Relevant bibliographies by topics / Farmers right

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Farmers right'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Farmers right"

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Anggaraini, Dewi. "Respon Pemerintah Lokal Terhadap Gerakan Sosial Politik Petani di Kanagarian Mungo Kabupaten 50 Kota Provinsi Sumatera Barat." Al-Risalah 11, no. 02 (December 1, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v11i02.468.

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The Agricultural conflict which delivers farmer strikes has already colored the socio‐political condition in Indonesia since colonialism era till reformation era. One of farmer’s movements still happens in Mungo village, Luak sub‐district, 50 Kota district, WestSumatra Province. On that village live 300 families who stay and claim to own the land belongs to Indonesia Agriculture Department and protected by Using‐Right Certificate number 03.05.01.4.00005. The farmers denied the certificate and claim that that they have more rights to that land based on rental agreement Dutch Government in 1918 and there has been any changing on the agreement, which means that land (according to the farmers) is not included into Erfpacht Verponding lands which became the foundation the publishing of using‐right certificate on behalf of Agriculture Department. This farmer movement was responded by the local government by many policies which cannot be accepted by farmers because the policies made without consulting to farmers. The responses of local government categorized into: local governments of West‐Sumatra province, 50 Kota district, Luak sub‐district, and Mungo village, with different policies.
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Chidiebere-Mark, N. M., and C. P. Nwaebo. "Gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone, Imo state, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 21, no. 1 (August 21, 2023): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v21i1.11.

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Land is a vital resource for agricultural productivity and economic growth. Inequalities in access and rights to land by male and female farmers could hamper agricultural productivity. The study assessed the gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo state, Nigeria. The study identified the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers in the study area; determined the farmer's access to land; ascertained the land rights of the farmers; determined the socio-economic factors influencing access to land in the study area. It was hypothesized that there were no significant differences in the access to land by male and female farmers. Ninety-six (96) male and female farmers were sampled, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentages, Ordinary Least Square Regression and t-test. Results showed that the mean farm size of male and female farmers was 0.2842 hectares and 0.1842 hectares. All male farmers had the right to land, while a few female farmers had the right to land. The result showed that age, income and education significantly affect male and female farmers’ access to land and that there were significant gender gaps in access to land. The study recommended the provision of agricultural credits to enable farmers to acquire land for agricultural production.
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Musa, Murshamshul Kamariah, Abdul Majid Tahir Mohamed, and Abdul Majid Hafiz Mohamed. "Integrating Farmers’ Rights to Equitable Benefit Sharing Into the Malaysian Plant Variety Law: Learning from Others." Yuridika 34, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v34i2.13335.

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The Farmers’ Rights concept is part of an international treaty of which Malaysia is one of the signatory parties. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO Treaty 2004), articulated four core rights under the Farmers’ Rights concept – namely the right to traditional farming knowledge, the right to seed, the right to equitable benefit sharing and the right to participate in the decision-making process. Article 9.2 (b) of FAO Treaty 2004 stipulates that farmers should be given equal opportunity to equitably participate in sharing benefits from the use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The right to equitable benefit sharing legally justifies among others, the rights of smallholder farmers who have been breeding seeds for generations to receive benefits; either monetary or non-monetary from any commercialization of the seeds that have been developed by them. Non-monetary benefits include access to seeds for their farm. This paper investigates to what extent the existing legal provisions of plant variety law in Malaysia has integrated this right to equitable benefit sharing to small farmers as compared to similar legislation in India and under African Union (AU Model Law for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources). These two legal frameworks aimed to protect their small farming communities are cited as legislation with the best practices on implementing Farmers’ Rights core rights. The aim is for Malaysia to learn from these countries in order to ensure legal protection for small farmers’ right to equitable benefit sharing of their plant genetic resources.
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Kustanti, A. "Income adaptation of farmers as long covid-19 pandemy on sustainable ub forest management: a case from Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012069.

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Abstract This study has analysed farmers' income on their adaptation as long Covid-19 pandemic in University of Brawijaya (UB) Forest. UB Forest got a management right of State Forest Management (Ministry of Forestry and Live Environment/MLEF Indonesia). Preliminary, this forest was managed by State Company Forest, namely Perum Perhutani. But, in 2015 it was transferred to the University by MLEF Indonesia for Education and Training Centre. The agricultural plantation has conducted by 824 farmers who were involved in UB Forest management. There are 16 fields of farmers' land use in 514 ha area. After the forest transfer to the UB Forest, there was no clear how farmers right adjusted the vision and mission of UB. This research wants to analyse how the income adaption farmer as long Covid 19, right and obligation as a shape of participation, and UB Forest management with qualitative approach. Selected respondents were in-depth interviewed. The analysis method used Institutional Analysis Design/IAD (Ostrom, 1999) and Bundles of Right (Ostrom, 1990). Farmers adaptation as long Covid-19 on forest management at UB Forest based on bundles of rights as a Claimant. It means that farmers had two right as below: 1)access and withdrawal right (enter the land, cultivate agriculture land, land conservation, harvest the agricultural yield, watch the forest fire along with UB Forest Team, implementation innovation of UB civitas academic, maintain the tree in UB Forest area, including in education and research of UB) and 2)management right on an agricultural plantation under the tree (a decision the species of agricultural plant, manage the plant, and arrange the cycle of the plantation itself). The income of farmers as long as Covid-19 was declined 39 % from the normal condition.
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Deng, Xiang, Min Zhang, and Chunlin Wan. "The Impact of Rural Land Right on Farmers’ Income in Underdeveloped Areas: Evidence from Micro-Survey Data in Yunnan Province, China." Land 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101780.

