin (41%), along with various other benzodiazepines and prescription opioids.ConclusionsA comprehensive multisource DOFSS improved drug overdose fatality surveillance by increasing completeness of data and data quality. DOFSS is a model that can be considered by other states to enhance their efforts in tracking drug overdose fatalities, identifying new and emerging trends, and informing policies and best practices, to address and reduce drug overdoses.
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Shuang, Qing, and Zerong Zhang. "Determining Critical Cause Combination of Fatality Accidents on Construction Sites with Machine Learning Techniques." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020345.
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The construction industry is fraught with danger. The investigation of the causes of occupational accidents receives considerable attention. The purpose of this research is to determine the hierarchical relationship and critical combination of the fatal causes of accidents on construction sites. The framework for fatal cause attribute was established. Machine learning technologies were developed to predict the different types of accidents. Using feature importance, the hierarchical relationship of fatal causes was extracted. An iterative analysis algorithm was created to quantify the cause combinations. The F1 prediction score was 92.93%. The results revealed that combinations existed in fatal causes analysis, even if they were hierarchical. Furthermore, this study made recommendations for improving safety management and preventing occupational accidents. The findings of this study guide construction participants in providing early warning signs of fatal and unsafe factors, ultimately assisting in the prevention of fatalities.
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Palem, Siva Prasad, and Hari Prasad Palem. "The effect of COVID-19 on global population and its fatality rate: Retrospective study by online database." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 72 (April 30, 2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijms_36_2020.
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Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current new virulent disease rising its transmission and fatality with each passing day in the worldwide population. COVID-19 is emerged as a respiratory infection and a suspicious origin of animals and transmission to human in Wuhan, China on December 2019. Later this, the virus was transmitted from person to person through droplets and contacts. The World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China have taken immediate action to reduce transmission and fatality associated with COVID-19 as minimum as possible. However, action has failed to stop transmission of COVID-19 from China to other countries. Since there was no chain break of the virus, the chances are more to increase the case number and fatality. Hence, the study has been designed to perceive the current effect of COVID-19 on the global population and its fatality. The study also focused on review related to treatment for COVID-19. Material and Methods: Online database of epidemic disease COVID-19 cases number was collected from www.channelnewsasia.com on 7th April 2020. This data was used to observe the past and present circumstances in the global population and its fatality. The effect of treatment on COVID-19 was reviewed from the few databases of clinical trials (antiviral and antibacterial drugs). Results: The online data are used to observe a significant increase ratio of COVID-19 cases and its fatality rate in worldwide as well as country wise. The COVID-19 cases are high in the United States (27.5%), whereas the fatality rate is high in Italy (12.47%). The prevalence of COVID-19 is expected to be reaching 4 million by the end of April 2020 and the fatality rate also might be reached high. Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that the effect of COVID-19 on the global population is significantly increased and the fatality rate also elevated (2.48% to 5.52%). The hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination treatment has shown significant improvement in patients with COVID-19 compared to treat with other drugs.
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Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta, Sapana Dawadi, and Shanta Nepal. "The fatalities and injuries due to avalanche effect in the Himalayan Region, Nepal." BIBECHANA 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2023): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v20i1.42206.
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Snow avalanches present the major natural hazard in Himalayan region of Nepal. The loss of human life is the main effect of avalanche. The records and casualties compared with specific Europe countries which help to analyze the hazard in the mountain region and can be recommend to the public people of this area about the avalanche condition, prevention from it and dissemination of information. On analyzing the statistics of avalanche fatality in the high mountain of Asia from 1895 to 2022, the fatality number was 59 at Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain Peaks. Different highest peaks of mountains attract tourist and the massive amount of snow create an avalanche in these areas, so Avalanche is one of the most devastating hazards in Western Himalayan. This fatality events, and fatality rates of Nepal and Europe countries from 1971 to 2022 analyzes the collected data from the DesInventar data-set, Disaster Risk Reduction Portal of the government of Nepal. The European Avalanche Warning System is used in the government of Europe using the geographic Information system (ArcGIS) tools. This study recommends the establishment of an Avalanche warning System with proper tools in the western Himalayan to save the life of humans and property.
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Mujiono, Nova. "Jellyfish Sting: Sebuah studi Kasus Indonesia [Jellyfish Sting : An Indonesian Case Report]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v2i1.11673.
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AbstractJellyfish sting cases are reported between the years 2005 to 2009 from Indonesian waters. Three fatal cases occurred in Jebus and Situbondo in 2008 which predicted to be caused by Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Physalia physalis. Another species, Physalia utriculus is causing no fatality. Seasonality, treatment of the injury and prevention from the sting also discussed.
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Lord, Sarah, Charles H. Tator, and Sandy Wells. "Examining Ontario Deaths Due to All-Terrain Vehicles, and Targets for Prevention." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 3 (May 2010): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100010234.
