Journal articles: 'Farming diversity'

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McAllister, Don. "In favour of farming diversity." Biodiversity 1, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2000.9712497.

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Manu-Aduening, J. A., R. I. Lamboll, A. A. Dankyi, and R. W. Gibson. "Cassava diversity in Ghanaian farming systems." Euphytica 144, no. 3 (August 2005): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-8004-8.

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Kobylińska, Małgorzata. "Spatial Diversity of Organic Farming in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 9335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169335.

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Economic development requires following the principles of sustainable development for the socio-economic progress of a country. The organic farming sector is important in ensuring sustainable development. The advancement of organic farming is an important issue which combines the environment, human health and socio-economic development. It is a management method that facilitates supplying high-quality food products and aims at eliminating the use of artificial fertilisers and pesticides. Organic farming has a beneficial impact on natural environmental protection, biodiversity conservation and food safety and quality improvement. The natural conditions in a region have a decisive impact on organic farming development. The purpose of this study is to assess the spatial diversity of organic farming and selected organic crop production in Poland by voivodship in 2013 and 2018. The statistical analysis of organic farming spatial diversity was conducted in a one- and two-dimensional approach. The analysis conducted made it possible to identify four clusters of voivodships based on the production volume of selected organic crops using the k-means algorithm. Graphs of observation depth contours in a sample were used to visualise and to analyse the two-dimensional data. STATISTICA software and selected packages of the R environment, available under the GPL licence, were used in the analysis. The analysis shows that the organic farm number and acreage in Poland is characterised by considerable variability between voivodships, with their noticeable concentration in several country regions. In the analysed years, organic farming was the most widespread in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship and the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship.

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Grabovska, T., V. Lavrov, and O. Rozputnii. "Effect of organic farming on insect diversity." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_174.

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The paper focuses on the insect community as a "link" between ecosystem producers, secondary consumers and decomposers and the mobile and informative indicator of structure, biological stability and productivity. Consortium and other subsystems of agricultural ecosystems are mainly destroyed annually as a result of technological measures - chemical, mechanical, biological. External ecological factors, including the structure of the agrolandscape, in particular field protective forest shelter belts and ecotones between them, also have a certain influence. The research was conducted in organic agrolandscape (Kyiv region, Ukraine), comparing it with the conventional one. Insects were collected in winter wheat fields, ecotones and adjacent forest shelterbelts. The number of orders, families and individuals is greater under organic farming. The highest number of families and individuals was recorded in the forest shelterbelts adjacent to the organic landscape (26.3 and 111.7, respectively). The number of individuals in organic winter wheat fields was twice as large as in conventional fields and amounted to 85.3 individuals on average; the number of families was by 1.8 times larger. Biodiversity indices (Shannon, Menhinick, Margalef, Berger-Parker, and Pielou) confirm the greater diversity of insects in the organic fields of winter wheat. The Sørensen similarity coefficient was higher in the organic fields and forest shelterbelts near the conventional fields (Cs=0.7), which is explained by the largest number of phytophages in these ecosystems. The share of predators and parasites that control pests in the agricultural system was highest in organic ecotones and forest shelterbelts - 26.21% and 33.12% (against 10.24 and 18.16% in conventional, respectively).

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Gibbons, Ann. "Papua New Guinea's genetic diversity withstood farming." Science 357, no. 6356 (September 14, 2017): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.357.6356.1086.

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Wardhana, Adhitya, Reni Tri Handayani, and Eksa Pamungkas. "Diversification of Farmer Income in West Java." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 2, no. 01 (August 7, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v2i01.52.

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Agricultural land has decreased the impact on farmers in meeting their needs. The transition to agriculture complicates industry in its effort to meet the needs of farmers. Another issue, climate change will disrupt plant crops that will result in inefficient farming. Farming inefficiencies are a reason for farmers to diversify. This study was based on a micro data survey data of agricultural enterprise household income in the Regencies / Cities of West Java on a household level. Limits of household income diversification of farming is when the household has to venture outside the agricultural sector or one of the cores and the sources of income comes from salaries / wages of laborers / employees outside the agricultural sector. The results showed that with the increasing age of the household head the diversity decreases, the higher the education of the head of household the more it encourages the diversification of income, the more the additional land area increases diversification, the easier access to credit for adding revenue diversification, increasing the income of farmers that tend not to diversify, the more houses and stairs in school which support farmers to diversify, the more productive the household income lowers with diversification. JEL Classification: D31, O12, O13 Keywords: Climate Change, Diversify, Diversity of Income, Farming, Inefficiency

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Győrffy, Béla. "From Organic to Precision Farming (Contemporary Publication)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3565.

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The paper presents a short review of the different types of farming systems:Biofarming, Organic farming, Alternatíve farming, Biodynamic farming, Low input sustainable agriculture (LISA)Mid-tech farming, Sustainable agriculture, Soil conservation farming, No till farming, Environmentally sound, Environmentally friendly, Diversity farmingCrop production system, Integrated pest management (IPM), Integrated farming, High-tech farmingSite specific production (SSP), Site specific technology (SST), Spatial variable technology, Satellite farming.Precision farmingIt concludes that the various systems are applicable in different ratios and combinations depending on the natural and economic conditions.The author predicts an increase in precision technologies , the first step being the construction of yield maps compared with soil maps and their agronomic analysis. Based on this information, it will be necessary to elaborate the variable technology within the field, especially for plant density, fertilization and weed control.The changes in weed flora during the past fifty years based on 10.000 samples within the same fields using the weed cover method are presented.

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ISKANDAR, JOHAN, BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR, and RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. "Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190227.

