Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fat performance'

Collegiate athletes are always looking for ways to improve their performance. Resistance training has been incorporated into most collegiate athletic programs for this very reason. In order to improve strength, lean body mass, and exercise performance, resistance exercise and timely protein ingestion must be followed. Incorporating protein ingestion into a resistance training routine has been shown to improve net protein balance. Milk protein is gaining popularity as an ergogenic aid. There has been growing interest in the potential use of bovine milk (cow’s milk) as an exercise beverage, especially during recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. No studies have been conducted comparing fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk ingested after resistance exercise improves common performance assessments of collegiate softball players. Specifically, the performance assessments were the vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint, and the agility t-test. The participants were randomized according to strength and bodyweight, in a double blind experimental design. The 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 ± .7 yrs; 65.7 ± 1.8 inches; 156.2 ± 21.6 kg) ingested either fat free chocolate milk or low fat chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint test and agility t-test. The data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the eight week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in the vertical jump, 20 yard sprint, or agility t-test between the fat free chocolate milk group and the low fat chocolate milk group. The major, statistical, finding of this study is that the consumption of commercially available fat free chocolate milk versus low fat chocolate milk drink does not produce improvements in exercise performance in conjunction with an eight week periodized, resistance training program in collegiate softball players. The difference of 10 grams of fat (two servings per container) did not alter any of the performance variables (20 yard sprint, vertical jump or agility t-test).

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Michael Tokach
In 3 experiments, 4,720 pigs were used to determine the effects of: 1) dietary fat and feeding duration on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs; or 2) a novel protease or 3) increasing levels of Zn amino acid complex (ZnAA) or ZnO on finishing pig performance. Experiment 1 tested the effects of feeding tallow, soybean oil, or a blend of the two for various feeding durations (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). Overall, pigs fed added fat for the entire 84 d had improved G:F compared to those fed a control diet. Additionally, pigs fed additional fat for the entire study had improved ADG and G:F as well as increased d 84 BW compared to pigs fed additional fat for 42 d. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil lowered monounsaturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations while these values remained relatively unchanged by the addition of tallow. There were feeding period by fat source interactions for fatty acid composition and iodine value for belly and backfat, but not jowl fat, indicating a longer turnover rate for jowl fat compared to belly or backfat. In Exp. 2, adding a protease to a nutrient deficient diet increased ADFI and tended to increase ADG compared to pigs fed a negative control diet. There were no differences observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed a positive control diet, formulated to 90% of the pigs SID lysine requirement, and those fed a negative control diet plus the protease, which would suggest the release values attributed to the enzyme were accurate. In Exp. 3, supplementing additional Zn from either ZnAA or ZnO at 25, 50, or 75 ppm in finishing diets for commercial finishing pigs was evaluated. Overall, no differences were observed in ADFI, but a Zn source by level interaction was observed for ADG and G:F, as pigs fed increasing ZnO were observed to have similar performance, while pigs fed added levels of 25 and 50 ppm Zn from ZnAA had decreased performance compared to those fed the highest level of ZnAA.

Effects of tallow supplementation on dietary nutrient and minimal amino acid utilization in the laying hen were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment diets contained six levels of animal tallow ranging from 0 to 10%. Percent egg production and egg mass were not significantly affected by tallow. Body weight was significantly increased by 2% tallow was maximum at 6%. Addition of up to 6% fat improved feed conversion without adversely affecting other production characteristics. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased from 305.1 to 322.4 kcal/hen/d over the range of 0 to 6% tallow with no further improvement at higher tallow levels. Maximum net energetic efficiency was obtained with 2 and 4% tallow. Ability to digest tallow declined significantly with hen age. Higher tallow ME values were obtained from calorimetry data than from digestibility measurements due to beneficial effects of tallow on digestibilities of fat and protein in the basal diet. No improvement in starch retention was observed with tallow supplementation. In the second experiment, diets containing four levels of protein (15.0, 13.6, 15.0 + methionine and 17.0%) without and with 3% tallow were fed to hens housed in an open cage house or an insulated, evaporatively cooled house. Egg production and egg mass were significantly higher in the insulated house. This study indicates that reducing total protein below the National Research Council (NRC, 1984) recommended level significantly reduced egg production by birds housed in an open house. Supplemental methionine to provide .60% TSAA was required for maximum egg production. Egg production was significantly improved with the low protein diet when 3% tallow was added; however, egg production rate supported by this combination was significantly below that obtained with the 17% protein diet either with or without added tallow. For birds housed in the insulated, evaporatively cooled house the diet based on the NRC amino acid recommendations appeared to be optimal for performance, even with a lower protein level. No additional benefits were obtained in egg production with 3% tallow in any of the diets under these housing conditions.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka om det finns stöd i nuvarande forskning för att en fettrik kost är mer effektiv som nutritionsstrategi vid uthållighetsprestationer jämfört med en kolhydratrik kost. Studiens frågeställningar är: Förbättras uthållighetsprestationen av en fettrik kost jämfört med en kolhydratrik kost? Hur påverkas kolhydrat- och fettmetabolismen av en högfett- och lågkolhydratkost? Metod Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Ebsco, Pubmed och Cinahl. Totalt inkluderades 16 artiklar, 11 artiklar från litteratursökningen i databaserna och 5 artiklar från valda referenslistor. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall för randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Resultat I 3 av 16 studier förbättrades uthållighetprestationen vid intag av högfett- och lågkolhydratkost, i 4 av 16 studier försämrades prestationen och i resterande 9 studier sågs ingen signifikant skillnad i prestationen mellan kostinterventionerna. Majoriteten av studierna fick en förhöjd fettoxidation som resultat av en högfett- och lågkolhydratkost men ingen signifikant skillnad gällande blodglukos-, blodinsulin- eller blodlaktatvärde mellan kostinterventionerna. Slutsats Trots en förhöjd fettoxidation och välfyllda glykogenlager finns inte tillräcklig evidens för att påvisa en generell prestationshöjning vid uthållighetsprestationer av en högfettkost jämfört med en högkolhydratkost. Detta troligtvis på grund av nedsatt förmåga hos musklerna att använda glykogen. Resultaten från de studier som ingick i denna systematiska litteraturstudie visar konsekvent en försämrad prestation efter intag av högfett- och lågkolhydratkost vid arbetsintensiteter över 80% av VO2max. Vid arbetsintensiteter omkring 60-70% av VO2max kan prestationen eventuellt förbättras efter intag av högfettkost bestående av 60-70% fett och mindre än 15% kolhydrater.
Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is scientific evidence that a high fat diet is more effective as a nutrition strategy for endurance performance than a high carbohydrate diet is. The objectives of the study are: Does endurance performance improve by a high fat diet compared by a high carbohydrate diet? How is the metabolism of fat and carbohydrate affected by a high fat and low carbohydrate diet? Method The literature search was conducted in the databases Ebsco, Pubmed and Cinahl. A total of 16 studies was included, 11 studies from the literature search and 5 studies from selected reference lists. The studies quality was audited by SBU: s questionnaire for randomized controlled studies. Results Endurance performance was enhanced after ingesting a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet in 3 of 16 studies and was decreased in 4 of 16 studies. In the remaining 9 studies there was no significant difference in performance between the two trials. A high fat- and low carbohydrate diet resulted in an increased fat oxidation in the majority of the studies but there was no significant difference in bloodglucose-, blodinsulin- or blodlactatelevels between the two trials. Conclusions Despite increased fat oxidation and well-filled glycogen levels there is not sufficient evidence to prove that endurance performance will be enhanced by a high fat diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet. This is probably because of a lower ability of the muscles to use glycogen. The results from this systematic review consequently shows a decreased performance after a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet at work intensities over 80% of VO2max. At intensities around 60-70% of VO2max, the performance can possibly be enhanced after a high fat diet consisting 60-70% of fat and 15% or lower of carbohydrate.

This thesis investigated three commonly used nutritional interventions that are often claimed to alter substrate metabolism and improve exercise performance: green tea extract (GTE), coffee and vitamin D. GTE and caffeine have been hypothesized to increase fat oxidation at rest and during exercise, thereby lowering the reliance on skeletal muscle glycogen and improving endurance exercise capacity. We observed that 7 days GTE supplementation resulted in an increase in metabolites related to fat and energy metabolism at rest but not during moderate intensity exercise. The current thesis also found that endurance exercise performance can be improved to the same extent by either using coffee or caffeine. However, these improvements in endurance exercise performance were independent of changes to fat oxidation during exercise. We also demonstrate that athletes living in Birmingham, United Kingdom, display a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during the winter and thus require nutritional support. However, despite the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, there was no association between vitamin D status and skeletal muscle function or exercise performance. Short term vitamin D supplementation at doses above the current recommended daily allowance was highly effective in correcting vitamin D deficiency to sufficiency. But supplementation did not alter any measure of performance.

This research project examines the misreading of satire in some productions of Neil LaBute’s play, Fat Pig. This practice led project aims to investigate why such misinterpretations occur and explore the theatrical styles that emphasise the satire in the text via rehearsal processes and production. There will be three preliminary paths undertaken in this research heading toward a new production of Fat Pig; an exploration of the responses of audiences and critics to past productions; an analysis of the background to Neil LeBute and his work; and an examination of theatrical expressions of satire, experimental theatre, contemporary theatre, and their practitioners. The overall aim of this research project is to find ways, as a director, to experiment with theatrical styles as a means to expand the play’s complex issues and ironic take on society’s narrow view of female beauty. This study will explore the following questions: what is the correlation between staging and design (the director’s influence and how an audience interprets meaning; and what forms of theatrical expression will highlight and emphasise the satire and irony present in the text? In what ways can critical reviews and feedback from previous productions indicate the understanding (or lack of understanding) of the ironic content in the script? Can situating LaBute in the context of his satiric writing style that straddles literary elements from opposing absurd and realism genres shed light on how irony can be exposed in Fat Pig? The project’s new production aims to underscore the play’s social commentaries by combining various forms of theatrical styles, philosophies, and methodologies. I wish to extend my directorial practice by investigating strategies to emphasis and highlight what I see as the underlying focus of Fat Pig; society’s discriminating behaviour to those who sit outside mainstream ideas of physical beauty

The aim of the first two experiments was to determine whether alterations in dietary carbohydrate (CHO) intake would affect performance of high intensity exercise in well-trained individuals. This was achieved by comparing the effects of a 70 and 40% CHO diet on the performance of high intensity exercise lasting approximately 10 min (Experiment 1) or 30 min (Experiment 2). At both exercise intensities, no difference in exercise performance was found. These results demonstrated that moderate changes in diet composition during normal training do not significantly affect performance of high intensity exercise in well-trained individuals. These findings would suggest that total muscle glycogen concentration was not limiting high intensity exercise performance. The higher than normal daily energy intake of the subjects' diet may have adequately compensated for the reduced percentage of CHO on the two low CHO diets. An increased fat oxidation on the low CHO trial may also have contributed to these results. These results do not exclude the possibility that the glycogen content of individual muscle fibres was limiting high intensity exercise performance. The aim of the third experiment was to determine the effects of an exercise and diet regime, which was intended to alter initial muscle glycogen concentration, on the capacity of well-trained individuals to perform prolonged strenuous exercise to exhaustion in the heat and the cold. Exercise capacity in the heat was reduced compared with exercise in the cold, irrespective of diet. The exercise and diet intervention, when aimed at increasing muscle CHO stores, improved exercise capacity both in the heat and in the cold compared with when the intervention was aimed to reducing CHO stores.

