Journal articles on the topic 'Farmers Political activity Australia'
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1
Minnegal, Monica, and Peter D. Dwyer. "FORAGERS, FARMERS AND FISHERS: RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATION." Journal of Political Ecology 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v14i1.21683.
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This paper proposes an anthropological approach to understanding responses to environmental perturbation, one that is aligned with the humanistic and environmentalist agendas of political ecology while seeking to develop a more generic understanding of processes that shape human action in, as well as on, the worlds that people experience. We outline a comparative model that recognizes and prioritizes the role of prevailing expressions of ethos and sociality in conditioning responses to perturbation and takes variation in those expressions as focal to analysis. The model concerns the complexity of social systems, identifying two dimensions of complexity that we label ‘the involvement of parts’ and ‘the individuation of form’. Drawing on our own ethnographic studies of two, linguistically-defined, societies in Papua New Guinea and two, activity-defined, communities of commercial fishers in Australia we show, first, how differences in sociality and ethos may influence short-term responses to environmental perturbation and, secondly, how environmental perturbation may, in the longer term, influence the emergence of new forms of sociality and ethos. Where new forms do emerge, we argue, the trajectory of change will be strongly influenced by people’s prior understandings of their relations with environment and with each other, with their understandings of the extent to which they themselves were causal agents and, hence, their understandings of the extent to which they may act to ameliorate the likelihood or the effects of similar perturbations in the future.Keywords: environmental perturbation, social change, myths of nature, blame
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Seymour, E. J. "Benefits, threats and getting started with Environmental Management Systems: views of primary producers and catchment managers in Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 3 (2007): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06022.
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In Victoria, as in many parts of Australia, there is a mixed understanding of what comprises an Environmental Management System (EMS), particularly among professionals in government and industry and landholders. To help overcome this issue, the Victorian government (then Natural Resources and Environment) and the Victorian Farmers Federation formed a partnership in 2003 to promote EMS adoption and coordinate EMS activity on a statewide basis. The Natural Resources and Environment and Victorian Farmers Federation partnership held a series of 11 workshops for catchment management authority regions across Victoria. The purpose was to seek advice from primary producers and catchment managers about how EMS might realistically be implemented and promoted. This paper explores the issues raised at these workshops and the implications they have for EMS adoption and promotion in Victoria, with regard to: (i) potential benefits of implementing EMS on farms; (ii) potential threats to the implementation of EMS on farms; and (iii) how to get started with EMS. A total of 213 people participated in the workshops including 144 landholders. There were some important regional differences in the response data. Improved community perception was seen as a major benefit of EMS (13% of all responses), as were possible market benefits (12%). The major threats to implementation included perceived ‘regulatory creep’ and suspicion of government (14% of responses) and that EMS was a political instrument (13%). Primary producers and catchment managers thought that building on existing schemes and groups was an ideal way to get started with EMS. These results provide a useful basis for how EMS is promoted in Victoria. Ensuring that EMS is driven by industry without being government-heavy is perceived as very important. Better coordination between stakeholders, the provision of practical EMS products and the use of existing groups is a sensible way forward, but in practice this will be difficult to achieve.
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Halpin, Darren, and Peter Martin. "Representing and Managing Farmers' Interests in Australia." Sociologia Ruralis 39, no. 1 (January 1999): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00094.
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Byerlee, Derek. "The Super State: The Political Economy of Phosphate Fertilizer Use in South Australia, 1880–1940." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0005.
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Abstract From 1882 to 1910 superphosphate was almost universally adopted by wheat farmers in South Australia. A supply chain perspective is used to link the mining of phosphate rock in distant Pacific islands to the final application of superphosphate in the fields of Australian wheat farmers. Farmers and private manufacturers led the adoption stage in the context of a liberal market regime and the role of the state at this stage was limited although strategic. After 1920, the role of the state in the industry sharply increased in all phases of the industry. A political economy perspective is used to analyse state-ownership of raw material supplies and protectionist policies to manufacturers that resulted in high prices in Australia by 1930. Numerous government reviews pitted the interests of farmers and manufacturers leading to a complex system of tariffs and subsidies in efforts to serve all interests. Overall, the adoption of superphosphate was a critical factor in developing productive and sustainable farming systems in Australia, although at the expense of Pacific Islanders who prior to WWII received token benefits and were ultimately left with a highly degraded landscape.