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Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 515-527. The Impact of social and economic change on genetic diversity of domesticated plants with special reference to wet rice field and homegarden farming of West Java. Various farming systems have played an important role as sources of genetic diversity in plants. A large number of cultivated varieties have been commonly selected, maintained, and distributed by farmers and cultural practices and ecological factors have been involved. These factors, such as soil, climate, pests, and culinary, magical and ritual uses, have influenced farmers in their selection of plants in farming systems. Nowadays, however, the number of plant varieties in various farming systems of Java has dramatically declined. This article attempts to discuss the impact of social and economic change on the genetic diversity of agricultural plants of the wet rice field and home-garden farming, particularly based on data from West Java.

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ZAKI, MUHAMMAD, and TETTY WIJAYANTI. "DAMPAK PERUSAHAAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineesis Jacq.) TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN USAHATANI DI DESA MAKMUR JAYA KECAMATAN KONGBENG KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR (The Impact of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineesis Jacq.) Company to the Development of Farming in Makmur Jaya Village Kongbeng Subregency East Kutai Regency)." JURNAL AGRIBISNIS DAN KOMUNIKASI PERTANIAN (Journal of Agribusiness and Agricultural Communication) 2, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35941/jakp.2.2.2019.2649.103-112.

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Palm oil plantation has developed rapidly in East Kutai Regency. This study aimed to know farming diversity before and after the establishment of palm oil company in Makmur Jaya Village, Kongbeng Subregency, East Kutai Regency and the impact of palm oil company establishment. The method used in this study was purposive sampling with total samples of 30 respondents. Method of data analysis was t test. The result of study showed that the diversity of farming before the establishment of palm oil company in Makmur Jaya Village such as farming of paddy, hybrid coconut, corn, and cacao. The diversity of farming after the establishment of palm oil company in Makmur Jaya Village are farming of palm oil, paddy, and pepper. Palm oil company has given the very significant impact to the development of farming in Makmur Jaya Village from the result of t test as many as 5.18.

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Mohammad Kanedi, Suratman, Nismah Nukmal, and Siti Ardiyanti. "Impact of 2-years practice of organic coffee farming on soil arthropod diversity." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0144.

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Organic farming has been recommended by many experts in the world because of its positive ecological impacts such as increasing biodiversity. In Indonesia, the practice of organic farming is very widespread, including in smallholder coffee plantations. This study was intended to determine the impact of the organic farming system applied by smallholder coffee farmers for 2 years on soil arthropod diversity. On the two coffee farmlands, the conventional and organics (1 ha each), 10 plots of 5 x 20 meters were set and in each of these plots 5 sampling points were defined for collecting soil arthropods using pit-fall technique. The analysis of arthropod diversity in the two fields was quantified using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index model. The results showed that the two compared coffee farming systems had the same index of diversity (H ') and evenness (E). However, statistical tests using the Hutcheson t-test revealed that the variance in diversity of arthropods in organic coffee farms was significantly higher than in conventional ones (α <0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the practice of organic coffee farming, although in a short time, has been able and potent to increase the population and/or diversity of soil animals.

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Singh, Subash. "Scenario of arthropod diversity in organic farming system." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijpp/13.1/111-118.

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McElwee, Gerard, and Adrian Wood. "Wetland entrepreneurs: diversity in diversification in Zambian farming." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 25, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 752–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0089.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore enterprise diversification amongst wetland farmers in Zambia as a way of reducing poverty and improving sustainability. This paper identifies ways in which such entrepreneurial activities can be supported and applied more widely. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study of Zambian farmers, based on a series of workshops and interviews held in Zambia with farmers and farm business advisers. Findings Despite adopting new technologies most farmers are restricted to the local market where their increased production holds down prices. However, a very small number of farmers are able to progress to production and marketing for markets in major urban centres hundreds of kilometres away, and considerably more are able to use the capital accumulated from wetland farming to diversify their household enterprises to reduce poverty and improve the sustainability and resilience of their livelihoods. Originality/value No work has previously been undertaken in diversification strategies of small-scale farmers in Zambia.

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Hens, L., and A. Begossi. "Diversity and management: from extractive to farming systems." Environment, Development and Sustainability 10, no. 5 (June 24, 2008): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-008-9147-2.

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Kolářová, M., L. Tyšer, and J. Soukup. "Diversity of current weed vegetation on arable land in selected areas of the Czech Republic ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 5 (April 22, 2013): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/783/2012-pse.

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This paper reports on the within-habitat (α) and on the between-habitat (β) diversity of weed vegetation on arable land in the Czech Republic, influenced by management systems, crops grown and altitude. A phytocoenological survey was conducted from 2006 to 2008 during a vegetation period using relevés that were 100 m2 in size, placed in the central part of fields. The species richness and the mean Sørensen dissimilarity were calculated. The statistically significant effects of the type of farming and altitude on species richness were recorded. The average species numbers in one relevé reached 9.17 and 21.17 in conventional and organic farming, respectively. In both management systems, an increasing number of species was recorded with increasing altitude. Statistically significant effects of all the variables were observed when evaluating β-diversity. Higher β-diversity was found in conventional farming.

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WIDHIONO, IMAM, RIZKITA DINDA PANDHANI, DARSONO DARSONO, EDI RIWIDIHARSO, SLAMET SANTOSO, and LUCKY PRAYOGA. "Short Communication: Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity as bioindicator of agroecosystem health in northern slope of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180424.