Cereals have traditionally been used in the pig industry as the main source of energy in pig diets. However, due to variable composition, differences in nutritive value between cereal types and the availability and price of cereals, alternative sources of energy have been considered, for example, the addition of fat. The use of fat as an energy source for pigs has been shown to increase digestibility of nutrients (Asplund et al., 1960; Berschauer, 1984; Jones et al., 1992; Lewis and Southern, 2001) and (or) improve growth rate (Myer and Combs, 1991; Bauden et al., 2003; Campbell, 2005; Philpotts et al., 2008; Collins et al., 2009a), however, studies on the effects of adding fat to swine diets have yielded variable results. Nevertheless, some recent information (Campbell, 2005; Philpotts et al., 2008; Collins et al., 2009a) has shown that added fat can be of benefit to growing/finishing pigs under commercial situations where there are often a number of constraints, such as increased stocking density and decreased feeder access (Campbell, 2005), that might create conditions where added fats in diets is beneficial because of its higher energy concentration. A review by Pettigrew and Moser (1991) concluded that there was a consistent improvement in growth rate and reduction in feed intake and improvement in feed:gain when fat is added to the diet of growing/finishing pigs. In addition to the level of fat per se in the diet influencing production and digestibility, the type of fat (i.e., saturated versus unsaturated fat), and the ratio of fat types are also likely to influence any responses (Mu, 2007). Differences in the fatty acids composition and the ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids (UFA:SFA) in the fat source are also likely to cause variations in production and digestibility (Stahly, 1984). To date and to my knowledge, comprehensive studies investigating these factors that link production measurements to estimates of digestibility have not been conducted. With this in mind, the overall aims of this thesis were as follows; 1. Determine whether the use of added fat, either as beef tallow (BT) or canola oil (CO), to increase the digestible energy (DE) content in diets above current recommendations would improve measures of production and an estimate of the cost of any production gain; 2. Determine the optimum feeding strategy for diets containing different types and levels of added fat in the growing/finishing period; 3. Determine the effects of fat type, either as BT or CO, the level of fat in the diet and the dietary UFA:SFA ratio acids on estimates of digestibility of selected nutrients and diet components when assessed at the ileum and in the faeces. The specific hypotheses examined in this thesis were as follows; 1. Supplementing grower/finisher diets with up to 8% added fat would improve feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth performance without being detrimental to carcass quality (P2 backfat thickness); 2. Feeding supplemental fat only in the finisher period would enhance production and lower costs, as no supplemental fat would be necessary in the grower period. However, eliminating fat in the finisher period, if already present in a grower diet, would be detrimental to growth performance; 3. Pigs fed diets with added CO would have a higher digestibility (ileal and total tract) than pigs fed diets containing BT; 4. A higher UFA:SFA ratio would significantly improve nutrient digestibility; 5. Increasing dietary fat level would slow rate of passage.

Processes that regulate site of fat deposition in beef cattle are poorly understood. For the producer to procure the greatest profit, it is ideal to maximize intramuscular fat. Furthermore, to understand the physiological mechanisms affecting fat depots, it is necessary to evaluate hormones involved in growth regulation. Using a 2 x 2 factorial design of treatments, four experiments were conducted to examine two adipogenic compounds, chlortetracycline and dexamethasone. Synovex-S® and Revalor-S® were used to investigate potential interactions between growth implants and adipogenic compound. Growth performance, carcass quality, organ and fat mass and plasma hormone concentrations were measured in these studies. In Exp. 1, 24 steers received either 0 or 350mg chlortetracycline/d, with or without Synovex-S®. On d 30, 56 and 106, steers received a bolus injection of 1 ug/kg BW thyrotropin-releasing hormone and 0.1 ug/kg BW GH-releasing hormone and serial blood samples were collected. Synovex-S® increased (P ≤ 0.009) rate and efficiency of gain and decreased (P = 0.05) time to peak for GH concentrations. Chlortetracycline attenuated (P ≤ 0.05) the effects of implant on triiodothyronine release, slaughter weight and carcass quality. In Exp. 2, 96 steers received either 0 or 39.6 ppm chlortetracycline/d, with or without Revalor-S®. Implant increased (P < 0.0001) ADG; however, efficiency of gain was greater for implanted steers in the absence of chlortetracycline (interaction, P ≤ 0.03). In Exp. 3, 144 steers received either 0 or 0.09 mg dexamethasone/kg BW on d 0, 28 or 56, with or without Revalor-S®. Average daily gain was lower (P = 0.0003) for implanted steers receiving dexamethasone compared to those receiving no dexamethasone (interaction, P = 0.05). Omental fat mass was greater (P = 0.01) for non-implanted steers receiving dexamethasone compared to no dexamethasone (interaction, P = 0.006). In Exp. 4, 96 steers received either 0 or 0.09 mg dexamethasone/kg BW on d 0, 28, 56 or 84, with or without Revalor-S®. Average daily gain and efficiency of gain were both 13% greater (P ≤ 0.05) with implant. Conversely, DEX lowered ADG by 10% (P = 0.007). There were no effects of treatment on fat mass weights.

Background: Green tea is rich in catechin, a polyphenolic antioxidant. Consumption of green tea or extract from green tea has been shown to result in weight loss, increased fat oxidation, and elevated energy expenditure in mice and humans. Green tea consumption has also been shown to result in increased exercise endurance in mice and improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in humans. It is not clearly known whether green tea consumption would increase exercise endurance in humans. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if the daily consumption of decaffeinated green tea extract for 4-5 weeks, would improve exercise endurance in humans, as measured by running 2.5 miles on an indoor track. Subjects, Design, and Methods: This study was based on a randomized, double-blind design. Fourteen, normal, healthy individuals volunteered for participation and completed the study. They were divided into two groups (n= 7 for each group). All participants completed 2 endurance trials, 1 at the baseline and 1 at the conclusion of the study. Each trial consisted of a 2.5 mile run around the GSU Recreation Center indoor track. One group consumed green tea extract pill containing 900 mg catechins and the other group consumed a placebo for 4-5 weeks between run trials. Results: Green tea and placebo groups improved their running times, however, there was no significant difference between these two groups in mean end time (P = 0.74). Under one statistical analysis, the green tea group significantly improved their running time compared to baseline (P = 0.019), while the placebo group did not. However, under another statistical analysis (removing one participant due to possible skewing effect), both groups significantly improved their running time over baseline (P< 0.05). Conclusions: This study was not able conclusively ascertain whether or not the daily consumption of green tea improved endurance performance as measured by 2.5 mile run times. Results of this study should be used with caution due to small sample size. Future studies are warranted on the impact of green tea consumption on exercise endurance, using a longer duration and a larger sample size than has been studied.

The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effects of a dietary fat supplementation on growth, reproduction and performance characteristics of replacement beef heifers reared in different management systems (pasture and dry lot conditions). The objectives were (1) to quantify changes in body composition traits and growth performance of replacement beef heifers fed different levels of fat in the supplemented diet,(2) to determine the reproductive performance of heifers supplemented with dietary fat in either a ryegrass pasture system or a dry lot system, and (3) to determine the value of real-time ultrasound technology (RTU) as an alternative technology to assist producers in the decision making process within replacement beef heifer programs. Over the three year study, we observed that both high (3 - 5%) and low (1.5 ? 2.5%)levels of dietary fat supplementation of replacement heifers did not have a negative affect in reproductive performance and body composition traits significantly, compared to controls (pasture-base, no supplementation. However, a positive response with respect to some body composition traits was observed in animals fed the higher level of dietary fat in 2004 and 2005 studies. Overall, growth of animals grazing ryegrass outperformed animals supplemented with dietary fat in a dry lot system; yet when dietary fat supplementation was integrated with a ryegrass pasture system, besides the positive effects in body composition traits metabolic changes in relevant reproduction hormones were observed with the addition of dietary fat treatment. Finally, the use of information on body composition traits of replacement beef heifers through the use of real-time ultrasound technology in the decision-making process resulted in a small financial return in these studies. However, the use of this alternative technology in a replacement beef heifer program may have additional value beyond the limited feeding periods reported here. These may include, a greater ability to predict heifer fertility as linked to growth and developmental characteristics (e.g., body composition traits), yet this requires further study.

Four experiments were conducted on hens of turkey and Japanese quail. In Experiment I, turkey hens were fed diets containing either 0% added fat, 3.5% animal-vegetable fat blend (AV) or 3.5% dry fat product (DF). In Experiment II with turkey hens, 2 holding diets and 4 breeder diets were investigated. The holding diets contained either 0% added fat or 5% of AV. The breeder diets contained 0% added fat of 5% of one of the following: AV, corn oil (CO) or olive oil (OO). In Experiment III with Japanese quail, 3 pre-breeder (PB) and 3 breeder diets (BD) were studied. They contained either 0, 3.5 or 7% added AV. In Experiment IV with Japanese quail, all diets contained 97% of a semi-purified basal diet and 3% of one of the following: corn starch (CS), corn oil (CO), palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA) or linolenic acid (LN). The fatty acid composition of plasma and yolk lipids of both turkeys and quail was influenced by the fatty acid composition of the diets. Quail fed a CO diet deposited more linoleic acid in the egg than did those on a LA diet. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on September 23, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Tom Thomas Includes bibliographical references.

Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of fat supplementation and ruminal starch degradability on lactation performance, and nutrient digestibilities in lactating cows. Four cannulated cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine effects of fat supplementation and ruminal starch degradability on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to the duodenum. Treatments were: (1) dry-rolled sorghum (DRS), no added fat; (2) DRS plus 2.5% fat; (3) steam-flaked sorghum (SFS), no added fat; (4) SFS plus 2.5% fat. SFS resulted in higher total VFA, propionate and butyrate, and the lowest C2:C3 ratios compared to DRS when fat was not added to the diets. Diets with SFS had higher ruminal (73.4 vs. 52.1%) and total tract (99.1 vs 95.0%) starch digestibilities then those with DRS. Duodenal flows of total CP and microbial protein were not affected by diets. Fat supplementation increased milk production, ruminal propionate and total VFA concentration and decreased C2:C3 ratio in diets containing DRS. In another, study 40 cows alloted to five dietary treatments: (1) DRS, no added fat; (2) DRS plus 2.5% fat; (3) SFS no added fat; (4) SFS plus 2.5%; (5) SFS plus 5% fat. Milk yield was increased by SFS and fat supplementation (2.5% of DM), the effects being additive. Fat supplementation at 5% did not improve lactation performance but increased body weight gain. Milk composition was not affected by treatments; however, milk protein yield was increased by SFS. Digestibilities of starch were increased (98.2 vs. 92.6%) with SFS compared to DRS. In the third trial, 48 cows were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets contained DRS or SFS with 2.5% of cottonseed oil, tallow, or prilled fatty acids. Compared to DRS, SFS did not affect milk production, but increased milk protein content, body weight gains and estimated NE$\sb{\rm L}$ (22.6%) of sorghum grain, regardless of fat source. Fat sources did not affect lactation response, however prilled fatty acids tended to decrease DMI. SFS increased DM, OM, CP, and starch digestibilities, regardless of fat source.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com base em três estudos avaliando o óleo de soja (OS) como suplemento lipídico para vacas leiteiras. O primeiro estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com OS em diferentes forragens sobre a produção de gás, emissão de metano (CH 4 ) e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro potencialmente digestível (IVFDNpdD) in vitro. Amostras de silagem de milho de planta inteira (SM), cana-de-açúcar (CA), Azevem (AZ), capim brachiaria (CB) e capim mombaça (CM) foram incubadas por 72 horas com três concentrações de OS (0, 30 e 60 g/kg de matéria seca (MS)) em um sistema in vitro totalmente automatizado. O aumento do OS afetou a proporção de acetato nos ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), a relação acetato:propionato e a produção total de gás as 72 horas diferentemente de acordo com a forragem. A inclusão de OS não afetou a produção de gás para AZ e CM, no entanto a mesma decresceu quadraticamente para SM e CA e aumentou quadraticamente para BG. O OS diminuiu a emissão de CH 4 tanto em mL/g de matéria orgânica (MO) quanto em % da produção de gás total. A IVFDNpdD diminuiu 21,2 e 12,9% quando o OS foi aumentado para SM e CA, respectivamente, sem efeitos significativos para AZ, CB e CM. Conclui-se que SM e CA são mais susceptíveis aos efeitos adversos da suplementação com OS de 30 a 60 g/kg de MS sobre a IVFDNpdD do que AZ, CM e CB. O segundo estudo objetivou quantificar as alterações no desempenho, digestão e metabolismo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com concentrações de OS e dietas com cana-de-açúcar e alto nível de concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito vacas multíparas da raça Holandês (peso vivo (PV) = 574 ± 19,1 kg e 122 ± 6,9 dias em lactação) fistuladas no rúmen. Os animais tinham produção de leite inicial de 22,5 ± 1,22 kg/dia e foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4 paralelos. O período experimental durou 21 dias, sendo os 14 primeiros para adaptação, seguidos de um período de coletas entre os dias 15 e 21. As dietas foram formuladas com concentrações crescentes de OS (% da MS): controle, baixo (BOS; 1,57%), médio (MOS; 4,43%) e alto (AOS; 7,34%). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) diminuiu quadraticamente em resposta ao aumento de OS. O maior decréscimo no CMS foi observado entre as dietas MOS e AOS. Tanto a produção de leite e produção de leite corrigida para energia foram quadraticamente afetadas pela inclusão de OS, com um menor decréscimo até o MOS e maior decréscimo na dieta AOS. A concentração de ixgordura no leite diminuiu de 3,78% no controle para 3,50% na dieta AOS. A digestibilidade ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro potencialmente digestível (FDNpd) diminuiu de 55,7% no controle para 35,2% na dieta AOS. A taxa de digestão da FDNpd no rúmen diminuiu de 3,13 para 1,39%/h do controle para a dieta AOS. A taxa de passagem da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível foi afetada quadraticamente, com valor menor (2,25 %/h) na dieta AOS. O pH ruminal aumentou de 6,42 para 6,67 e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal diminuiu de 28,1 para 21,4 mg/dL do controle para a dieta AOS, respectivamente. A concentração ruminal de AGV diminuiu quadraticamente com o maior decréscimo observado entre as dietas MOS e AOS. As concentrações séricas de glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados e beta-hidroxi-butirato não foram afetadas pela inclusão de OS. No entanto as concentrações séricas de colesterol total, HDL e LSL diminuíram linearmente com o aumento da concentração de OS na dieta. A suplementação com OS até 1,57% da MS demonstrou ser uma concentração segura para vacas alimentadas com alto nível de concentrado e cana-de-açúcar como volumoso. A inclusão de óleo de soja entre 4,43 a 7,34% da MS da dieta diminuiu o CMS, produção de leite, a digestibilidade da fibra e a fermentação ruminal, não sendo recomendada. O terceiro estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do aumento das concentrações de OS sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da digesta omasal e no leite de vacas alimentadas com com cana-de-açúcar, com foco sobre a concentração de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) no leite. Foram realizados dois experimentos com as mesmas dietas anteriormente descritas para o segundo estudo (controle, BOS, MOS e AOS). O experimento 1 (EXPI) foi delineado para quantificar o fluxo omasal de AG e o perfil de AG no leite. No EXPI foram utilizadas oito vacas multíparas da raça Holandês (PV = 574 ± 19,1 kg e 122 ± 6,9 dias em lactação) fistuladas no rúmen. Os animais tinham produção de leite inicial de 22,5 ± 1,22 kg/dia e foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4 paralelos. O experimento 2 (EXPII) foi delineado para quantificar o perfil de AG no leite de vacas no pós-parto. No EXPII foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandês primíparas (PV= 545 ± 17,2 kg) e oito multíparas (PV=629 ± 26,7 kg) após o parto. As concentrações de AG 11trans-18:1, 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA e 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA na digesta omasal aumentaram linearmente com o aumento de OS. O aumento no OS aumentou quadraticamente a taxa de biohidrogenação de AG poli-insaturados (PUFA), com um aumento pequeno da dieta MOS para AOS. A concentração de gordura no leite em ambos experimentos diminuiu com o aumento de OS, no entanto a produção de gordura não foi afetada no EXPII. Em ambos experimentos a concentração (g/kg) de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA no leite aumentou linearmente, diferentemente do aumento quadrático da produção (g/d) que aumentou xquadraticamente. A presença de 10trans,12cis-18:2 CLA no leite foi detectada nas dietas MOS e AOS. A adição de OS demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável para aumentar o fluxo omasal de 11trans-18:1 e a concentração de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA no leite. No entanto a suplementação com OS acima de 1,57% da MS da dieta diminuiu a concentração de gordura no leite e a produção de gordura, sem resposta aditiva na produção de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA.
The present work was a compilation of three studies evaluating soybean oil (SBO) as fat supplement for dairy cows. The first study aimed to to evaluate the effects of SBO supplementation with different forages on in vitro gas production kinetics, methane (CH 4 ) emissions and potentially digestible neutral detergent fibre (pdNDF) digestibility (IVpdNDFD). Samples of whole-crop maize silage (MS), sugarcane (SC), ryegrass (RG), brachiaria grass (BG) and guinea grass (GG) were incubated for 72h with three concentrations of SBO (0, 30 and 60 g/kg of dry matter (DM)) in a fully automated in vitro gas system. Three runs were conducted using buffered rumen fluid from three cows. The SBO increase affected acetate proportion in VFA, acetate to propionate ratio, and total gas production at 72h differently according to the forage. Soybean oil inclusion did not affect total gas production for RG and BG; however, decreased quadratically for MS and SC and increased quadratically for BG. The SBO quadratically decreased CH 4 emission both as mL/g of OM and % of total gas production. The IVpdNDFD decreased 21.2 and 12.9% when SBO level was increased for MS and SC, respectively, without showing any effects for GG, BG and RG. In conclusion MS and SC are more sensitive to adverse effects of SBO addition from 30 to 60 g kg -1 MS on rumen digestion of pdNDF than RG, GG and BG. The second study aimed to quantify the productive and metabolic responses, and digestive changes in dairy cows fed various concentrations of SBO in high concentrate, sugarcane-based diets. Eight rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (body weight (BW) = 574 ± 19.1 kg and 122 ± 6.9 days in milk), averaging 22.5 ± 1.22 kg/d of milk were assigned to replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. The experimental period lasted 21 d as follows: 14 d for adaptation, followed by a sampling period from d 15 to 21. The diets were formulated with increasing concentrations of SBO (% of DM): control (0%), low (LSBO; 1.57%), medium (MSBO; 4.43%) and high (HSBO; 7.34%). Dry matter intake (DMI) decreased quadratically in response to SBO addition. The greatest decrease in DMI was observed in MSBO and HSBO diets. Both milk and energy corrected milk (ECM) yield were quadratically affected by the SBO inclusion, with a slight decrease up to MSBO and substantial decrease in the HSBO diet. The milk fat concentration linearly decreased from 3.78% in the control to 3.50% in the HSBO diet. The potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber digestibility in the rumen decreased from vii55.7% in the control to 35.2% in the HSBO diet. The fractional rate of digestion of potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber in the rumen decreased linearly from 3.13 to 1.39%/h from the control to HSBO diet. The fractional rate of indigestible neutral detergent fiber passage in the rumen was quadratically affected, with the lowest value (2.25%/h) for the HSBO diet. Rumen pH increased from 6.42 to 6.67, and ammonia nitrogen decreased from 28.1 to 21.4 mg/dL, in the control and HSBO diets, respectively. Rumen volatile fatty acids decreased quadratically, with the greatest decrease observed in MSBO and HSBO diets. Serum concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate were unaffected by SBO inclusion. However, serum concentrations of total cholesterol and high-density and low-density lipoproteins linearly increased with increasing concentrations of SBO in the diet. Soybean oil supplementation at 1.57% of the diet DM proved to be a safe concentration for dairy cows fed high concentrate diets with sugarcane as the sole forage. Inclusion of SBO at concentrations from 4.43 to 7.34% of the diet DM decreased DMI, ECM production, fiber digestibility and rumen fermentation being not recommended. The third study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing concentrations of SBO in sugarcane-based diets on omasal digesta and milk fatty acids (FA) profile, focusing on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk. The diets were the same reported for the second study (control, LSBO, MSBO and HSBO) Experiment 1 (EXPI) was designed to quantify the flow of FA to the omasum and milk FA profile. In EXPI, eight rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging 574 ± 19·1 kg BW and 122 ± 6·9 days in milk were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Experiment 2 (EXPII) was designed to quantify the milk FA profile in cows after calving. In EXPII 14 primiparous (545 ± 17·2 kg BW) and eight multiparous (629 ± 26·7 kg BW) Holstein cows were used after calving. The concentration of 11trans-18:1, 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA, and 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA in omasal digesta increased linearly with the addition of SBO. Soybean oil increased quadratically the biohydrogenation rate of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), with a slightly increase from MSBO to HSBO. Milk fat concentration in both experiments decreased with SBO supply; however, fat yield was not affected in EXPII. In both experiments, the concentration (g/kg) of 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA in milk increased linearly in despite of the yield (g/d) increased quadratically. 10trans,12cis-18:2 CLA in milk was detected in MSBO and HSBO diets. The addition of SBO proved to be a feasible alternative to increase the rumen outflow of 11trans-18:1 and milk 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA concentration; however, SBO supplementation greater than 15.7 g SBO/kg DM decreases milk and fat yield without additive response on 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA yield.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21133号
農博第2259号
新制||農||1057(附属図書館)
学位論文||H30||N5107(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平, 准教授 井上 和生
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Master of Science
Department of Animal Science and Industry
Jim L. Nelssen
Three experiments used 777 pigs to study the effects of fiber source; wheat middlings (midds), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG), and reduction strategies for growing and finishing pigs. Also a fourth study utilizing 1,360 pigs was conducted to determine the effect of immunocastration (IC) and DDGS withdrawal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid analysis, and iodine value (IV) of pork fat depots in growing and finishing pigs. Experiment 1 determined that the ingredient source of fiber (wheat middlings or DDGS) was more important than NDF level alone, for characterization of growth, carcass, and yield responses. Experiment 2 showed that a short (23 d) fiber reduction strategy was successful at fully recovering yield loss; however, a longer reduction (47 d) was necessary for further improvements in carcass fat quality (IV). Experiment 3 further proved that yield loss can be recovered with a short fiber reduction strategy (19 d), and that adding energy from CWG during the fiber reduction period can improve feed efficiency, but was unsuccessful at further improving carcass yield or carcass fat quality. Experiment 4 showed that carcass yield was lower for IC pigs than barrows regardless of dietary DDGS or withdrawal strategy. Also pigs fed 30% DDGS throughout had decreased carcass yield; however, withdrawing DDGS from the diet on d 74 was effective at recovering the yield loss. While DDGS withdrawal strategy was successful at lowering IV, but was unsuccessful at fully lowering IV to values of pigs fed the control diet throughout. Iodine values were somewhat variable within fat depot, showing the jowl and clear plate fat were less accurate in showing changes from the diet, most likely due to the fact they are deposited earlier and are slower to turnover. Iodine value tended to be greater for IC pigs than barrows on d 107, but by d 125 there were no differences in IV between IC and barrows. This dramatic improvement from d 107 to 125 could be caused by the dilution of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically C18:2 and C18:3, due to the rapid deposition of fat in IC pigs.