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Maharani, Dyah. "Kegiatan Bisnis Layanan Pemeliharaan Ternak : Studi Kasus di Unit Breeding Services Elders Limited Australia (Animal Breeding Services Business Activity : Study Case in Breeding Services Unit at Elders Limited Australia)." Buletin Peternakan 33, no. 1 (February 23, 2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v33i1.135.
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<p>This paper describes the business activity of animal breeding services in livestock services company at Elders Limited Australia. Primary and secondary data in this paper were collected from Elders Limited Australia database and Elders staff interviewed. Data were analyzed in full descriptively. The study indicated that the business of breeding services can help the farmer especially breeder to improve the genetic performance of their cattle farm and help them to make the decision of breeding program. The product of Elders Breeding Services are semen sales, breed exact and next exact program (breeding program), Taylor Made Seedstock (embryo transfer program). The breeding services also help farmers to promote their product by using Elders Limited website. In Australia, the using breeding services are more effective and efficient than the farmers conducting their farm by their own program.</p><p>(Key words: Business activity, Breeding services, Elders Limited)<br /><br /></p>
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FIELKE, SIMON J., and DOUGLAS K. BARDSLEY. "A Brief Political History of South Australian Agriculture." Rural History 26, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331400017x.
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Abstract:This paper aims to explain why South Australian agricultural land use is focused on continually increasing productivity, when the majority of produce is exported, at the long-term expense of agriculturally-based communities and the environment. A historical analysis of literature relevant to the agricultural development of South Australia is used chronologically to report aspects of the industry that continue to cause concerns in the present day. The historically dominant capitalist socio-economic system and ‘anthropocentric’ world views of farmers, politicians, and key stakeholders have resulted in detrimental social, environmental and political outcomes. Although recognition of the environmental impacts of agricultural land use has increased dramatically since the 1980s, conventional productivist, export oriented farming still dominates the South Australian landscape. A combination of market oriented initiatives and concerned producers are, however, contributing to increasing the recognition of the environmental and social outcomes of agricultural practice and it is argued here that South Australia has the opportunity to value multifunctional land use more explicitly via innovative policy.
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Nettle, R., M. Ayre, R. Beilin, S. Waller, L. Turner, A. Hall, L. Irvine, and G. Taylor. "Empowering farmers for increased resilience in uncertain times." Animal Production Science 55, no. 7 (2015): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14882.
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As farmers continue to face increasingly uncertain and often rapidly changing conditions related to markets, climate or the policy environment, people involved in agricultural research, development and extension (RD&E) are also challenged to consider how their work can contribute to supporting farmer resilience. Research from the social sciences conducted in the past decade has focussed on adaptability or adaptive capacity as a key attribute for individuals and groups to possess for managing resilience. It is, therefore, timely to ask the following: do current ways of doing and organising RD&E in the dairy sector in New Zealand and Australia contribute to supporting farm adaptability? This paper reports on results from an examination of case studies of challenges to resilience in the dairy sector in Australia and New Zealand (i.e. dairy farm conversion, climate-change adaptation, consent to farm) and the contribution of dairy RD&E in enhancing resilience of farmers, their farms and the broader industry. Drawing on concepts from resilience studies and considering an empowerment perspective, the analysis of these cases suggest that, currently, agricultural RD&E supports adaptability in general, but varies in the strength of its presence and level of activity in the areas known to enhance adaptability. This analysis is used to generate principles for dairy scientists and others in the RD&E system to consider in (1) research designs, (2) engaging different farmers in research and (3) presenting research results differently. This represents a significant shift for the science and advisory communities to move to methods that acknowledge uncertainty and facilitate learning.
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Higgins, Vaughan. "Calculating climate: ‘advanced liberalism’ and the governing of risk in Australian drought policy." Journal of Sociology 37, no. 3 (September 2001): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078301128756355.
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For most of last century, governments in Australia treated drought as a ‘natural disaster’, an event that could best be dealt with through public forms of financial assistance. However, following a Review of Natural Disaster Relief Arrangements in 1990, the official definition of drought was changed to a ‘manageable risk’ that farmers were seen to be able to predict and control through formal business planning techniques. Through the use of the literature on governmentality, this article argues that such a shift was of crucial significance in changing the rationalities and technologies of drought management. Farmers were, from this point, constituted as key agents in the management of risk. However, the article argues also that drought as a natural disaster was not completely abandoned and continues to remain important in defining the limits of drought as a managed risk, and in calling into question the capacities of farmers to plan for so-called exceptional events. This contestation of managed risk shows one of the ways in which advanced liberal forms of rule can be shaped in a ‘social’ manner.
