Relevant bibliographies by topics / Farming research development and extension

Academic literature on the topic 'Farming research development and extension'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

1

Schiere, J. B. "Research and extension in livestock development." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031153.

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AbstractThis paper discusses results, justifications and definitions of research and extension in tropical animal production. The emphasis is on the applicability of new technologies and the interaction between research and extension. A description is given of the participants, the farming systems and of the research-extension interaction with attention to the fact that much extension is technology driven rather than problem orientated. Special issues in the livestock sector are highlighted. The diversity of farming systems implies that generalized solutions are hard to find because of technical and institutional problems. A globally decreasing resource-base implies that solutions are to be found in making the system more efficient rather than in relying on ever-increasing use of inputs though inputs per se are still important. Some research results are listed and case studies illustrate how the resource-base affects the applicability of extension messages that originate from research. The use of models is advocated to determine priorities for research or extension. Failures to find quick field applications should lead to mobilization of existing information as well as to a reorientation, improved quality and better interaction of research and extension.
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Hildebrand, Peter E. "Technology Diffusion in Farming Systems Research and Extension." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 488–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.488.

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Abstract Agricultural technology development and dissemination methodologies through on-farm research have advanced to the point that they can be blended into a highly efficient process that serves most farming systems in a community simultaneously. These methodologies can improve the social distribution of the benefits from public investment in agricultural research and extension and, at the same time, improve the efficiency of these activities.
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Bembridge, T. J. "Crop farming system constraints in Transkei: Implications for research and extension∗." Development Southern Africa 4, no. 1 (February 1987): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358708439295.

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Petheram, R. J., and R. A. Clark. "Farming systems research: relevance to Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 1 (1998): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96055.

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Summary. Farming systems research was introduced into many international and national agricultural research institutes in lower income countries in the 1970s and 1980s with the purpose of improving the relevance of research for small-scale farmers. This review outlines the origin, context, goals, principles and process of farming systems research in these countries, and aims to enable agricultural professionals to assess the relevance and value of farming systems research to their work in particular situations in Australia and overseas. The key elements of farming systems research include a holistic approach, orientation towards the needs of defined target groups, high levels of farmer participation and hence co-learning by farmers and specialists. There is guidance by facilitators, continuous evaluation and linkage to policy makers. The goal of farming systems research is to improve the well-being of farmers through development of farming systems. It involves application of methods from various disciplines, first to define the constraints and opportunities for development and then to overcome these in a research process involving farmers, with specialists and policy makers. A generalised farming systems research procedure and various research activities are described. Initially in lower income countries, a fairly standard farming systems research procedure was used, but farming systems research has evolved to encompass a range of activities commonly regarded as the realm of agricultural extension or rural development. Basic science, applied science and farming systems research are compared in terms of the roles and relationships of the people involved in the research process. The implications of selecting farming systems research as a model for rural research and development are discussed. Achieving adequate levels of farmer participation can be a major issue in farming systems research so it is important that the principal notions of participation are understood. Success of farming systems research in Australia will depend on developing innovative ways of achieving high levels of participation. Current trends in the philosophy, practice and funding of agricultural research and extension in Australia make it timely to consider the wider adoption of farming systems research principles and practices. Farming systems research could provide a valuable philosophical and practical basis for the trend towards greater participation by researchers with end-users and extension practitioners in agricultural development programs. However, it seems unwise to adhere strictly to any one particular model of research and development from other places: farming systems research concepts are being combined successfully with those from other models, such as systems learning and computer modelling, to suit the needs of particular situations. Implications of a wider adoption of farming systems research in Australia for agricultural research and development organisations and professional bodies include, the establishment of multidisciplinary teams with shared goals, and the sourcing of funding for periods long enough to achieve outcomes. There is also a need for training in systems concepts and facilitation, for reputable channels of publication of the results of farming systems research and for greater recognition of participatory activities as valid forms of agricultural research.
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Stilwell, Ted. "Farming systems research and extension (FSR‐E): Future directions, 12th Annual symposium of the Association for Farming Systems Research‐Extension, Michigan State University, 14‐18 September 1992." Development Southern Africa 10, no. 2 (May 1993): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359308439690.

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Ali, Adam Elradi M., Khulood A. Y. Ali, Mohammed Adam A. Hamad, and Elbadawi K. H. Khalifa. "Valuation of Extension Officer's Attitudes towards Organic Farming, Khartoum State, Sudan." American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v3i1.167.

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Organic farming is widely used in the world. It is known by its low cost, high yield, high income, and food safety. The aim of this paper was to assess the extension officer’s attitude towards organic farming in Khartoum State. A sample size of 40 extension officers was selected for this paper by using full account sampling technique. A close-ended questionnaire was constructed and used for data collection. The collected data were coded and statistically analyzed by using SPSS, discussed, interpreted using descriptive analysis. The attitudes of extension officers were measured according to Likert scale. Results showed that the extension officers in Khartoum State had a positive attitude towards organic farming. The results indicated the extension officers were use 62.5% T.V, 65% radio and Internet, and 57.5% extension periodicals as information source. Also 87.5% of extension officers stated that the organic farming can contribute widely in national economy and rural development and 85% confirm that Sudan in need for organic farming. Result of Likert scale measurement showed that extension officers have a positive attitude towards all parameter measured. The results of correlation coefficient depicted that the relationship between some parameter measured showed positive moderate (r= .255), (r=.359*), and (r=.302). It can be concluded that organic farming in the study area is well accepted by extension officers and promised. The study recommended that the government has to play an important role to support organic farming through policy development and to support research. The extension officers should be subjected to frequent training programs in organic farming.
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Bhusal, Nirmal, and Tikal Karki. "AGRICULTURE RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND GENDER ISSUES." Socio Economy And Policy Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/seps.01.2022.25.28.