The effects of dietary fat on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens have been studied. Individually caged broiler breeders were fed diets with or without added fat during 19-wk reproductive period. In Experiment 1, only the females were subjected to dietary treatments: control (no added fat), 3% animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat, 3% corn oil (CO)), while the males received a non-added fat diet. In Experiment 2, only the males were fed diets containing 0 or 3% of either A-V fat or CO while the females were provided a non-added-fat diet.
In Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo criadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com dietas extrusadas com quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios em diferentes relações. Foram utilizados 1280 peixes machos revertidos sexualmente da linhagem gift (157,54 ± 3,50g), distribuídos em 16 gaiolas (1,0 m³), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 80 tilápias do Nilo em cada gaiola. Os peixes foram alimentados com quatro dietas com aproximadamente 3500 kcal kg-1 de energia digestível, contendo quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 e CHO47/L6%) e com diferentes relações de CHO:L (3,89; 4,87; 6,14; 7,83; respectivamente). As tilápias foram arraçoadas quatro vezes ao dia, durante 120 dias. Não houve mortalidade durante o período experimental. As tilápias alimentadas com as dietas contendo a relação CHO:L 6,14, obtiveram as melhores médias para o desempenho produtivo: ganho em peso médio (GPM) 397,24±5,06g; taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) 1,07±0,028%/dia e consumo médio de ração (CS) 462,08±5,06g e também para eficiência de retenção de energia bruta (EREB) 57,17±4,16% e para extrato etéreo no ganho em peso (EEGP) 13,71±1,47%, nas condições de realização do experimento. Na avaliação histológica houve um aumento na concentração de vacúolos de gordura nos tecidos hepáticos quando as relações de CHO:L aumentavam.
The aim of this was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia rared in cages fed extruded diets containing four relations of carbohydrates and lipids. 1280 male (157.54 ± 3,50g) were used and distributed in 16 cages (1.0 m³) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Each cage contains 80 Nile tilapia. The fish were fed diets with 3500 kcal kg -1 of digestible energy, containing four levels of carbohydrates and lipids (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 and CHO47/L6%) with the CHO:L relations: (3.89; 4.87; 6.14; 7.83; respectively). The tilapia were fed four times a day for 120 days. There was no mortality during the trial period. The tilapia fed diets containing the relation CHO:L 6.14, showed the best productive performance mean for weight gain (WG) 397.24 ± 5,06g; specific growth rate (SGR) 1.07 ± 0.028%/day, average feed intake (AFC) 462.08 ± 5,06g, also gross energy retention efficiency (GERE) 57.17 ± 4.16% and ether extract to weight gain (EEWG) 13.71 ± 1.47%, at the experiment conditions. Histological evaluation showed increased in fat vacuoles concentration and liver tissues when as CHO:L relations increased as well.

This thesis presents a comparison among two different open-source company-solutions, taking into account the cost, performance and functionality. The compared open-source solutions are: LTSP and Openthinclient. The thesis also explains the normal client/server environment, fat- and thin-client environments and the concept of cloud computing. Giving a final answer to which product is the best is a challenging task since they both have strong and weak sides. Depending on what the customer is after when looking to invest into an open-source alternative of thin-client solutions, the result will be different.

The increased participation in elite wheelchair sport has provided the need to investigate the physiological requirements of wheelchair sporting competition and daily wheelchair propulsion. However, from a nutritional perspective, guidelines that have been established from the able-bodied population tend to be used by the practitioners working in disability sport and it is not known whether this information is directly transferable to the wheelchair athlete. Wheelchair sport is complex and athletes differ with respect to their sports classification based on factors relating to disability and functional capacity. Therefore, if nutritional guidance is required to optimise performance then information regarding energy expenditure (EE) in the wheelchair sports population becomes important for specific feedback. The aim of this thesis was to investigate EE in wheelchair athletes. The results from Chapter 3 found resting energy expenditure (REE) in tetraplegic athletes to be lower than that calculated using predictive equations derived from an ablebodied cohort. However, paraplegic athletes showed comparable values to those which were predicted, suggesting these equations may be of use in paraplegic athletes. Chapter 4 extended this work and found similarities in the REE of the two aforementioned cohorts. This could have been due to the similarities that were found in their total-body fat free mass (FFM). The results from Chapter 5 showed EE reduced after both a short 36 minute exposure of wheelchair propulsion and after 3 weeks of wheelchair propulsion practice in novice wheelchair users. Temporal parameters improved after the practice period, suggesting there is an association between EE and propulsion technique. Chapter 6 extended these findings with results confirming that experienced wheelchair users expended significantly less energy during wheelchair propulsion than novice individuals who had up to 3 weeks practice. It is clear that EE of daily wheelchair ambulation should not be a generic value and different levels of experience must be considered so that the nutritional needs can be tailored accordingly. Chapters 7 and 8 examined the physiological demands of elite competitive wheelchair basketball players in relation to the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification categories and identified differences in the physiological demands and physiological fitness of wheelchair basketball and tennis players. These results found that IWBF Class 3 - 4.5 (high point) players expended more energy per hour during competition than those with a lower classification (IWBF Class 1 - 2.5). However, when actual playing time was considered the low classification group showed a similar EE to the higher classification group. Furthermore, wheelchair basketball players had a higher EE per hour than wheelchair tennis players during elite competition. However, the wheelchair tennis players spent a significantly longer duration on court resulting in similar EE during a typical competition within each sport. This suggests nutritional advice should be tailored both to the duration of competitive play (where EE may be similar between sports (basketball vs. tennis)); and to training (where athletes with a higher functional capacity may have higher EE). This thesis revealed several important physiological considerations to appreciate when investigating the EE of wheelchair sportsmen and women. Findings would suggest that type of disability, wheelchair propulsion experience and sport classification are all important considerations for the accurate assessment of EE in this cohort of athletes.

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Science
Jim L. Nelssen and Michael D. Tokach
The optimum sampling method swine producers should use to estimate the mean and SD of pig BW within a barn was determined based upon both the time required to conduct and the precision and accuracy of each sampling method. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens was determined to be the optimal sampling method. This should require approximately 55 min to complete. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens had a CI range of 7.2 to 8.0 kg for estimating the mean BW and 5.6 kg for estimating SD. Next, a meta-analysis was conducted using data from existing literature to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine value. While numerous factors were evaluated, dietary essential fatty acids, dietary net energy content, and backfat thickness had the greatest influence on predicting iodine value of the 3 distinct fat depots. Lastly, 6 experiments were conducted to determine the effects of added Zn on growth performance, pork quality, plasma Zn, and ileal mucosal inflammation mRNA expression of finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine-HCl (RAC; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Additional Zn increased plasma Zn and reduced relative expression of IL-1β, but did not improve growth performance of pigs fed diets containing RAC in 5 of the experiments. However, in 1 of the experiments, adding Zn to diets containing RAC resulted in a trend for improved growth performance of pigs. Supplementing the RAC diets with dietary Zn decreased the percentage of type IIA fibers and tended to increase the percentage of type IIX fibers compared to pigs fed the RAC diet without added Zn. Ractopamine-HCl produced chops that were lighter and less red, but possessed reduced metmyoglobin reducing ability at the end of the display period. However, adding Zn to RAC diets increased metmyoglobin reducing ability levels at the end of the display period.

Twenty-four multiparous and twelve primiparous Holstein cows were assigned at calving to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Factors were: (1) grain processing: dry rolled sorghum (D) vs. steam flaked sorghum (S); (2) rumen inert fat: supplemented (F) vs. non supplemented (C). The F diets were supplemented at 2.5% of dry matter (DM) as Ca-soaps. The S diets increased (P<.02) milk production 12%, while F diets decreased (P<.28) milk 5%, due to a 16% decrease (P<.01) in feed intake. However, F diets increased (P<.01) efficiency of feed utilization 15%, partially sustained by greater (P<.08) body weight losses. The DF diet decreased milk protein 0.21% compared to the DC diet, but the S diets had similar milk protein content regardless of fat supplementation. Milk protein yields were higher (P<.01) for S diets. The S diets decreased (P<.03) milk fat percentages but yields were not affected. The S diets had higher (P<.01) digestibilities for DM, CP, GE, and starch than D diets. Digestibilities of CP and GE were higher (P<.05) for F than C diets. Steam flaked sorghum grain maintained milk protein percent in lactation diets supplemented with Ca-Soaps of fatty acids.

