Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fast sensing system

Academic literature on the topic 'Fast sensing system'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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Lee, Wilaiporn, Kanabadee Srisomboon, and Akara Prayote. "Fast Spectrum Sensing with Coordinate System in Cognitive Radio Networks." ETRI Journal 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.15.0114.0675.

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Manojlović, Lazo M. "Robust white-light interferometric sensing system for fast displacement measurement." Applied Optics 53, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.000104.

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Sun, J., and H. Xiang. "RESEARCH ON KEY TECHNOLOGY OF MINING REMOTE SENSING DYNAMIC MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-893-2017.

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Problems exist in remote sensing dynamic monitoring of mining are expounded, general idea of building remote sensing dynamic monitoring information system is presented, and timely release of service-oriented remote sensing monitoring results is established. Mobile device-based data verification subsystem is developed using mobile GIS, remote sensing dynamic monitoring information system of mining is constructed, and "timely release, fast handling and timely feedback" rapid response mechanism of remote sensing dynamic monitoring is implemented.
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Hu, Chuanzhen, Xianli Wang, Ling Liu, Chuanhai Fu, Kaiqin Chu, and Zachary J. Smith. "Fast confocal Raman imaging via context-aware compressive sensing." Analyst 146, no. 7 (2021): 2348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an00088h.

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CARCI is a fast confocal Raman imaging system using brightfield images to define the sample ROI, which is imaged 5×–10× faster using compressive sensing. This allowed 98 yeast cells to be imaged in a time a traditional system could only measure 20.
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Cai, Z. J., and Li Jiang Zeng. "A Fast Search Coil Sensing Method for Tracking Systems." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.601.

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It is important to track a free flying insect to investigate its flight performance. Conventional video tracking systems are difficult to track a highly maneuverable insect, because the capture frequency of the camera is limited and it can hardly get the position of the insect in real time. We proposed a fast sensing method for insect tracking based on magnetic search coil sensors. It can simultaneously determine the orientation and position of the sensors. We constructed a system, calibrated the magnetic device. We developed a set of calculating methods and measured several positions and angles of coil sensors. The results show that it can rapidly provide the tracking feedback information to meet the requirement for insect tracking.
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Du, Guang Chao. "The Protection of Thyristor in Motor Control System." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.908.

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The bearing ability of thyristor to over-voltage and over-current is poor. According to the causes lead to over-voltage and over-current , adopting over-voltage protection such as RC snubber, vristor, and so on, and limiting reactors, current sensing devices, fast fuses, etc. are used in fast over-current protection.
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Xi CHEN, Dingwen WANG, Qinglin ZHANG, and Guihui XIE. "A Novel Fast-view System for High Resolution Remote Sensing Camera." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 6, no. 11 (June 30, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol6.issue11.1.

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FUKUNAGA, Kohki, and Shinya OHKUBO. "2A2-P20 Development of fast rotation measurement system(Non-contact Sensing)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2013 (2013): _2A2—P20_1—_2A2—P20_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2013._2a2-p20_1.

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Zhong, Jiandan, Tao Lei, Guangle Yao, Zili Tang, and Yinhui Liu. "Fast aircraft detection using cascaded discriminative model in photoelectric sensing system." Optical Review 24, no. 3 (April 22, 2017): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-017-0334-y.

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Cilurzo, Francesco, Irma Elisa Cupone, Paola Minghetti, Susanna Buratti, Chiara G. M. Gennari, and Luisa Montanari. "Diclofenac fast-dissolving film: suppression of bitterness by a taste-sensing system." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2010.505928.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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CHEN, WEI. "AN INNOVATIVE FIBRE BRAGG GRATING BASED SENSING SYSTEM." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2665349.

