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Journal articles on the topic 'Fat spectrum'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 April 2023

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1

Yu, Huanzhou, Ann Shimakawa, Charles A. McKenzie, Ethan Brodsky, Jean H. Brittain, and Scott B. Reeder. "Multiecho water-fat separation and simultaneousR2* estimation with multifrequency fat spectrum modeling." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 60, no. 5 (November 2008): 1122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21737.

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Naschitz, Jochanan. "Traumatic Panniculitis-the Spectrum." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 6, no. 5 (April 6, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/106.

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Panniculitis, when induced by physical trauma or by chemical agents at injection sites, presents as indurated subcutaneous nodules or plaques. The clinical picture may vary, but the context makes usually the diagnosis easy. Three case histories from our department illustrate the spectrum of traumatic panniculitis: subcutaneous nodules at injection sites, a large subcutaneous mass disproportionate to mild trauma, and, at the other end of the spectrum, severe adipose tissue necrosis with liquefied fat discharging through surface wounds. Traumatic panniculitis is self-limiting and only requires symptomatic treatment.

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3

Wang, Xiaoke, Diego Hernando, and Scott B. Reeder. "Sensitivity of chemical shift-encoded fat quantification to calibration of fat MR spectrum." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 75, no. 2 (April 4, 2015): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25681.

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4

Hogge, J. P., R. E. Robinson, C. M. Magnant, and R. A. Zuurbier. "The mammographic spectrum of fat necrosis of the breast." RadioGraphics 15, no. 6 (November 1995): 1347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.15.6.8577961.

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5

Rezaeimanesh, Nasim, Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi, Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi, Zeinab Ghorbani, Sharareh Eskandarieh, and Mohammad Ali Sahraian. "Animal Fat Plus Hydrogenated Fat in Association with Increased Odds of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder." Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 37 (January 2020): 101561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2019.11.036.

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Chen, Weitian, and Dimitrios C. Karampinos. "Chemical‐shift encoding–based water–fat separation with multifrequency fat spectrum modeling in spin‐lock MRI." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 83, no. 5 (October 8, 2019): 1608–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28026.

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7

Koeckerling, David, Jeremy W. Tomlinson, and Jeremy F. Cobbold. "Fighting liver fat." Endocrine Connections 9, no. 7 (July 2020): R173—R186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0174.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a chronic liver disease which is closely associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. Its high clinical burden results from the growing prevalence, inherent cardiometabolic risk and potential of progressing to cirrhosis. Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease show variable rates of disease progression through a histological spectrum ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis. The presence and severity of fibrosis are the most important prognostic factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This necessitates risk stratification of patients by fibrosis stage using combinations of non-invasive methods, such as composite scoring systems and/or transient elastography. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is advised, centred on amelioration of cardiometabolic risk through lifestyle and pharmacological interventions. Despite the current lack of licensed, liver-targeted pharmacotherapy, several promising agents are undergoing late-phase clinical trials to complement standard management in patients with advanced disease. This review summarises the current concepts in diagnosis and disease progression of non-alcoholic liver disease, focusing on pragmatic approaches to risk assessment and management in both primary and secondary care settings.

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Lyall, Kristen, Kassandra L. Munger, Éilis J. O'Reilly, Susan L. Santangelo, and Alberto Ascherio. "Maternal Dietary Fat Intake in Association With Autism Spectrum Disorders." American Journal of Epidemiology 178, no. 2 (June 27, 2013): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws433.

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9

Davis, Derik L., and Prasann Vachhani. "Traumatic Extra-capsular and Intra-capsular Floating Fat: Fat-fluid Levels of the Knee Revisited." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 5 (November 30, 2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.170729.

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Floating fat is a sign of acute bone injury at the knee following trauma. The goal of this article is to review the etiology, patterns, and mimickers of extra-capsular and intra-capsular floating fat, with the major emphasis on knee trauma in the acute setting. We will discuss the spectrum of multimodal imaging findings for rare presentations of extra-capsular floating fat, and contrast these with common and atypical forms of intra-capsular lipohemarthrosis, as an aid to the assessment of acute bone trauma at the knee.

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Hamilton, Gavin, Takeshi Yokoo, Mark Bydder, Irene Cruite, Michael E. Schroeder, Claude B. Sirlin, and Michael S. Middleton. "In vivo characterization of the liver fat 1 H MR spectrum." NMR in Biomedicine 24, no. 7 (December 12, 2010): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1622.

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Parente, Daniella Braz, Jaime Araújo Oliveira Neto, Antonio Luis Eiras de Araújo, Rosana Souza Rodrigues, Renata Mello Perez, and Edson Marchiori. "Fat-containing liver lesions: a pictorial review." Radiologia Brasileira 51, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0147.

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Abstract The aim of this pictorial essay is to review the spectrum of fat-containing liver lesions and their characterisation on magnetic resonance imaging with focus on the radiological features that aid in the differential diagnoses. Fat-containing liver lesions comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours with variable imaging findings. Magnetic resonance imaging clearly displays the micro- and macroscopic fat components of the lesions and other characteristic features that are helpful tools to make the differential diagnosis.

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12

Shi, Xinwei, and Hua Guo. "Performance of chemical shift-based water-fat separation with self-calibrated fat spectrum is sensitive to echo times." International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design 6, no. 3 (2013): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcbdd.2013.055461.

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13

Wang, Kang, Huanzhou Yu, Jean H. Brittain, Scott B. Reeder, and Jiang Du. "k-space water-fat decomposition with T2* estimation and multifrequency fat spectrum modeling for ultrashort echo time imaging." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 31, no. 4 (April 2010): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22121.