Ethoxyquin is an antioxidant commonly used to preserve vitamins and lipids in various food products and animal feeds. The extraction and determination of ethoxyquin is becoming increasingly important as products, which are labeled as "natural" are becoming more common. The present method of determination only ensures that ethoxyquin values are below 10-20 parts per million. Therefore, advances are needed in methods of extraction and analysis in order to lower the detection limits in various products. The first part of this research investigates the use of supercritical fluids in the extraction of ethoxyquin from lean beef and beef fat. Supercritical fluids offer the advantages of safety, time, expense, and selectivity over liquid extractions. Three fluids were examined: carbon dioxide, trifluoromethane, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Carbon dioxide appeared to react with ethoxyquin during the extraction. Methanol modified hydrofluorocarbons provided more complete extractions over pure hydrofluorocarbon fluids. Methanol modified 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was used in the extraction of ethoxyquin from lean beef and beef fat, and provided a quantitative extraction at the 0.5 ppm level. The second part of this research centered on the separation and quantitation of the oxidation products of ethoxyquin through the use of high pressure liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection (HPLC/CLND). When ethoxyquin is oxidized, the resulting products also exhibit antioxidative properties. While these oxidation products are known, no effort has been made to separate and quantify them in real or clean samples. HPLC/CLND allows all nitrogen containing compounds to be quantified without a known standard. This method is of extreme interest in the case of ethoxyquin oxidation products, or other types of metabolites, where standards are difficult to obtain or are unstable. HPLC/CLND allowed a separation of ethoxyquin and four of its oxidation products to be detected, thus making future studies of the antioxidant behavior of ethoxyquin feasible.
Master of Science

High feed ingredient prices have increased the use of by-products containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pig and chicken feeds. This can increase the oxidation of other feed nutrients as well as causing oxidative stress in animals. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a dietary antioxidant blend (AOX, ethoxyquin and propyl gallate) in pigs and broiler chickens fed a diet high in oxidants. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the antioxidant blend on growth performance, meat quality, liver function, oxidative status, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 100, 10.91 ± 0.65 kg, 36 ± 2 d of age, Landrace × Duroc) were allotted to 5 treatments based on body weight (BW, 5 replicate pens per treatment, 4 pigs per pen). Treatments included: 1) HO: high oxidant diet containing 5% oxidized soy oil and 10% PUFA source (containing docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 3.7% of diet); 2) VE: the HO diet with 11 IU/kg of added vitamin E; 3) AOX: the HO diet with AOX (135 mg/kg); 4) VE+AOX: the HO diet with both vitamin E and AOX; and 5) SC: a standard corn-soy control diet. The trial lasted for 118 d; on d 83, the HO diet pigs were switched to the SC diet because the animals were displaying very poor health. Compared with SC pigs, HO pigs had decreased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from d 26 to 82 (P < 0.05). However, after switching the HO pigs to the SC diet, the VE treatment became the most stressed treatment with the poorest performance from d 83 to 118 (P < 0.05). The AOX restored pig performance to a level similar to pigs fed the SC diet (P > 0.05) with greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) for the entire period (P < 0.05). The AOX added treatments also attenuated the enlarged liver symptoms and reduced markers of liver stress including total bilirubin and aspartate transaminase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl concentrations. In addition, the AOX addition in the high oxidant diet restored the lighter carcass weight, less back fat, less lean body mass and smaller loin eye area, decreased dressing percentage and intensive lipofuscin deposition induced by the high oxidant diet. However, the traits of loin muscle redness and belly firmness were not fully corrected by AOX. The second study was to investigate the antioxidant blend and vitamin E on growth performance, oxidative status, meat quality, fatty acid profile, liver function and inflammatory response in broiler chickens. Cobb 500 male broilers (n = 1200, 44.7 ± 0.8 g, d 0) were randomly distributed into 60 floor pens across 6 treatments with 10 replicate pens of 20 chicks each. Treatments included: 1) HO: high oxidant diet with vitamin E at 10 IU/kg, 3% oxidized oil, 3% PUFA source; 2) VE: the HO diet with vitamin E at 200 IU/kg; 3) AOX: the HO diet with AOX at 135 mg/kg, 4) VE+AOX: the HO diet with both vitamin E at 200 IU/kg and AOX at 135 mg/kg, 5) SC: standard control, a corn soy diet with vitamin E at 10 IU/kg, 3% non-oxidized soybean oil, no PUFA source, and 6) PC: positive control, the SC diet with AOX at 135 mg/kg. Compared to the SC birds, the PUFA added treatments (HO, VE, AOX, VE+AOX) groups had greater body weight, ADG and ADFI from d 0 through d 21 (P < 0.05). However, the growth of birds fed the VE treatment fell behind that of other treatments (P < 0.05) during the last 21 d of the trial. Compared to the HO birds, the AOX birds had lower TBARS and greater uric acid concentrations in the plasma, greater gene expression of superoxide dismutase and less drip loss, suggesting enhanced systematic antioxidant capability. In addition, dietary addition of AOX or AOX plus VE moderately improved liver function and reduced inflammation in fat tissue to a level similar to control groups. In both studies, the AOX supplement was effective in preserving PUFA, especially DHA deposition in the back fat of pigs and abdominal fat of chickens. These results suggest that feeding the high oxidant diet caused a series of changes in growth performance, liver function, oxidative status, carcass characteristics and meat quality in pigs, and AOX addition attenuated many of these. The supplementation of AOX also showed some effects on reducing oxidative stress in chickens. However, the effects were not as profound as the pig study.
Ph. D.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 94).
The current Lincoln Laboratory (LL) MATLAB Feature-Aided-Tracker (FAT) software was adjusted and appended to provide a robust ground-target radar tracking simulation tool. It utilizes algorithms from the LL UAV Radar Moving Target Tracker (1991) and the LL FAT Tracking Software (2002). One-dimensional High-Range-Resolution (HRR) radar signature target profiles were used to assist in track-to-report data association through classification-aided and signature-aided tracking (CAT and SAT) algorithms. Profiles were obtained from the DARPA-sponsored Moving Target Feature Phenomenology (MTFP) program. Performance Analysis of this simulation tool reinforced the hypothesis that target aspect angle error estimation (state estimation) drives the performance of CAT, SAT, and Kinematic Tracking (KT) algorithms. A decaying exponential relationship exists between the Kalman filter estimate of target-speed and expected aspect angle error. This relationship was exploited to optimize the allocation of computational resources while enlarging the database aspect angle search in CAT to improve performance. Vehicle classification accuracy is improved by 70% and data association accuracy is improved by 12% in kinematically ambiguous situations such as when target intersections occur. SAT was improved 3% using this knowledge. Additionally, the target report HRR profile from each scan was used to generate an "On-The- Fly" SAT HRR profile database. This algorithm tests the similarity between the current target report HRR profile and the database HRR profiles. If there is sufficient resemblance, the report HRR is added to the database; if not, the database is reset.
(cont.) This information can be employed to provide up to a 9% performance improvement over the previous version of SAT in a best-case scenario. In realistic situations, a 6% performance improvement is still attainable. If a large, accurate database exists, near-perfect data association is achieved. Overall, the above technique adjustments provide an improvement of 6.3% (13.6% in realistic, GPS-generated scenarios) in data association accuracy over the initial FAT algorithm and a corresponding 28.8% improvement over the results of the KT itself.
by Michael J. O'Brien.
S.M.

Oil seeds are natural sources of fat and protein in diets for lactating cows, and are usually fed whole or crushed. A recently released variety of safflower seed, 'Nutrasaff,' contains high fat (47% crude fat) and low fiber (26% NDF), and has a potential to be effectively used as a fat supplement for lactating dairy cows. Therefore, a lactating dairy cow trial was conducted to assess production performance of dairy cows when fed graded levels of whole Nutrasaff safflower seed (NSS), to determine the optimum level of NSS supplementation in the diet and to identify its impact on milk fat content and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles. Fifteen Holstein dairy cows in midlactation (118 ± 39 days in milk) were assigned into 5 groups of 3 cows each according to previous milk yield. The experimental design was a triple 5 × 5 Latin square with each period lasting 21 d (14 d of treatment adaptation and 7 d of data collection). The animals were fed a basal diet containing 56% forage (69% alfalfa hay and 31% corn silage) and 44% concentrate mix. The diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, or 4% (DM basis) whole NSS. The NSS was added to the diet by replacing whole linted-cottonseed. Intake of DM ranged from 26.4 to 27.5 kg/d across all treatments, and did not differ due to NSS inclusion. Yield of milk and ECM averaged 33.7 and 31.6 kg/d, respectively, and they were similar in response to NSS inclusion. Milk fat percentage decreased with increasing NSS inclusion, while milk protein and lactose concentrations did not differ among treatment diets. Milk fat concentration was reduced by 11% when NSS was included at 4% of the dietary DM. Feeding NSS at 1, 2, or 3% resulted in a similar milk fat concentration, and these diets also had similar milk fat percentage compared with the control diet. Concentration of milk urea N decreased by NSS inclusion regardless of level of NSS inclusion, implying that NSS supplementation improved dietary N use for milk production. Digestibilities of DM (P = 0.12) tended to increase when NSS was supplemented at 1, 2, or 3%. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) linearly increased as the NSS inclusion increased. Total concentration of n-3 FA increased by feeding NSS at 1 and 2%, whereas total concentration of n-6 FA linearly increased with increasing inclusion level of NSS. This study clearly demonstrates that it is highly possible to use NSS as a means of fat supplementation to lactating dairy cows without negative impact on lactational performance if added less than 3% of dietary DM. The enhanced milk quality with increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration due to the addition of NSS could have positive implications to human health.

Two experiments were used to evaluate the potential interaction of fat source and vitamin E (VE) in heavy slaughter weight pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 64 individually-fed pigs (28.41 ± 0.83 kg) were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Fat treatments included cornstarch (CS), tallow (TW), corn-oil (CO), and coconut-oil (CN). VE treatments were dietary α-tocopheryl acetate (ATA) at 11 and 200 ppm. In Experiment 2, a total of 72 individually fed pigs (28.55 ± 1.16 kg) were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement. Fat treatments were TW and CO. VE treatments included four levels of ATA (11, 40, 100, and 200 ppm) and two levels of mixed tocopherols (primarily γ-tocopherol; 40 and 100 ppm). VE deposition, growth performance, and meat quality were measured in both experiments. In both experiments, interaction between fat sources and VE were detected (P < 0.01) on plasma VE concentration, which increased (P < 0.01) with time and with increasing dietary VE, but increased faster (P < 0.05) in pigs fed with CN and TW compared to pigs fed CS and CO. Compared to CO, more saturated dietary fat sources (CN and TW) led to firmer belly (P < 0.01), which had more (P < 0.01) SFA and MUFA while less (P < 0.05) Feed/Gain in Phase 4 and Phase 5. In Experiment 2, increasing dietary ATA increased overall ADG (linear, P = 0.02), with an interaction (P < 0.05) with fat sources on cumulative ADG during Phase 1-4, wherein pigs fed CO, but not TW, had increased ADG with increasing dietary ATA. Increasing dietary ATA increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) liver SOD activity, and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) liver MDA content. The oxidative stability of loin was improved (P < 0.01) when dietary ATA increased over 40 ppm. In summary, both dietary fat source and VE supplementation affected the response measures.