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The rural land right has paved the way for the deepening of China’s agricultural land system, which is critical to the successful implementation of the rural revitalization plan in the new era. Based on the micro-survey data of farmers in Yunnan Province, we use an OLS model to empirically test the impact of rural land rights on farmers’ income in underdeveloped areas, and we use a stepwise regression method to test the mechanism role of land transfer willingness and behavior in the rural land right on farmers’ income. Benchmark regression results show that the implementation of rural land rights policy significantly increased the total income of farmers, which mainly comes from farm income. Although the rural land right policy has no significant impact on farmers’ non-farm income, the sign of right coefficient is positive. Mechanism analysis shows that the rural land right can increase the income of farmers by encouraging them to transfer to land. It shows that the property right of land is clear, which makes it easier for land to transfer and trade, and farmers can achieve a certain degree of scale operation, thereby increasing income. Finally, it is suggested that future fiscal funding in impoverished regions be directed toward land transfer links and that accompanying rules and regulations adequately protect farmers’ land contract management rights.
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Rais, Muh, Yusriadi Yusriadi, and Nurhaedah Nurhaedah. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Pupuk Bersubsidi terhadap Efektivitas Petani di Kelompok Tani Tosalamae Kabupaten Pinrang." LaGeografia 19, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/lageografia.v19i3.20101.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of the use of subsidized fertilizer on the effectiveness of farmers based on the right indicators of price, right amount, on time, right place, and the right type in the farmer group tosalamae. This research is descriptive quantitative. The method of data retrieval used is observation, questionnaire and interview. The method of data analysis used is multiple linear regression. Primary data comes from farmer interviews and secondary data comes from research-related agencies. The results showed that on time is a real effect on (Y) the effectiveness of the use of subsidized fertilizers because of the significance (Sig) below alpha (α) 0.05 ie 0.016 means a real effect on the use of subdivided fertilizers in farmer groups tosalamae. Subsidized fertilizer is very important for farmers in the process of farming, so when farmers want to use subsidized fertilizer is always available in the time farmers need it. Therefore, on time it is very important in the use of subsidized fertilizers.
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Adhikari, Kamalesh, Edwin Bikundo, Xan Chacko, Susannah Chapman, Fran Humphries, Hope Johnson, Evan Keast, et al. "What Should Farmers’ Rights Look Like? The Possible Substance of a Right." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020367.

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Farmers’ Rights formally appeared in the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) as a means of recognising the past, present, and future contributions of farmers in conserving, improving, and making available the plant genetic materials that are important for food and agriculture. Discussions have been underway under the auspices of the ITPGRFA’s Governing Body with the recent Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Farmers’ Rights (AHTEG-FR) collecting together views, experiences, and best practices to produce an inventory and options for encouraging, guiding, and promoting the realisation of Farmers’ Rights. While this is useful, this article reports on the outcomes of a workshop that applied a different methodology. Our purpose was to identify what could be and should be the substance of Farmers’ Rights so that the policy substance drives the implementation rather than the AHTEG-FR’s retro-fitting Farmers’ Rights to existing views, best practices, and measures. The contribution of this article is to develop and set out a list of possible substantive Farmers’ Rights as a contribution and foundation for further consultations and negotiations.
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Wu, Zhidong, Wolin Zheng, and Zechen Yang. "Influence of farmland confirmation on farmland abandonment in China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 4, 2023): e0285174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285174.

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The general view is that land ownership affirmation provides incentives for farmers to internalize external benefits, optimizes farmers’ allocation of agricultural production factors, and then reduces farmers’ farmland wastage behavior. This study examines the influence of residual control and claim rights in farmland right confirmation on farmers’ farmland wastage behavior. Results show that residual control rights guarantee the farmers’ exclusive right to use the farmland independently, and residual claim stimulates the farmers to pursue the goal of agricultural production surplus value. However, the residual claim rights are related to the constraint conditions of agricultural production; thus, the farmland right confirmation is situational dependent on farmers’ farmland wastage behavior. The surplus value of the farming output of low-income families is low, and the willingness to realize the surplus claim through agricultural reproduction is weak. Residual control reduces the risk of land loss, accelerates the transfer of the labor force, and shows the behavior of farmland wastage. Nonpoor households with high agricultural production surplus value tend to increase the allocation of agrarian production factors to maximize the income, improve the allocation efficiency of agricultural land resources, and reduce farmland wastage behavior. Conclusion: The implementation effect of accurate farmland affirmation is progressive and internally unbalanced. The institutional basis of matching policy should be to deal with the relationship between residual control right and residual claim right.
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Kanti, Luh Dindi Ayu Surya, Muliani Muliani, and Yuliana Yuliana. "Prevalensi dan karakteristik keluhan muskuloskeletal pada petani di Desa Aan Kabupaten Klungkung tahun 2018." Bali Anatomy Journal 2, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/baj.v2i1.22.

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Background: Aan village is one of the villages where most of the people work as farmers. Farmer is one type of work that has a high risk of experiencing health and safety problems, one of which is musculoskeletal disorders. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers in Aan Village, Klungkung Regency. Method: This researchs was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The population in this study was farmers in the Aan village, Banjarangkan, Klungkung, Bali. Data collection is done by filling in the NBM questionnaire by 80 respondents who were determined using simple random sampling technique. The study was conducted in May-September 2018. Results: The prevalence of farmers who experienced musculoskeletal disorders was 80%, and often felt in the right knee 40%, left knee 37.5%, waist 30.1%, right shoulder 15.1%, and left shoulder 12.6%. The age most experienced by musculoskeletal disorders is 46-55 years by 30%, which occurred in men (88%) and women (13%). Musculoskeletal disorders are more often experienced by farmers who have the last primary education (34%), not smoking (66%), have been a farmer for >10 years (89%), work >8 hours a day (55%), and work with the position of turning the body and holding back (100%). Conclusion: The prevalence of farmers who experience musculoskeletal disorders was 80%. Musculoskeletal disorders mostly occur in the right knee, left knee, waist, right shoulder, and left shoulder. Musculoskeletal disorders are more experienced by farmers aged 46-55 years, male farmers, having the last primary school education, not smoking, have been a farmer for >10 years, working >8 hours a day, and work with the position of turning the body and holding back.
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Chen, Yixiang, and Xiangmu Jin. "How Do Farmers Realize Their Rights on the Collective Land in Rural China? An Explanatory Framework for Deconstructing the Subject of Collective Land Ownership." Land 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12091746.