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Despite women being the backbone of agricultural development, they are typically wrongly characterized as economically inactive. Many gender issues and inequalities are still prevalent in our society, which are the true barriers to real agricultural development. The roles of woman in farming system research and extension (FSR/E) have not been included but they are the ultimate target of the approach. This paper aims to discuss different gender issues, analyse the role of gender in research and extension and compare different extension education approaches related to extension education. Different articles related to agriculture extension approaches, gender issues, and the role of rural women is peer-reviewed. There are different barriers like women’s daily workload, cultural and legal status, property rights, inherent right different relationship, social contact, bias in training centres, and lack of flow of information’s, etc. for gender-based research and extension system. Conventional research and extension system thought to female farmer related to the reproductive and domestic role that underestimates the productive role. Effective research and extension approaches should provide the proper space for women. Their role shouldn’t be bound only to reproductive and domestic work. Extension education approaches should focus on women as a central character of effective learning. Different training programs based on women’s needs and skill development should be organized and should ensure active participation of them.
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Low, Allan, and S. R. Waddington. "Farming Systems Adaptive Research: Achievements and Prospects in Southern Africa." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 2 (April 1991): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018779.

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SummaryFarming Systems Adaptive Research (FSAR) has contributed much to the understanding of maize production constraints on smallholder farms in southern Africa in the last six to eight years. But its production impact has been constrained by the often inappropriate technology available to FSAR from component research and the ineffective use of its results by extension staff. However, FSAR has demonstrated the utility of a problem (client) orientated approach to technology development, which is now being taken up by some maize commodity research and extension programmes, though effective linkages have not usually been developed. Nevertheless, experience in southern Africa suggests that the FSAR approach can provide a framework for developing more effective integration between key groups involved in technology generation, dissemination and support.
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Stilwell, W. J., and C. J. van Rooyen. "FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION IN SOUTH AFRICA: LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE." Agrekon 29, no. 4 (December 1990): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1990.9525125.

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Murphy, C., R. Nettle, and M. Paine. "The evolving extension environment: implications for dairy scientists." Animal Production Science 53, no. 9 (2013): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12347.

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This paper reviews current challenges in the Australian extension environment and provides a case for developing an adaptive extension platform for the dairy sector in Australia and New Zealand, to support evolving dairy farm systems. The variation in the public-sector engagement in extension, the diversity and number of extension providers and a relatively uncoordinated approach to define new extension roles, functions and professional requirements are current challenges for dairy extension across Australia. In the dairy sector, these challenges coincide with increasing demand for a responsive research, development, extension and education system in supporting the rapid evolution in dairy farming systems. Addressing these challenges is not an issue for extension alone; however, the required level of integration among research, development, extension and education in an environment where needs are changing and resources are scarce demands an engaged dairy-science profession. Drawing on international extension and agricultural innovation-system literature and earlier empirical research, the following three areas for development are proposed: (1) a professional development strategy that incorporates (i) an understanding of the new professional situations extension works within, (ii) leadership in cross-industry and cross-sector coordination concerning the nature of the changing client in research, development, extension and education system and (iii) clear priorities for extension; (2) a professional development plan that incorporates a workplace-learning approach; and (3) for extension specialists to be engaged in defining research priorities, the agenda for change and suitable pathways for change alongside other professional groups, including farming. This development agenda will, however, require an adaptive extension platform to advance these areas on behalf of farmers and public stakeholders.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

1

Lawrence, David Norman, and n/a. "Learning as Participation in Grains Research, Development and Extension in Australia." Griffith University. School of Vocational, Technology and Arts Education, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070118.111610.