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Background:All-terrain vehicle (ATV) use is increasingly popular among people of all ages. Although ATV use is known to cause significant morbidity due to head and neck trauma, there is a lack of published data detailing ATV-related fatalities. We examined all ATV-related fatalities in Ontario from 1996 - 2005 to determine the epidemiology and risk factors as a guide for improved injury prevention strategies.Methods:All ATV-related fatalities from 1996 - 2005 in Ontario were examined through Coroner's reports in the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario. Epidemiologic information and risk factors relating to the driver, environment, and vehicle were recorded.Results:There were 74 ATV-related fatalities from 1996 - 2005. There was only one fatality per year in 1996 and 1997 and a peak of 16 per year in 2004 and 2005. Head and neck injuries were the commonest causes of death. Males comprised 90.5% of the cases. The highest risk was from age 15 - 29, and 21% of fatalities occurred in children under 16. Northeastern Ontario had the highest fatality rate.Conclusions:There was a major increase in the incidence of ATV-related fatalities in Ontario from 1996 - 2005 with the majority due to head trauma. Notable risk factors included alcohol use, riding at night, lack of helmet use, and excessive speed. We recommend the adoption of laws that focus on helmet requirements, a minimum driver age of 16, and certified training courses. Aggressive injury prevention efforts should be targeted toward males aged 15 - 29.
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Higgins, D. N. "The Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program's role in the prevention of occupational fatalities." Injury Prevention 7, no. 90001 (September 1, 2001): 27i—33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.7.suppl_1.i27.
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Findley, Daniel J., Morgan Sanchez, and Timothy Nye. "Estimating the Effect of Standard Enforcement of a Rear Seat Belt Law for Rear Seat Fatality Prevention." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 33 (July 31, 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790131.
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Data were collected from the NHTSA’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System to analyze the link between primary enforcement of rear seat belt use and injury severity in fatal vehicle collisions. Specifically, this study predicted the amount of fatalities that may have been prevented had there been standard enforcement of a rear seat belt law in effect. Previous literature concludes that increasing seat belt use will decrease injury severity in collisions and the primary enforcement of seat belts laws will increase seat belt use by approximately 14%. This study recorded and compared the number of rear seat fatalities in states that did and did not have primary enforcement laws for rear seat occupants. The results indicated that, on average, for every properly restrained rear seat fatality there are 0.45 more rear seat fatalities in states without primary enforcement than states with primary enforcement. It also predicts that the states that do not practice standard seat belt enforcement could have seen approximately 772 to 1,032 fatalities prevented from 2011 to 2015, had there been primary rear seat belt enforcement. This corresponds to an estimated national crash cost savings of $8.6 billion, or $1.7 billion annually.
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Núñez-Samudio, Virginia, Francisco Mayorga-Marín, Humberto López Castillo, and Iván Landires. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Road Traffic Injuries Involving Children in Three Central American Countries, 2012–2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010037.
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Although motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a worldwide public health concern due to their high injury, mortality, and fatality rates, few studies have addressed the epidemiologic behavior of MVCs in Latin American youth. Thus, this study was aimed at describing and comparing the characteristics of MVCs involving 0 to 14-year-olds in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama. A secondary aim was to estimate the crude MVC-related injury, fatality, and mortality rates and their trends over time. We conducted a descriptive, retrospective study using publicly available data for Costa Rica, Panama, and Guatemala between 2012 and 2015. We examined the reported MVC cases and calculated the crude injury, fatality, and mortality rates and their trends over time (α = 0.05). Publicly available data reported 12,020 MVC-related injuries and 431 MVC-related deaths involving 0 to 14-year-olds. The most frequent mechanisms involved 0 to 14-year-olds as passengers or pedestrians in MVCs (>85% of all cases). The highest crude MVC-related injury and mortality rates were reported for Panama (119.35 and 2.14 per 100,000 population, respectively, in 0 to 14-years-olds), while Guatemala had the highest median MVC-related fatality rate (8.84 per 100,000 events; χ2 [2] = 377.8; p < 0.001) with a statistically significant trend increasing over time (r = 0.947; p = 0.027). Although several factors play a role in the prevention of MVCs among 0 to 14-year-olds, we found that Costa Rica was the only country that implemented a policy on child restraint systems resulting in the lowest rates of MVC-related injury, mortality, and fatality. These results could be used by decision makers from the aforementioned Central American countries to develop adequate policies addressing MVC preventative strategies to protect Central American infants and children.
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Mishara, Brian L. "Prevention of Deaths from Intentional Pesticide Poisoning." Crisis 28, S1 (January 2007): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.s1.10.
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Abstract. Ingestion of pesticides is the most common suicide method worldwide, accounting for one third of all suicides, predominantly in Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Case fatalities are high, particularly in rural areas. This high case fatality may explain the similar numbers of male and female suicides in Asia, since more women die from their attempts. In Asia, pesticide suicides are mostly impulsive acts with little advance planning and they are less often associated with mental illness than in Western countries. Pesticides are generally chosen for their easy access. Prevention strategies include treating the problems leading to suicidal behaviors involving pesticides; changing attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs about pesticides; controlling access to dangerous pesticides, including developing secure storage practices (which are currently being evaluated); and improving the medical treatment of poisonings. More research is needed to better understand suicides involving pesticides in their cultural contexts and to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs, including assessment of possible substitution of methods. Also, more knowledge about protective factors may help suggest innovative prevention strategies.