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This study aims to deconstruct the collective, the subject of collective land ownership. With respect for the logic of the formation of collective land ownership, we propose the “transfreserve” mode to portray the division of rural land rights between the members and the organization in the transformation from private ownership to collective ownership. This idea can be expressed as, prompted by the public power of the state, each farmer as the owner of rural land having to transfer part of his/her rights to the organization when associating, meanwhile each one still reserves part of his/her rights. We term the rights transferred to the organization as special legal person ownership, while the rights reserved by each farmer are called membership rights. The rights exercised by all members on the basis of membership rights are the autonomous rights. In terms of the property rights, such as the distribution right of the collective income, farmers have to participate in decision-making to determine how to form the allocation scheme in a fair and reasonable way by exercising autonomous rights; then, organization fulfills the collective will to meet the needs of its members by exercising special legal person ownership. As for the right to use public infrastructure on the collective land, farmers, as the members, can use it reasonably by its own will, which is the process of exercising membership rights. If farmers’ rights are infringed by other members, they can choose to negotiate with other members in a proper way. If farmers’ rights are infringed when the organization carries out operation activity in the land market, they can obtain compensation from the organization, and the compensation standard is determined by the decision-making.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Farmers right"

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Biswas, Diganta. "Impacts of corporation of agriculture on farmers right to land seed protection in west bengal in 1996-2006." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1290.

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Allen, Joseph B. "Where the Extreme Right Took Root: A Comparison of Midwestern Counties in the 1980s." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5053.

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This thesis evaluates two theories purporting to explain the rise of right-wing extremism in the Midwest during the farm crisis of the 1980s. The pluralist argument suggests that Midwestern right-wing extremism was rooted in previous episodes of agrarian radicalism. The political tradition perspective, on the other hand, claims that right-wing extremism in the Midwest was rooted in traditional conservatism. To evaluate these theories, an analysis of ten counties was performed. Particular attention was paid to seven variables which theorists argue point agriculturally based communities down political paths of radicalism or conservatism. Regional analyses were also performed on those counties which resided in similar areas of the Midwest. The findings offer stronger support for the political tradition perspective than for the pluralist argument. These finding suggest that those counties in which right-wing extremist activity did not occur were ones which supported past agrarian radical movements while those counties which experienced right-wing extremism were for the most part opponents of past radical agrarian movements. The thesis suggests that future research on rightwing extremism should focus attention on the political traditions of the communities were such movements become established and that a number of alternative variables should be considered.
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Alderman-Tuttle, Zoey. ""A Dress of the Right Length to Die In": Mortuary and Memorial Practices Amongst Depression-Era Tenant Farmers of the Piedmont South." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626678.

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Lubira-Bagenda, Faith-Mary. "Land-grabbing, Women and Food : An Investigation of Developmental Projects and Their Impact on Women’s Right to Food and Participation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444045.

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There has been a surge in demand for arable land as a resource for agricultural production for food and energy purposes. This surge can be attributed to increases in global food prices, climate change, population pressure, and escalating energy prices. The search for land has given rise to the practice of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA). Due to misconceptions and old colonial views of land in Africa, the continent has become the most targeted region for these land acquisitions. The establishment of these projects in Africa is justified in the name of development. Paradoxically, LSLA has left local communities, especially women, in a more disadvantageous position than before. This qualitative study explores and relates LSLA to the right to food and participation. The thesis also critically engages with SDG – 2 to examine if large-scale projects comply with the goal’s purpose. This thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon of LSLA and how they impact women’s right to food and participation. The author has used qualitative content analysis as a method and relied on peer-reviewed studies on women and land-grabbing in three different countries. Compared to the previous research, the thesis results showed that the impacts of LSLA are gendered and have had severe consequences on women and their access and right to food. The support for business interests that are permeated in SDG – 2 has, based on the cases examined, also exacerbated rather than alleviated hunger which does not comply with the purpose of the goal.
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Geldenhuys, Megan. "The Effectiveness of competition law as a merchanism for the protection of the right to food in an African context." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41516.

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This dissertation aims to provide a study on the right to food in an African context and to determine whether or not African states may effectively adopt competition law as a mechanism to protect against hunger. The study begins by examining the right to food and the obligations which flow from this right. Given that the predominant reason that people suffer from hunger is because they lack the ability to economically access adequate food, the dissertation examines the obligations of states to protect this right against abuse from non-state parties. In the framework of the food supply chain, this equates to providing protection against companies such as commodity traders and retailers that have gained a dominant position in the food market and are consequently in a position where they are able to abuse this position of power over the smaller producers and suppliers. The dissertation analyses the importance of the right to food by looking at the key role which smallholder farmers play in their communities. This is central to an African based study because smallholders make up the majority of the world’s hungry people, and it is also the foremost means through which people in Africa gain an income. The study looks at the traditional purpose of competition law and examines whether it would be an effective means to regulate the food market in order to guard against the abusive practices committed by large food companies that threaten the livelihoods of African smallholders. The dissertation concludes with an investigation into the international best practices that can be drawn from competition law regimes across the globe, in order to provide recommendations for a competition regime that is particular to an African context and which would provide the best possible protection for smallholder farmers to ensure that the right to food is upheld.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Beyene, Atakilte. "Soil conservation, land use and property rights in northern Ethiopia : understanding environmental change in smallholder farming systems /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a395-ab.html.