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Widhiono I, Pandhani RD, Darsono, Riwidiharso E, Santoso S, Prayoga L. 2017. Short Communication: Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity as bioindicator of agroecosystem health in northern slope of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1475-1480. This study examined the diversity of ant assemblages in two different agroecosystems (organic and intensive farming) with maize as main crops on the northern slope of Mount Slamet, Indonesia from April to August 2015. The response of ant diversity to the different farming systems was evaluated. In total, 359 ants from 17 species in five subfamilies were collected: 13 species from the organic farm and 10 species from the conventional farm. Seven (41%) species were found only on the organic farm, four (23%) species were found only on the conventional farm, and six (35%) species were found on both. The Morisita-Horn similarity index (33%) showed that the similarity of the species composition in the two habitats was low. More individual ants were found on the organic farm than the intensive farm [287 (79.94%) vs. 72 (20.05%) individuals]. The diversity of the ants was affected by the density of weeds with organic farming. Hypoponera sp. had the highest Indicator Value (50.7), followed by Aphaenogaster sp. (28.9), Diacamma sp. (28.2), and Odontoponera sp. (27.6), however only Odontoponera sp can be used as bioindicator. Although the ant diversity was higher with organic farming than with intensive farming, there was no correlation with soil conditions. As a bioindicator, the Indicator Value reflects agroecosystem health better than does ant diversity.

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Nurhandani, Pebi, Marheni, Irda Safni, and Setia Sari Girsang. "Diversity of Insects in Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L) Plantations at Various Altitudes." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v5i2.2994.

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Recently the improvement of shallot seed quality using true shallot seed has been developed. This research was aimed to know diversity of insects and the role of insects on the cultivation of shallot seeds in various altitudes. This research was conducted in three different districts (Deli Serdang, Simalungun and Toba Samosir districts) in Plant Pests and Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan from July 2017 until January 2018. This research used four different insect traps (sweep net, pitfall trap, hand picking, and yellow trap), and repeated for six times. The results showed that insects caught on shallot farmings in Balige highland were 11 orders and 31 families with the highest relative density value was 22.5% and the lowest relative density was 0.35%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') on shallot farming in Balige was 2.72 (moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.71 (high). The insects caught on shallot farming in Pematang Siantar middleland were 11 orders and 22 families with the highest relative density value was 28.7% and the lowest relative density was 0.35%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') on shallot farming in Pematang Siantar 2.42 (moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.71 (high), and on shallot plantations at Lubuk Pakam lowland were 10 orders and 21 families with the highest relative density value was 24.7% and the lowest relative density 0.39%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') was 2.32(moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.85 (high).

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Jastrzębska, Magdalena, Wiesław P. Jastrzębski, Czesław Hołdyński, and Marta K. Kostrzewska. "Weed species diversity in organic and integrated farming systems." Acta Agrobotanica 66, no. 3 (2013): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2013.045.

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Phytosociological data were collected in 1994–1996 in plots (relevés) at the Research Station for Organic Farming and Conservation Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Popielno included in a large-area experiment conducted according to the concept and method proposed by Prof. S. Nawrocki. In a four-field crop rotation (root crops – spring barley undersown with red clover and grasses – red clover/grass mixture – winter triticale), each field was divided into two management units, organic and integrated. Data were collected in relevés by the Braun-Blanquet method, each year at the peak of the growing season. Weed abundance (% cover) in cultivated fields and the number of weed species (species richness) in crops were determined, which provided a basis for calculating the Shannon-Wiener indices of species diversity and evenness, and the Rényi profiles. The qualitative (species) and quantitative structure of weed communities was compared using the Sørensen index. A total of 115 weed taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) were identified in the examined agro-phytocenoses. Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album, Matricaria maritima subsp. inodora, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Thlaspi arvense and Stellaria media were the most abundant. Weed infestation was slightly higher in the organic farming system than in the integrated system. Organic farming contributed to higher weed species diversity in root crops, red clover/grass mixtures and winter triticale. Weed species richness was reduced in red clover/grass stands, while root crops and – to a lesser degree – spring barley undersown with red clover and grasses decreased weed species diversity. The species composition and in particular the quantitative structure of weeds were affected by crop species and cultivation regime rather than by the farming system. Weed communities of crops grown under organic and integrated farming systems were more similar with regard to species composition than the quantitative structure.

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Dewi, V. S., A. A Nurariaty, Sulastria, and M. Tuwo. "Arthropoda diversity in organic cocoa farming in Bantaeng District." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 486 (May 27, 2020): 012164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012164.

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Bezdicek, David F., and David Granatstein. "Crop rotation efficiencies and biological diversity in farming systems." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 3-4 (December 1989): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002927.

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AbstractThe positive role of biological diversity in enhancing agricultural sustainability is presented in the context of crop rotation. Once common in virtually all farming systems, crop rotations have been simplified or eliminated during the past two decades from farming systems in most industrialized countries. Specialization, production intensification, government commodity programs, and the resulting short-term economic decisions have all had an influence in reducing crop rotation and diversity. Economic and environmental concerns have raised the question of agricultural sustainability in the public arena. We discuss here the role of diversity and crop rotation in relation to the sustainability issue, including matters of agronomic, economic, and environmental benefits, as well as increased efficiency in the use of fossil fuels. Constraints and future directions in the use of crop rotation in modern agriculture are described.

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Phiboon, Kassirin, Cécile Cochetel, and Nicolas Faysse. "Support programmes and the diversity of young farmers in Thailand: A good match?" Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019880559.