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Tormoehlen, Sean A., William E. Field, Shawn G. Ehlers, and Kenneth F. Ferraro. "Indiana Farm Occasional Wood Cutter Fatalities Involving Individuals 55 Years and Older." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 2 (2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13690.
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Abstract. Forestry activities, such as tree cutting and harvesting of forest resources, have been documented as dangerous tasks with increased risk of injuries and fatalities. These hazards are well known in the professional logging community, but less attention is given to farmers who perform occasional tree trimming and cutting activities, especially for the older farmer population. This study examined Indiana farm work-related fatalities from 1988 to 2017 involving farmers 55 years and older who performed occasional wood cutting activities. Fatality cases were mined from the Purdue University Agricultural Safety and Health Program’s fatality database. A total of 40 fatality cases were reported, representing 10.3% of all reported farm fatalities of farmers 55 years and older over the time period. The average age of the victims was 67.4, with 65% of cases involving victims 65 years or older. All victims were males. Wood cutting fatalities increased over the observation period. The most frequently reported fatal injury type was being crushed by tree or tree limbs, with 16 cases (40%), and the most common cause of fatality was due to cutting and trimming of trees, with 27 cases (67.5%). It was determined that the incidents were largely preventable and that future injury prevention strategies should address the risks associated with aging, the added risk of being struck by limbs or trees due to unsafe felling practices, the need for appropriate personal protective equipment, and the hazards involved in operating agricultural tractors in wooded areas. Keywords: Agriculture, Farm fatalities, Older farmers, Preventable fatalities, Tree felling.
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Guo, Yan, Xinghua Liu, Mengyao Deng, Pulin Liu, Fang Li, Nianhua Xie, Yanhui Pang, et al. "Epidemiology of COVID-19 in older persons, Wuhan, China." Age and Ageing 49, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa145.
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Abstract Background the epidemiological characteristics of older patients with COVID-19 was far from clear. Objective to explore the epidemiology of older patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Design a retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting a population-based study. Subjects the resident older patients (>65 years) diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods city-wide case series reported to Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 12 December 2019 to 17 March 2020 were included. The epidemic curves were constructed by dates of disease onset. Results 14,238 confirmed COVID-19 cases were older persons. The number of male cases were slightly less than female cases (1:1.01). The attack rate of COVID-19 in the older persons was 11.49‰ in Wuhan. There was a rapid increase of disease at the early stage of the epidemic and then a gradual and steady decrease was performed. 3,723 (26.15%) and 734 (5.16%) patients were diagnosed as severe and critical cases, respectively. The attributable crude fatality ratio of COVID-19 in the older population was 222.57/100,000, and the crude fatality ratio of COVID was 19.37%. The proportion of severe and critical cases, and fatality ratio were both higher in downtown area and increased with age. Conclusions the older persons are sensitive to COVID-19. The proportion of severe and critical cases and fatality ratio are higher than that in children and younger adults. Strengthen the protection and control strategies for the older adults are of priorities. More detailed epidemiological and clinical information should be measured in further studies.
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Treno, Andrew J. "Alcohol and Fatal Injury: The Use of Routinely Collected Fatality Data in Community Prevention Evaluation." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23, no. 10 (October 1999): 1619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04052.x.
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Navo, Marisa, and Judith A. Smith. "Update on the Prevention and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 16, no. 3 (June 2003): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190003016003002.
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Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer among women and the number one gynecologic fatality. The etiology of ovarian cancer is still an enigma. Three common hypotheses under investigation include the ovulation, the pituitary gonadotropin, and the chronic inflammatory processes. Chemoprevention strategies used for ovarian cancer include oral contraceptives, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and retinoids. Surgical strategies are also used in the prevention of ovarian cancer. The primary treatment for patients with ovarian cancer is surgery with optimal tumor debulking, and for patients with advanced disease, this is followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The standard practice is to follow surgery with six cycles of paclitaxel plus carboplatin. The second-line chemotherapy agents have had minimal long-term benefit for treating ovarian cancer. Hence, treatment with investigational agents remains the best option for patients with recurrent disease due to lack of alternative curative treatment.
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Ahmad, Munir, Nadeem Akhtar, Gul Jabeen, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Khalid Anser, Haitao Wu, and Cem Işık. "Intention-Based Critical Factors Affecting Willingness to Adopt Novel Coronavirus Prevention in Pakistan: Implications for Future Pandemics." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116167.