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Kamensky, John Andrei. "Research on the Protection of Chinese Farmers’ Land Rights During Land Expropriation." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338394467.

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Moore, Karen. "Seed Governance in Tanzania: Seed Capitalism, Pluralism, and Sovereignty Discourses Compared, and the Value of Nuance." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38627.

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This thesis explores debates around seed governance in the context of Tanzania’s recent changes to its seed policies and laws, in order to critically examine the framings and discourses employed. Three narratives emerge, Seed Capitalism, Seed Pluralism, and Seed Sovereignty. Consistent with Westengen (2017), Seed Capitalism and Seed Sovereignty rely on, and are entrenched in, binary opposition, despite the complexity of the problems involved, and put forward singular solutions that risk harming smallholder resilience. Seed Capitalism portrays scientist-bred certified seed as superior to farmer varieties, and as optimal for smallholders, despite evidence to the contrary. Seed Sovereignty constructs rigid distinctions between peasant seeds and industrial seeds, failing to engage with the phenomenon of creolized seed, the intermixing of farmer varieties with scientist-bred varieties. Creolized seed presents a narrative threat to Seed Sovereignty’s rejection of industrial seed. Both Seed Capitalism and Seed Sovereignty narratives obscure evidence relating to seed quality and yield that is in tension with their underlying agendas. A third discourse, Seed Pluralism, not previously identified as such by the literature, resists binary framings and recommends a multiplicity of approaches informed by the nuance of relevant facts. Tanzania’s seed governance framework predominantly reflects the Seed Capitalism discourse. While Seed Pluralism has a small foothold in Tanzania’s seed governance, through the Quality Declared Seed (QDS) system, overall Tanzania’s seed laws are threatening smallholder resilience. Positive reform under Tanzania’s current political settlement is unlikely. Pro-poor donors should withdraw support for governance frameworks rooted in Seed Capitalism, and instead promote seed governance reforms grounded in Seed Pluralism, including eliminating restrictions on smallholder seed exchange in low income countries.
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Tshabalala, Moloadi Johannes. "The right to basic education : what about farm school learners? / M.J. Tshabalala." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1780.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by farm schools in exercising the right to basic education. In doing so, also to determine possible reasons behind learners' drop-out rate at farm schools. This stUdy was prompted by political changes, which took place after the democratic elections of April 1994, impacting on the provisioning of education in South Africa. The South African education system and its institutions were confronted by many laws and policies, including the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (84/1996), the National Education Policy Act 27 of 1996 (27/1996) and specific obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Through literature and empirical studies it was found that the State's commitment to social justice, especially to education, remains unfulfilled for large numbers of children, youths and adults living in rural areas. Literature revealed that the South African government is failing to protect the right to a primary education for learners living on commercial farms by neither ensuring their access to farm school, nor maintaining the adequacy of learning conditions at these schools. The research findings revealed that poverty resulting from unemployment or low income on the farms increases the need for teenagers to be in paid employment in the evenings or at the weekend, increasing absenteeism and ultimately resulting in learners dropping out, and an increase in child-labour. The empirical method, using questionnaires, was successful in obtaining information about what challenges are faced by farm schools in exercising the right to basic education and the reasons behind farm school learners dropping-out. It also established how participants felt and thought about their experiences and perceptions on the challenges confronting the right to basic education as well as the reasons behind farm school learners dropping out. The study established that if the State could respect and fulfil economic and social rights of the farm sChool community, including the right to basic education, by eradicating measures that deny the enjoyment of the right to education as seen at the farm schools, great progress and sustainability as far as education is concerned could be achieved by these schools. A number or recommendations were made with regard to the research on findings for the Sedibeng-West District (08).
Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Law))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.
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Stores, Chaun A. "African American farmers tilling for congressional attention exploring the agenda status of agricultural support policy and the hopeful permeations of civil rights (1940-1998) /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4065.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 161 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-155).
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Books on the topic "Farmers right"

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Right as rain. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004.

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Posner, Lauren. Unequal harvest: Farmers' voices on international trade and the right to food. Montréal: Rights & Democracy, 2001.

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Pipelines in Alberta: What farmers need to know. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009.

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Pipelines in Alberta: What farmers need to know. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 2004.

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Development, Canada International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic. Unequal harvest: Farmers'voices on international trade and the right to food. Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 2001.

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Hirimuthugodage, Dilani. Intellectual property rights in protecting new plant varieties and farmers' traditional knowledge: The case of rice in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, 2016.

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Nong min quan li lun: Nongmin quanlilun. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2008.

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United, States Congress House Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Resource Conservation Research and Forestry. Private property rights protection: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Resource Conservation, Research, and Forestry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, February 15, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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Seeley, Janet. Finding the right extension agent for women farmers in Lumle Agricultural Centre research and extension command areas. Pokhara: Lumle Agricultural Centre, 1989.

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Institute for Studies on Agriculture and Rural Development., ed. Farmers' participation in water management in the 18th distributory of the Malaprabha right bank canal at Arekurahatti. Dharwad: Institute for Studies on Agriculture and Rural Development, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Farmers right"

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Corvo, Paolo. "Food Sovereignty and the Right of Farmers." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 347–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_22.

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Corvo, Paolo. "Food Sovereignty and the Right of Farmers." In Handbook of the Historiography of Biology, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69626-3_22-1.