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14

Hernando, Diego, Jens-Peter Kühn, Birger Mensel, Henry Völzke, Ralf Puls, Norbert Hosten, and Scott B. Reeder. "R2* estimation using “in-phase” echoes in the presence of fat: The effects of complex spectrum of fat." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 37, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23851.

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15

Peyrot, Hélène, Pierre-François Montoriol, and Michel Canis. "Spontaneous T1-Hyperintensity within an Ovarian Lesion: Spectrum of Diagnoses." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 66, no. 2 (May 2015): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2014.07.006.

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Whenever elevated signal intensity is displayed at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within an ovarian lesion on unenhanced T1-weighted sequences, some specific diagnoses should be considered because only 3 main components may be responsible for this T1-hyperintensity at MRI: fat, blood products, and proteinaceous or mucinous material. The associated clinical data and concomitant use of T2-weighted sequences and fat-saturation techniques is mandatory to make this tissue characterization possible. The goal of this pictorial review is to provide a simple radiologic reasoning and the differential diagnoses to consider in the presence of spontaneous elevated signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences within a cystic or solid ovarian tumour.

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Wold, Jens Petter, Josefine Skaret, and Trine Kastrup Dalsgaard. "Assessment of the action spectrum for photooxidation in full fat bovine milk." Food Chemistry 179 (July 2015): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.124.

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Prevolnik, M., M. Čandek-Potokar, D. Škorjanc, Š. Velikonja-Bolta, M. Škrlep, T. Žnidaršic, and D. Babnik. "Predicting Intramuscular Fat Content in Pork and Beef by near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13, no. 2 (April 2005): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.460.

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Prediction ability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for intramuscular fat content (IMF) determination was studied. The material comprised 126 muscle samples; 46 pig longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus and 34 beef longissimus dorsi muscle samples. The IMF content was chemically determined in duplicate using two different chemical methods; fat extraction according to Folch et al. and Soxhlet extraction with hydrolysis according to SIST ISO 1443. Folch extraction underestimated IMF content compared to Soxhlet extraction with hydrolysis (-0.32%, P < 0.0001). Similar repeatability was obtained for Folch and Soxhlet extraction with hydrolysis (0.17% and 0.18%, respectively, P < 0.0001). Sample spectra were scanned from 400–2500 nm by the NIR Systems model 6500 spectrophotometer (Silver Spring, MD, USA) and analysed by WinISI II on minced and intact (pork only) samples. Modified partial least squares regression was used to develop models and to obtain calibration statistics: coefficient of determination in calibration( R2 C) and cross-validation ( R2 CV) and standard error in calibration ( SEC) and cross-validation ( SECV). We prepared different models (for a single muscle/common, by applying NIR spectrum or the whole spectrum, on intact and minced samples). Obtained models proved the remarkable prediction ability of NIR spectroscopy to determine IMF content ( R2 CV between 0.84 and 0.99; SECV between 0.14% and 0.53%) and confirms the potential of NIR spectroscopy to replace laborious chemical procedures. Regarding the factors studied, calibrations were less accurate for intact than for minced samples; the use of an NIR spectrum compared to the whole spectrum had no important effect on the prediction ability. According to calibration statistics, the prediction using a common equation for several muscles seems more reliable than the equations within the muscle, but the latter showed lower bias.

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18

Hu, Ting, Han Li, Hongchuan Liu, Ling Cong, Lihong Liu, and Zhuoling An. "High throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of six vitamin D metabolites: application for vitamin D determination in patients after liver or kidney transplantation." Analytical Methods 12, no. 46 (2020): 5591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01088j.

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19

Antony, Bency, Saurabh Sharma, Bhavbhuti Manojbhai Mehta, K. Ratnam, and K. D. Aparnathi. "Study on FT-MIR spectra of ghee (anhydrous milk fat)." British Food Journal 119, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2016-0276.

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Purpose Ghee, anhydrous milk fat, is chemically highly complex in nature. The authentication and characterization of edible fats and oils by routine chemical methods are highly laborious and time consuming. Fourier transform-mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has emerged as a predominant analytical tool in the study of edible fats/oils. However, sufficient attention has not been paid so far to spectral characterization of milk fat obtained from cow and buffalo milk. The purpose of this paper is to fill this void. Design/methodology/approach Ghee samples were prepared from cow and buffalo milk by the direct cream method. From each type of milk (cow and buffalo), 35 samples of ghee were prepared; thus, in total, 70 samples of ghee were obtained for the study. For assigning absorption bands in the IR spectrum, spectra of cow and buffalo ghee samples were acquired in the MIR region (4,000-650 cm−1). Findings In FT-MIR spectra of ghee, 14 peaks were obtained at different positions and with varying intensities. They were at 3,005, 2,922, 2,853, 1,744, 1,466, 1,418, 1,377, 1,236, 1,161, 1,114, 1,098, 966, 870 and 721 cm−1 for cow and buffalo ghee with almost equal intensity of absorption. Practical implications The finding of this study will be useful for characterization and authentication of ghee. Originality/value Application of IR spectral bands of ghee in the MIR region using a FT-infrared spectrometer to monitor the quality of ghee is suggested.

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20

Prache, S., A. Priolo, and P. Grolier. "Effect of concentrate finishing on the carotenoid content of perirenal fat in grazing sheep: its significance for discriminating grass-fed, concentrate-fed and concentrate-finished grazing lambs." Animal Science 77, no. 2 (October 2003): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058963.