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This thesis is grounded in the introduction of participatory research, development and extension (RDE) to Australian agriculture. The emphasis on participatory processes emerged as the Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) model is no longer considered adequate to deal with complex farming systems and their diverse stakeholders (Packham 2003). However, RDE agencies are introducing participatory processes with a limited understanding of how they may work in Australia's developed agriculture sector (Vanclay 1994). Consequently, the initiation of three participatory Farming Systems RDE projects in Australia's northern grains region provides opportunity to explore and understand participatory approaches and their impact on participants. Three related themes are developed by exploring the nature of participants' diversity across these projects, the characteristics of participation in each project and the subsequent learning of participants: (i) that increased participation implicitly increases diversity in the conduct of RDE; (ii) that participatory RDE provides opportunities to integrate stakeholders' diverse experience and knowledge; and (iii) that participants' learning can improve current farming systems. Participatory action research was used to understand how participatory RDE should be enacted, and to involve project participants to help them also understand and improve their project processes and goals. The research utilised a range of qualitative and quantitative procedures including: participant and nonparticipant observation at project meetings and activities with farmers; focus groups and semi-structured interviews with project teams, their managers, and participating farmers; a team learning survey of team members; and custom-made questionnaires to quantify participants' perceptions of the projects, their processes, and impacts on learning and behaviour. These interventions identified participants' demographic, organisational and informational diversity. They also identified and elaborated their diverse aims, expectations and passions for participatory RDE, revealed individuals' preferred RDE methodologies and suggested their underlying worldviews. Indeed, ToT paradigms and positivist worldviews remained entrenched in most project staff and their managers. The teams consequently used participation to help farmers better understand technical issues, not build interdependent projects with integrated RDE processes. Farmers generally appreciated their increased participation and influence in RDE activities. While their initial consultative and functional participation did not extend to process decisions or project strategy, farmers valued the opportunity to work with the projects and influence the issues addressed. The projects consequently improved farming practices and management of issues that have long-eluded traditional RDE. For example, the widespread use of: (i) zero tillage and controlled traffic systems to control soil erosion; (ii) nitrogen fertilisers to match crop requirements; (iii) ley pastures to address soil fertility in grain and grazing systems; and (iv) new crops to diversifying grain systems away from monocultures. The projects provided farmers with opportunities for increased participation and learning over time. Functional participation developed in on-farm research that addressed issues identified with farmers, and action learning workshops provided proximal opportunities for farmers to understand existing information and use their own farm data in real decisions. In this way, the behaviourist learning of the ToT approach was supplemented by guided learning to integrate new meaning schemes with farmers' experiential knowledge. Some on-farm research and action learning activities extended to reflecting on their processes, and involved farmers in deciding the most appropriate RDE methodology and methods for subsequent activities. This opportunity to reflect on the values and assumptions of different approaches was critical in developing interactive participation and higher level learning for participants. Nevertheless, the initial participation in each project team failed to meet some team members' expectations. The expected task and process conflicts emerged, but small activity groups with shared values and RDE paradigms developed within each team. Team members' process conflict about the 'best' RDE methodologies for specific issues then developed into worldview conflicts about the relevance and rigour of these methodologies. Some smaller groups subsequently worked independently, with damaging relationship conflict developing from unresolved process issues between some individuals. Team members communicated, but their participation remained largely passive and consultative. Factors that shaped participation were identified, and a framework to support opportunities for stakeholders to plan, manage and evaluate RDE was developed. These helped increase participation in the projects. Participation within the projects' constituent activities subsequently fluxed from isolation to interactive participation. Individuals within activities now expected, and usually had, equality in content decisions (i.e. functional participation), which often extended to process decisions (i.e. interactive participation). Yet, the levels of participation between members of different activities varied across the projects. One project remained a series of parallel and relatively independent activities with passive and consultative participation. A second project had functional and interactive participation imposed for some activities, but otherwise used passive and consultative participation. The third project developed to provide functional and interactive participation in major project decisions. It then became apparent that the learning outcomes of each project varied. Individuals continued to learn from their participation in the projects, but the contributions of diverse sources and participation were major shapers of this learning. Participation within the less diverse activity groups produced mainly technical learning through participants' existing meaning schemes. Again, the level of participation between activities with diverse values, RDE paradigms, and worldviews, shaped the nature of learning. Passive and consultative participation produced mostly technical learning through existing meaning schemes. Yet, teams that embraced their diversity, and reflected on the assumptions of their different RDE methodologies, transformed their approach to learning. With high levels of diversity, the level of participation determined the level of learning. Essentially, participation became learning. This thesis confirms the potential of participatory RDE to improve farming practices. Consultation to identify priority issues, and functional participation to develop proximal opportunities for farmers to understand these issues and make their own decisions had a major impact on farming practices. Yet, participatory processes must rise above the prevailing ToT paradigms of RDE agencies to integrate participants' knowledge, and so achieve sustainable development in Australia. Three main process contributions are made to support this development. Firstly, the evaluation framework provides a challenge and structure to encourage the contributions of all participants at each stage of project activities. It provides a checklist for effective participation in Farming Systems RDE. Secondly, a typology of participation in Farming Systems RDE extends that proposed by Pretty (1995). It provides a catalyst and means to better understand and identify the most appropriate levels of participation in RDE projects. The associated checklist for assessing modes of participation allows monitoring of the participation developed in practice. Finally, the re-conceptualisation of a broader continuum of participation in Farming Systems RDE for developed agriculture is proposed. The subsequent development of the Doing successful on-farm research process is a culmination of the understandings developed in this thesis. It facilitates the development of interactive participation within the on-farm research process that is central to these projects. Recognising the technical focus of most current RDE agency staff, it guides their development of participatory on-farm research processes before reflecting on the appropriateness of different research methods to their research issues. The findings here cannot ensure the development of Australia's RDE beyond the ToT paradigm. However, this thesis provides important insights into the nature of diversity, participation, and learning in the Farming Systems projects, and a series of tools to support this development. Conceptually, it proposes that different kinds of participation will be shaped by participants' diversity from their prior experiences and their expectations that are in turn transformed through evidence of improved practice.
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2

Lawrence, David Norman. "Learning as Participation in Grains Research, Development and Extension in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366360.