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Haugen, Hans Morten. "The Right to Food, Farmers’ Rights and Intellectual Property Rights: Can Competing Law Be Reconciled?" In Rethinking Food Systems, 195–218. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7778-1_9.

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Wu, Xi, and Hongbo Zhu. "Temporal and Spatial Evolution Study of Farmers’ Development Right Based on AHP." In Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management – Volume 2, 412–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10385-8_30.

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Diao, Xinshen, Thomas Reardon, Adam Kennedy, Ruth S. DeFries, Jawoo Koo, Bart Minten, Hiroyuki Takeshima, and Philip Thornton. "The Future of Small Farms: Innovations for Inclusive Transformation." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 191–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_10.

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AbstractThe number of people living in rural areas of low and middle-income countries is projected to increase in the coming decades. It is in the rural areas of these countries where a large majority of the world’s extreme poor reside. The livelihoods of two to three billion rural people depend on small farms. These small farms are responsible for the production and supply of a large portion of the calories feeding low- and middle-income countries. Small farms are also preservers of crops and associated biodiversity and with the right incentives can contribute to land stewardship. Small farms are diverse, and, hence, so are their associated challenges. We categorize small farms as commercial farms, small farms in transition and subsistence-oriented farms and highlight evidence-based innovations for the sustainable transformation of each type of small farm. Broadly, small farms face high transaction costs, lack collective action, and experience coordination failure in production and marketing. Lack of market access is also a major challenge. Investments in infrastructure, including those that support access to digital technologies, can improve farmers’ access to markets and incentives as well as foster growth in the midstream segments of the value chain that provide inputs, storage, processing, and logistics to small farms. Rural Non-Farm Employment (RNFE) is increasingly the main source of income for most small farmers and provides them with a risk diversification strategy and cash, both to purchase food and for farm investments to raise productivity, expand commercial activities, and produce higher-value products. Public investments and policies that facilitate growth of the agrifood system must pay more attention to creating enabling environments for the development of RNFE and strengthening the synergy between agriculture and RNFE in rural areas.
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Nuthall, Peter L. "Mind games." In Farm business management: the decisive farmer, 85–95. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620124.0008.

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Abstract This chapter discusses investments and capital of the farmers. Anne mused on the chance of buying land at the right time to make good capital gains (post-inflationary impacts had been removed of course). Search the web for information on local rural land values, all in the more or less same environment so the values are not confounded by land quality, and also search for information on local inflation rates. Inflate the land values by the inflation rates cumulatively to create a series comparable with today's land values. The chapter finishes on thoughts on the ethics of trying to change farmers'attitudes and approaches.
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van der Weele, Cor. "How to Save Cultured Meat from Ecomodernism? Selective Attention and the Art of Dealing with Ambivalence." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 545–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_30.

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AbstractAs a highly technological innovation, cultured meat is the subject of techno-optimistic as well as techno-sceptical evaluations. The chapter discusses this opposition and connects it with arguments about seeing the world in the right way. Both sides not only call upon us to see the world in a very particular light, but also point to mechanisms of selective attention in order to explain how others can be so biased. I will argue that attention mechanisms are indeed relevant for dealing with the Anthropocene, but that dualism has paralysing effects. In a dualistic framework, cultured meat is associated with ecomodernist optimism, bold technological control over nature and alienation from animals. But interested citizens and farmers in focus groups rather envisioned the future of cultured meat through small scale production on farms combined with intensive relations with animals. Such scenarios, involving elements from both sides of the dualistic gap, depend on constructive ways of dealing with dualisms and ambivalence.
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Nuthall, Peter L. "Ra ra the team." In Farm business management: the decisive farmer, 22–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620124.0003.

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Abstract This chapter tells about Brad, the consultant who has a special personality enabling him to react positively with most people including his clients. This is a special skill and is very useful, a skill that can be developed and improved by most people given some work. To understand how to improve requires understanding the reasons for the special personality. Everyone's personality is dependent on their genetic makeup (genotype) obtained from their parents and on how this interacts with the environment they experience right from when a baby. Parents clearly have a large influence on the early environment, but so do all other interactions over life. Everyone's overall psyche at any time is referred to as their phenotype - that is, the result of their genotype and environment. This psyche also impacts on how anyone learns and consequently influences what they have learnt about people skills. This chapter also reports that most of the farmers being invited to join the experimental groups had already been through the earlier programme to improve their decision intuition so were familiar with the process and questionnaires used in this new programme, designed to remove their decision biases and change their personalities to be more akin to an optimal phenotype suitable for management work. Increasingly, particularly with respect to the environment, farmers are facing more and more rules and regulations they must comply with. The same goes for labour regulations, and also health and safety.
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Linder, Wolf, and Sean Mueller. "Building a Multicultural Society by Political Integration." In Swiss Democracy, 9–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explains how, despite the absence of single ethnic culture, Swiss state- and nation-building was possible. Neither the Swiss nation, nor the Swiss society existed when modern Switzerland was founded in 1848, after a brief civil war. The chapter provides a reading of Swiss history since then as one of gradually achieving the participation of the most important minority groups and the different social classes through proportional representation. Beginning with the losers of the civil war, the Catholic-Conservatives, followed by Protestant farmers and the petite bourgeoise, and ending with the Social-Democrats, the Swiss thus invented the ‘magic formula’ in 1959 for proportionally sharing the seven seats in the federal government. Even the rise of right-wing populism since the 1990s has not changed this basic feature.
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Effendy, Lukman, Yoyon Haryanto, Rudi Hartono, and Tri Mulyana. "Farmers’ Preferences in Implementing the Six Right Principles of Pesticide Application During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Sumedang Regency." In Proceedings of the International Symposium Southeast Asia Vegetable 2021 (SEAVEG 2021), 555–67. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-028-2_57.