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Warburton, Jeni. "Volunteering as a productive ageing activity: evidence from Australia." China Journal of Social Work 3, no. 2-3 (July 2010): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2010.492655.
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O’Brien, Margaret. "Public Employees Restrictions on Political Activity in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom." ICL Journal 15, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 319–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2021-0003.
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Abstract The political rights of public employees vary greatly in scope and depth across democratic societies. While some countries balance the need for a neutral government with the rights of its employees, others fail to provide meaningful avenues for expression of political activities. As the civil service has grown and become more vocal, the government’s desire for an impartial government has grown with it. Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, three Westminster-style governments who evolved from a once singular legal system, have adopted laws and regulations to address their employees’ political activities with varying effectiveness and form. This Article will analyze each country’s legal framework for these restrictions, within their larger free speech regime. In particular, this Article will use candidacy and social media activity as a lens to examine these restrictions and provide examples for how these restrictions most commonly effect civil servants’ political activities. Although each regime has successes and failures at balancing the government’s need for impartiality with the civil service’s rights to expression, Canada has most successfully established a balance between the government’s interests in neutrality with their employee’s rights to political expression.
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Chapman, David. "Environmental Education and Politics: Snakes and Ladders Revisited." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 20, no. 2 (2004): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002172.
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AbstractThis paper revisits the history of environmental education in Australia in the 1970s and 1980s and draws parallels between these and current events in four countries, including Australia. It is argued that little has changed and that few environmental educators confront the inherently political nature of their work. It is concluded that environmental education activity must adopt a wider scope that includes political activity if progress is to be made.
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Dench, Alan. "Kinship and collective activity in the Ngayarda languages of Australia." Language in Society 16, no. 3 (September 1987): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500012410.
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ABSTRACTThis paper describes the functions of a verbal derivational suffix found in the Ngayarda languages Panyjima, Martuthunira, Yinyjiparnti, and Kurrama. This suffix, which appears at first blush to be an essentially syntactic device very like the reciprocal suffix found in other Australian languages, may be used to indicate the existence of a particular kin relationship between participants involved in the action described by a verb. The paper presents firstly the more general functions of the suffix in the Ngayarda languages and then discusses the use of the suffix to mark kin relationships. It is argued that the general “collective activity” meaning of the suffix has generalised to the marking of certain kin relationships through the recognition that collective activity is a feature of these particular relationships. The successful analysis of the data thus relies on a knowledge of the social uses to which utterances involving the suffix are put. (Anthropological linguistics, sociolinguistics, syntactic theory, cultural anthropology, Australian linguistics)
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Studlar, Donley T., and Ian McAllister. "The electoral connection in Australia: Candidate roles, campaign activity, and the popular vote." Political Behavior 16, no. 3 (September 1994): 385–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01498957.
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Winter, Caroline. "Preferences and Values for Forests and Wetlands: A Comparison of Farmers, Environmentalists, and the General Public in Australia." Society & Natural Resources 18, no. 6 (July 2005): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920590947986.
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Londey, Peter. "Australia and Peacekeeping." Journal of International Peacekeeping 18, no. 3-4 (November 26, 2014): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1804004.
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This article traces the history of Australian peacekeeping since its beginnings in September 1947. It shows that, while there have always been Australian peacekeepers in the field since 1947, the level of commitment in different periods has varied greatly. The article sets out to explain this phenomenon, chiefly in political terms. It argues that Australia’s early involvement in the invention of peacekeeping owed much to External Affairs Minister H.V. Evatt’s interest in multilateralism, but that under the subsequent conservative Menzies government a new focus on alliance politics produced mixed results in terms of peacekeeping commitments. By contrast, in the 1970s and early 1980s, for different reasons Prime Ministers Whitlam and Fraser pursued policies which raised Australia’s peacekeeping profile. After a lull in the early years of the Hawke Labor government, the arrival of internationalist Gareth Evans as Foreign Minister signalled a period of intense peacekeeping activity by Australia. For different, regionally-focused reasons, Australia was again active in peacekeeping in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In recent years, however, Australia’s heavy commitment to Middle East wars has reduced its peacekeeping contribution once again to a low level.