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Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors are one of the most promising devices for optical sensing. FBGs have been used in an increasing number of applications in the past 20 years: most notable examples are in health monitoring of large structures, such as bridges, dams, buildings, and planes, but they are also employed for sensing of chemicals and in medicine. The reasons for their popularity in such a large variety of fields are the well-mastered and repeatable fabrication technology, combined with high sensitivity, light weight and intrinsic electromagnetic immunity. Moreover, FBGs can be easily multiplexed along a single fiber to realize a quasi-distributed multipoint sensing system. Another advantage of FBGs is that the measurement signal is encoded into the wavelength, so it is very robust to intensity noise, a property highly appreciable in conditions that require long fiber spans to remote the measurement system or when sharp bends are necessary to reach the measurement point. However, despite these excellent properties, their use is still confined to specific niche applications so their diffusion is not matching the expectations. Based on the survey conducted, it emerged that the most critical factor limiting their further application comes from the interrogation system. Many different approaches have been proposed in the literature, and some of them led to the development of commercial products. Still, the price/performance and performance/complexity trade-offs have not been solved yet. The thesis presents the development and some applications of an innovative interrogation system for FBG sensors that is aimed at overcoming the previously outlined limitation by shifting the complexity, and thus the cost, from the optical components to the electronics. The interrogator makes use of a portable and lowresolution but fast spectrum analyser; then, thanks to high speed data processing algorithm, the resolution is improved to state-of-the-art values. The final outcome is a demonstrator able to reach a 2.5 kHz processing speed with a 1 pm precision for a 30dB signal to noise ratio. This high speed and precision enable the real-time and precise measurement of both temperature and strain in many practical cases. Therefore, to assess the interrogation system performance, some applications are explored, mainly in real-time temperature monitoring for solid tumor thermal ablation and real-time vibration detection in structural health monitoring. Theexperimental results showed a good potential of application for the developed sensing system. Additionally, the thesis introduces two theoretical new ideas about sensors based on FBG. One is about a novel displacement FBG sensor with tunable sensitivity and multiple working range; the other one is an innovative FBG based sensor which can realize simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain.
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Szyrowski, Tomasz. "An intelligent, fast-acquisition remote sensing system for locating and measuring burial of subsea power and telecommunication cables." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9588.

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This thesis describes novel methods to localise and estimate the burial depth of subsea cables. The limitation of the current methods is that they can measure the distance to the cable only in a small vicinity, usually up to three metres. The enhancements of the methods were investigated. The output from Neural Network algorithms was tested for its ability to enlarge the detection range and increase its precision. Following traditional methods, a new approach based on system identification and modelling was inspected. Various models were proposed and enhanced with Kalman filtering for linear models and unscented Kalman filtering for nonlinear models. In the case of subsea cable tracking, Kalman filtering requires precise knowledge of the system dynamics and associated stochastic processes. These requirements are often difficult to satisfy. To overcome this limitation this thesis proposes a novel and effective algorithm based on particle filtering. The proposed novel approach uses the whole set of sample points collected from the surface above the subsea cable. The algorithm based on a batch of samples allows to eliminate effectively the noise of the readings and estimate the position of the cable from larger distances than the current methods can do. The novel batch particle filter was implemented in different applications. Depending on the survey requirements and set-up, the method can be used on a single survey line or applied to the area covered by the survey and estimate the three-dimensional section of the cable. The algorithm was tested in a simulation of tracking by an autonomous surface vehicle. Finally, the market analysis for commercialisation of the method was conducted and a new prototype was proposed. The batch particle filter was tested on experimental data collected in different locations. The results demonstrate that the method is both practical and feasible and can successfully estimate the position of the subsea cable in shallow water.
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Bozorgzadeh, Bardia. "Integrated Microsystems for High-Fidelity Sensing and Manipulation of Brain Neurochemistry." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1432223568.

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Lin, Hao-Qin, and 林豪駸. "A Study on Monitoring Blood Coagulation Reaction by Use of Self-Sensing Piezoresistive Microcantilever and Fast Fourier Transform Analysis System." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69997673689445652683.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
103
This study has developed a real-time coagulation monitoring sensor by using an externally vibrated, self-sensing piezoresistive microcantilever for disposable point-of-car coagulation device. With the increasing use of oral anti-coagulant drugs and increasing adverse drug events, the need for point-of-care coagulation devices has become necessary. Prothrombin time (PT) is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, and it is an index for anticoagulant therapy to determine the blood condition in coagulation reaction. In this study, the measurement was performed by vibrating the piezoresistive microcatilever immersed in the sample liquid at a fixed frequency of 10 Hz and fixed amplitude of 40 μm. The acquired signal of resistance change in microcantilever was processed by Fast Fourier Transform algorithm, and the resistance amplitude in 10 Hz indicated the amount of force exerting to the cantilever. In coagulation reaction, the viscosity of samples was sharply changed due to the clot formation, and the increased force can be sensed when the resistance amplitude in 10 Hz rises. Prothrombin time can be obtained by the time needed for fibrin clot formation. The method was initiated by Sonoclot analysis. The amplitude of resistance in the specific frequency was found in a well linear correlation with kinematic viscosity changes of glycerol/water solutions (R2 > 0.99). It was also found that the amplitude-kinematic viscosity curve behave differently in very low kinematic viscosity, probably due to the decrease in viscous drag of low kinematic viscosity fluids. Also, the Reynolds number correlation can be achieved to present the relation of vibrated microcantilevers in sample liquid. Thus, ∆R/R_0 (ppm)=2〖Re〗^(-0.659)(R2 = 0.985) was derived to successfully describe the relation between acquired signals and vibrated Reynolds number. In addition, three types of commercially standard human plasma samples for measurement of coagulation prothrombin time were used for characterizing microcantilever sensors. The measured results of resistance amplitude in specific frequency with specific patterns of signature indicated the viscoelastic changes in blood coagulation reaction process. In coagulation reaction of human plasma control level 1, the PT measured by the microcantilevers was 12.08 sec with std. of 1.53 sec; PT = 27.08 sec with std. of 1.61 sec in human plasma control level 2; and PT = 38.08 sec with std. of 2.75 sec in human plasma control level 3. Compare with commercial coagulation device, the PT showed an excellent agreement between the microcantilever sensor and commercial device in 95% confident range. All results lay in the PT ranges of references. The experiment results demonstrated that the PT can be measured by vibrated microcantilevers accurately and precisely. Thus, this microcantilever sensor has demonstrated the real-time measurement for point-of-care coagulation monitoring, and shown its potential in miniaturization for personal diagnosis.
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Costa, Alessia. "Histaminergic neurotransmission as a gateway for the effects of the fat sensing molecule Oleoylethanolamide: focus on cognition and stress-reactivity." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1119025.