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Many countries have programmes to help young people start farming. However, some of the programmes have been criticized for not providing enough support, particularly because they do not adequately account for the diverse profiles of young farmers. The present study analyses the profiles of young farmers in Thailand and to what extent they benefit from support programmes. Eighty-four farmers under the age of 40 were interviewed in Chiang Mai and Prachinburi Provinces, along with 15 staff members of support programmes for young farmers. Five types of young farmers were identified, who differed in their motivation, farming systems and engagement in farming. Some farmers focused on economic profitability, while others considered environmentally sustainable farming practices to be important or were actively engaged in other activities at domestic or village level. This wide range of goals and situations entailed varying constraints during the first years of farming. The support programmes helped farmers overcome their lack of farming knowledge and helped them integrate into rural communities, but the support they provided in accessing land and capital was sometimes limited, and often non-existent. To improve support for young farmers in Thailand, the diversity of young farmers’ profiles should be accounted for not only in capacity-building activities but also to help them access other types of resources.

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Savin, Igor Yu. "The spatial adaptation of farming systems to the heterogeneity of plots." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2021-16-4-362-369.

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The full exploitation of the resource potential of arable lands was analyzed in the research. The problem of completeness of the use in different farming systems was considered. It was found that at the current stage of development of farming systems, the diversity of soils and lands and, accordingly, their resource potential were most successfully incorporated in adaptive-landscape farming systems and precision farming systems. Undoubtedly, the cost of precision farming systems will decrease in the future due to the cheapening of technical means. But without introducing scientific and methodological justification for accounting of diversity of soils and land plots (as in adaptive-landscape farming systems) and heterogeneity of crops into precision farming systems, increasing the completeness of land resource potential cannot be achieved. Another important direction to improve the full use of the land resource potential is the development of a new scientific direction - Econics, and the development of technologies for leveling the heterogeneity of fields. But these directions are at the very beginning of their development.

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Brown, Colin, Lava Prakash Yadav, Jing Zhang, and Deqing Zhouma. "Sustainability of Agricultural Diversity in the Farm Households of Southern Tibet." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 5756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205756.

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Farming systems in Tibet are undergoing significant change as farm households are encouraged to shift from more subsistence-oriented staple cereals to more intensive, diverse, and integrated forage crop livestock systems reliant on engagement with external input and product markets. This is occurring at a time of rapid agrarian transition with more and more of the livelihoods, income, and expenditures of farm households dependent on off-farm sources. Modernizing an agricultural sector that can sustain the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and meet the demands of an ever more discerning customer base all within the confines of a limited resource base has proved a major R&D and policy challenge for Tibetan and Chinese officials, let alone the farmers and market actors impacted by these developments. In this paper, key drivers impacting diversity in Tibetan farm households, including agrarian transition and demographic, infrastructure, and food price developments, are outlined. The impact on household economics and on the environment of the more intensive and diverse farming systems are then discussed, along with the attitudes of farm households to the changing farming systems and to their future in farming. The paper finds significant labor and environmental challenges that farm households and policy makers must grapple with if the farming system and agrarian transition trajectories are to be sustained.

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Kolářová, Michaela, Luděk Tyšer, and Josef Soukup. "Weed Species Diversity in the Czech Republic Under Different Farming and Site Conditions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 3 (2015): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563030741.

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The aim of this study was to explore the composition of weed vegetation on arable land in selected areas of the Czech Republic and to determine the level of γ-diversity. Our survey was conducted at 27 conventional and 35 organic farms from 2006–2008. In each sampled field, one phytocoenological relevé of a standard size of 100 m2 was recorded in the central part of the field. The species cover was estimated. The total γ-diversity was expressed as the total number of weed species recorded. γ-diversity of different farming systems, altitudes and crops was calculated. Subsequently, the species were divided on the basis of their perenniality. In total, 172 weed species were found – 123 and 162 in conventional and organic farming, respectively. The highest number of species was found in winter cereals and at medium altitudes. Chenopodium album was recorded as the species with the highest constancy in both types of farming. In total, 89 annuals, 17 biennials and 15 perennials were observed in conventional farming, and 109 annuals, 23 biennials, 28 perennials and 2 semiparasitic annuals were found in organic farming.

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Gbenga, Opeyemi, Opaluwa H.I., Adedeji S.O, and Salifu Abdulrahman. "EFFECT OF CROP DIVERSITY ON RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS’ DIETARY DIVERSITY IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i2.2313.

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Dietary diversity is crucial particularly in developing world where diets consist of mainly starchy staples and lack nutrient rich foods for improved dietary diversity and quality, the importance of crop diversity in nutrition and health needs to be clearly understood. The study examined the effect of crop diversity on rural farm household dietary diversity in Agricultural Development Project ZONE B of Kogi State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for the study. A total sample size of 120 farmers was used for the study. Data was collected with the use of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Simpson’s index, household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) and Poisson regression model were used in the analysis. Based on the result from the analysis,majority of the farmers in the study area were male (75.83%), the mean age was 47years, majority of the farmers were married with an average household size of 8 members. The mean crop diversity index of the farmers was estimated at 0.69. The dietary diversity scores among respondent households were found averagely to be 9. The crop diversity practiced among the respondents was found in this study to have positive and significant effect on the dietary intake of the rural farm households. The study concluded that crop diversity have positive effect on rural farm household dietary diversity in Zone B Kogi State ADP at 1% significance level. The study recommended that policies geared towards improving smallholder farmers` crop diversity should be encouraged in the study area to improve farmers’ dietary diversity.

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Trisnawati, D. W., M. Fadilah, and I. Nurkomar. "Diversity and Composition of Arthropods Natural Enemies in Integrated Rice Fish Farming System (Minna padi) and Its Functions in Agroecosystems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 985, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012047.