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Cook, Margaret. "Australia's Entanglement in Global Cotton." Agricultural History 96, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2022): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9619788.
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Abstract Cotton in Australia has always been entwined with America and England. From the initial stimulus of the American War of Independence to the boost created by the boll weevil outbreak in the 1920s, the fortunes of Australian cotton producers have been shaped by American history as much as their own nation's political and economic imperatives. Scientists and farmers relied on American experience, importing seed, knowledge, personnel, and technology. The global market reflected fluctuations in the US cotton industry and the demands of English cotton mills. Australia relied on the imports of the English cotton mills and an injection of funds by the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) in the 1920s to boost industry. While Australian politicians promoted cotton as a domestic economic and demographic stimulant, fulfilment of these nation-state objectives was deeply entangled with, and dependent on, those of America and England.
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Beeson, Mark. "Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan." Competition & Change 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200201.
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This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.
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Papoutsaki, Evangelia. "REVIEW: Noted: Political process online." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i2.283.
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Review of: Political Polling in Asia-Pacific, edited by Alastair Carthew and Simon Winkelmann. Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. 2011, 116pp. www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_30290-1522-2-30.pdf? 120517085352The authors provide a useful and general overview of how political polling has evolved over the years and how it is practised across countries in the Asia-Pacific region; ranging from a still underdeveloped but gorwing activity in Singapore, to a tool well integrated into the political fabric of countries like Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines and to a highly sophisticated apporach as practised in Australia and New Zealand.
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Domaniczky, Endre. "Possible Ways for Development of the Consular Service in the South Pacific." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.1.02.
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The author presents the specifi c elements of diplomatic and consular work in the South Pacifi c region from the perspective of a career diplomat. He shows the main geographical and political characteristics of Australia which infl uence consular activity and also the characteristics of the benefi ciaries of consular services who need to be served by the consular infrastructure. The study presents several models for undertaking Hungarian consular work and for organizing the Hungarian consular network in Australia. The author also outlines current inconsistencies in the regulations applicable to consular activity in Australia under domestic, international, and Hungarian norms as well as functional issues and the possible ways to correct them. In his conclusions, the author formulates proposals for the redesign of consular organization in Australia.
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Smith, Jeremy, and Jim Hagan. "MULTIVARIATE COINTEGRATION AND ERROR CORRECTION MODELS: AN APPLICATION TO MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY IN AUSTRALIA." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 40, no. 2 (May 1993): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1993.tb00649.x.
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Skorobogatykh, N. S. "Aboriginal women in Australia: from domestic workers to big politics. Part 2. Political arena." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 1(46) (2020): 426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-1-1-46-426-440.
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In this part of the article analyzes the participation of aboriginal women in the political life of their country and their activity on the parliamentary arena. The main character is Linda Burney, whose life and work vividly embodies the main features of the modern stage in the Australian indigenous peoples’ human rights movement
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McGregor-Lowndes, Myles, and Alexandra Williamson. "Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 13 (May 2, 2018): 1759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773495.
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Australia lacks a dedicated legal structure for foundations, and public data on its philanthropic sector are sparse. There is no public registry of foundations as opposed to charities generally, and the information held by the revenue office on foundation activity is generally unavailable. Available data are presented and show that Australian foundations are experiencing a phase of slow but steady growth in both numbers and size, punctuated by an increasing number of high-profile philanthropic donations by individuals, which are bringing public attention to the sector. This has been partially enabled by new tax arrangements that permit modified U.S.-style family foundations. Community foundations and collective giving are steadily growing as well. The major fields of foundation activity as well as their growing roles in Australian society are described. Finally, a research agenda is proposed that encompasses not only improved data collection but an exploration of emerging trends such as foundation staff professionalization, response to government marketization of welfare provision, and the increasing voice of foundations concerned with the environment.
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Hughes, Michael, and Angus Morrison Saunders. "Interpretation, Activity Participation, and Environmental Attitudes of Visitors to Penguin Island, Western Australia." Society & Natural Resources 18, no. 7 (August 2005): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920590959587.
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Zvirgzdiņš, Indulis. "Pedagogical and Political Activity of Pēteris Sauleskalns (1876–1975), a Graduate (1908) of Riga Polytechnic Institute." History of Engineering Sciences and Institutions of Higher Education 6 (September 27, 2022): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/hesihe.2022.004.