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Books on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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Wyatt, Tristram D. 2. Sensing and responding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198712152.003.0002.

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How an animal behaves is coordinated by nerves and hormones in different, complementary ways. Stimuli, such as the sound of a predator, cause fast behavioural responses coordinated by nerve signals. The stimuli also cause longer lasting physiological changes via hormones, which release energy sources needed for the muscle action required for escape. ‘Sensing and responding’ considers the sensory responses of bats and moths, and then explains selective sensitivity—how animals evolve to detect only what affects their survival or reproductive success. It also shows how the study of neural circuits in simple model systems, such as sea slugs, can help us understand more complicated behaviours in other animals.
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Book chapters on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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Guo, Yuan, Jinlin Jiang, and Wei Chen. "A Fast General Image Encryption Method Based on Deep Learning Compressed Sensing and Compound Chaotic System." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 153–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8174-5_12.

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Schneider, Thomas, Alata Elatawneh, Johannes Rahlf, Mengistie Kindu, Adelheid Rappl, Antje Thiele, Markus Boldt, and Stefan Hinz. "Parameter Determination by RapidEye and TerraSAR-X Data: A Step Toward a Remote Sensing Based Inventory, Monitoring and Fast Reaction System on Forest Enterprise Level." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 81–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32714-8_6.

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Cai, Z. J., and Li Jiang Zeng. "A Fast Search Coil Sensing Method for Tracking Systems." In Key Engineering Materials, 601–6. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-977-6.601.

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Joseph Winston, S., Joel Jose, D. Jagadishan, S. Sakthivel, P. Visweswaran, S. Murugan, G. Amarendra, and P. V. Manivannan. "Degenerated Degree of Freedom Sensing Without Loss of Accuracy While Estimating the Rigid Body Parameters for the Calibration of a Two-Axis Robotic Arm for Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, Steam Generator Inspection System." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 619–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8597-0_53.

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Yu, Jinxiang, Tong Yin, Shaoli Li, Shuo Hong, and Yu Peng. "Fast Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on Sparse MobileNetV2 Network." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 262–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3308-2_30.

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Brunel, P., L. Lavanant, and G. Rochard. "Transmittance Coefficient Generation for Fast Radiative Transfer Models: Application to New Satellite Sounding Systems." In High Spectral Resolution Infrared Remote Sensing for Earth’s Weather and Climate Studies, 431–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84599-4_29.

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Thirukumaran, V., and Mu Ramkumar. "Remote Sensing—A Fast And Reliable Tool to Map the Morphodynamics of the River Systems for Environmental Management." In Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems, 161–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13425-3_9.

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Zünd, Daniel, and Luís M. A. Bettencourt. "Street View Imaging for Automated Assessments of Urban Infrastructure and Services." In Urban Informatics, 29–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_4.