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Since human beings have a long tradition of coexistence with pandemics, which may profoundly impact them, adopting preventive measures is crucial for humankind’s survival. This study explores the intention-based critical factors affecting the willingness of individuals to adopt pandemic prevention. To this end, a representative sample of 931 Pakistanis filled in an online questionnaire. However, only 828 questionnaires were found to be complete and valid for path modeling analysis. The core findings are as follows: Firstly, peer groups’ beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived risk, pandemic knowledge, ease of pandemic prevention adoption, and risk-averse behavior are revealed as driving forces of the individuals’ willingness to adopt pandemic prevention. Contrastingly, a lack of trust in political will and mythical attitude towards pandemics are uncovered as inhibitors. Nevertheless, moral values depict a neutral role. Secondly, the peer groups’ beliefs are highest ranked, followed by the lack of trust in political will and a mythical attitude towards pandemic prevention. Finally, moral values are determined as the lowest-ranked critical factor. Based on these results, the government should promote awareness campaigns on lethality and fatality of the pandemic at both centralized and decentralized levels to win people’s trust at the grass-roots level and overcome the mythical attitude of individuals at all societal levels. Besides, access to personal protective gears should be made feasible since an easier pandemic prevention adoption would increase the individuals’ willingness to adopt such preventative measures.
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Saper, Vivian E., Guangbo Chen, Gail H. Deutsch, R. Paul Guillerman, Johannes Birgmeier, Karthik Jagadeesh, Scott Canna, et al. "Emergent high fatality lung disease in systemic juvenile arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, no. 12 (September 27, 2019): 1722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216040.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and risk factors of a novel parenchymal lung disease (LD), increasingly detected in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA).MethodsIn a multicentre retrospective study, 61 cases were investigated using physician-reported clinical information and centralised analyses of radiological, pathological and genetic data.ResultsLD was associated with distinctive features, including acute erythematous clubbing and a high frequency of anaphylactic reactions to the interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab. Serum ferritin elevation and/or significant lymphopaenia preceded LD detection. The most prevalent chest CT pattern was septal thickening, involving the periphery of multiple lobes ± ground-glass opacities. The predominant pathology (23 of 36) was pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and/or endogenous lipoid pneumonia (PAP/ELP), with atypical features including regional involvement and concomitant vascular changes. Apparent severe delayed drug hypersensitivity occurred in some cases. The 5-year survival was 42%. Whole exome sequencing (20 of 61) did not identify a novel monogenic defect or likely causal PAP-related or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)-related mutations. Trisomy 21 and young sJIA onset increased LD risk. Exposure to IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors (46 of 61) was associated with multiple LD features. By several indicators, severity of sJIA was comparable in drug-exposed subjects and published sJIA cohorts. MAS at sJIA onset was increased in the drug-exposed, but was not associated with LD features.ConclusionsA rare, life-threatening lung disease in sJIA is defined by a constellation of unusual clinical characteristics. The pathology, a PAP/ELP variant, suggests macrophage dysfunction. Inhibitor exposure may promote LD, independent of sJIA severity, in a small subset of treated patients. Treatment/prevention strategies are needed.
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Jewett, Gordon AE, M. Patrice Lindsay, Cristina Goia, Brandon Zagorski, Noreen Kamal, Moira K. Kapral, Andrew M. Demchuk, Michael D. Hill, and Amy YX Yu. "National trends in hospital admission, case fatality, and sex differences in atrial fibrillation-related strokes." International Journal of Stroke 15, no. 5 (October 8, 2019): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019881349.
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Background and aim Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke and its global prevalence is increasing. We aimed to describe the contemporary temporal trends in hospital admissions, case fatality rate, as well as sex differences in atrial fibrillation-related stroke in Canada. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Canadian national administrative data to identify admissions to hospital for stroke with comorbid atrial fibrillation between 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2016. We determined temporal trends in the crude and the age- and sex-standardized admission and case fatality rates. We also evaluated for any sex differences in these outcomes. Results There were 222,100 admissions to hospital for ischemic (n = 182,990) or hemorrhagic (n = 39,110) stroke. Comorbid atrial fibrillation was present in 20.2% of admissions for ischemic strokes and 10.1% for hemorrhagic strokes. Over the study period, the age–sex adjusted proportion of admissions with atrial fibrillation increased from 16.3% to 20.5% (p = 0.02) for ischemic stroke and was stable for hemorrhagic stroke. In-hospital case fatality rate decreased for ischemic stroke with and without comorbid atrial fibrillation. Women aged 65 years and older with ischemic stroke were more likely to have comorbid atrial fibrillation compared to men, while this association was reversed in younger women. There were no sex differences in the case fatality rate for people with atrial fibrillation-related ischemic stroke. Conclusion Atrial fibrillation is present in an increasing proportion of people hospitalized in Canada with ischemic stroke and disproportionately affects older women. Renewed focus is needed on atrial fibrillation-related stroke prevention with particular attention to sex disparities.
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Amâncio, Frederico Figueiredo, Vânia Dutra Amorim, Talita Leal Chamone, Mariana Gontijo de Brito, Simone Berger Calic, Anamaria Cordeiro Leite, Gabriela Lobato Fraga, and Marcela Lencine Ferraz. "Epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2000-2008." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, no. 10 (October 2011): 1969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001000010.