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This thesis is grounded in the introduction of participatory research, development and extension (RDE) to Australian agriculture. The emphasis on participatory processes emerged as the Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) model is no longer considered adequate to deal with complex farming systems and their diverse stakeholders (Packham 2003). However, RDE agencies are introducing participatory processes with a limited understanding of how they may work in Australia's developed agriculture sector (Vanclay 1994). Consequently, the initiation of three participatory Farming Systems RDE projects in Australia's northern grains region provides opportunity to explore and understand participatory approaches and their impact on participants. Three related themes are developed by exploring the nature of participants' diversity across these projects, the characteristics of participation in each project and the subsequent learning of participants: (i) that increased participation implicitly increases diversity in the conduct of RDE; (ii) that participatory RDE provides opportunities to integrate stakeholders' diverse experience and knowledge; and (iii) that participants' learning can improve current farming systems. Participatory action research was used to understand how participatory RDE should be enacted, and to involve project participants to help them also understand and improve their project processes and goals. The research utilised a range of qualitative and quantitative procedures including: participant and nonparticipant observation at project meetings and activities with farmers; focus groups and semi-structured interviews with project teams, their managers, and participating farmers; a team learning survey of team members; and custom-made questionnaires to quantify participants' perceptions of the projects, their processes, and impacts on learning and behaviour. These interventions identified participants' demographic, organisational and informational diversity. They also identified and elaborated their diverse aims, expectations and passions for participatory RDE, revealed individuals' preferred RDE methodologies and suggested their underlying worldviews. Indeed, ToT paradigms and positivist worldviews remained entrenched in most project staff and their managers. The teams consequently used participation to help farmers better understand technical issues, not build interdependent projects with integrated RDE processes. Farmers generally appreciated their increased participation and influence in RDE activities. While their initial consultative and functional participation did not extend to process decisions or project strategy, farmers valued the opportunity to work with the projects and influence the issues addressed. The projects consequently improved farming practices and management of issues that have long-eluded traditional RDE. For example, the widespread use of: (i) zero tillage and controlled traffic systems to control soil erosion; (ii) nitrogen fertilisers to match crop requirements; (iii) ley pastures to address soil fertility in grain and grazing systems; and (iv) new crops to diversifying grain systems away from monocultures. The projects provided farmers with opportunities for increased participation and learning over time. Functional participation developed in on-farm research that addressed issues identified with farmers, and action learning workshops provided proximal opportunities for farmers to understand existing information and use their own farm data in real decisions. In this way, the behaviourist learning of the ToT approach was supplemented by guided learning to integrate new meaning schemes with farmers' experiential knowledge. Some on-farm research and action learning activities extended to reflecting on their processes, and involved farmers in deciding the most appropriate RDE methodology and methods for subsequent activities. This opportunity to reflect on the values and assumptions of different approaches was critical in developing interactive participation and higher level learning for participants. Nevertheless, the initial participation in each project team failed to meet some team members' expectations. The expected task and process conflicts emerged, but small activity groups with shared values and RDE paradigms developed within each team. Team members' process conflict about the 'best' RDE methodologies for specific issues then developed into worldview conflicts about the relevance and rigour of these methodologies. Some smaller groups subsequently worked independently, with damaging relationship conflict developing from unresolved process issues between some individuals. Team members communicated, but their participation remained largely passive and consultative. Factors that shaped participation were identified, and a framework to support opportunities for stakeholders to plan, manage and evaluate RDE was developed. These helped increase participation in the projects. Participation within the projects' constituent activities subsequently fluxed from isolation to interactive participation. Individuals within activities now expected, and usually had, equality in content decisions (i.e. functional participation), which often extended to process decisions (i.e. interactive participation). Yet, the levels of participation between members of different activities varied across the projects. One project remained a series of parallel and relatively independent activities with passive and consultative participation. A second project had functional and interactive participation imposed for some activities, but otherwise used passive and consultative participation. The third project developed to provide functional and interactive participation in major project decisions. It then became apparent that the learning outcomes of each project varied. Individuals continued to learn from their participation in the projects, but the contributions of diverse sources and participation were major shapers of this learning. Participation within the less diverse activity groups produced mainly technical learning through participants' existing meaning schemes. Again, the level of participation between activities with diverse values, RDE paradigms, and worldviews, shaped the nature of learning. Passive and consultative participation produced mostly technical learning through existing meaning schemes. Yet, teams that embraced their diversity, and reflected on the assumptions of their different RDE methodologies, transformed their approach to learning. With high levels of diversity, the level of participation determined the level of learning. Essentially, participation became learning. This thesis confirms the potential of participatory RDE to improve farming practices. Consultation to identify priority issues, and functional participation to develop proximal opportunities for farmers to understand these issues and make their own decisions had a major impact on farming practices. Yet, participatory processes must rise above the prevailing ToT paradigms of RDE agencies to integrate participants' knowledge, and so achieve sustainable development in Australia. Three main process contributions are made to support this development. Firstly, the evaluation framework provides a challenge and structure to encourage the contributions of all participants at each stage of project activities. It provides a checklist for effective participation in Farming Systems RDE. Secondly, a typology of participation in Farming Systems RDE extends that proposed by Pretty (1995). It provides a catalyst and means to better understand and identify the most appropriate levels of participation in RDE projects. The associated checklist for assessing modes of participation allows monitoring of the participation developed in practice. Finally, the re-conceptualisation of a broader continuum of participation in Farming Systems RDE for developed agriculture is proposed. The subsequent development of the Doing successful on-farm research process is a culmination of the understandings developed in this thesis. It facilitates the development of interactive participation within the on-farm research process that is central to these projects. Recognising the technical focus of most current RDE agency staff, it guides their development of participatory on-farm research processes before reflecting on the appropriateness of different research methods to their research issues. The findings here cannot ensure the development of Australia's RDE beyond the ToT paradigm. However, this thesis provides important insights into the nature of diversity, participation, and learning in the Farming Systems projects, and a series of tools to support this development. Conceptually, it proposes that different kinds of participation will be shaped by participants' diversity from their prior experiences and their expectations that are in turn transformed through evidence of improved practice.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Vocational, Technology and Arts Education
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Wibberley, E. John. "The farmer - dominant study group : a practical paradigm in international extension strategy." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333655.

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Erdenebolor, Baast. "Improving dairy farming a situation analysis of the dairy farming sector in Ulaanbaatar/Mongolia and development of strategies for extension work." Weikersheim Margraf, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3043510&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Erdenebolor, Baast. "Improving dairy farming : a situation analysis of the dairy farming sector in Ulaanbaatar/Mongolia and development of strategies for extension work /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3043510&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Bedo, Shannon Hajdik. "Education, research, and extension: an evaluation of agricultural institutions in Tunisia." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/176.