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AbstractCarotenoid pigments are good biomarkers of grass-feeding in sheep. However, as grazing lambs may be concentrate-finished, we investigated the effect of concentrate finishing after grazing on the carotenoid concentration of fat in sheep, and its significance for discriminating lamb production systems. In experiment 1 with 32 lambs, four feeding treatments were compared: G = grazing, C = feeding a concentrate-based diet, GSC = short concentrate-finishing period after grazing, and GLC = long concentrate-finishing period after grazing. The concentrate supply was regulated to have similar average daily gain for all treatments. In experiment 2, 42 ewes were given a low carotenoid diet after pasture feeding, for 0, 8, 22, 42, 84 or 126 days. The feeding level was adjusted to maintain body weight and body condition score. The nature and concentration of carotenoids was analysed by HPLC on diets and lambs’ perirenal fat. The reflectance spectrum of perirenal fat was measured at slaughter. Lutein was the only carotenoid in lamb fat. In experiment 1, the intensity of light absorption by lutein was linearly related with its concentration in the fat (P < 0·001) and was negatively correlated with the duration of the finishing period. The design of experiment 2 avoided the confounding effect of fat gain during the finishing period and examined the effect of the duration of this period by itself. There was no effect of stall-feeding duration on the intensity of light absorption by carotenoids in the fat in experiment 2, demonstrating that the effect of stall-feeding duration in fattening lambs was mediated via a dilution of existing fat with whiter fat rather than through pigments coming out of the fat. The concentration of lutein and the intensity of its light absorption in the fat decreased with lamb body-weight gain during the finishing period (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively) and increased with plasma carotenoid content at the end of the grazing period (P < 0·001). Because of the inter-individual variability in carotenoid absorption, the use of the reflectance spectrum of the fat alone may cause some concentrate finished grazing lambs to be classified as C lambs shortly after the beginning of the stall-feeding period, whereas others may be considered as G lambs for a long period of time. However, the combined use of plasma carotenoid content at slaughter together with the reflectance spectrum of the fat improves reliability in the discrimination of grass-fed, concentrate-fed and concentrate-finished grazing lambs, by taking advantage of the differences in the rate of reduction in carotenoid concentration in blood and fat.

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Hussein, Kamal, Mohamed Mabrouk, Bahaaeldin M. F. Elsor, Ahmed Alieldin, and Walid M. Saad. "A novel fast time jamming analysis transmission selection technique for radar systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 3241. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3241-3254.

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The jamming analysis transmission selection (JATS) sub-system is used in radar systems to detect and avoid the jammed frequencies in the available operating bandwidth during signal transmission and reception. The available time to measure the desired frequency spectrum and select the non-jammed frequency for transmission is very limited. A novel fast time (FAT) technique that measures the channel spectrum, detects the jamming sub-band and selects the non-jammed frequency for radar system transmission in real time is proposed. A JATS sub-system has been designed, simulated, fabricated and implemented based on FAT technique to verify the idea. The novel FAT technique utilizes time-domain analysis instead of the well-known fast Fourier transform (FFT) used in conventional JATS sub-systems. Therefore, the proposed fast time jamming analysis transmission selection (FAT-JATS) sub-system outperforms other reported JATS sub-systems as it uses less FPGA resources, avoids time-delay occurred due to complex FFT calculations and enhances the real time operation. This makes the proposed technique an excellent candidate for JATS sub-systems.

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Hosmane, Ramachandra. "Ring-Expanded (“Fat”) Nucleosides as Broad-Spectrum Anticancer and Antiviral Agents." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1093–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026023393147.

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23

Massone, Cesare, Gian Piero Lozzi, Friederike Egberts, Regina Fink-Puches, Carlo Cota, Helmut Kerl, and Lorenzo Cerroni. "The protean spectrum of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with prominent involvement of subcutaneous fat." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 33, no. 6 (June 2006): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00493.x.

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Baufeld, Caroline, Anja Osterloh, Stefan Prokop, Kelly R. Miller, and Frank L. Heppner. "High-fat diet-induced brain region-specific phenotypic spectrum of CNS resident microglia." Acta Neuropathologica 132, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1595-4.

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25

Peters, Anne, Kaspar Delhey, and Eva Klonczinski. "Fat quill secretion in pigeons: could it function as a cosmetic?" Animal Biology 60, no. 1 (2010): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075610x12610595764219.

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AbstractIn order to maintain functionality of the plumage, birds apply a variety of fatty substances to the feathers, usually derived from the preen gland. Such secretions could also have cosmetic functions, altering plumage reflectance, and there is indeed some evidence for such cosmetic functions of preen fats. Some birds, noticeably pigeons, use fats derived from modified feathers, so called fat quills, in a presumably similar fashion, but almost nothing is known about their putative functions. Here we present a first test of the possibility that fat quill secretion could function as a cosmetic. As models we used domestic pigeon races that produce fat quills, we first confirm their extensive use in plumage maintenance behaviour. We then assessed the effect of experimental addition and removal fat quill secretion on reflectance of white feathers using reflectance spectrometry and physiological models of avian colour vision. Addition of secretion to cleaned white feathers resulted in a significant, discriminable change in the feather reflectance spectrum, which was strikingly similar to the absorbance spectrum of passerine preen gland secretion. However, like previous studies on preen gland secretion, removal of fats from intact feathers did not significantly alter feather reflectance, indicating that fat quill secretion when present in quantities as applied by the birds does not noticeably affect plumage reflectance. Therefore we conclude that the potential for the fat quill secretion to modify plumage colour appears limited at best, and other functions, such as antibiotic defense against feather-degrading bacteria, should be considered.

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Conly, John M., and B. Lynn Johnston. "Rare but Not so Rare? The Evolving Spectrum of Whipple's Disease." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 3 (2001): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/547516.