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Brazilian spotted fever is the most common rickettsiosis in Brazil, most prevalent in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais from 2000 to 2008. Of the 132 cases of Brazilian spotted fever, 53 patients died, representing a case-fatality rate of 40.2%. Males predominated, with 78.8% of confirmed cases, and median age was 26.5 years. Absence of rash was associated with increased risk of death (p = 0.005). Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Rio Doce Valley, and Zona da Mata accounted for 70.6% of the cases, which occurred mainly from May to November. There was an increase in the number of cases, which could suggest an expansion of the disease, but probably resulted from an increase in the health system's diagnostic capacity and sensitivity. Despite this improvement, the case-fatality rate remains high and with no apparent tendency to decrease, thus indicating the need for improved prevention and patient care.
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Ndoreraho, Adolphe, Muhammed Shakir, Celestine Ameh, Chukwuma Umeokonkwo, Olusola Aruna, Juma Ndereye, and Ayo Adebowale. "Trends in Malaria Cases and Deaths: Assessing National Prevention and Control Progress in Burundi." East African Health Research Journal 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v4i2.642.
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Background: Malaria is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially in World’s tropical regions. In 2016, an estimated 216 million and 445,000 cases of malaria and deaths associated with malaria respectively were reported globally. Malaria is the first leading cause of outpatient visits, hospitalization and death in Burundi. We therefore examined the trend in malaria cases and deaths in Burundi. Methods: We extracted data from Burundi National Health Information System (BNHIS) and assessed trends in malaria cases and deaths from January 2015 to December 2017. A suspected case of malaria was defined as any person treated by anti-malarial drugs without testing while a confirmed case as any person with a positive microscopy or rapid diagnostic test for malaria parasite. We described malaria cases and deaths, and calculated malaria case incidence rate. Results: A total of22,225,699 malaria cases with 8,660 deaths (CFR 0.04%) was documented during the study period. Out of 22,225,699 cases, 45,291 cases (0.2%) were suspected malaria cases. The observed peak season of malaria infection in any of the studied year was in the raining season (March-June). All provinces of the country were affected. Kirundo and Cankuzo provinces the incidence of malaria cases increased from 10.1 cases per 1,000 persons in 2015 to 13.2 cases per 1,000 persons in 2017. The case fatality rate decreased from 0.06% in 2015 to 0.01% in 2017. Conclusions: An increasing trend in malaria prevalence was observed in Burundi but Kirundo and Cankuzo provinces were the most affected. However, the case fatality decreased within the studied period. Malaria intervention should be intensified/scaled up in the raining season and the most affected provinces.
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Kwak, Moon Hwan, Hyun Young Kang, Si Jin Lee, Kap Su Han, Su Jin Kim, Eu Jung Lee, and Sung Woo Lee. "Self-poisoning as a Target Group for Prevention of Suicide." Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22537/jksct.16.2.93.
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Purpose: The Korean government has tried to decrease the suicide death rate over the last decade. Suicide attempts, particularly non-fatal attempts, are the most powerful known risk factor for a completed suicide. An analysis of suicide attempt methods will help establish the effective preventive action of suicide. Fit prevention according to the method of suicide attempt may decrease the incidence of suicide death. Self-poisoning is suggested as a major method of both suicide attempts and suicide death. The aim of this study was to determine if a self-poisoning patient is a suitable target for the prevention of the suicide. Methods: This was retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort, which included patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) after a self-harm or suicide attempt from Jan 2013 to Dec 2017. The proportion of methods in suicide attempts, psychological consultation, and fatality according to the suicide attempt method were analyzed. The types of poison were also analyzed. Results: Poisoning was the most common method of suicide attempts (52.1%). The rate of psychological consultations were 18.8% for all patients and 29.1% for poison patients (p<0.001). The rate of mortality in poisoning was 0.6%. Psychological consultation was performed more frequently in admission cases than discharged cases. The most common materials of poisons was psychological medicines and sedatives that had been prescribed at clinics or hospital. Conclusion: Self-poisoning is a major method of suicide attempt with a high rate of psychiatric consultation, low mortality rate, versus others methods. The prevention of suicide death for suicide attempts may focus on self-poisoning, which is the major method of suicide attempts. A suitable aftercare program for self-poisoning may be an effective method for preventing suicide if an early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders through psychiatric consultation can be made, and early connection to social prevention program for non-fatal patients are possible.
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Haj Bloukh, Samir, Zehra Edis, Annis A. Shaikh, and Habib M. Pathan. "A Look Behind the Scenes at COVID-19: National Strategies of Infection Control and Their Impact on Mortality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155616.
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(1) Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began spreading across the globe in December and, as of 9 July 2020, had inflicted more than 550,000 deaths. Public health measures implemented to control the outbreak caused socio-economic havoc in many countries. The pandemic highlighted the quality of health care systems, responses of policymakers in harmony with the population, and socio-economic resilience factors. We suggest that different national strategies had an impact on mortality and case count. (2) Methods: We collected fatality data for 17 countries until 2 June 2020 from public data and associated these with implemented containment measures. (3) Results: The outcomes present the effectiveness of control mechanisms in mitigating the virus for selected countries and the UAE as a special case. Pre-existing conditions defined the needed public health strategies and fatality numbers. Other pre-existing conditions, such as temperature, humidity, median age, and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations played minor roles and may have had no direct impact on fatality rates. (4) Conclusions: Prevention, fast containment, adequate public health strategies, and importance of indoor environments were determining factors in mitigating the pandemic. Development of public health strategies adapted to pre-existing conditions for each country and community compliance with implemented policies ensure the successful control of pandemics.