Physical constrains of integrated circuits (commonly called chip) in regards to size and finite number of wires, has made the design of System-on-Chip (SoC) more interesting to study in terms of finding better solutions for the complexity of the chip-interconnections. The SoC has hundreds of Processing Elements (PEs), and a single shared bus can no longer be acceptable due to poor scalability with the system size. Networks on Chip (NoC) have been proposed as a solution to mitigate complex on-chip communication problems for complex SoCs. They consists of computational resources in the form of PE cores and switching nodes which allow PEs to communicate with each other. In the design and development of Networks on Chip, performance modelling and analysis has great theoretical and practical importance. This research is devoted to developing efficient and cost-effective analytical tools for the performance analysis and enhancement of NoCs with m-port n-tree topology under bursty traffic. Recent measurement studies have strongly verified that the traffic generated by many real-world applications in communication networks exhibits bursty and self-similar properties in nature and the message destinations are uniformly distributed. NoC's performance is generally affected by different traffic patterns generated by the processing elements. As the first step in the research, a new analytical model is developed to capture the burstiness and self-similarity characteristics of the traffic within NoCs through the use of Markov Modulated Poisson Process. The performance results of the developed model highlight the importance of accurate traffic modelling in the study and performance evaluation of NoCs. Having developed an efficient analytical tool to capture the traffic behaviour with a higher accuracy, in the next step, the research focuses on the effect of topology on the performance of NoCs. Many important challenges still remain as vulnerabilities within the design of NoCs with topology being the most important. Therefore a new analytical model is developed to investigate the performance of NoCs with the m-port n-tree topology under bursty traffic. Even though it is broadly proved in practice that fat-tree topology and its varieties result in lower latency, higher throughput and bandwidth, still most studies on NoCs adopt Mesh, Torus and Spidergon topologies. The results gained from the developed model and advanced simulation experiments significantly show the effect of fat-tree topology in reducing latency and increasing the throughput of NoCs. In order to obtain deeper understanding of NoCs performance attributes and for further improvement, in the final stage of the research, the developed analytical model was extended to consider the use of virtual channels within the architecture of NoCs. Extensive simulation experiments were carried out which show satisfactory improvements in the throughput of NoCs with fat-tree topology and VCs under bursty traffic. The analytical results and those obtained from extensive simulation experiments have shown a good degree of accuracy for predicting the network performance under different design alternatives and various traffic conditions.

Fontes de lipídios para animais em confinamento vem sendo testadas para melhorar o desempenho animal. Neste sentido, este trabalho avaliou o desempenho animal, as características da carcaça e da maciez da carne de 36 novilhos mestiços (aproximadamente ¾ Bos taurus taurus, filhos de vacas cruzadas Simental x Nelore com touros Brangus), com idade e pesos vivos médios de 14 meses e 320 kg, respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Bovinocultura da FZEA, USP, onde foram avaliadas três dietas com 81% de concentrado, sendo uma ração com 5% de gordura protegida (GP), uma ração com 21% de caroço de algodão (CA) e uma ração controle (CT) sem gordura adicional. A ingestão de matéria seca com a ração GP foi menor (P<0,05) que a ingestão com a ração CA, que não diferiu da ração CT, sem que o ganho médio diário e a eficiência alimentar apresentassem diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os valores encontrados para a análise de uréia sangüínea estiveram dentro do considerado normal, havendo um valor significativamente maior para o tratamento CA em relação ao tratamento GP. O rendimento de carcaça, a área de olho de lombo, a espessura de gordura, a gordura renal e pélvica e o peso do fígado não foram significativamente diferentes. Os índices de pH e temperatura, tanto na primeira hora após o abate como 24 horas depois, não foram significativamente diferentes e os valores encontrados estão dentro do esperado. O índice de perda de água no cozimento não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos, o mesmo ocorrendo com a análise de maciez, verificada através das forças de cisalhamento nos diferentes tempos de maturação. Os valores entre 3,0 e 3,5 kg encontrados neste trabalho correspondem a uma carne muito macia, que ainda poderia ser melhorada com a maturação por 14 dias. A gordura protegida a 5% e o caroço de algodão a 21% podem ser empregados nas rações de confinamento sem que alterem o desempenho animal ou a carcaça, sempre que o preço destes ingredientes for economicamente vantajoso.
Several fat sources have been utilized in feedlot diets to improve animal performance. This study carried out at the Beef Cattle Sector of the FZEA, USP, evaluated the performance and carcass and meat characteristics of 36 crossbred steers (approximately ¾ Bos taurus taurus, offspring of crossbred Simental cow x Brangus sire), with 14 months old on the average and 320 kg, fed diets with 81% concentrate and 5% protected fat (GP), or 21% whole cotton seed (CA), or without any additional fat (CT). The dry matter intake of the GP diet was lower than with the CA diet, which was not different from the CT diet, but with no effect on daily weight gain and feed efficiency. Blood urea nitrogen was greater for the CA treatment than GP treatment, but in the normal range. Carcass dressing, rib eye area, fat thickness, kidney and pelvic fat, and liver weight were not different among treatments. The pH and temperature in the first hour and after 24 hours of chilling were not different and in the normal range. There was also no difference among treatments in water loss during cooking and Warner Bratzler shear force. The shear force values ranged from 3.0 to 3.5 kg, but were improved after 14 days of maturation. The resulted indicated that the protected fat or whole cottonseed can be used as ingredients for feedlot diets without affecting performance or carcass characteristics, if economically feasible.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Robert Goodband
Three experiments used 1,756 pigs to evaluate the effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A fourth experiment used 12 pigs and determined the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of the DDGS sources used in the previous 3 growth studies. Lastly, a fifth experiment used 576 pigs to determine the effects of DDGS and wheat middlings (midds) withdrawal 24 d before harvest in diets without or with ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat quality, and organ/intestine weights. Experiment 1 determined that increasing 7.4% oil DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADG and G:F. Also, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.03), but jowl iodine value (IV) increased (linear, P < 0.001) as DDGS increased. Experiments 2 and 3 utilized DDGS sources that contained 5.2 vs. 9.3, and 9.2 vs. 11.8% oil, respectively. In brief, results suggested that while ADG was unaffected, feeding DDGS with 5.2% oil reduced G:F. In Exp. 4, stepwise regression was used to develop prediction equations based to determine that a 1% change in oil content of DDGS will change the DE by 71 kcal/kg and NE by 118 kcal/kg. Experiment 5 determined that pigs fed corn-soy (CS) diets throughout the finishing phase had greater (P < 0.03) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield and lower (P < 0.01) IV than those fed high fiber (HF; DDGS and wheat midds) diets throughout, with pigs fed the fiber withdrawal intermediately. Pigs fed RAC had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield than pigs not fed RAC. Iodine values were lowest (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the CS diets, highest (P < 0.01) for those fed HF diets throughout, and intermediate for pigs fed the withdrawal diet. Withdrawal of the HF diet to a CS diet partially mitigated negative effects on carcass yield and IV, and feeding RAC, regardless of dietary fiber regimen, improved growth performance and carcass yield.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de diferentes fontes de gordura nas rações de vacas leiteiras durante o período de transição e inicio de lactação, avaliando seus efeitos sobre o consumo e balanço de energia, produção e composição do leite, dinâmica folicular e desempenho reprodutivo, e os parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram utilizadas 30 vacas da raça Holandesa, suplementadas a partir do 35º dia antes do parto previsto até o 85º dia pós-parto com a mesma ração experimental durante todo o experimento. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais em galpão do tipo free-stall e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, alimentadas com as seguintes rações: 1) Controle; 2) Óleo de soja refinado; 3) Sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos insaturados (Megalac-E). O consumo de matéria seca foi mensurado diariamente durante todo o período experimental. Após o parto a produção de leite foi registrada diariamente e as amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes de duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. Para a obtenção dos dados de dinâmica folicular, foi realizada diariamente ultra-sonografia com ultra-som Aloka 500 com transdutor linear de 5,0 MHz, sendo iniciada a avaliação no 14º dia pós-parto indo até o 65º dia de lactação. Durante a avaliação da dinâmica folicular foi avaliado o número total de folículos (NT), a distribuição dos folículos nas Classes (classe1: 3-5mm; classe 2: 6-9 mm; e classe 3: 10-15mm), o diâmetro dos folículos dominante (FD) e subordinado (FS), o número de folículos de cada ovário (NOD, NOE), o diâmetro do corpo lúteo quando presentes no ovário direito (CLOD) ou ovário esquerdo (CLOE). Foi avaliado também o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais por meio do intervalo de involução uterina parto-pélvico, ocorrência da primeira ovulação, tamanho do folículo pré ovulatório da primeira ovulação, área do corpo lúteo da primeira ovulação, tamanho do folículo dominante na IATF, e taxa de prenhez a IATF. Os dados de desempenho produtivo, dinâmica folicular e parâmetros sanguíneos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do PROC MIXED e contrastes ortogonais (controle vs gordura; OS vs SC) utilizando-se o programa SAS, versão 9.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Os dados de eficiência reprodutiva obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e contrastes ortogonais (controle vs gordura; OS vs SC) pelo PROC GLM. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para taxa de prenhez pelo PROC FREQ, utilizando-se o programa SAS, versão 9.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. As rações experimentais não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, o escore de condição corporal e o peso corporal no período pré-parto. O consumo de matéria seca e o peso corporal foram influenciados pelas semanas em relação parto (P<0,05). A produção de leite e a produção de leite corrigida não foram influenciadas pelas rações experimentais (P>0,05), que, no entanto, influenciaram o teor e a produção de gordura no leite (P<0,05). Quando avaliados os contrastes ortogonais, foi observada redução na produção de leite corrigida, no teor e na produção de gordura do leite (P<0,05) para as vacas alimentadas com as rações com fontes de gordura em relação à ração controle, especialmente para o grupo alimentado com as rações contendo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. O balanço de energia não foi influenciado pelas rações experimentais no período pré-parto, houve somente efeito de tempo (P<0,05) no período pré-parto. Houve efeito das rações experimentais e de tempo (P<0,05) para o balanço de energia no período pós-parto, e quando são avaliados os contrastes, as vacas suplementadas com as fontes de gordura apresentaram melhor balanço de energia, especialmente a ração contendo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. As concentrações no soro de glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, uréia, nitrogênio uréico, colesterol total, colesterol-HDL, ácidos graxos não esterificados e -hidroxibutirato não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas rações experimentais nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos apresentaram efeito de tempo (semanas em relação ao parto) no período pós-parto. Quando avaliados os contrastes, não houve diferença entre as rações experimentais para os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados neste estudo nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Houve interação entre e o tempo e as rações experimentais para as concentrações de glicose no pré-parto, colesterol total e ácidos graxos não esterificados no pós-parto, e uréia e nitrogênio uréico no soro no pré e pós-parto. As concentrações de progesterona no soro não foram influenciadas pelas rações experimentais (P>0,05), no pré-parto e no pós-parto. As rações experimentais não influenciaram (P>0,05) as variáveis relacionadas a dinâmica folicular número de folículos da classe 2 e 3, tamanho do folículo dominante e subordinado, área do corpo lúteo do ovário direito e esquerdo, e número de folículos no ovário direito e esquerdo. No entanto, as rações experimentais influenciaram positivamente (P<0,05) o número total de folículos e o número de folículos da classe 1. As rações contendo as fontes de gordura, como observado no contraste C vs G, apresentaram (P<0,05) maior população folicular do que os animais alimentados com a ração controle. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) das rações experimentais sobre a involução uterina, mensurada pelo retorna do útero a cavidade pélvica, dias para a primeira ovulação, e tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatório na primeira ovulação. Entretanto foi observado efeito das rações experimentais (P<0,05) em relação as variáveis área do corpo lúteo da primeira ovulação e tamanho do folículo dominante à IATF. A área do corpo luto foi maior para os animais submetidas a ração controle, enquanto que o tamanho do folículo dominante no momento da IATF apresentou maior diâmetro para as vacas suplementadas com as fontes de gordura. Foi observado efeito das rações experimentais sobre a taxa de prenhez na IATF, onde as vacas submetidas as rações com óleo de soja tiveram um menor taxa de prenhez a IATF 30,0%, as vacas do grupo controle e do grupo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos, apresentaram taxa de prenhez a IATF de 50,0%. A suplementação com gordura nas rações de vacas leiteiras no periodo de transição e início de lactação não influenciou a produção de leite e os parametros sanguíneos. No entanto, influenciou positivamente o balanlo de energia, a dinamica folicular e o desempenho reprodutivo, e negativamente o teor e a produção de gordura do leite, sendo o resultado variável em função da fonte de gordura utilizada.
This study was carried out to evaluate the use of different fat sources in dairy rations, in transition period and early lactation on follicular dynamics, reproductive efficiency, nutrients intake and digestibility, composition and milk yield, composition of protein fraction and energy balance. Third Holstein cows, with production of 30,0 Kg/cow/day on previous lactation, supply since 35 days before parturition until day 85 after parturition with one experimental ration during all experiment, the cows are allocated in free-stall, distributed in three experimental group, feeding with rations: 1) Control; 2) Refined Soybean oil; 3) Calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac-E). Was evaluated daily the dry matter intake during though the experimental period. After parturition, the composition and milk yield samples used for milk analysis were collected weekly from the two daily milking. The samples of blood were collected with vacuolized tubes per puncture of coccygeal vein and/or artery. For obtaining the follicular dynamics data, was make daily the ultra-sonographic exam with Aloka 500 with linear probe of 5,0 MHz since 14º until 65º days of lactation (DEL), was evaluates the: Total follicle number, the follicles distribution on class : class1 (3-5mm), class 2 (6-9 mm) e class 3 (10-15mm), the diameter dominant follicle (FD) and Subordinated follicle (FS), the follicle number in each ovary (NOD, NOE), corpus luteum when present in left or right ovaries (CLOD an CLOE) and also was evaluated the reproductive efficiency index: Parturition-pelvic, First ovulation, pre ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, corpus luteum of first ovulation, Dominant follicle in fixed time artificial insemination, pregnancy rates of FTAI. The follicular dynamics data was analyzed with time repeated measures of PROC. Mixed, and orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC), of SAS program version 9.1, with significant alpha of 5%. The reproductive data was submitting a variance analysis, orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC) for PROC GLM and the chi-square analysis for PROC FREQ for pregnancy rates. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on dry mater intake (DMI), on body condition score (BCS) and body weight in pre-partum period. The DMI (kg/day), body condition score change and body weight was influenced (P<0,05) for weeks in post-partum. The milk yield, and the corrected milk yield for fat, was not influenced (P>0,05) for experimental rations. When evaluated the orthogonal contrasts was observed a reduction on fat percentage and fat production on milk (P<0,05) for dairy cows feed with fat sources on rations, especially for the calcium soaps of fat acids. Was observed the interaction besides the experimental rations and the lactation weeks for corrected milk yield for 3,5% of fat. The energy balance was not influenced for the experimental rations in pre-partum period, had only time effect (P<0,001) pre-partum period. Had treatment, time and fat source effect on energy balance in post-partum period (P<0,001), when assessing the contrasts, the cows of calcium soap fatty acids group presented better energy balance in post-partum period when compared with the dairy cows of soybean oil. The blood concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, ureic nitrogen on blood, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, non esterified fat acids (NEFA) and -hidroxibutirate (BHBA) was not influenced (P>0,05) of fat sources on rations both in pre-partum period as post-partum period. All blood parameters presented days effects on post-partum period (P>0,05). When assessing the orthogonal contrasts, there was not differences between the experimental rations on blood parameters evaluated in this study on pre and post partum periods. There was interaction between time and experimental rations on glucose, total cholesterol and NEFA on post-partum period, and urea and nitrogen urea on blood in pre and post-partum periods. Had no differences on blood concentrations of HDL cholesterol (P>0,05) and total cholesterol in post-partum period between experimental rations. Had no interaction between time and experimental rations for BHBA concentrations in pre and post-partum periods. Had interaction between days in milk and the experimental rations (P<0,001) for NEFA concentrations on pos-partum period. The progesterone concentrations on pre and post-partum period was not influenced for experimental rations (P>0, 05). The experimental rations was not influenced (P>0,05) the variables, follicle on class 2, class3, dominant follicle, subordinated follicle, corpus luteum on right and left ovaries, t follicles numbers on left ovary The fat sources influenced (P<0,05) the variables total follicles numbers and the follicles numbers on class1. When assessing the orthogonal contrasts had effects (P<0,05), in relation to contrast Control vs. fat sources, it was observed the superiority for fat sources. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on calving- pelvic, first ovulation, pre-ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, however was observed effect (P<0,05) in relation of variables corpus luteum of first ovulation and dominant follicle on TFAI. The dominant follicle in the TFAI presented the major diameter (P<0,05) for dairy cows feeding fat sources. Had treatment effect for TFAI pregnancy rates (P<0,05), where the dairy cows of soybean oil presented the lower TFAI pregnancy rates of 30,0%, the dairy cows of control group and calcium soaps of fat acids group presented the TFAI pregnancy rates of 50,0%. The fat suplementation on transition period and early lactation improving the productive performance, the metabolic profile on early lactation, and the follicle dinamycs and the reproductive performance in dairy cows.