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Knowledge about Whipple's disease began to emerge in 1907, when George Hoyt Whipple recognized the first case of the disease that now bears his name. He reported the case of a 36-year-old physician with "a gradual loss of weight and strength, stools consisting chiefly of neutral fat and fatty acids, indefinite abdominal signs, and a peculiar multiple arthritis" (1). Findings at autopsy consisted of poly-serositis, aortic valve vegetations and deposition of fat in the intestinal mucosa and regional lymph nodes with marked infiltration by foamy macrophages (1). It was originally thought to be a disorder of fat metabolism, and the term 'intestinal lipodystrophy' was proposed. Whipple's disease has since been recognized as a rare, multivisceral, chronic disease with a clinical presentation dominated by a symptom triad of diarrhea, weight loss and malabsorption. However, digestive symptoms are often preceded for months or years by other symptoms, the most common being arthralgia, although cardiovascular, neurological or pulmonary involvement may be more prominent at times. Once considered the ideal case report, recent characterization ofTropheryma whippeliiby means of broad range bacterial ribosomal DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (2,3) and its subsequent cultivation (4) has led to a veritable explosion of individual case reports, case series and hitherto unrecognized manifestations of the disease, such that it is now considered an underdiagnosed infectious disease (5). It is timely to provide an update on new developments in Whipple's disease.

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HABA, NAOYUKI, and NOBUHITO MARU. "DECOUPLING SOLUTION TO SUSY FLAVOR PROBLEM VIA EXTRA DIMENSIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 17, no. 35 (November 20, 2002): 2341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732302009039.

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We discuss the decoupling solution to SUSY flavor problem in the fat brane scenario. We present a simple model to yield the decoupling sfermion spectrum in a five-dimensional theory. Sfermion masses are generated by the overlap between the wave functions of the matter fields and the chiral superfields on the SUSY breaking brane. Two explicit examples of the spectrum are given.

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ÇOLAKOĞLU, Arda, Ahmet Veysel POLAT, Yurdanur SÜLLÜ, and Hüseyin AKAN. "MRI and pathology findings of a mass-like fat necrosis in the breast." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 904–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.39.3.58.

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Fat necrosis of the breast is a benign inflammatory process and, it has a wide range of findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), some of which are in the malignant spectrum. We present a case of a breast fat necrosis that mimicked malignancies on MRI because of the intense internal enhancement with a type 3 kinetic curve, its relatively large size, and axillary lymphadenopathy.

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Ahmed, Rebekah M., Elizabeth Highton-Williamson, Jashelle Caga, Nicollette Thornton, Eleanor Ramsey, Margaret Zoing, Olivier Piguet, et al. "013 Lipid metabolism and body composition in frontotemporal dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spectrum: effect on survival and disease progression." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): A6.3—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-anzan.13.

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IntroductionPatients with Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibit changes in eating behaviour that could potentially affect lipid levels and body composition. This study aimed to document changes in lipid metabolism and body composition across the ALS-FTD spectrum to identify potential relationships to eating behaviour (including fat intake), cognitive change, body mass index (BMI) and effect on survival.MethodsOne hundred and twenty eight participants were recruited: 37 ALS patients, 15 ALS patients with cognitive and behavioural change (ALS-Plus), and 13 ALS-FTD, 31 behavioural variant FTD, and 32 healthy controls. Fasting total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride levels were measured and correlated to eating behaviour (caloric, fat intake), cognitive change, and BMI; effect on survival was examined using cox regression analyses. In a cohort of 60 patients, changes in body composition and fat deposition was examined using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (DEXA), a technique used in obesity research.ResultsThere was a spectrum of lipid changes from ALS to FTD with increased triglyceride (p<0.001), total cholesterol/HDL ratio (p<0.001), and lower HDL levels (p=0.001) in all patient groups compared to controls. Whilst there was no increase in total cholesterol levels, a higher cholesterol level was found to correlate with 3.25 times improved survival (p=0.031). Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol correlated to fat intake, BMI, and measures of cognition andConclusionA spectrum of changes in lipid metabolism and body composition has been identified in ALS-FTD, with total cholesterol levels found to potentially impact on survival. These changes were mediated by changes in fat intake, and BMI, and may also be mediated by the neurodegenerative process, offering the potential to modify these factors to slow disease progression and improve survival.

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Poindexter, Kara, Nicholas Koemel, Madison Dixon, Bryant Keirns, Jill Joyce, Janice Hermann, Sam Emerson, and Christina Sciarrillo. "Determinants of Postprandial Triglycerides Across the Spectrum of Aging." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab033_044.

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Abstract Objectives Elevated postprandial triglycerides (TG) are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and older adults exhibit greater postprandial lipemia (PPL) compared to younger adults. However, determinants of PPL, especially in older populations, remain poorly defined. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of body composition, lifestyle behaviors, and metabolic risk factors for PPL across the aging spectrum. Methods We recruited individuals evenly distributed between the ages of 50–89 years (50% male; 50% female). Participants completed diet and physical activity questionnaires and wore an accelerometer for 5 days. Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance. Following an overnight fast, participants also completed an abbreviated fat tolerance test: a blood draw was performed before and 4 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (9 kcal/kg; 73% fat) to determine fasting and peak postprandial metabolic responses. Results 56 participants (age groups: 50s, n = 15; 60s, n = 15; 70s, n = 15; 80s, n = 11) completed the study. Fasting TG did not differ across age groups (50s: 99.7 ± 50.1 mg/dL; 60s: 114.3 ± 71.1 mg/dL; 70s: 102.9 ± 45.0 mg/dL; 80s: 86.9 ± 39.5 mg/dL; P = 0.63). There was also no difference in 4-hour TG across age groups (50s: 162.9 ± 76.9 mg/dL; 60s: 181.9 ± 99.9 mg/dL; 70s: 130.8 ± 82.0 mg/dL; 80s: 130.8 ± 60.6 mg/dL; P = 0.40). Across age groups, variables significantly correlated (p's < 0.05) with 4-hour TG included BMI (r = 0.29), visceral adiposity (r = 0.31), ALT (r = 0.37), fasting glucose (r = 0.27), 4-hour glucose (r = 0.34) and alcohol intake (r = 0.33). In a backward elimination regression (R2 = 0.31), the most predictive variables of 4-hour TG were 4-hour glucose (β = 0.31; P = 0.01), ALT (β = 0.33; P = 0.007), and alcohol intake (β = 0.25; P = 0.04). Conclusions In older adults aged 50–89, we identified ALT, postprandial glucose, and alcohol intake as key determinants of postprandial TG. Future studies should aim to explore the relationship between liver health, insulin resistance, alcohol intake, and PPL across the aging spectrum. Funding Sources Donna Cadwalader Research and Development Grant, College of Education and Human Sciences and Oklahoma State University Foundation.