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Texas A&M University of the United States and the Institute National Agronomique de Tunisie (INAT) of Tunisia established a collaborative relationship of mutual exchange of information and ideas for the further advancement of both universities. The researcher worked closely with these universities to conduct a qualitative study in Tunisia to determine the effectiveness of agricultural institutions working to further development in that country. The emphasis of the study was on the transference of knowledge and innovations from the research level through extension to the farmers and other end users. The triangle of teaching, research, and extension provided a base perspective. The researcher interviewed 37 respondents, including researchers, extension personnel, administration, professors, and farmers. From data that respondents provided, the researcher used a constant comparative method to organize results into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the agricultural institutions as a system. Overarching themes included a pointed focus on meeting farmer needs, but this desire was hindered from being carried out fully due to complex communication systems and an organizational structure that did not facilitate change. Hope did abound for Tunisian agriculturalists because the opportunities available through globalization and international collaboration far outweighed any possible threats to development, such as fierce competition in trade and lack of quality water. The researcher also made specific recommendations based on the information gathered in the study. These recommendations were based on the findings of the study, and they were directed to leaders within the Tunisian agriculture system and other agriculturalists wishing to further development in countries facing similar situations as Tunisia.
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Van, Deventer Thomas. "Ecosystemic supply chain : a research and development centre for urban agriculture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29984.

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With our ever increasing global population it will be necessary for dense urban environments to develop methods of farming locally. Not only will urban agriculture be beneficial in aiding in the solution of this growing populations need for food production, but it can help to reconnect us to our food and their processes. This dissertation explores the education and reconnection of the public with the food production cycle through the experience of building integrated agriculture, vermiculture and aquaponic systems (cultivating plants and fish symbiotically). Pretoria’s Apies River is an ideal location for the establishment of a research facility of urban ecosystemic food production. The proposed urban agriculture program will allow for hands on research and development of emerging methods and technologies related to farming in the city environment while providing a platform for public education through interaction&inspiration.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted
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Haedrich, Lisa. "Integration of food consumption and nutrition considerations into the RIARS farming systems research and extension project in the Bicol region of the Philippines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45975.

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The purpose of the research was to describe the relationship of nutrition/consumption to agricultural production and related areas in the diagnosis and preliminary design of project activities and to describe the contributions of a nutrition focus to problem identification, grouping and treatment selection compared with an agricultural focus.

A multidisciplinary team integrated the nutrition/consumption perspective into the rapid community assessment for planning (RCAP) by incorporating topic areas, observational items and questions in each of five stages in the community diagnosis.

Three problems in subsistence food production and consumption were among the top five priority problems. Differences in problems between the team and the community were attributed to differing perspectives. Compared with the agriculture RCAP, nutrition-related problems were reported only to a limited degree and their rankings were generally lower.

Seasonality was a particularly important linkage, along with income, labor, enterprise mix and markets. Groups of farm families based mainly on farming system shared production-related but not nutrition-related characteristics. The household characteristics most useful for research domain subgroups were agroecology, produce disposal, resources and food and income gaps. Nutrition/consumption information enabled the team to plan separate research designs for groups of families with similar conditions.

Production factors identified for investigation related to the priority problem of food crop production included crop protection, soil improvement, pest and disease control and overall plot design. Nutrition/ consumption aspects related to research trials included: selection of crops and varieties for filling food, income and nutrient gaps; and other nutrition-related areas of sanitation, labor and post-harvest storage, many of which were established based on nutrition information integrated into the RCAP. Areas for ex ante analysis included food preferences, sanitation and womenâ s time conflicts. The nutrition focus contributed information important for problem identification, grouping and treatment selection.


Master of Science
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Kassa, Belay Habtemariam. "Livestock and livelihood security in the Harar highlands of Ethiopia : implications for research and development /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a388-ab.html.

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Borremans, Lieve. "The development of agroforestry systems in Flanders. A farming systems research approach to social, institutional and economic inquiry." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/281527/3/TOC.pdf.

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Because of the multiple values and services that trees deliver to society, agroforestry is increasingly interpreted as an agricultural innovation that can help to address challenges in modern agriculture. Despite its potential opportunities in Flanders, many farmers remain skeptical though, resulting in adoption rates that are lagging behind. Therefore the objective of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of the unfavorable environment for agroforestry adoption and development making use of a farming systems research approach (FSR). In Chapter 2 we explain FSR as our general research approach, which implies the consideration of three key characteristics, i.e. systems thinking, interdisciplinarity and a participatory approach. Taking into account the general FSR characteristics, Chapter 3, 4 and 5 “diagnose” the agroforestry implementation gap more in detail. In chapter 3, we gain some first insights by assessing farmers’ intentions to engage in agroforestry and by giving an overview of the current agroforestry acreage in Flanders. In Chapter 4, we use the Agricultural Innovation Systems concept as general framework to identify the different stakeholders and their respective roles, and to give an overview of the different merits and failures with respect to agroforestry development. Afterwards Chapter 5 elucidates the different perspectives that exist on agroforestry systems among Flemish stakeholders, and links them with general discourses on agriculture in Flanders. Diagnostic analyses were followed up by design exercises in Chapter 6, which looks into different instruments that may give economic incentives to farmers to adopt agroforestry. Taking into account the gathered insights, we present in the main discussion chapter five development pathways to further stimulate agroforestry adoption and development: (1) the science and technology pathway, which stands for investing in research, especially targeting the productivity and compatibility of agroforestry systems, and this in active collaboration with farmers; (2) the market and financial pathway, which implies the creation of market mechanisms in which landscape and biodiversity aspects are valued, while stimulating private investments and consumer demand; (3) the policy and institutional pathway, which aims for the creation of a fully-fledged legal landscape for agroforestry, which is clear and steadfast into the future, and which should be complemented with an attractive and effective subsidy program; (4) the educational and organizational pathway, which stimulates the use of multiple communication and education channels to inform the relevant actors and familiarize them with agroecological practices and their benefits for society; and (5) the social and behavioral pathway, which encourages strengthening the dialogue between influential groups to restore mutual confidence, build up common visions, and open up collaboration opportunities. Through further systemic, interdisciplinary and participatory research, the identified development pathways should be translated into concrete action plans to eliminate adoption barriers and close the agroforestry implementation gap in Flanders.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Books on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