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Bernal, Henrique de Moraes, Carlos Eduardo Siqueira, Fernando Adami, and Edige Felipe de Sousa Santos. "Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World, between 2019 - 2020." Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.11063.
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Introduction: CoV infections can potentially cause from a simple cold to a severe respiratory syndrome, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). The COVID-19 created a new reality for global healthcare models. Objetive: To evaluate trends in case fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World. Methods: We conducted a population based time-series study using public and official data of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Russian, between December, 2019 and August, 2020. Data were based on reports from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (U07.1). A Prais-Winsten regression model was performed and the Daily Percentage Change (DPC) calculated determine rates as increasing, decreasing or flat. Results: During the study period, trends in case-fatality rates in the world were flat (DPC = 0.3; CI 95% [-0.2: 0.7]; p = 0.225). In Africa, Morocco had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.1; CI 95% [-1.5: -0.7]; p < 0.001), whereas it were increasing in South Africa (p < 0.05) and flat in Nigeria (p > 0.05). In the Americas, Argentina showed a decreasing trend in case-fatality rates (DPC = -0.6; CI 95% [-1.1: -0.2]; p = 0.005), the U.S. had flat trends (p > 0.05) and all other American countries had increasing trends (p < 0.05). In Asia, Iran had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.5; CI 95% [-2.6 : -0.2]; p = 0.019); China and Saudi Arabia showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), while in India, Japan and South Korea they were flat (p > 0.05). European countries had mostly increasing trends (p < 0.05): Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and Russia; France and Switzerland had flat trends (p > 0.05). Finally, in Oceania, trends in case-fatality rates were flat in Australia (p > 0.05) and increasing in New Zealand (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World were flat between December, 31 and August, 31. Argentina, Iran and Morocco were the only countries with decreasing trends. On the other hand, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Russian and New Zealand had increasing trends in case-fatality rate. All the other countries analyzed had flat trends. Based on case-fatality rate data, our study supports that COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress worldwide.
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Jamal, Arshad, Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman, Hassan M. Al-Ahmadi, and Umer Mansoor. "The Dilemma of Road Safety in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Consequences and Prevention Strategies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010157.
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Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are one of the most critical public health problems worldwide. The WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety suggests that the annual fatality rate (per 100,000 people) due to RTCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased from 17.4 to 27.4 over the last decade, which is an alarming situation. This paper presents an overview of RTCs in the Eastern Province, KSA, from 2009 to 2016. Key descriptive statistics for spatial and temporal distribution of crashes are presented. Statistics from the present study suggest that the year 2012 witnessed the highest number of crashes, and that the region Al-Ahsa had a significantly higher proportion of total crashes. It was concluded that the fatality rate for the province was 25.6, and the mean accident to injury ratio was 8:4. These numbers are substantially higher compared to developed countries and the neighboring Gulf states. Spatial distribution of crashes indicated that a large proportion of severe crashes occurred outside the city centers along urban highways. Logistic regression models were developed to predict crash severity. Model estimation analysis revealed that crash severity can be attributed to several significant factors including driver attributes (such as sleep, distraction, overspeeding), crash characteristics (such as sudden deviation from the lane, or collisions with other moving vehicles, road fences, pedestrians, or motorcyclists), and rainy weather conditions. After critical analysis of existing safety and infrastructure situations, various suitable crash prevention and mitigation strategies, for example, traffic enforcement, traffic calming measures, safety education programs, and coordination of key stakeholders, have been proposed.
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Verstraete, Evelien, Jerina Boelens, Kris De Coen, Geert Claeys, Dirk Vogelaers, Piet Vanhaesebrouck, and Stijn Blot. "Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit over a 20-Year Period (1992–2011): Trends in Incidence, Pathogens, and Mortality." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 5 (May 2014): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/675836.
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Objective.To analyze trends in the incidence and pathogen distribution of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (HABSIs) over a 20-year period (1992–2011).Design.Historical cohort study.Setting.Thirty-two-bed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary referral hospital.Patients.Neonates with HABSIs defined according to the criteria of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD).Methods.A hospital-based ongoing surveillance program was used to identify HABSI cases in neonates. A distinction between definite or possible HABSI was made according to the NICHD criteria. Incidence, incidence densities (HABSIs per 1,000 hospital-days and HABSIs per 1,000 total parenteral nutrition–days), and case fatality rate were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to find time trends. Four periods of 5 years were considered when executing variance analysis.Results.In total, 682 episodes of HABSIs occurred on 9,934 admissions (6.9%). The median total incidence density rate was 3.1 (interquartile range, 2.2–3.9). A significant increasing time trend in incidence density was observed for the period 1995–2011 (P < .003). A significant decrease in the case fatality rate was found in the last 5-year period (P < .001). No neonate died following possible HABSIs, whereas the case fatality rate among neonates with definite HABSIs was 9.7%. Most HABSIs were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 414 [60.7%]). A significant increase in Staphylococcus aureus HABSI was observed in the last 10-year period (P < .001).Conclusions.An increase in incidence density rate occurred, while the case fatality rate dropped. Better perinatal care could be responsible for the latter. A decrease in days before infection and a high incidence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus HABSIs indicate the need for vigorous application of evidence-based prevention initiatives, in particular for catheter care.