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Conference papers on the topic "Farmers right"

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"Analysis of Farmers' Desire for Contracted Land Management Right Mortgage." In 2017 International Conference on Frontiers in Educational Technologies and Management Sciences. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/fetms.2017.077.

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V. G, Kaviya, and Gini R. "E-Commerce Application for Farm Fresh Trading." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/raqq9272/ngcesi23p56.

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For several years, farmers in India have had little liberty in choosing markets and purchasers for their produce. All states in the country, except three, degree that marketing and selling of farm produce must be directed through state-owned mandis, retail markets where mediators (middlemen) crush farmers to increase margins. According to research, mediators have become dominating buyers of the agricultural market, resulting them to take control over the plight of the farmers and gulping all the profits. The farmers work day and night expecting a good yield. They use a lot of financial resources lending money and buying fertilizers, seeds etc. So, they have the right to enjoy every rupee gained on their corp. In this context, we propose a system which brings farmers close to the retailers cutting the middlemen. Our system consists of a mobile or web application which will serve as a platform for farmer the growers and retailers or customers to sell and buy their farm products. This system aims at giving a profitable price to farmers to their farm products cutting the middlemen. This allows the retailers or the customers to buy products from the farmers at a lower than the normal price. Farmer uploads their product with details and buyers view these details and book that product with in a time. The bidding system is suitable for bulk buyers who would like to bargain for a certain product. They will be able to bid on a product as well as view other bids. This will help them get products at a better price. The consumer can give a rating and review only after having purchased a particular product. K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) is proposed to recommendation system based on common product ratings, and make predictions using the average rating of top-k nearest neighbours. These are visible on each item’s page along with the average of the item’s average rating. K-Means is used to overcome sparsity problems and to form user clusters to reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed.
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Yu, Lihong, Qinggao Lan, and Chenwei Li. "Empirical Analysis on Farmers’ Mortgage Willingness to the Land Management Right and its Influencing Factors." In 2nd International Conference On Systems Engineering and Modeling. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsem.2013.63.

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Pogačnik, Marijan, and Franc Vidic. "Z mladimi gospodarji do večje dodane vrednosti na slovenskih kmetijah." In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.58.

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Agriculture, and with it the food chain as a whole, is facing major technological and environmental challenges to provide enough affordable and safe food for the population. European/Slovenian agricultural policy pays a lot of attention to young farm managers who will be able to keep up with the changes and achieve the objectives set. The proportion of young farmers is 11% in the EU, but only 6% in Slovenia, so a systemic approach will be needed to increase this proportion. This means that this generation will need to be given the right combination of training, access to affordable credits, incentives in the integration of the whole food chain and other measures to make them take over farms. While current financial investments (Rural Development Programme sub-measure 6.1) encourage young farmers to take up farming and achieve a higher added value, surveys show that young people expect support in other areas, and they also expect to be given more value in the provision of sufficiently affordable and safe food.
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Yu, Lihong, and Jinli Chen. "Study on Farmers' Demand for Rural Land Management Right Mortgage Loan--Based on the investigation of Faku County." In International Conference on Logistics Engineering, Management and Computer Science (LEMCS 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/lemcs-14.2014.32.

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Pérez-Pons, María-Eugenia, Javier Parra-Dominguez, Juan Manuel Corchado, Jorge Meira, and Goreti Marreiros. "Review on the applications of Multi-Agent Systems in Agriculture." In Proceedings of the IV Workshop on Disruptive Information and Communication Technologies for Innovation and Digital Transformation: 18th June 2021 Online. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/0aq03154957.

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Recent technological advances have led to the development of numerous platforms for precision agriculture, which help farmers access detailed information and make the right decisions regarding the management of their farm. Adapting the application of chemicals to crop demands or estimating optimal irrigation duration, are just some possibilities offered by multi-agent systems. Numerous multi-agent systems have been developed for use in precision agriculture. This article reviews state-of-the-art multi-agent systems and their uses in agriculture.
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"The Research on the Influencing Factors of the Farmers' Compensated Withdrawal of Land Contracting Management Right——Based on Grounded Theory." In 2018 International Conference on Economics, Politics and Business Management. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icepbm.2018.31.

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BĂLĂCEANU, Cristina, Ana-Maria DRĂGULINESCU, Sabina BOSOC, Oana ORZA, and George SUCIU. "Monitoring the Vineyard Health Using Internet of Things Sensors in Smart Agriculture – a Technical Report." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_12.

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In the last decade, massive implementation of detection devices that use the Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrated considerably in all areas, and the agricultural field is no exception. The article aims to provide an integrated vineyard management solution based on the Internet of Things technology in the Smart Viticulture domain. The monitored parameters for Smart Agriculture are the air temperature and humidity and soil and air humidity, which have a direct impact on grapes. The study region is at the viticulture station and the study period was from June to September in two the year 2019-2020. Vineyard perimeter includes the plantations located both on the right bank of the river Târnava Mare and on the river Târnava Mică, in a hilly area with kneaded relief, but very favorable for the culture of vines. The most common diseases of the vineyards are powdery mildew, downy mildew, and bunch rot. Moreover, the monitoring system aims to manage agricultural issues related to irrigations and analyze the measured parameters' effect, helping the farmers have healthy vineyards. Also, the paper addresses the need to achieve climate-adapted and more resilient farming, promoting better management tools based on objective data-driven decisions.
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Nkirigacha, Dr Evayline M. "Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: Food Based Approach to All Ages." In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-knt-2023-003.