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Ifmalinda, Andasuryani, Santosa, and I. Putri. "The application of NIRS method for non-destructive measurement of fat and carbohydrates in pumpkin seeds." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 922, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/922/1/012024.

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Abstract Pumpkin is one of the agricultural products that can be used as an alternative food ingredient. Chemical content such as carbohydrates and fats can be obtained by the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method by using NIR light that is penetrated from the material so that the reflectance and absorbance spectra will be obtained. This spectral data is the value of the reflectance intensity and is the raw data that still contains noise. Furthermore, it is processed with the NIRS data processing method to reduce the influence of wave inference and noise on the spectral data in order to obtain more accurate results. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best calibration mode to estimate the fat and carbohydrate content of pumpkin seeds using the NIRS method. Pre-treatment of the spectrum data was carried out with GapDerivarive and Derivative Savitzky-Golay. NIRS spectra data were processed using the multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration method. The results showed the best calibration model for carbohydrate and fat content using DerivativeGap data processing with values of r = 0.95, R2 = 0.98, SEC = 1.25, and RMSEC = 1.23. and using Latent Variable (LV) factor 3, while for fat content r = 0.99, R2 = 0.89, SEC = 0.17 and RMSEC = 0.17. and using Latent Variable (LV) factor 4.

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Maselli, Kathryn M., Kristin Gee, Mubina Isani, Alexa Fode, Kathy A. Schall, and Tracy C. Grikscheit. "Broad-spectrum antibiotics alter the microbiome, increase intestinal fxr, and decrease hepatic steatosis in zebrafish short bowel syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 319, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): G212—G226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2020.

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In a zebrafish model that replicates a common clinical scenario, systemic effects of the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in a zebrafish model of SBS identified two alternate states that led to the establishment of fat accumulation in the liver or its absence. Broad-spectrum antibiotics given to zebrafish with SBS over 2 wk altered the intestinal microbiome, decreased intestinal and hepatic inflammation, and decreased hepatic steatosis.

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Novitsky, V. V., R. S. Karpov, M. Yu Kotlovsky, S. V. Klemenkov, O. V. Voronkova, V. A. Shulman, S. Yu Nikulina, et al. "Effect of Simvastatin on the spectrum of blood plasma fat acids change in the patients with ischemia heart disease." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2008-3-13-19.

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The intake of Simvastatin in a dosage of 40 mg daily within two months in patients with ischemia heart disease has caused increase in the general percentage of ω6 fat acids (FA) at a constant level of ω3 FA, that was not accompanied by change of a ratio ω3/ω6 FA. Despite of progressing increase in total concentration of ω7 FA (at women) and increase of a level ω9 FA (at men) during simvastatin treatment at women and at men led to decrease in the total percentage of nonsaturated fat acids concerning corresponding parameters at healthy donors. The Simvastatin treatment was accompanied by increase in blood plasma in patients with ischemia heart disease (and first of all at women) percentage of the separate saturated fat acids, and also their total level. The index of nonsaturation of fat acids of blood plasma is decreased.

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Kerridge, William D., Oleksandr N. Kryvenko, Afua Thompson, and Biren A. Shah. "Fat Necrosis of the Breast: A Pictorial Review of the Mammographic, Ultrasound, CT, and MRI Findings with Histopathologic Correlation." Radiology Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/613139.

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Fat necrosis of the breast is a challenging diagnosis due to the various appearances on mammography, ultrasound, CT, PET-CT, and MRI. Although mammography is more specific, ultrasound is a very important tool in making the diagnosis of fat necrosis. MRI has a wide spectrum of findings for fat necrosis and the appearance is the result of the amount of the inflammatory reaction, the amount of liquefied fat, and the degree of fibrosis. While CT and PET-CT are not first line imaging examinations for the diagnosis of breast cancer or fat necrosis, they are frequently performed in the surveillance and staging of disease. Knowledge of how fat necrosis presents on these additional imaging techniques is important to prevent misinterpretation of the imaging findings. Gross and microscopic appearances of fat necrosis depend on the age of the lesion; the histologic examination of fat necrosis is usually straightforward. Knowledge of the variable appearances of fat necrosis on a vast array of imaging modalities will enhance a radiologist’s accuracy in the analysis and interpretation of fat necrosis versus other diagnoses.

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Triantopoulou, Charikleia, Aart Van der Molen, Ad CMG Van Es, and Maria Giannila. "Abdominopelvic actinomycosis: spectrum of imaging findings and common mimickers." Acta Radiologica Short Reports 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 204798161452457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047981614524570.