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Fischer, Patrik A. Action research in extension material and message development: The Striga problem of northern Ghana revisited. Weikersheim [Germany]: Margraf, 1999.

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Unamma, R. P. A. Farming systems research and development in Nigeria: Principles and practice in humid and derived savanna south-east zone. Abia State, Nigeria: Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, 2004.

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Ian, Scoones, Thompson John, and Intermediate Technology Development Group, eds. Beyond farmer first: Rural people's knowledge, agricultural research and extension practice. London: Intermediate Technology, 1994.

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E, Hildebrand Peter, ed. Perspectives on farming systems research and extension. Boulder, Colo: Rienner, 1986.

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E, Hildebrand Peter, ed. Perspectives on farming systems research and extension. Boulder, Colo: L. Rienner, 1986.

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E, Evenson Robert. Research and extension in agricultural development. San Francisco, Calif: ICS Press, 1992.

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Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Engendering agricultural research, development and extension. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012.

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V, Poats Susan, Schmink Marianne, Spring Anita, and University of Florida. Women in Agricultural Development Program., eds. Gender issues in farming systems research and extension. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.

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Youmans, David Vance. Extension education impacts of farming systems research in Lesotho. Bloemfontein: Research Institute for Education Planning, University of the Orange Free State, 1986.

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Farming Systems Research Symposium (1984 Kansas State University). Farming systems research and extension: Implementation and monitoring : October 7-10, 1984 : Farming Systems Research Symposium. Manhattan, Kan: The University, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

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Lawrence, David. "The Emergence of ‘Farming Systems’ Approaches to Grains Research, Development and Extension." In Rainfed Farming Systems, 925–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9132-2_36.

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Cristóvão, Artur, Alex Koutsouris, and Michael Kügler. "Extension systems and change facilitation for agricultural and rural development." In Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic, 201–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_10.

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Sarku, Rebecca, Divine Odame Appiah, Prosper Adiku, Rahinatu Sidiki Alare, and Senyo Dotsey. "Digital Platforms in Climate Information Service Delivery for Farming in Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1247–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_44.

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AbstractPhone-based applications, Internet connectivity, and big data are enabling climate change adaptations. From ICT for development and agriculture perspectives, great interest exists in how digital platforms support climate information provision for smallholder farmers in Africa. The vast majority of these platforms both private and public are for delivering climate information services and for data collection. The sheer number of digital platforms in the climate information sector has created a complex information landscape for potential information users, with platforms differing in information type, technology, geographic coverage, and financing structures and infrastructure. This chapter mapped the existing climate information services and examined their impact on policy and practices in smallholder farming development in Africa, with a focus on Ghana. Specifically, the chapter provides highlights of digital platforms available to smallholder farmers and agricultural extension agents, analyzes the public and/or private governance arrangements that underpin the implementation of digital climate information delivery, and assesses the potential of these platforms in scaling up the use of climate information. The chapter contributes to understanding the dynamics of climate information delivery with digital tools in Africa, and suggests a future research agenda.
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Mellor, John W. "Research and Extension." In Agricultural Development and Economic Transformation, 151–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65259-7_12.

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Fabregas, Raissa, Tomoko Harigaya, Michael Kremer, and Ravindra Ramrattan. "Digital Agricultural Extension for Development." In Introduction to Development Engineering, 187–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_8.

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AbstractProviding information at scale about improved agricultural practices to smallholder farmers remains a challenge in most developing countries. Traditional dissemination methods like in-person meetings or radio programming can be costly to scale or offer too generic information. Moreover, while most agronomic recommendations focus on maximizing crop yields, farmers weigh multiple other factors when making farming decisions, such as the profitability of investments and risks. The proliferation of mobile phones has shifted these trends. Mobile agriculture extension can cost-effectively provide tailored suggestions to farmers and improve their use of information. This case study describes the use of digital extension technologies to support farmers in a number of contexts. We draw insights from various studies and the experience of Precision Development on the importance of human-centered design, monitoring, and continuous experimentation. The chapter also discusses the ecosystem of stakeholders for digital agriculture, concerns relating to privacy and financing, and how mobile services can be used to facilitate social learning.
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Walia, S. S., and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Integrated Farming Systems: Research, Extension and Scope in Punjab." In Secondary Agriculture, 47–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09218-3_5.

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Sibanda, Simba. "Farming Systems: A Research Practitioner’s Viewpoint." In Development Practice in Eastern and Southern Africa, 29–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91131-7_5.

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Dent, J. B. "Potential for systems simulation in farming systems research." In Systems approaches for agricultural development, 325–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2840-7_19.