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NUTRITION-SENSITIVE agriculture is a food-based approach to agricultural development that puts nutritionally rich foods and dietary diversity at the heart of overcoming undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Agriculture is already the source of most of the food we consume. Yet many people involved in agriculture do not consume enough food or benefit from a healthy diet. Indeed, although 63 per cent of low-income people worldwide work in agriculture – the overwhelming majority of them on small farms – many are at risk of food and nutrition insecurity. Farmers often must make difficult choices between what they consume and what they sell. Though they may grow nutritious crops and raise livestock, many of them sell most of what they produce, with little or nothing left for household consumption. The primary objective of investing in nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food systems is to ensure that acceptable, diverse, nutritious and safe foods, adequate to meet the dietary needs of people of all ages, are available and affordable at all times. This can mean, for example, introducing good practices that enable year-round access to a variety of nutritious food – either by making sure producers have the resources to produce the right foods for a healthy diet, or by equipping markets to sell a variety of nutritious foods at affordable prices. Empowering women and the impact of agriculture on women’s income is considered significant to nutrition security in households. Classical elements of food and nutrition security are income generation, increasing production, reducing post-harvest loses. Health aspects seen as most relevant in the context of nutrition-sensitive agriculture are; food-associated diseases, water pollution, and health hazards due to the use of chemicals. Of the three pillars of the modified UNICEF model, care has been considered by some studies to be significantly less in the context of nutrition-sensitive agriculture than food security or health.
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Munteanu, Tatiana, and Alina Stratila. "Development of the distribution chain for moldovan fruits." In The 5th Economic International Conference “Competitiveness and sustainable development“. Technical University of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2023.31.

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The distribution chain is the path through which the product or service passes from the producer to the final consumer. This chain includes a number of stages and intermediaries that facilitate the movement, storage and sale of products or services. An effective distribution chain involves planning, accurate logistics and coordination between all participating intermediaries, to guarantee that the product or service reaches the consumer in good condition, at the right time and in the desired location. A well-organized distribution chain can help reduce costs, improve efficiency and increase consumer satisfaction. The Republic of Moldova is a country with fertile soils and a favorable climate for the development of agriculture, and fruits occupy a significant part of horticultural production. Although approx. half of the territory of the Republic of Moldova is dedicated to agriculture, which accounts for only 13% of the country's gross domestic product. Recently, efforts have been made to modernize and improve agricultural production technologies in order to improve the quality and yield of horticultural production in the Republic of Moldova, but farmers still encounter difficulties, especially at the stage of organizing the marketing chain of agricultural products. Due to blockages that occur in the distribution chain, products are delayed in reaching consumers, additional costs arise and damage to production occurs, which leads to losses, low yields, reduced profits and the efficiency of agricultural activities. In this article, we have proposed to analyze the distribution channels for the fruits produced in the Republic of Moldova, to identify the main blockages encountered during the distribution chain and to identify solutions for the efficiency and effectiveness of the distribution of Moldovan fruits both on the territory of the country and abroad.
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Reports on the topic "Farmers right"

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Alestig, Mira. Price Interventions as a Part of Living Income Strategies: Lessons learned from piloting a price premium mechanism for basmati rice farmers in Pakistan. Oxfam, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2023.621486.

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Small-scale farmers produce many globally important products such as rice, cocoa, cotton and vanilla. Poverty is widespread among these farmers, and there is an urgent need to increase their incomes. A living income – what a household needs to afford a decent standard of living for all its members – is a human right. It is increasingly recognized that paying a living income is the responsibility of businesses. Pricing is a vital part part of this, but raising the prices paid to farmers can be complicated, and many companies still treat it with scepticism. This paper presents lessons learned from the piloting of a novel price premium mechanism in Pakistan. The goal of the price intervention, which targeted basmati rice farmers in Punjab province, was to make a meaningful contribution to the incomes of the most vulnerable small-scale farmers, while at the same time identifying appropriate mechanisms to minimize costs to retailers and/or consumers. The pilot indicates that price, in combination with other complementary measures, can effectively contribute to closing the income gap for even the most vulnerable small-scale farmers, but that any mechanism to raise prices must be designed carefully. The intervention was part of the wider GRAISEA programme, which supports farmers and food producers in South-East Asia.
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Halperin, Sarah, Jen Schneider, Rebecca L. Som Castellano, and Jodi Brandt. Understanding Arguments to Protect Farmland in Idaho. Boise State University, Albertsons Library, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/hes.75.boisestate.

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Between Spring 2022 and Spring 2023, a team of researchers at Boise State University conducted interviews with people involved in farmland protection efforts. Our goal was to understand how interviewees frame the issue of farmland loss. Frames can draw attention to an issue, contextualize decision-making, and influence the policy solutions considered. Through a frame analysis, we gained a clearer understanding of potential approaches for farmland protection in Idaho. We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing government agencies, academic institutions, land trusts, non-profit organizations, and farmers. After conducting the interviews, we analyzed the transcripts in a systematic manner to identify recurring message frames pertaining to farmland loss. The analysis process enabled us to map these frames onto potential policy solutions applicable to Idaho. Our report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each frame and pinpoints which ones are likely to resonate with specific groups. Our research revealed a diverse range of frames used to address farmland protection, with many interviewees citing multiple frames. The domestic food security, regional economy, and national/global trade frames are expected to have broad appeal, while the national security and environmental benefits frames may appeal to more specific audiences. The threatened resource and cultural importance frames are likely to resonate with those valuing tradition. We identified a variety of solutions, such as agricultural protection areas, support for rural economies, promotion of regenerative agriculture, and expansion of Idaho's Right to Farm Act protections. Our findings underscore the importance of diverse, flexible, and responsive solutions to improve the feasibility of farmland protection in Idaho. We hope that our work will provide a solid basis for future efforts aimed at preserving Idaho's farmland.
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Zilberman, David, and Eithan Hochman. Price Evaluation and Allocation of Water under Alternative Water Rights Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561062.bard.