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Abstract Minna Padi is an integrated rice fish farming system that implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem. However, the effects of minna padi farming systems on the diversity of natural enemies have not been reported previously. This research was conducted to compare the diversity and abundance of natural enemies [parasitoids and predators] in minna padi and conventional rice fields. Three pairs of minna padi and conventional paddy fields were selected for fields research. Natural enemies were collected in the field research using sweeping nets, yellow sticky traps and pitfall trap every two weeks during the cultivation. The results showed that the abundance of parasitoids was higher in minna padi than that in conventional farming systems. However, the abundance of predators was higher in conventional farming systems. Parasitoid and predator species richness also showed no difference between the two rice farming systems. However, the composition between the two farming systems was different, minna padi was dominated by parasitoids such as Aphonagmus sp. and Eurythoma dentata, while conventional dominated by a predator such as Pardosa pseudoannulata and Plexippus sp.

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Yang, Yazhen, Mingke Fang, Meiyan Wu, Huaisheng Zhang, Huizhen Li, and Jianqiang Zhu. "Differences in the Soil Bacterial Communities Under Organic Farming and Conventional Farming Modes Revealed by 16S rDNA Sequencing." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2027.

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Soil bacterial communities are different in various agricultural ecosystems. To assess the differences in soil bacterial communities between organic and conventional farming modes, high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted. A total of 3, 919 operational taxonomic units were identified and classified as 26 phyla, 42 classes, 78 orders, 120 families, 281 genera, and 340 known species. The histogram of the microbial species distribution at genera levels showed that Massiliaand Lysobacter increased quickly in soil under organic farming mode. Analysis of soil bacterial diversity showed that the soil under the organic farming had a greater bacterial diversity. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed that the major bacterial groups identified in the soil sample CK1 (2015.4) and CK6 (2017.10) under conventional farming mode were largely different from those in the soil sample 06 (2017.10) under organic farming mode. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that available nitrogen was the most important factor regulating bacterial composition under the organic farming mode. Massilia, Pseudomonas, Lysobacter and Pseudarthrobacterabundances showed a strong positive correlation with the content of available nitrogen. The results provided an important reference for the utilization of soil microorganisms under the organic farming mode.

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Hlatshwayo, Simphiwe Innocentia, Rob Slotow, and Mjabuliseni Simon Cloapas Ngidi. "The Role of Smallholder Farming on Rural Household Dietary Diversity." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030595.

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The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access on rural household dietary diversity. The secondary data were collected using a quantitative research method, and 1520 participants were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The descriptive results showed that cereals were the most (98%) consumed food group, while vegetables and fruits were the least consumed food groups, at 37% and 23%, respectively. The results from the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) showed that 57% of smallholder farmers consumed highly diverse diets (more or equal to six food groups), whereas 25% and 18% of smallholder farmers consumed medium dietary diversity (four to five food groups) and low diverse diets (less or equal to three food groups), respectively. The findings from the Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) and Poisson endogenous treatment effect models showed that household size, ownership of livestock, wealth index, and involvement in crop production positively influenced household dietary diversity. On the other hand, output and access to market information showed a negative effect. Social grants had contradicting effects: they had a negative impact on the HDDS received from crop productivity while they had a positive effect on the HDDS from market participation. Providing different ways smallholder farmers can use their funds effectively can help improve household dietary diversity and nutrition quality. The study recommended that more workshops and training be conducted that cover all the sustainable production systems that smallholder farmers can undertake to produce different food groups. These will raise awareness among smallholder farmers about the requirements for balanced diets for food and nutrition security.

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He, Ying-Hong, Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama, Tsutae Ito, Asuka Shirakawa, Hideki Yamamoto, Akiko Kashiwagi, Ayumu Tatewaki, et al. "Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056.

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Microbial diversity in an apple orchard cultivated with natural farming practices for over 30 years was compared with conventionally farmed orchards to analyze differences in disease suppression. In this long-term naturally farmed orchard, major apple diseases were more severe than in conventional orchards but milder than in a short-term natural farming orchard. Among major fungal species in the phyllosphere, we found that Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus victoriae were significantly less abundant in long-term natural farming, while Cladosporium tenuissimum predominated. However, diversity of fungal species in the phyllosphere was not necessarily the main determinant in the disease suppression observed in natural farming; instead, the maintenance of a balanced, constant selection of fungal species under a suitable predominant species such as C. tenuissimum seemed to be the important factors. Analysis of bacteria in the phyllosphere revealed Pseudomonas graminis, a potential inducer of plant defenses, predominated in long-term natural farming in August. Rhizosphere metagenome analysis showed that Cordyceps and Arthrobotrys, fungal genera are known to include insect- or nematode-infecting species, were found only in long-term natural farming. Among soil bacteria, the genus Nitrospira was most abundant, and its level in long-term natural farming was more than double that in the conventionally farmed orchard.

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Neha, Neha, Yashpal Bhardwaj, Bhaskar Reddy, and Suresh Kumar Dubey. "Organic Farming Favors phoD-Harboring Rhizospheric Bacterial Community and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Tropical Agroecosystem." Plants 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051068.

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The bacteria harboring phoD encodes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a secretory enzyme that hydrolyzes organic phosphorous (P) to a usable form in the soil. The impact of farming practices and crop types on phoD bacterial abundance and diversity in tropical agroecosystems is largely unknown. In this research, the aim was to study the effect of farming practices (organic vs. conventional) and crop types on the phoD-harboring bacterial community. A high-throughput amplicon (phoD gene) sequencing method was employed for the assessment of bacterial diversity and qPCR for phoD gene abundance. Outcomes revealed that soils treated for organic farming have high observed OTUs, ALP activity, and phoD population than soils managed under conventional farming with the trend of maize > chickpea > mustard > soybean vegetated soils. The relative abundance of Rhizobiales exhibited dominance. Ensifer, Bradyrhizobium, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas were observed as dominant genera in both farming practices. Overall, the study demonstrated that organic farming practice favors the ALP activity, phoD abundance, and OTU richness which varied across crop types with maize crops showing the highest OTUs followed by chickpea, mustard, and least in soybean cropping.