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AbstractMany forms of ambient data in cities are starting to become available that allows tracking of short-term urban operations, such as traffic management, trash collections, inspections, or non-emergency maintenance requests. However, arguably the greatest promise of urban analytics is to set up measurable objectives and track progress toward systemic development goals connected to human development and sustainability over the longer term. The challenge for such an approach is the connection between new technological capabilities, such as sensing and machine learning and local knowledge, and operations of residents and city governments. Here, we describe an emerging project for the long-term monitoring of sustainable development in fast-growing towns in the Galapagos Islands through the convergence of these methods. We demonstrate how collaborative mapping and the capture of 360-degree street views can produce a general basis for a broad set of quantitative analytics, when such actions are coupled to mapping and deep-learning characterizations of urban environments. We map and assess the precision of urban assets via automatic object classification and characterize their abundance and spatial heterogeneity. We also discuss how these methods, as they continue to improve, can provide the means to perform an ambient census of urban assets (buildings, vehicles, services) and environmental conditions.
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Humeiden, Michelle L., Jorge E. Quintero, John T. Slevin, and Greg A. Gerhardt. "Fast Analytical Sensing Technology: Microelectrode-Based Recordings of Tonic and Phasic Neurotransmitter Signalling in the Mammalian Brain." In Invasive Studies of the Human Epileptic Brain, edited by Samden D. Lhatoo, Philippe Kahane, and Hans O. Lüders, 500–510. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198714668.003.0037.

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Communication in the nervous system is predominately chemical. However, understanding of neurotransmitter signalling in normal and diseased states remains lacking. Electrochemically based biosensors can detect chemical messengers on a near-real timescale, allowing exploration of neurotransmitter systems to bring into focus the functioning elements of this critical means of communication. Glutamate, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, is an ideal candidate for measurement with biosensors. With biosensors, it has been found that spontaneous glutamate signals in the dentate gyrus are enhanced in kindled animals. Meanwhile, in a model of epilepsy, the utility of detecting and the dynamism of glutamate signalling become apparent as tonic glutamate levels and rapid, spontaneous phasic glutamate signals show a correlation with seizure activity in the CA1 region of rodents. The ability of these biosensors to detect neurotransmitters in the brain is promising for clinical applications to monitor and, eventually, treat epilepsy.
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Chakkor, Saad, Mostafa Baghouri, and Abderrahmane Hajraoui. "Fault Severity Sensing for Intelligent Remote Diagnosis in Electrical Induction Machines." In Applications of Artificial Neural Networks for Nonlinear Data, 180–206. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4042-8.ch008.

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Electrical induction machines are widely used in the modern wind power production. As their repair cost is important and since their down-time leads to significant income loss, increasing their reliability and optimizing their proactive maintenance process are critical tasks. Many diagnosis systems have been proposed to resolve this issue. However, these systems are failing to recognize accurately the type and the severity level of detected faults in real time. In this chapter, a remote automated control approach applied for electrical induction machines has been suggested as an appropriate solution. It combines developed Fast-ESPRIT method, fault classification algorithm, and fuzzy inference system interconnected with vibration sensors, which are located on various wind turbine components. Furthermore, a new fault severity indicator has been formulated and evaluated to avoid false alarms. Study findings with computer simulation in Matlab prove the satisfactory robustness and performance of the proposed technique in fault classification and diagnosis.
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Conference papers on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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Mouroulis, Pantazis, Byron E. Van Gorp, Victor E. White, Jason M. Mumolo, Daniel Hebert, and Martin Feldman. "A compact, fast, wide-field imaging spectrometer system." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Mark A. Druy and Richard A. Crocombe. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.882706.

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Hülsmann, Axel, Christian Zech, Mathias Klenner, Axel Tessmann, Arnulf Leuther, Daniel Lopez-Diaz, Michael Schlechtweg, and Oliver Ambacher. "Radar system components to detect small and fast objects." In SPIE Sensing Technology + Applications, edited by Mehdi F. Anwar, Thomas W. Crowe, and Tariq Manzur. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2177017.

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Rothe, Stefan, Hannes Radner, Nektarios koukourakis, and Jürgen W. Czarske. "Fast Transmission Matrix Measurement System for Multimode Optical Networks." In Computational Optical Sensing and Imaging. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cosi.2019.cth2c.3.

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Chirco, Piero L., Pietro Evangelisti, and Martina Zanarini. "System for fast image compression: a new tool for the distribution of data." In Remote Sensing, edited by Hiroyuki Fujisada and Joan B. Lurie. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.373231.

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Paek, Eung Gi, John H. Hong, and Tallis Y. Chang. "Fast reconfigurable optical image switching system." In SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, edited by Andrew R. Pirich. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.212703.

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Fu, Chengyu, Lingtao Jiang, Ge Ren, and Jiaguang Ma. "Experiment system of fast steering mirror." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, edited by Michael K. Masten, Larry A. Stockum, Morris M. Birnbaum, and George E. Sevaston. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.178954.