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This project developed conceptual and empirical frameworks to analyze the water management politics as water scarcity increases. The analyses showed that increased scarcity will tend to encourage a transition from systems in which water is allocated administratively to water trading. However, transaction costs and political economy considerations placed barriers on the introduction of markets. The recent droughts - both in Israel and California were shown to cause an increase in water use efficiency by adoption of modern technologies and improvement of water conveyance systems. The drought led to institutional innovations and an increased reliance on trading as mechanisms for water allocation. Case studies from both countries demonstrate that reducing barriers to water trading and increasing farmers' flexibility in exchange of water will lead to efficient outcomes and much better uses of existing water resources.
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Murguia, Juan M., Kassu W. Hossiso, and Sergio H. Lence. Rural Land Titling and Property Rights: Does Legislating Smallholdings as a Non-Seizable Family Asset Improve Smallholder Family Farmers’ Welfare? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001296.

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Savani, Manu, and Alastair Stewart. Making Market Systems Work for Women Dairy Farmers in Bangladesh: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in Bangladesh. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5365.

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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. The GEM programme in Bangladesh was implemented under Oxfam Bangladesh’s flagship REE-CALL programme (Resilience, through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning). GEM operated in seven districts across Bangladesh, with the project activities implemented by seven local partners. The project aimed to establish 84 producer groups for smallholder dairy farmers, and this was achieved during the first year. Building on these local networks, GEM aimed to deliver a suite of training and support covering assertiveness, rights and leadership skills, agricultural practice and disaster risk management. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also in changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
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Christman, Chloe. Doing Business On Uneven Ground - Advancing land equality is key to addressing climate change and farmer rights: essential issues and recommendations for businesses. Oxfam International, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9462.

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Trench and Selig. L52132 The Safety Performance of Natural Gas Transmission and Gathering Systems. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011107.

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This report provides a summary of the safety performance of the gas transmission pipeline systems from 1985 to 2001. This summary report is based on RSPA form 7100-2 for incidents involving Transmission and Gathering Operators, both intra and interstate. The number of incidents has fallen over the 1985-2001 period while gas consumption - and thus gas transported -- has increased. The result is a decline in the number of incidents per unit transported of nearly 40%. About 90% of the onshore incidents occur in unpopulated areas. Fatalities are uncommon and injuries have decreased by 50% over the 17-year period. The largest cause of onshore safety incidents is "Third Party Damage," where an excavator, contractor or farmer damages a line while working in its right-of-way.
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Johanna, Jacobi, Kiteme Boniface, and Ottiger Fabian. Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) in Agro-industrial and Smallholder Farming Systems in Kenya. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_r4d.2020.3.en.

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Farms in the global South show heavy use of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Some of these substances are banned in Switzerland and the European Union but are often produced and exported from there. Our messages draw on research findings from Kenya. They make the link to international conventions, highlight alternatives to pesticide-intensive agricultural practices, and call for phasing out “highly hazardous” substances in line with human rights and the precautionary principle.
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Carvalho, Helena. Land Inequality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Portuguese Agrarian Reform (1974-1976). APHES Working Paper in Economic and Social History, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55462/wpaphes_a_503.

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Land reforms sacrifice property rights in the name of a fairer distribution. The trade-off they imply makes their study of interest to Economic Historians: do the benefits of reduced land inequality justify the violation of property rights? The discussion about land reforms factors in both the social and efficiency consequences of land inequality. The debate preceding the Portuguese Agrarian Reform echoes these concerns and culminated in an anti-latifundia sentiment crystallized in the legislation used to justify the land occupations of 1974 to 1976. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the efficiency arguments used to justify the occupations. Was land productivity lower in latifúndio counties? A unique dataset drawn from primary sources was specially assembled to answer this question. Through standard OLS regression, this study finds that the number of agriculture journeyman per employer landowner has a statistically significant effect on agricultural productivity after controlling for geographical and soil characteristics. It also finds that introducing literacy as a control causes the effect of land inequality to disappear leading to the conclusion that policies aimed at improving human capital would have been just as effective as a land reform. Further, this study also identifies the crop mix selected as the proximate channel of transmission. Farmers in the region with the highest levels of land inequality favoured less valuable crops, like wheat. An arid climate combined with a lack of irrigation infrastructure and wheat protectionism justify this preference.
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Obado-Joel, Jennifer. The Challenge of State-Backed Internal Security in Nigeria: Considerations for Amotekun. RESOLVE Network, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.9.ssa.

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Nigeria faces immense internal security challenges, including the Boko-Haram crisis in the northeast and violent farmer-herder conflicts in the southwest and north-central states. Across the Nigerian federation, pockets of violent clashes have sprung and escalated in new locales in the last decade. Community responses to these violent crises have been diverse and included the establishment of armed groups to supplement or act in parallel to the security efforts of the Nigerian state—in some cases with backing from federal or state governments. These local security assemblages, community-based armed groups (CBAGs), are on the one hand contributors to local order, and normative conceptions of peace and security. On the other hand, these groups are often a pernicious actor within the broader security landscape, undermining intercommunal peace and drivers of violence and human rights abuses. This Policy Note focuses on the characteristics, challenges, and opportunities of Amotekun, a recently formed CBAG in Southwest Nigeria. Drawing from the experiences of similar Nigerian groups, the Note details recommendations that may facilitate greater success and lessen poten al risk associated with Amotekun’s formation. These recommendations are aimed primarily at Nigerian government and civil society actors and describe areas where external support could potentially improve local capacity to conduct oversight of Amotekun and similar groups.
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