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Sanz-Lázaro, Carlos, and Arnaldo Marín. "Diversity Patterns of Benthic Macrofauna Caused by Marine Fish Farming." Diversity 3, no. 2 (April 14, 2011): 176–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d3020176.

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Leonardo Severgnini, Rafael Dal Bosco Ducatti, Dannyelle Cristine Orsolin de Morais, Siumar Pedro Tironi, André Luiz Radünz, and Marco Aurélio Tramontin. "Entomofaunistic diversity of arthropods in cucumber farming (Cucumis sativus L.)." Acta Biológica Catarinense 6, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/abc.v6i2.222.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, 1753) stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness of vegetables as it can be consumed in salads (in natura or pickled) or even used for the production of cosmetics and drugs. During cucumber cultivation, several insectpests, mainly from the Orders Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, can cause significant yield losses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entomofaunistic diversity of arthropods in cucumber crop using Moericke and Pitfall traps. Cucumber seedlings were commercially obtained and grown up in the experimental area of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul – Campus Chapecó (SC). Three samplings were carried out between October and December, 2015. The sampled specimens were identified to the taxon of Order and placed in vials containing alcohol solution (70%). A total of 1.651 specimens were identified and classified into 11 different Orders. Pitfall traps sampled a greater number of orders (9) and specimens (1.309), with emphasis to the Order Hymenoptera (928). For the aerial traps (Moericke), 342 specimens, allocated in eight different Orders, were identified, with the Order Diptera as the most abundant one (153 individuals). Moericke and Pitfall traps showed a Shannon-Weaver diversity index of 1.53 and 1.02, respectively.

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Severgnini, Leonardo, Rafael Dal Bosco Ducatti, Dannyelle Cristine Orsolin de Morais, Siumar Pedro Tironi, André Luiz Radünz, and Marco Aurélio Tramontin. "Entomofaunistic diversity of arthropods in cucumber farming (Cucumis sativus L.)." Acta Biológica Catarinense 6, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/abc.v6i2.524.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, 1753) stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness of vegetables as it can be consumed in salads (in natura or pickled) or even used for the production of cosmetics and drugs. During cucumber cultivation, several insectpests, mainly from the Orders Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, can cause significant yield losses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entomofaunistic diversity of arthropods in cucumber crop using Moericke and Pitfall traps. Cucumber seedlings were commercially obtained and grown up in the experimental area of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul – Campus Chapecó (SC). Three samplings were carried out between October and December, 2015. The sampled specimens were identified to the taxon of Order and placed in vials containing alcohol solution (70%). A total of 1.651 specimens were identified and classified into 11 different Orders. Pitfall traps sampled a greater number of orders (9) and specimens (1.309), with emphasis to the Order Hymenoptera (928). For the aerial traps (Moericke), 342 specimens, allocated in eight different Orders, were identified, with the Order Diptera as the most abundant one (153 individuals). Moericke and Pitfall traps showed a Shannon-Weaver diversity index of 1.53 and 1.02, respectively.

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Commandeur, M. A. M. "Diversity of pig farming styles: understanding how it is structured." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 54, no. 1 (2006): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1573-5214(06)80007-2.

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Vanlauwe, B. "Dynamics and diversity—soil fertility and farming livelihoods in Africa." Geoderma 109, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(02)00143-x.

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Nayak, P. K., A. K. Nayak, B. B. Panda, B. Lal, P. Gautam, A. Poonam, M. Shahid, et al. "Ecological mechanism and diversity in rice based integrated farming system." Ecological Indicators 91 (August 2018): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.025.

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Melnychuk, N. A., O. Olfert, B. Youngs, and C. Gillott. "Abundance and diversity of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in different farming systems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 95, no. 1 (April 2003): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(02)00119-6.

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Christiansen, Erling A. N., and Stig-Erik Jakobsen. "Diversity in narratives to green the Norwegian salmon farming industry." Marine Policy 75 (January 2017): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.020.

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Linares, Olga F. "Cultivating biological and cultural diversity: urban farming in Casamance, Senegal." Africa 66, no. 1 (January 1996): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161514.

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AbstractAt the present time, urban agriculture—that is, the growing of food crops in backyard gardens, unused city spaces and peripheral zones—is an economically viable alternative for many African migrants. Although previously ‘invisible’ to most developers and economists, urban farming is now recognised as playing a crucial subsistence role in the household economies of lower-income people living in major West African cities. But the practice does more than feed the urban poor. Using the example of Ziguinchor in Casamance, Senegal, it is argued that growing crops in peri-urban and intra-urban zones, on otherwise neglected or half-built-up land, also protects and enriches the city environment while increasing the primary productivity of the inhabitants. Directly, or in more subtle ways, the practice strengthens bonds of friendship, and promotes inter-ethnic co-operation while at the same time helping to maintain biological complexity in interesting and previously unexplored ways. City farming may provide a context through which the urban poor can relate to debates about biodiversity.

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Meyer, Rolf. "Diversity of European Farming Systems and Pathways to Sustainable Intensification." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 23, no. 3 (November 1, 2014): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.23.3.11.

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Palmer, Len. "Discourses and knowledge systems: Farming the diversity of rural media." Rural Society 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.7.1.15.

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Vashishth, Muskan, Sudhanshu Maheshwari, Raghav Garg, and Shilpa Kaushal. "Soil microbial diversity in conventional and organic agricultural farming systems." Pharma Innovation 11, no. 11S (November 1, 2022): 1331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2022.v11.i11sq.16837.