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Dent, J. B. "Potential for systems simulation in farming systems research." In Systems approaches for agricultural development, 325–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2842-1_19.

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Madzivhandila, Tshilidzi. "Agriculture Research, Extension, Policy and Development Practitioners." In Development Practice in Eastern and Southern Africa, 121–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91131-7_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

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GURSKIENĖ, Virginija, and Justina JATUŽYTĖ. "LAND USE IN ŽUVINTAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.053.

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The aim of the study – to assess the current land use and sustainable farming possibilities in the area of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve. Mathematical statistical analysis, graphing, interviews, induction and other methods were used during the research. Agricultural censuses, agricultural land and crop declaration (that had been carried out between the years 2012 and 2014) and some other data were analyzed. Intensive farming was established in the group of agrarian areas landscape management zones: conventional industrial farming in the landscape management zone. In the analyzed Simnas, Krosna and Igliauka subdistricts land is used quite extensively, therefore restructuring, in order to improve the ecological conditions, is possible not reducing the volume of production, but in accordance with the guidelines. In the territory of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve the declared crop area increased by 0.4 per cent from 2012 to 2014, perennial grass area increased by 4.01 per cent. Sustainable farming was set in the Amalvas polder and peat soils as well as in areas sensitive to surface and groundwater pollution. In the major part of the polder extensive agriculture is developed, it is mainly natural grasslands and pastures as well as cultivated grasslands. SWOT analysis was performed.
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"Predicting Suitable Areas for Growing Cassava Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Techniques: A Study in Nakhon-Phanom Thailand." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4068.

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Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] Although cassava is one of the crops that can be grown during the dry season in Northeastern Thailand, most farmers in the region do not know whether the crop can grow in their specific areas because the available agriculture planning guideline only provides a generic list of dry-season crops that can be grown in the whole region. The purpose of this research is to develop a predictive model that can be used to predict suitable areas for growing cassava in Northeastern Thailand during the dry season. Background: This paper develops a decision support system that can be used by farmers to assist them in determining if cassava can be successfully grown in their specific areas. Methodology: This study uses satellite imagery and data on land characteristics to develop a machine learning model for predicting the suitable areas for growing cassava in Thailand’s Nakhon-Phanom Province. Contribution: This research contributes to the body of knowledge by developing a novel model for predicting suitable areas for growing cassava. Findings: This study identified elevation and Ferric Acrisols (Af) as the two most important features for predicting the best-suited areas for growing cassava in Nakhon-Phanom province, Thailand. Together with other predictors, soil types contributed to the improvement of the overall model based the F-score. The Boosted Decision Tree was the best algorithm for predicting cassava in the area. Recommendations for Practitioners: Farmers and agricultural extension agents will use the decision support system developed in this study to identify specific areas that are suitable for growing cassava in Nakhon-Phanom province, Thailand. Recommendation for Researchers: To improve the predictive accuracy of the model developed in this study, more land and crop characteristics data should be incorporated during model development. The ground truth data for areas growing cassava should also be collected for a longer period to provide a more accurate sample of the areas that are suitable for cassava growing. Impact on Society: The use of machine learning for the development of new farming systems will enable farmers to produce more food throughout the year to feed the world’s growing population. Future Research: Further studies should be carried out to map other suitable areas for growing dry-season crops and to develop decision support systems for those crops.
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Novikova, Anastasija, and Grazina Startiene. "Analysis of farming system outputs and methods of their evaluation." In Research for Rural Development, 2018. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.24.2018.064.

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Berbec, Adam Kleofas, and Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk. "Biodiversity of weeds and soil seed bank in organic and conventional farming systems." In Research for Rural Development, 2018. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.24.2018.045.

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Hasyim Sumantri, Moch. "Agricultural Extension for Food Crops Farming in Cirebon Regency – Indonesia: It is a Matters?" In Proceedings of The International Conference on Research in Business, Management and Finance. GLOBALKS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icrbmf.2019.07.1006.

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Wang, Ziqun. "Study on Sheep Farming Sustainable Development in Ili Region." In 2016 5th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssehr-16.2016.297.

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Berzina, Iluta, and Ieva Lauberte. "The model of automation and extension of tourism economic impact assessment in specific regions." In Research for Rural Development, 2018. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.24.2018.072.

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Saidi, Rajaa, Agnes Front, Dominique Rieu, Mounia Fredj, and Salma Mouline. "Component-Based Development: Extension with Business Component reuse." In 2009 Third International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcis.2009.5089280.

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Yang Lian, Chen Guohua, and Li Juncheng. "Trigonometric extension of cubic B-spline curves." In 2011 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccrd.2011.5764160.

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Zobena, Aija, and Daira Lace. "Demand for social farming services in Latvia: dementia care in Rūjiena municipality." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.026.

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The aim of the study is to explore potential demand for social care services offered by social farming in Latvia by studying the experience of families caring for family members with dementia. Social farming is both a new and a traditional concept. It originates from the traditional rural self-help networks that were well established in rural areas before the modernisation of agriculture and the rise of the public welfare system. Social agriculture covers at least three dynamic areas of society – rural development, social entrepreneurship and the growing demand for social care services, and it is closely linked to the concept of multifunctional agriculture. As a form of social entrepreneurship, social farming could create the opportunity to reconnect farmers with their local communities through the opening of their farms as part of the social support system of the community. Caring for people with dementia is a particular challenge. Currently in Latvia, families where one of the family members has dementia have only two options - to place their relatives in a care institution or to take care of them in the family. Foreign experience shows that social care farms can provide care services to people with early dementia. This paper, exploring demand for these services in Latvia, is based on the case study of families caring for persons with dementia in Rūjiena municipality in April 2020.
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Reports on the topic "Farming research development and extension"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Engendering agricultural research, development, and extension. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291904.