N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) is intermediary metabolite in cellular choline to glycine metabolism, it is formed in the mitochondria of the liver by removing the group from betaine metil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary DMG in order to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria Brazil. A total of 1920 1-day-old broiler (Cobb-500) were raised until 42 days of age. Birds were randomly assigned in three treatments with ten replicate pens of 64 birds each. It was used diets with two levels (0 or 1,000mg DMG/kg feed) and a diet with growth promoter (AGP). Diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal. At 42days of age birds fed with diet with antibiotic had higher body weight broilers fed with control diet (P=0.0117), but the body weight of the birds and the BWG of antibiotic supplemented group did not differ. Feed intake at the end of the experimental period was lower in the birds of DMG supplemented than birds of antibiotic supplemented group. The study of carcass demonstrated effect of treatments. Birds fed with N,N-dimethylglycine had better carcass yield (74.98%) than birds without DMG (73.58%) in their diets (P=0.0195). Also this product increased the percentage of breast (P=0.0034) in 1.16% in relation birds fed without DMG and decreased the percentage of abdominal fat (P=0.0427) in 0.27% in relation to birds fed with AGP. Results of this studies suggest that the N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) had positive effect on carcass characteristics of broilers.
N, N-dimetilglicina (DMG) é um metabólito intermediário da colina no metabolismo celular da glicina, é formado nas mitocôndrias do fígado através da remoção do grupo de metil da betaína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de DMG na alimentação de frangos de corte, a fim de avaliar as características de desempenho e de carcaça. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Brasil. Foram utilizados 1.920 frangos de corte de 1 dia de idade, da linhagem Cobb-500 criados até os 42 dias de idade. As aves foram divididas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos com dez repetições de 64 aves cada. Foram utilizadas dietas com dois níveis de DMG (0 ou 1000mg de DMG/kg de dieta) e uma dieta com promotor de crescimento (AGP). As dietas foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Aos 42 dias de idade as aves alimentadas com dieta com antibiótico tiveram maior peso corporal que as aves que receberam dieta controle (P=0,0117), mas o peso corporal e o ganho de peso das aves do grupo suplementado com antibióticos não diferiram das aves suplementadas com DMG. O consumo de ração no final do período experimental foi menor nas aves suplementadas com DMG em comparação as aves do grupo suplementado com AGP. O estudo das carcaças apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos. Aves alimentadas com DMG tiveram melhor rendimento de carcaça (74,98%) do que as aves sem DMG (73,58%), (P=0,0195). O rendimento de peito em relação à carcaça foi 1,16% maior no grupo suplementado com DMG em relação às aves do grupo controle (P=0,0034). O percentual de gordura abdominal foi reduzido em 0,27 % nas aves do grupo DMG em relação às alimentadas com AGP (P=0,0427). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que N, N-dimetilglicina (DMG) teve efeito positivo sobre as características da carcaça de frangos de corte.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Terry Houser
Crossbred yearling steers (n = 144 initial BW 367 ± 18.46 kg) were randomly allotted by BW to a randomized complete block design with a 2x3 factorial treatment arrangement to 1) assess the impact of supplementing dried distiller grain with solubles (DDGS) while grazing late season forage for 90 d and 2) the impact of a short feeding period on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits. Treatments consisted of DDGS supplementation during grazing (0 or 1% of BW as DDGS; DM basis) and finishing days on feed (DOF;75, 100, 125). During grazing supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than un-supplemented cattle but un-supplemented cattle had greater ADG than supplemented cattle during the finishing period. There were no differences between grazing treatments for DMI (P = 0.91) during the finishing period. Supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.02) G:F during the finishing period compared to un-supplemented cattle. Supplemented cattle had heavier (P < 0.01) HCW and larger (P = 0.02) LM area than un-supplemented cattle. Increasing DOF linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, LM area and USDA marbling score. No differences were observed for USDA yield grade. Increasing DOF decreased (Linear; P < 0.01) carcass protein %, moisture %, and increased (Linear; P < 0.05) carcass fat %. Increasing DOF increased (Quadratic; P = 0.01) L* values, while decreasing (Quadratic; P < 0.01) a* and b* values for external fat color. No differences were observed with respect to the percentages of any fatty acids for any treatment. Increased (P = 0.01) sensory off-flavors were present at 100 DOF when compared to 125 DOF. No other differences among treatments were observed for any sensory traits, instrumental tenderness, lean color or fatty acid profile for any treatment. In conclusion, supplementing cattle with 1 % DDGS during grazing altered grazing and feedlot performance as well as impacted carcass characteristics. In addition, utilizing a shortened feeding period had minimal effects on meat quality traits, but increasing DOF resulted in a greater amount of whiter external fat.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Six groups each with six Friesian bull calves were used in this investigation and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. Calves received a low- (LD) or high (HD) degradable protein diet, each with or without rumen inert fat supplementation. Two commercial fat sources were used, Morlae (m) and Golden Flake (gf), included at 2.5% of the diet. A commercial milk replacer (Denkavit) was fed at 4L for 42 days, followed by 2L until weaning at 49 days of age. The starter diets were fed ad lib. from day 14 to 10 weeks of age and finishing diets ad lib. from 11 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in body mass gain or dry matter intake over the entire 20 week period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved significantly (P=0.0032) when fat was supplemented to LD, but not to HD diets. The FCR (kg dry matter/ kg gain) ofLD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets were 3.45,3.44,3.07, 3.81, 3.02 and 3.43, respectively. All 36 calves were used in a digestibility trial, using chromium oxide (Cr203) as a marker, during week 18 of the investigation. Digestibility values (%) for the six diets (LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgf) were 61.74, 65.91, 75.44, 69.00, 75.54 and 67.15 for dry matter, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 and 66.12 for crude protein and 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 and 70.79 for fat, respectively. The dry matter (P=O.OOOl)and fat (P=O.OOOl) digestibilities were only significantly higher when fat was added to LD diets. The crude protein (CP) digestibilities were significantly higher when fat was added to either the LD (P=0.0001) or the HD (P=0.0488) diets. All the calves were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age and the fatty acid content of the meat (m. longissimus) and subcutaneous fat layer adjacent to the 12th rib as well as the meat colour, was determined. The fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle was changed by feeding the rumen inert fat sources. The three predominant fatty acids found were palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. The palmitic acid (CI6:0) content of the muscle and diet was 24.44 & 20.47,25.97 & 22.57,31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 and 29.71 & 32.88 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The C16:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of the calves receiving the LD diets supplemented with fat (P=0.0008). There was also a significant interaction between the two fat sources and protein degradability (P=0.0065), but only in the LD diets. The stearic acid (CI8:0) content of the muscle and diet was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, and 26.48 & 20.15 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets, respectively. The C18:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of calves receiving the HD (P=O.OOOl)compared to LD diets. The stearic acid content was also significantly higher when fat was added to LD (P=0.0042) or HD (P=0.0073) diets. The oleic acid (CI8:1) content of the muscle and diet was 36.06 & 21.51,39.99 & 21.11,32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 and 35.93 & 16.02 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The linolenic acid (CI8:3) content of the muscle was significantly higher (P=0.0038) when fat was added to LD diets compared to no fat supplementation (0.87 vs. 0.15). The CIELAB values indicated that LD diets resulted in more pink meat. Mean values ofL* =-32.61, 34.19; a* = 7.08, 7.91 and b* = 3.18 and 4.07 were observed for the LD and HD diets, respectively. Meat from the LD diets had significantly lower L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) and b*-(P=0.0109) values compared to meat from the HD diets. It was concluded that there was a positive response in CP digestibility when rumen inert fats were supplemented to LD or HD diets, although a greater response was shown in the LD diets. The FCR, dry matter and fat digestibility were only increased when fat was added to the LD and not to the HD diets. Similarly, the fatty acid contents of the longissimus muscle of veal calves can be manipulated with the supplementation of rumen inert fat sources, but only when combined with a low protein degradable diet. The low degradable protein diets also produce a more attractive meat colour for the potential veal consumer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ses behandelings, lae- (LD) of hoë (HD) degradeerbare diëte, elk met of sonder rumeninerte vetsupplementering, is geëvalueer met ses kalwers in elke groep. Twee kommersiële vetbronne is gebruik, nl. Morlae (m) en Golden Flake (gf) teen 'n 2.5% insluitingspeil. 'n Kommersiële melksurrogaat (Denkavit) is aangebied teen 4L1dag tot 42 dae ouderdom, gevolg deur 2L/dag tot speenouderdom op 49 dae. Aanvangsdiëte is ad lib. aangebied vanaf 14 dae tot 10 weke ouderdom en die groeidiëte ad lib. vanafweek 11 tot 20. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in die totale massatoename of die droëmateriaalinname nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding is betekenisvol verbeter (P=0.0032) in die behandelings waarin rumeninerte vette by LD diëte ingesluit is, maar nie by die HD diëte nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding (kg droëmateriaalinname / kg massatoename) van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte was 3.45, 3.44, 3.07, 3.81, 3.02 en 3.43, onderskeidelik. Al 36 kalwers is in 'n verteringsproef gebruik gedurende week 18 van die proef. Chroomoksied (Cr203) is as merker gebruik. Verteerbaarheidswaardes vir die ses diëte was 61.74, 65.91, 75.44,69.00,75.54 en 67.15 vir droëmateriaal, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 en 66.12 vir ruproteïen en 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 en 70.79 vir vet, onderskeilik. Die droëmateriaal- (P=O.OOOl) en vetverteerbaarheid (P=O.OOOI) was slegs betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD diëte gevoeg is en nie by HD nie. Die ruproteïen (RP) verteerbaarheid Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za VI was betekenisvol hoër (P=0.0002) by LD en HD (P=0.0488) diëte met vet supplementering, teenoor geen vet insluiting. Die kalwers is op 20 weke ouderdom geslag en die vetsuursamestelling van die vleis (m. longissimus) en die subkutane vetlaag teenaan die 12de rib, asook en die vleiskleur, is bepaal. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier is deur die supplementering van rumeninerte vet verander. Die drie primêre vetsure wat in die vleis voorgekom het, was palmitiensuur, steariensuur en oleïensuur. Die palmitensuur (CI6:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 24.44 & 20.47, 25.97 & 22.57, 31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 en 29.71 & 32.88 van die totale vet van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeilik. Die C16:0 was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van kalwers wat die LD diëte met vet supplementering (P=0.0008) ontvang het. Die steariensuur (CI8:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, en 26.48 & 20.15 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die C18:0 inhoud was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van die kalwers wat die HD (P=O.OOOI),teenoor LD diëte ontvang het. Die steariensuur inhoud was ook betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD (P=0.0042) of HD (P=0.0031) diëte gevoeg word. Die oleïensuur (CI8:1) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 36.06 & 21.51, 39.99 & 21.11, 32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 en 35.93 & 16.02 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die linoleensuur (CI8:3) inhoud van die spier was betekinisvol hoër (P=0.0038) in die LD diëte met vet teenoor LD met geen vet supplementering (0.87 vs. 0.15). Die CIELAB waardes van die LD diëte dui op 'n pienker vleiskleur. Gemiddelde waardes van L* = 32.61 & 34.19, a* = 7.08 & 7.91 en b* = 3.18 & 4.07 is vir die LD en HD diëte, onderskeidelik, waargeneem. Die vleis van die LD diëte het 'n betekenisvol laer L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) en b*-(P=0.0109) waarde in vergelyking met die HD diëte getoon. Die resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n positiewe respons in die ruproteïenverteerbaarheid by die supplementering van rumeninerte vette by LD en HD diëte voorkom, maar die response op die LD diëte is groter. Die voeromsettingsverhouding, droëmateriaal- en vetverteerbaarheid is egter net bevoordeel in die LD met vet en nie in die HD diëte nie. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier in die kalf kan gemanipuleer word met die supplementering van rumeninerte vetbronne, maar slegs wanneer dit gekombineer word met lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte. Die lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte produseer ook die mees aanloklike vleiskleur vir die potensiële kalfsvleisverbruiker.