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Background Actinomycosis is a rare suppurative disease that may mimic other inflammatory conditions on imaging. Its invasive nature may lead to mass formation and atypical presentation thus making accurate diagnosis quite difficult. Purpose To describe the different aspects of abdominopelvic actinomycosis on cross-sectional imaging and indicate discriminative findings from other inflammatory or neoplastic diseases. Material and Methods In our study we analyzed 18 patients (15 women, 3 men; age range, 25–75 years; mean age, 50 years) with pathologically proved abdominopelvic actinomycosis. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) had been performed in all patients. Eleven patients had a history of using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Bowel site, wall thickness and enhancement degree, inflammatory infiltration, and features of peritoneal or pelvic mass were evaluated at CT. Results The sigmoid colon was most commonly involved. Most patients showed concentric bowel wall-thickening, enhancing homogenously and inflammatory infiltration of pericolonic fat was mostly diffuse. In 11 patients, one or more pelvic abscesses were revealed, while a peritoneal or pelvic mass adjacent to the involved bowel segment was seen in three cases. Infiltration into the abdominal wall was seen in three cases while in one case there was thoracic dissemination. Conclusion Actinomycosis is related not only to long-term use of intrauterine contraceptive devices and should be included in the differential diagnosis when cross-sectional imaging studies show concentric bowel wall-thickening, intense contrast enhancement, regional pelvic or peritoneal masses, and extensive inflammatory fat infiltration with abscess formation.

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Woo, Young-Ah, Yoko Terazawa, Jie Yu Chen, Chie Iyo, Fuminori Terada, and Sumio Kawano. "Development of a New Measurement Unit (MilkSpec-1) for Rapid Determination of Fat, Lactose, and Protein in Raw Milk Using Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 5 (May 2002): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702021955150.

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A new measurement unit, the MilkSpec-1, has been developed to determine rapidly and nondestructively the content of fat, lactose, and protein in raw milk using near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy. The spectral range over 700 to 1100 nm was used. This unit was designed for general glass test tubes, 12 mm in diameter and 10 mL in volume. Al2O3 with a thickness of 2.5 mm was found to be optimum as a reference for acquiring the milk spectrum for this measurement. The NIR transmittance spectra of milk were acquired from raw milk samples without homogenization. The calibration model was developed and predicted by using a partial least-squares (PLS) algorithm. In order to reduce the scattering effect due to fat globules and casein micelles in NIR transmittance spectra, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and/or second derivative treatment were performed. MSC treatment proved to be useful for the development of calibration models for fat and protein. This study resulted in low standard errors of prediction (SEP), with 0.06, 0.10, and 0.10% for fat, lactose, and protein, respectively. It is shown that accurate, rapid, and nondestructive determination of milk composition could be successfully performed by using the MilkSpec-1, presenting the potential use of this method for real-time on-line monitoring in a milking process.

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Molwitz, Isabel, Miriam Leiderer, Cansu Özden, and Jin Yamamura. "Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Fat Quantification in the Liver and Bone Marrow: A Literature Review." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 192, no. 12 (September 10, 2020): 1137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1212-6017.

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Background With dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) it is possible to quantify certain elements and tissues by their specific attenuation, which is dependent on the X-ray spectrum. This systematic review provides an overview of the suitability of DECT for fat quantification in clinical diagnostics compared to established methods, such as histology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-energy computed tomography (SECT). Method Following a systematic literature search, studies which validated DECT fat quantification by other modalities were included. The methodological heterogeneity of all included studies was processed. The study results are presented and discussed according to the target organ and specifically for each modality of comparison. Results Heterogeneity of the study methodology was high. The DECT data was generated by sequential CT scans, fast-kVp-switching DECT, or dual-source DECT. All included studies focused on the suitability of DECT for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and for the determination of the bone marrow fat percentage and the influence of bone marrow fat on the measurement of bone mineral density. Fat quantification in the liver and bone marrow by DECT showed valid results compared to histology, MRI chemical shift relaxometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and SECT. For determination of hepatic steatosis in contrast-enhanced CT images, DECT was clearly superior to SECT. The measurement of bone marrow fat percentage via DECT enabled the bone mineral density quantification more reliably. Conclusion DECT is an overall valid method for fat quantification in the liver and bone marrow. In contrast to SECT, it is especially advantageous to diagnose hepatic steatosis in contrast-enhanced CT examinations. In the bone marrow DECT fat quantification allows more valid quantification of bone mineral density than conventional methods. Complementary studies concerning DECT fat quantification by split-filter DECT or dual-layer spectral CT and further studies on other organ systems should be conducted. Key points: Citation Format

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Serrano, E., S. Prache, B. Chauveau-Duriot, J. Agabriel, and D. Micol. "Traceability of grass-feeding in young beef using carotenoid pigments in plasma and adipose tissue." Animal Science 82, no. 6 (December 2006): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asc200698.