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Kazerooni, Elham A. "Factors Influencing Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Cucumbers and Tomatoes in the Arabian Peninsula." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1761.

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The Arabian Peninsula is characterized by generally hot and dry conditions. Although limited studies addressed bacterial diversity in this part of the world, there is a lack of information about bacterial diversity under farming systems. This study investigated bacterial diversity across three farms in Oman, at the South Eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Pyrosequencing was used to analyze bacterial communities from the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes and cucumbers grown in the farms. Results revealed that bacterial diversity is variable among various farms. Chao 1 richness and Shannon diversity estimates demonstrated that soils from the three farms differed in the levels of bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria was the major phylum in the soil samples from all farms. Gammaproteobacteria was the main and most abundant class in the rhizosphere soil of cucumber, while Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Cytophagia and Nitrospira were common in the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes. The genera Bacillus, Nitrospira, Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas and Pseudomonas were the most common in the rhizosphere of both crops in the three farms. Principle component analyses showed that bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of cucumbers and tomatoes was found to be affected by the farming system but not the crop type. The study also presents information about the most common bacterial groups under farming systems in the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the bacterial taxa were saprophytic, suggesting that they play a role in cucumber and tomato growth and disease prevention. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Sucianto, Eddy Tri, and Muachiroh Abbas. "Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 13, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v13i2.26987.

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Vegetables polyculture system is potentially increasing pathogenic fungi diversity because various plant hosts are available. There is no data about patogenic fungi diversity at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This study aimed to determine patogenic fungal diversity and disease percentage caused by the fungi at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This research used purposive random sampling. Infected plants were collected at ten polyculture farming locations and fungal identification was performed at the laboratory. Fungi were identified morphologically based on the signs, symptoms, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characters. The fungi's pathogenity was determined by applying Koch's postulate test. The data were analyzed descriptively through literature comparison. The results showed that seven fungal species were found at polyculture farms in Serang Village. The obtained fungi were Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Cercospora sp., Botryodiplodia sp., and Nigrospora sp. The lowest damage was 18.24% on tomato fruit infected by Fusarium sp. and the highest was on chili plants which was caused by Colletotrichum sp. The data is the first report for polycuture system. The obtained data has important implication for the management of vegetables farming in Serang Village.

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Klingel, Stefanie, Dirk Hinrichs, and Heiner Iversen. "Protecting breeding diversity." Impact 2019, no. 9 (December 20, 2019): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.9.27.

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Farming and agriculture are vital to our survival and we have domesticated around 35 species of animals, many of which are farmed for food. Cows, sheep, chickens, pigs, goats and horses have been some of the animals whose domestication has played a key role in advancing human civilisation through added food security and these have been selectively bred over thousands of years to develop a variety of breeds, each of which offer particular characteristics to suit certain needs or local conditions. However, globalisation and standardisation have led to the loss of many of these diverse breeds, with many farmers now raising hybrids to meet the demands of large multinational commercial entities. Stefanie Klingel, from Arche Warder, is the Project Coordinator for the Animal Genetic Resources group working within the Productivity and Sustainability in Agriculture framework for the European Innovation Partnership (EIP).

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Garnica, Sigisfredo, Ronja Rosenstein, and Max Emil Schön. "Belowground fungal community diversity, composition and ecological functionality associated with winter wheat in conventional and organic agricultural systems." PeerJ 8 (October 13, 2020): e9732. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9732.

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Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on belowground fungal communities is crucial in order to preserve biological diversity in agricultural soils and enhance their role in agroecosystem functioning. Although fungal communities are widely distributed, relatively few studies have correlated agricultural production practices. We investigated the diversity, composition and ecological functionality of fungal communities in roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in conventional and organic farming systems. Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from pooled fine root samples were performed with two different sets of fungal specific primers. Fungal identification was carried out through similarity searches against validated reference sequences (RefSeq). The R package ‘picante’ and FUNGuild were used to analyse fungal community composition and trophic mode, respectively. Either by direct or cloning sequencing, 130 complete ITS sequences were clustered into 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (25 singletons), belonging to the Ascomycota (24), the Basidiomycota (14) and to the Glomeromycota (1). Fungal communities from conventional farming sites are phylogenetically more related than expected by chance. Constrained ordination analysis identified total N, total S and Pcal that had a significant effect on the OTU’s abundance and distribution, and a further correlation with the diversity of the co-occurring vegetation could be hypothesised. The functional predictions based on FUNGuild suggested that conventional farming increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungi compared with organic farming. Based on diversity, OTU distribution, nutrition mode and the significant phylogenetic clustering of fungal communities, this study shows that fungal communities differ across sampling sites, depending on agricultural practices. Although it is not fully clear which factors determine the fungal communities, our findings suggest that organic farming systems have a positive effect on fungal communities in winter wheat crops.

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Briones, Nicomedes. "Environmental Sustainability Issues in Philippine Agriculture." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 2, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2005): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2005.2.1-2.6.

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Farming and fishing are major sources of livelihood in rural households in the Philippines. Farming systems in the country are complex, multi-faceted, and geared to promote efficient production and a steady source of income. However, these have also wrought unwanted consequences on the environment, notably soil erosion, water pollution, groundwater depletion, loss of natural habitats, and loss of biological diversity. Farming systems are affected by exogenous environmental factors; in turn, the farming systems also affect agricultural production resource bases. Initiatives from various sectors to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of farming systems and to protect the agricultural production bases are in place in terms of policies, programs, and action projects.

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Moyo, Thinah, and Charles L. Machethe. "The Relationship between Smallholder Irrigation and Household Food Availability and Dietary Diversity in Greater Tzaneen Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p165.