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Metzler, Richard E. L., and Sos S. Agaian. "A fast, efficiency-preserving system for simultaneous compression & encryption." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Sos S. Agaian, Sabah A. Jassim, and Yingzi Du. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.889115.

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Peichl, Markus, Stephan Dill, and Daniel Rudolf. "SUMIRAD: a low-cost fast millimeter-wave radiometric imaging system." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by David A. Wikner and Arttu R. Luukanen. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2015743.

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Ma, ZiChao, XiaoYi Wang, and LiNing Zhang. "Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Fast Humidity Sensing." In 2020 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular System (NEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems50311.2020.9265614.

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Sciarra, Roberto, Emanuele Bohm, Paolo de Riso, and Rosalia Santoleri. "Fast delivery system for retrieval of near-real-time chlorophyll data in the Mediterranean Sea." In Remote Sensing, edited by Charles R. Bostater, Jr. and Rosalia Santoleri. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.516793.

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Reports on the topic "Fast sensing system"

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Simon, James E., Uri M. Peiper, Gaines Miles, A. Hetzroni, Amos Mizrach, and Denys J. Charles. Electronic Sensing of Fruit Ripeness Based on Volatile Gas Emissions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568762.bard.

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An electronic sensory system for the evaluation of headspace volatiles was developed to determine fruit ripeness and quality. Two prototype systems were designed, constructed, and later modified. The first is an improved version of our original prototype electronic sniffer using a single head sensing unit for use as a single or paired unit placed on an individual fruit surface for applications in the field, lab, or industry. The second electronic sniffer utilizes a matrix of gas sensors, each selected for differential sensitivity to a range of volatile compounds. This system is more sophisticated as it uses multiple gas sensors, but was found to enhance the ability of the sniffer to classify fruit ripeness and quality relative to a single gas sensor. This second sniffer was designed and constructed for the sampling of fresh-cut or whole packs of fruits such as packaged strawberries and blueberries, and can serve as a prototype for research or commercial applications. Results demonstrate that electronic sensing of fruit ripeness based on aromatic volatile gas emissions can be used successfully with fresh frits. Aroma sensing was successful for classifying ripeness in muskmelons, including different cultivars, apples, blueberries, strawberries, and in a complimentary BARD project on tomatoes. This system compared favorably to the physicochemical measurements traditionally employed to assess fruit maturity. This nondestructive sensory system can detect the presence of physically damaged fruits and shows excellent application for use in quality assessment. Electronic sensors of the tin oxide type were evaluated for specificity toward a wide range of volatiles associated with fruit ripeness. Sensors were identified that detected a broad range of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and volatile sulfur compounds, as well as individual volatiles associated with fruit ripening across a wide concentration range. Sensors are not compound specific, thus, the matrix of sensors coupled with discrimination analysis provides a fingerprint to identify the presence of compounds and to assess alterations in fresh products due to alterations in volatile emissions. Engineering developments led to the development of a system to compensate for temperature and relative humidity relative to on-line aroma sensing with melons for ripeness determination and to reduce response time, thus permitting the electronic sniffer to be used for monitoring both fresh and processed food products. The sniffer provides a fast, reliable and nondestructive tool to assess fruit ripeness and quality. We hope that our work will foster the introduction and utilization of this emerging technology into the agricultural and horticultural
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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3

Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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McInerney, Michael K., and John M. Carlyle. : Demonstration of Acoustic Sensing Techniques for Fuel-Distribution System Condition Monitoring : Final Report on Project F07-AR07. Engineer Research and Developmenter Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39560.

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Leaks in fuel storage tanks and distribution piping systems have been identified as a mission-critical problem by the Department of Defense and the U.S. Army. Fuel system leaks are often hard to locate and virtually inaccessible for efficient repair because the piping is often installed under a concrete pad or tarmac. Leak repair could cost up to $2,000, and the cost of cleanup and re-mediation for fuel spills can exceed $50,000. In this project an acoustic remote sensing system was installed to monitor an Army heliport refueling system to determine whether it could detect and accurately locate fuel leaks using computer software technolo-gies to distinguish acoustic leakage signatures from normal fuel system operational noise. Demonstration and validation efforts were disadvantaged by the fact that no fuel leaks occurred in the monitored system for the duration of the project. However, the monitoring system did identify several unusual acoustic events within the fueling system and interpret them as indications of intermittent malfunctions of a check valve and a fuel pump. The 30-year ROI is about 6.42. Further work is required before the technology can be fully implemented: its ability to detect fluid leaks must be proven, and the system specifications must be certified through an EPA third party.
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5

Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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