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AbstractThe objective of the present study was to test the reliability of the analysis method of the reflectance spectrum of fat in the zone of light absorption by carotenoid pigments developed in lambs to trace grass feeding in calves. Six feeding treatments were compared in suckling calves: ad libitum cocksfoot hay plus ad libitum concentrate or half level of ad libitum concentrate (HH and HL), ad libitum cut grass plus ad libitum concentrate or half level of ad libitum concentrate (GH and GL), ad libitum highland grazed grass plus ad libitum concentrate (PH); ad libitum medium quality cocksfoot hay plus dam's milk (C0). Groups HH, HL, GH, GL and PH were slaughtered at approximately 10 months of age, after 150 days of experimental feeding diet. C0 calves were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment at approximately 6 months of age. The concentration of carotenoids was analysed by HPLC on diets and calves' plasma at slaughter. The reflectance spectrum of perirenal and subcutaneous fat were measured at slaughter and expressed as AVI units. Plasma carotenoid content was higher (P<0·05) in PH and GL calves than in HH, HL and GH calves. There was an effect (P<0·05) of feeding treatment and measurement site on AVI. Values obtained for perirenal fat were higher (P<0·05) than those obtained for subcutaneous fat. For plasma carotenoid content and for AVI values in both fat tissues there was no overlapping between hay-fed calves on the one hand and GL or grazing calves on the other hand. However, there was some overlapping between hay-fed calves and GH calves. For plasma carotenoid content, values for C0 calves overlapped with values of GH and GL calves. For both fat tissues AVI values of C0 calves overlapped with values of HH, HL, GH and GL calves. AVI of cut grass fed calves (GH and GL groups) increased linearly (P<0·05) with average daily grass intake for both tissues considered. AVI in subcutaneous fat tissue decreased linearly (P<0·05) with average daily concentrate intake but this relation was not significant for AVI in perirenal fat (P>0·05). Plasma carotenoid concentration and the reflectance spectrum of the fat in the zone of light absorption by carotenoid pigments could be used to trace grass feeding in calves. Results obtained in this study suggest that different fatty tissues could differ in their reliability and interest for traceability of grass-feeding, depending on the animal age and production system.

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Marí-Bauset, Salvador, Agustín Llopis-González, Itziar Zazpe, Amelia Marí-Sanchis, and María Morales Suárez-Varela. "Fat intake in children with autism spectrum disorder in the Mediterranean region (Valencia, Spain)." Nutritional Neuroscience 19, no. 9 (May 28, 2015): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1476830515y.0000000029.

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Zhang, Shu, Jochen Keupp, Xinzeng Wang, Ivan Dimitrov, Ananth J. Madhuranthakam, Robert E. Lenkinski, and Elena Vinogradov. "Z‐spectrum appearance and interpretation in the presence of fat: Influence of acquisition parameters." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 79, no. 5 (September 2017): 2731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26900.

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Fajriati, Imelda, Yusi Rosadi, Nisrina Nabila Rosadi, and Khamidinal Khamidinal. "Detection of Animal Fat Mixtures in Meatballs Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR Spectroscopy)." Indonesian Journal of Halal Research 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijhar.v3i1.11166.

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Detection of animal mixtures in meatballs by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy) has been studied. This research aims to study the different markers of fat characters in meatballs containing the mixture of chicken fat, lard and rat fat. Sample preparation used Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane solvent and distillation of fat from the solvent. The extraction temperature is 70°C with solvent volume 200 mL. Fat samples were prepared by varying the ratio of 100% chicken fat concentration which corresponds to 1%, 10%, and 20% lard, and 1%, 10%, and 20% rat fat. The meatballs were made with a composition of 0%, 5% and 90% rat meat. The result of FTIR interpretation shows that the increasing concentration of the mixture of lard and rat fat have increased the absorption at wave numbers of 3371 cm-1, 3332 cm-1, 2337 cm-1, and 1743 cm-1. The FTIR spectrum is interpreted based on the uptake of typical functional groups of animal fats. The characteristics of animal fat properties can be distinguished by consistent results using infrared spectroscopy.

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Agrawal, Rashmi, Amit Agrawal, and Janice Jacson Mandumpala. "Maternal obesity and autism spectrum disorders in offspring." Indian Journal of Child Health 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ijch.v9i10.3690.

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There is a growing body of evidence from both human epidemiologic and animal studies that maternal obesity and a high-fat diet are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). They also include cognitive impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. This review synthesizes the role of the maternal immune activation hypothesis and the other possible mechanism underlying abnormal fetal brain development, including neuroinflammation; increased oxidative stress, dysregulated insulin, glucose, and leptin signaling; dysregulated serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling; and perturbations in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity in offspring. Finally, this review summarizes the available targeted strategies that can be designed to curb maternal obesity and the subsequent development of ASDs.

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Koumantakis, G., and F. J. Radcliff. "Estimating fat in feces by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.4.502.

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Abstract We describe use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRRS) to estimate the amount of fat in feces, for diagnosis of steatorrhea. After sample homogenization, the spectrum of the fecal homogenate is scanned over the near-infrared region. Assay of 94 samples of feces having a known concentration of fat showed the appropriate wavelengths for the NIRRS procedure to be 1734, 1778, 1818, 2270, and 2310 nm. The reflectance output of 47 fecal samples subsequently measured at these wavelengths was used to compute the reflectance scaling factors (F values) by the instrument's microprocessor. Assay of fat content in a further 124 fecal samples, by both hydrolysis/titration (J Biol Chem 1949;177:347) and the NIRRS procedure at the wavelengths and corresponding F values previously determined, gave results that correlated highly satisfactorily. However, the NIRRS procedure demonstrated much better precision.

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Hsu, Ling-Cheng, Shiang Hsu, Tan-Hsu Tan, Chia-Hsing Cheng, and Cheng-Chun Chang. "Developing Low-Cost Mobile Device and Apps for Accurate Skin Spectrum Measurement via Low-Cost Spectrum Sensors and Deep Neural Network Technology." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228844.