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Rugarabamu, Sima, Leonard Mboera, Mark Rweyemamu, Gaspary Mwanyika, Julius Lutwama, Janusz Paweska, and Gerald Misinzo. "Forty-two years of responding to Ebola virus outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 3 (March 2020): e001955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001955.
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IntroductionEbola virus disease (EVD) is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and non-human primates. Thirty-four outbreaks have been reported in Africa since it was first recognised in 1976. This review analysed 42 years of EVD outbreaks and identified various challenges and opportunities for its control and prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsA literature search of relevant articles on EVD was done in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases. Articles published from 1976 to 2019 were reviewed to document reports of EVD outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data extraction focused on the year of outbreak, geographical spread, virus strain involved, number of cases and deaths, case fatality, and outbreak management. Analyses of trends in case fatality were performed by calculating ORs between times.ResultsIn the past four decades, a total of 34 EVD outbreaks affecting 34 356 cases and causing 14 823 deaths were reported in 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The overall case fatality rate (95% CI) was 66% (62 to 71) and did not change substantially over time (OR in 2019 vs 1976=1.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 1.8), p<0.001). The results of this review indicate that challenges to control EVD outbreaks are related to epidemiological, sociocultural and health system factors.ConclusionsSub-Saharan Africa continues to face considerable challenges in EVD control, whereby there are no significant changes in case fatality rates observed during the past four decades. Socioeconomic and cultural processes need to be critically considered to shape the community behaviours that lead to exposure to EVD outbreaks. Areas that need to be addressed to prevent future EVD outbreaks include a broad-based, one-health approach, effective communication, social mobilisation, and strengthening of the health systems.
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Zainel, Abdulwahed, Hana Mitchell, and Manish Sadarangani. "Bacterial Meningitis in Children: Neurological Complications, Associated Risk Factors, and Prevention." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030535.
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Bacterial meningitis is a devastating infection, with a case fatality rate of up to 30% and 50% of survivors developing neurological complications. These include short-term complications such as focal neurological deficit and subdural effusion, and long-term complications such as hearing loss, seizures, cognitive impairment and hydrocephalus. Complications develop due to bacterial toxin release and the host immune response, which lead to neuronal damage. Factors associated with increased risk of developing neurological complications include young age, delayed presentation and Streptococcus pneumoniae as an etiologic agent. Vaccination is the primary method of preventing bacterial meningitis and therefore its complications. There are three vaccine preventable causes: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), S. pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Starting antibiotics without delay is also critical to reduce the risk of neurological complications. Additionally, early adjuvant corticosteroid use in Hib meningitis reduces the risk of hearing loss and severe neurological complications.
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Wahid, Braira, Amjad Ali, Shazia Rafique, and Muhammad Idrees. "New Insights into the Epigenetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1609575.
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most predominant malignancies with high fatality rate. This deadly cancer is rising at an alarming rate because it is quite resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. Different epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and expression of noncoding RNAs drive the cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, initiation, progression, and development of HCC. These epigenetic alterations because of potential reversibility open way towards the development of biomarkers and therapeutics. The contribution of these epigenetic changes to HCC development has not been thoroughly explored yet. Further research on HCC epigenetics is necessary to better understand novel molecular-targeted HCC treatment and prevention. This review highlights latest research progress and current updates regarding epigenetics of HCC, biomarker discovery, and future preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat the increasing risk of HCC.
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Schuchat, Anne. "Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States: Shifting Paradigms." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.11.3.497.
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SUMMARY Since its emergence 25 years ago, group B streptococcus has become recognized as a cause of serious illness in newborns, pregnant women, and adults with chronic medical conditions. Heavy colonization of the genital tract with group B streptococcus also increases the risk that a woman will deliver a preterm low-birthweight infant. Early-onset infections (occurring at <7 days of age) are associated with much lower fatality than when they were first described, and their incidence is finally decreasing as the use of preventive antibiotics during childbirth increases among women at risk. New serotypes of group B streptococcus have emerged as important pathogens in adults and newborns. Clinical and laboratory practices—in obstetrics, pediatrics, and clinical microbiology—have an impact on disease and/or its prevention, and protocols established at the institutional level appear to be critical tools for the reduction of perinatal disease due to group B streptococcus. Since intrapartum antibiotics will prevent at best only a portion of the full burden of group B streptococcal disease, critical developments in vaccine evaluation, including study of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines, offer the potential for enhanced prevention in the relatively near future.