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Joel M. DeRouchey
Five experiments used 3,004 pigs to determine influences of wheat middlings (Midds), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG) on growth, carcass traits, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs and the optimal SID Trp:Lys in growing and finishing pigs fed 30% DDGS. In Exp. 1, pigs fed increasing dietary Midds had decreased (linear; P≤0.02) ADG and G:F. Feeding 30% DDGS did not influence growth performance. For carcass traits, increasing Midds decreased (linear; P<0.01) carcass yield, HCW, and backfat depth (quadratic; P<0.02) but increased (quadratic; P<0.01) FFLI. Feeding 30% DDGS decreased (P<0.03) carcass yield and backfat depth (P<0.01), but increased FFLI (P<0.02) and jowl fat IV (P<0.001). In Exp. 2, feeding 20% dietary Midds decreased (P<0.01) ADG and G:F. Pigs fed diets with increasing CWG had improved ADG (quadratic, P<0.03) and G:F (linear, P<0.01). Dietary Midds or CWG did not affect ADFI. For carcass traits, feeding 20% Midds decreased carcass yield (P<0.05), HCW, backfat depth, and loin depth, while increasing jowl fat IV (P<0.001). Pigs fed CWG also had decreased (linear, P<0.05) FFLI and increased (linear, P<0.01) jowl fat iodine value. In conclusion, feeding Midds reduced pig growth performance, carcass yield, and increased jowl fat IV. In Exp. 3, xylanase supplementation did not improve growth performance or carcass traits of pigs fed different dietary energy and fiber levels. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.001) ADG and G:F with no affect on ADFI. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.01) yield, HCW, backfat depth, and reduced FFLI (linear; P<0.001) and jowl fat iodine value (linear; P<0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of ADF improved (P<0.002) with the addition of dietary xylanase; however, there were no differences in any other nutrient digestibility criteria. As dietary energy increased, there was an increase (linear; P<0.02) in apparent digestibility of DM, N, fat, GE, ADF, and NDF. In Exp. 4 and 5, results indicated the optimal SID Trp:Lys was 16.5% from 36.3 to 72.6 kg, but at least 19.5% from 72.6 to 120.2 kg in corn-soybean meal diets containing 30% DDGS.

The aims of the present study were 1) to re-assess two existent methods and to increase consistency of kef-estimates, defined as the half maximal constant of the relative rate of carbohydrate oxidation (relCHOox) approximated as a function of blood lactate concentration (BLC) (relCHOox = 100/(l+kelIBLC2), 2) to identificate the fitting models, which adequately described oxygen uptake (V02), carbon dioxide (VC02) and BLC during incremental exercise tests, which allowed 3) to examine the relationship between kef and given indicators of maximal and sub-maximal performance, and 4) to analyse the effect of gender on kel. To address aims 1 to 3, 104 subjects performed an incremental power test with V02, VC02 and BLC measurements. 59 tests provided four or more power increments before the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) reached 1.0. Main findings: 1) kef-approximations excluding stages with RER higher than 1.0 and/or evidence of hyperventilation provided highest kel-estimates (p < 0.01).2) BLC during progressive exercise was more appropriately described as a continuous mono-exponential function whereas V02 and VC02 provided a better fit when a multiple linear threshold responses model was applied. 3) kel was independent of peak performance or intensity at lactate threshold at 2 and 4 mmol•rl or at maximum rate of fat oxidation. However, kel was interrelated (p < 0.01) with cross-over point (equal energy derived from carbohydrate and fat oxidation). To address aim 4, 14 males and 11 females were tested with incremental power tests providing increasing relCHOox at four or more subsequently increasing power stages with an RER< 1.0, kel was independent of gender. Highest kel-approximates after exclusion of stages with RER > 1.0 and/or evidence of hyperventilation suggests underestimation of kef in previous studies. Interrelation between kel and cross-over point intensity supports kel as an indicator of CHO management during exercise, which is independent of peak performance, lactate threshold concepts, maximum fat oxidation and gender.