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In recent years, skin spectral information has been gradually applied in various fields, such as the cosmetics industry and clinical medicine. However, the high price and the huge size of the skin spectrum measurement device make the related applications of the skin spectrum unable to be widely used in practical applications. We used convolutional neural network (CNN) to achieve a satisfying accuracy of the Fitzpatrick skin-type classification by using a simple self-developed device in 2018. Leveraging on the hardware, firmware, and software app-developing experience, a low-cost miniature skin spectrum measurement system (LMSSMS) using deep neural network (DNN) technology was further studied, and the feasibility of the system is verified in this paper. The developed LMSSMS is divided into three parts: (1) miniature skin spectrum measurement device (MSSMD), (2) DNN model, and (3) mobile app. The MSSMD was developed with innovative low-cost MSSC, 3D printing, and a simple LED light source. The DNN model is designed to enhance measurement accuracy. Finally, the mobile app is used to control and show the measurement results. The developed app also includes a variety of skin-spectrum-related applications, such as erythema index and melanin index (EI/MI) measurement, Fitzpatrick skin-type classification, Pantone SkinTone classification, sun-exposure estimation, and body-fat measurement. In order to verify the feasibility of LMSSMS, we used the standard instrumentation device as a reference. The results show that the accuracy of the LMSSMS can reach 94.7%, which also confirms that this development idea has much potential for further development.

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Lu, Z. F., J. A. Zagzebski, E. L. Madsen, and F. Dong. "A Method for Estimating an Overlying Layer Correction in Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging." Ultrasonic Imaging 17, no. 4 (October 1995): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469501700402.

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A new method is tested to compensate for attenuation losses through the intervening layers in quantitative ultrasound imaging. The method subtracts the echo signal power spectrum acquired from a uniform region beneath the overlying layers from the signal power spectrum obtained from a reference phantom using the same instrumentation system settings. Changes in spectral components with frequency are then used to estimate the attenuation of the overlying layers. Several phantoms were used to test the method, among which was a phantom having three windows, one with no overlying layers and the other two with fat and muscle mimicking layers of different degrees of irregularity. Attenuation losses through the windows were compensated for using the technique, producing backscatter estimator images of a simulated tumor inside the phantom. After applying the method, consistent results for the backscatter estimator of the tumor, as well as the backscatter coefficient of the background material, were obtained from the various windows.

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Cousin, B., L. Casteilla, C. Dani, P. Muzzin, J. P. Revelli, and L. Penicaud. "Adipose tissues from various anatomical sites are characterized by different patterns of gene expression and regulation." Biochemical Journal 292, no. 3 (June 15, 1993): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2920873.

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We have shown previously the presence of brown adipocytes among white fat pads, and proposed the existence of a spectrum of adipose depots according to the abundance of brown fat cells [Cousin, Cinti, Morroni, Raimbault, Ricquier, Pénicaud and Casteilla (1992) J. Cell Sci. 103, 931-942]. In this study, we tried to characterize this spectrum better. We determined in several adipose depots (i) the richness of pre-adipose cells, as assessed by A2COL6 mRNA levels; (ii) whether a fat pad was characterized by a pattern of mRNA expression; (iii) whether this pattern was close related to abundance of brown adipocytes, and (iv) whether the regulation of this pattern by catecholamines under cold exposure or beta-agonist treatment was similar in the different pads. This was achieved by studying proteins involved in glucose and lipid metabolism such as insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4), fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein aP2, as well as beta 3-adrenergic-receptor expression. Among white adipose depots, the periovarian fat pad was characterized by the highest content of pre-adipocytes and of brown adipocytes, and inguinal fat by the highest lipogenic activity potential. There was no close correlation between beta 3-adrenergic-receptor expression and brown adipocyte content in the tissues, as measured by the degree of uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression. However, in pads expressing UCP mRNA, mRNA levels of beta 3-adrenergic receptor and other markers were increased in parallel. Under cold exposure or beta 3-agonist treatment, a specific up-regulation of GLUT4 expression was observed in interscapular brown adipose tissue. The regional difference described in this study, could participate in preferential fat-pad growth under physiological conditions as well as in pathological situations.

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Hodson, Leanne, Fredrik Rosqvist, and Siôn A. Parry. "The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119000569.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of conditions from hepatic steatosis through to cirrhosis; obesity is a known risk factor. The liver plays a major role in regulating fatty acid metabolism and perturbations in intrahepatic processes have potential to impact on metabolic health. It remains unclear why intra-hepatocellular fat starts to accumulate, but it likely involves an imbalance between fatty acid delivery to the liver, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation within the liver and TAG export from the liver. As man spends the majority of the day in a postprandial rather than postabsorptive state, dietary fatty acid intake should be taken into consideration when investigating why intra-hepatic fat starts to accumulate. This review will discuss the impact of the quantity and quality of dietary fatty acids on liver fat accumulation and metabolism, along with some of the potential mechanisms involved. Studies investigating the role of dietary fat in liver fat accumulation, although surprisingly limited, have clearly demonstrated that it is total energy intake, rather than fat intake per se, that is a key mediator of liver fat content; hyperenergetic diets increase liver fat whilst hypoenergetic diets decrease liver fat content irrespective of total fat content. Moreover, there is now, albeit limited evidence emerging to suggest the composition of dietary fat may also play a role in liver fat accumulation, with diets enriched in saturated fat appearing to increase liver fat content to a greater extent when compared with diets enriched in unsaturated fats.

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Rydzak, Chara, Anil Chauhan, Narainder Gupta, Hubert H. Chuang, Eric M. Rohren, and Priya R. Bhosale. "Fat-Containing Hypermetabolic Masses on FDG PET/CT: A Spectrum of Benign and Malignant Conditions." American Journal of Roentgenology 207, no. 5 (November 2016): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.16.16066.

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Csillag, A., and J. Ly. "Spectrum of imaging findings on axial T2-weighted fat-saturated imaging of the lumbar spine." Clinical Radiology 69, no. 9 (September 2014): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2014.05.006.

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Abdusalamovna, Agzamova Shoira. "Obesity in Children: Frequency of Occurrence and Features of Thickness of Epicardial Fat Depending on Indicators of Body Weight Index and Lipid Spectrum." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (March 31, 2020): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201709.

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