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Debnath, Chitto Ranjan, Md Saiful Islam Khan, Md Sakirul Islam Khan, Proggananda Nath, Lakshmi Narayan Majumder, Md Sayem Monowar, Monalisa Khan, et al. "A comprehensive design for prevention and management of COVID-19 in a tertiary medical institution in Bangladesh." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 08 (August 30, 2022): 1252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13729.
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Introduction: Containment of the further spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and reducing fatality due to coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) represent a pressing challenge to global health services. Here, we present a management blueprint for both the containment of SARS-CoV-2 and treatment of COVID-19 through a comprehensive approach.
Methodology: A cohort of 130 consecutive patients identified as positive for SARS-CoV-2 by testing of nasal swab by polymerase chain reaction were managed at a peripheral city of Bangladesh between 1 April and 31 May, 2020. Based on their clinical status, 64 of them were initially selected for isolation (Isolation Group) and 66 recommended for hospitalization (Hospital Group) as per the direction of the “Central COVID-19 Control” Center. Both groups of patients were allocated to receive standard of care management and oxygen inhalation, and intensive care unit management as and when necessary. Based on the conditions of the COVID-19 patients, there was an active system of patients being transferred from the “Isolation Group” to “Hospital Group” and vice versa.
Results: Twelve patients of the “Isolation Group” were transferred to the hospital, as they exhibited symptoms of deterioration. Four patients of the “Hospital Group” died during the observation period of two months in the intensive care unit. However, there has been no fatality among the patients of the “Isolation Group”.
Conclusions: The concept of “Isolation” and “Hospital Management” with the participation of the community seems to be an effective management strategy for COVID-19 in developing countries.
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Tjampakasari, Conny Riana. "Bakteri Gram positif Listeria monocytogenes sebagai penyebab Food-borne Disease." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 48, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i1.1259.
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<p>Bakteri Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) merupakan salah satu patogen food-borne penyebab listeriosis dengan prevalensi rendah namun dengan fatality tinggi sebagai pencemar makanan. Listeriosis merupakan penyakit infeksius yang menyebabkan aborsi, meningitis, dan septikemia; cenderung lebih fatal pada kelompok populasi ibu hamil, bayi, lansia, serta penderita immunodefisiensi. Meskipun kasus infeksi bakteri ini jarang, namun klinis termasuk parah dengan angka kematian tinggi. Deteksi laboratorium untuk diagnosis dapat dengan metode analytic konvensional dan metode cepat. Upaya pengendalian infeksi bakteri ini dengan pencegahan dan pengobatan infeksi.</p><p>Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) bacteria is a food-borne pathogen with a low prevalence rate but with a high fatality rate as a food contaminant. Listeriosis is an infectious disease that causes abortion, meningitis and septicemis; tends to be more fatal in population of pregnant women, infants, the elderlies and immunodeficiency sufferers. Although cases are rare, the clinical conditions are categorized as severe with a high mortality rate. Laboratory diagnosis can be done with conventional analytic and rapid methods. Infections can be controlled with prevention and treatment.</p>
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Gutiérrez Jaraa, Juan Pablo, and María Teresa Quezada. "Modeling of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome." Medwave 22, no. 03 (April 29, 2022): e002526-e002526. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.03.002526.
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Introduction Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is an infection caused by rodents of the Bunyanvirales family towards humans. This disease in Chile is considered endemic, which has a high fatality rate. At present, some studies show the contagion between people of the Andes virus, whose locality is concentrated in Argentina and Chile. Objectives Analyze the possibility of hantavirus transmission between humans using an SEIR-type mathematical model. Methods An SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Recovered) mathematical model to express the dynamics of hantavirus disease is proposed, including the possibility of human-to-human transmission and the perception of risk. Results The peak of human-to-human contagion decreases by about 25% after increasing people’s perception of risk by reducing the rate of resistance to changeand increasing the speed of people’s reaction. Conclusions It is urgent to review risk communication strategies and prevention measures in the face of this possibility of massive human-tohuman infections, in addition to strengthening research and planning the development of a vaccine to protect populations exposed to this disease with a high fatality rate.
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Brown, Ronald B. "Public Health Lessons Learned From Biases in Coronavirus Mortality Overestimation." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 3 (June 2020): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.298.
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ABSTRACTIn testimony before US Congress on March 11, 2020, members of the House Oversight and Reform Committee were informed that estimated mortality for the novel coronavirus was 10-times higher than for seasonal influenza. Additional evidence, however, suggests the validity of this estimation could benefit from vetting for biases and miscalculations. The main objective of this article is to critically appraise the coronavirus mortality estimation presented to Congress. Informational texts from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are compared with coronavirus mortality calculations in Congressional testimony. Results of this critical appraisal reveal information bias and selection bias in coronavirus mortality overestimation, most likely caused by misclassifying an influenza infection fatality rate as a case fatality rate. Public health lessons learned for future infectious disease pandemics include: safeguarding against research biases that may underestimate or overestimate an associated risk of disease and mortality; reassessing the ethics of fear-based public health campaigns; and providing full public disclosure of adverse effects from severe mitigation measures to contain viral transmission.