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Irrigation farming has the potential to address household food security challenges in developing countries. This paper examines household food availability, consumption and dietary diversity for irrigating and non-irrigating households in Greater Tzaneen municipality of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The paper uses primary data collected from 180 households comprising of irrigation scheme irrigators, independent (non-scheme) irrigators, and non-irrigating households. Data analysis employed descriptive analysis and analysis of variance to compare food security components of the different types of households. Results provide sufficient evidence that smallholder irrigation farming contributes significantly to household food security through improved food availability and dietary diversity. However, since most households are net food buyers, it is essential to have policies that are formulated with an understanding that household food security is not only a function of the food that farming households produce for their own consumption but more so a function of total household income. The results inform agrarian reform debates on whether South Africa should continue investing in smallholder irrigation farming for improved household welfare. An integration of smallholder irrigation farming in strategies for growing the rural economy and contributing to improved livelihoods and poverty reduction is, therefore, recommended.

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Onyeneke, Robert Ugochukwu, Chukwuemeka Chinonso Emenekwe, Nneka Maris Chidiebere-Mark, Jane Onuabuchi Munonye, Jonathan Ogbeni Aligbe, Clementina Kanu, Chibuzo Uzoma Izuogu, et al. "Impact of Poultry Farmers’ Participation in Modern Food Retail Markets on Household Dietary Diversity: Lessons from Southeast Nigeria." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040611.

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This study analyzed the interrelationships between participation in MFRMs and dietary diversity of poultry farming households in Southeast Nigeria. We used cross-sectional data from poultry farmers in Southeast Nigeria and employed instrumental variable and seemingly unrelated regression models to estimate the impact of MFRM participation and major linkages to poultry farm households’ dietary diversity. The results show that participating in MFRMs, relative to traditional markets, improved poultry farmers’ dietary diversity. Moreover, dietary diversity was positively related to higher poultry farm incomes, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable cultivated using poultry droppings as manure. Furthermore, increased poultry farm income, higher value of own poultry products consumed, and larger area of vegetable land cultivated using poultry droppings as manure increased the dietary diversity of the farm households. In contrast, a higher share of poultry production revenue controlled by men reduced household dietary diversity. These findings make clear the potential of improving farming households’ nutrition outcomes by promoting participation in MFRMs and the major impact pathways.

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Khmelevtsova, Ludmila Eugenevna, Ivan Sergeevich Sazykin, Tatiana Nikolaevna Azhogina, and Marina Alexandrovna Sazykina. "Influence of Agricultural Practices on Bacterial Community of Cultivated Soils." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030371.

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Bacterial communities play an important role in maintaining stable functioning of soil ecosystems, participating in decomposition of plant residues, accumulation of organic matter, formation of soil aggregates and in the cycle of nutrients. For agroecosystems, maintaining the diversity of microbiocenosis is especially critical because they are essentially less stable and are dependent on external control. The agricultural practices used today (plowing, application of synthetic fertilizers) can negatively affect the richness and diversity of the soil bacterial communities. The solution to this problem may be the application of alternative farming methods to preserve the structural and functional richness of soil (reduced tillage, conservation tillage, no tillage, organic farming). Data on composition and diversity of soil microbiocenosis are important for further forecasting the impact of agriculture and development of effective methods on preserving and increasing soil fertility. This review presents the results of recent studies on the impact of agriculture on the soil bacterial communities. Attention is mainly paid to the effects of applying inorganic and organic fertilizers on the structure and diversity of soil microbiocenosis; the influence of the farming system (different methods of soil cultivation, organic and traditional systems); the influence of cover crops and crop rotation on the microbial community of agricultural soils.

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Adhikari, Subodh, Laura A. Burkle, Kevin M. O’Neill, David K. Weaver, Casey M. Delphia, and Fabian D. Menalled. "Dryland Organic Farming Partially Offsets Negative Effects of Highly Simplified Agricultural Landscapes on Forbs, Bees, and Bee–Flower Networks." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (May 30, 2019): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz056.

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AbstractIndustrialized farming practices result in simplified agricultural landscapes, reduced biodiversity, and degraded species-interaction networks. Thus far, most research assessing the combined effects of farming systems and landscape complexity on beneficial insects has been conducted in relatively diversified and mesic systems and may not represent the large-scale, monoculture-based dryland agriculture that dominates many regions worldwide. Specifically, the effects of farming systems on forbs, bees, and their interactions are poorly understood in highly simplified dryland landscapes such as those in the Northern Great Plains, United States, an area globally important for conventional and organic small grain, pulse, forage, and oilseed production. During a 3-yr (2013–2015) study, we assessed 1) the effects of dryland no-till conventional and tilled organic farming on forbs, bees, and bee–flower networks and 2) the relationship between natural habitat and bee abundance. Flower density and richness were greater in tilled organic fields than in no-till conventional fields, and forb community composition differed between farming systems. We observed high bee diversity (109 taxa) in this highly simplified landscape, and bee abundance, richness, and community composition were similar between systems. Compared with tilled organic fields, bee–flower interactions in no-till conventional fields were poorly connected, suggesting these systems maintain relatively impoverished plant-pollinator networks. Natural habitat (11% of the landscape) did not affect small-bodied bee abundance in either farming system but positively affected large-bodied bees within 2,000 m of crop-field centers. In highly simplified agricultural landscapes, dryland organic farming and no-till conventional farming together support relatively high bee diversity, presumably because dryland organic farming enhances floral resources and bee–flower networks, and no-till management in conventional farming provides undisturbed ground-nesting habitats for wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Farming diversity'

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