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Moore, Gary. Summer Research Program - 1995 Summer Research Extension Program. Volume 5. Arnold Engineering Development Center Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory Wilford Hall Medical Center. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387112.

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Niño Eslava, Daniel, and Karine Gatellier. Collective Action to Support Family Farming in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2022.013.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has hit small- scale farmers, particularly women, very hard in Latin America. RIMISP – Latin American Center for Rural Development – has been conducting participatory research to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 on smallholder farmers in the department of Huila, in Colombia. The team has been working closely with the Secretariat of Agriculture and Mining of the Government of Huila to set up a Rural Dialogue Group to promote discussion on the project’s findings with local stakeholders. These discussions are helping to shape the local government’s agenda around these issues. The research team is also strengthening the capacity of small producer organisations to better access public programmes.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.

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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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Muyanga, Milu, Adebayo, B. Aromolaran, Thomas, S. Jayne, Saweda Liverpool-Tasie, Titus Awokuse, Adesoji Adelaja, Elijah Obayelu,, Fadlullah, O. Issa, and Yanjanani Lifeyo. Changing Farm Structure and Agricultural Commercialisation: Implications for Livelihood Improvements Among Small-Scale Farmers in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.034.

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Research in several African countries shows the rapid rise of a medium-scale farming (MSF) sector. While national development policy strategies within the region officially regard the smallholder farming sector as an important (if not the main) vehicle for achieving agricultural growth, food security, and poverty reduction objectives, the meteoric rise of emergent farmers warrants their inclusion in efforts to understand the changing nature of farm structure and food value chains in Africa. The main objective of this working paper is to examine MSF1 as a potential pathway toward increased agricultural commercialisation.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Shyshkina, Mariya P. The Problems of Personnel Training for STEM Education in the Modern Innovative Learning and Research Environment. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2664.

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The aim of the article is to describe the problems of personnel training that arise in view of extension of the STEM approach to education, development of innovative technologies, in particular, virtualization, augmented reality, the use of ICT outsourcing in educational systems design. The object of research is the process of formation and development of the educational and scientific environment of educational institution. The subject of the study is the formation and development of the cloud-based learning and research environment for STEM education. The methods of research are: the analysis of publications on the problem; generalization of domestic and foreign experience; theoretical analysis, system analysis, systematization and generalization of research facts and laws for the development and design of the model of the cloud-based learning environment, substantiation of the main conclusions. The results of the research are the next: the concepts and the model of the cloud-based environment of STEM education is substantiated, the problems of personnel training at the present stage are outlined.
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Thorsen, Dorte, and Roy Maconachie. Children’s Work in West African Cocoa Production: Drivers, Contestations and Critical Reflections. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2021.005.

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Cocoa farming in West Africa has a long history of relying on family labour, including children’s labour. Increasingly, global concern is voiced about the hazardous nature of children’s work, without considering how it contributes to their social development. Using recent research, this paper maps out the tasks undertaken by boys and girls of different ages in Ghana and how their involvement in work considered hazardous has changed. We show that actions to decrease potential harm are increasingly difficult and identify new areas of inquiry.
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Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Role of GOBLET and Auxin in Controlling Organ Development and Patterning. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697122.bard.

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The size and shape of plant leaves are extremely diverse within and among species, and are also sensitive to growth conditions. Compound leaves, such as those of tomato, maintain morphogenetic activity during early stages of their development, enabling them to elaborate lateral appendages such as leaflets. The aim of the research project was to understand the interaction between the plant hormone auxin, the putative auxin response inhibitor ENTIRE (E, SlIAA9) and the NAM/CUC transcription factor GOBLET (GOB) in compound-leaf development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The specific aims of the project were: 1. Investigation of the role of GOB in compound-leaf development. 2. Characterization of E function in auxin signaling. 3. Characterization of the role of auxin in compound-leaf development. 4. Investigation of the genetic and molecular interaction between E and GOB. 5. Investigate the role of these factors in fruit development. There were no major changes in these objectives. GOB was shown to mark and promote the boundaries between the leaf and initiating leaflets. Its accurate distribution was found to be required for proper leaflet initiation and separation. E was found to interact with the TIR1 and AFB6 proteins in an auxin-dependant manner, indicating that these are functional auxin receptors that mediate E degradation in the presence of auxin. This was further supported by the stabilization of E by a mutation in domain II of the protein, which is thought to mediate its auxin-dependant degradation. Over expression of this stabilized form in tomato leaves and characterization of the e mutant phenotype and the E expression domain indicated that E acts between initiating leaflets to inhibit auxin response and lamina growth. Generation and analysis of tomato plants expressing the auxin response reporter DR5::VENUS, and analysis of the effect of auxin microapplication or overexpression of an auxin biosynthesis gene, indicated that auxin marks the sites of leaflet initiation and promotes lamina growth. Investigation of the molecular and genetic interaction between auxin, GOB and E revealed a complex network of mutual regulation that is utilized to precisely pattern the leaf margin in a manner that enables the combination of tight control and flexibility. E, auxin and GOB were shown to affect fruit development and fruit set, and in an extension of the project are currently utilized to identify new players that affect these processes. The research project yielded enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of compound leaf patterning and provided tools that will enable the manipulation of leaf shape and fruit set.
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10

Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.

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This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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