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In the study dedicated to Pēteris Sauleskalns (1876–1975), a graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), an agronomist, pedagogue, and teacher, the author used archival and library materials describing the family of Sauleskalns and the childhood of his son Pēteris, his study and work life, and pedagogical activities at Priekuļi (1912–1918) and Latgale (1921–1936) / Malnava (1936– 1940) Agricultural Secondary Schools, evaluating his contribution to the establishment and management of the Malnava Agricultural Secondary School. The teacher with a long-term experience, P. Sauleskalns also participated in political life – he represented the Latvian Farmers’ Union at the Latvian Constitutional Assembly (1920–1922). For his successful work in the area of agricultural education, he was twice awarded the highest Latvian state award – the Order of the Three Stars. After World War II, he lived in exile in the United States.
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Patterson, J. C. "INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM INVESTMENT — WHY AUSTRALIA?" APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84001.
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This paper presents the methodology that Conoco, a major international energy company, uses to make exploration investment decisions. This methodology includes a detailed and well coordinated analysis of the technical merits, cost environment, political/economic environment, and contract terms for every area of interest.Conoco continually monitors the activity in the more than 500 sedimentary basins around the world. A forecast of undiscovered reserves is made by country and basin. Obviously, all else being equal, it is better to search for oil in places considered to have the most oil left to be discovered. Gas prone areas tend to be of less interest.Once an area is identified to be of interest, data are collected on specific identifiable prospects to begin an exhaustive analysis. Recoverable reserves are estimated and the exploration program required to evaluate the area is determined.The development costs for the anticipated discovery are estimated along with production profiles. Sensitivity analyses are performed to view the effects of delays caused by factors beyond operator control.The political/economic environment in which operations would function is evaluated. A company must be able to anticipate that a government with stability and integrity will reign throughout the life of a project.Finally, the contract terms that govern the petroleum operations are analyzed. A complete discounted cash flow analysis is performed.This paper considers how each of these elements in the analysis might be a plus or a minus with regard to directing exploration funds toward Australia and shows that Australia affords an ideal mix of technical/geological merit with a workable acquisition environment and attractive economic reward. Comparisons will be made with other areas around the world.
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Zhang, Yanwei, and Hualin Xie. "Welfare Effect Evaluation of Land-Lost Farmers’ Households under Different Livelihood Asset Allocation." Land 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8110176.
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Based on research into the theory of household assets and the welfare of farmers, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-entropy weight method and cloud model were used to study the welfare level of land-lost farmers’ households under the different livelihood assets of Taohuayi Village, Taohuasan Village and Taohuawu Village in Taohua Town, Nanchang City. The results show that (1) The comprehensive welfare level of asset-deficient farmers’ households is between the “bad” and “medium” levels and is closer to the “bad” level. The comprehensive welfare level of asset-balanced farmers’ households is between “general” and “good” and is closer to the “good” level. (2) Judging from the various functional activity indicators that affect the welfare of the land-lost farmers, after the asset-deficient farmers’ households lose their land, the welfare level of the family’s financial situation, social security, living environment, mental status, development opportunities, and political participation are generally at low to medium-low levels, and only living conditions are at medium-to-high levels. (3) The welfare level of the living environment of the asset-balanced farmers’ households is at a moderately low level, and the welfare of the remaining functional activities is at a medium to a medium-high level. We then propose corresponding policy recommendations. After losing land, it is necessary to implement a differentiated circulation guarantee and support policies to achieve targeted compensation and support for the land-lost farmers’ households to improve the welfare level of land-lost farmers’ households under different living asset allocation.
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Zekri, Slim, and K. William Easter. "Water reforms in developing countries: management transfers, private operators and water markets." Water Policy 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.127.
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This paper analyzes the irrigation management transfer (IMT) experience in four middle-income developing countries and explores the links for private sector participation in providing water service and irrigation management. The four countries considered in the analysis are Mexico, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia. The IMT program was successful where farmers had their water rights established, farms are medium and large scale with good access to markets and the government had a strong political willingness to empower users. The IMT programs that focused mainly on farmers' participation and empowerment through Water User Associations (WUA) have not been very successful. Private sector management has proved a feasible alternative in a number of countries. Experiences from Australia, China, France and Mali show that the private sector can efficiently manage irrigation systems and collect water charges, even in the absence of formal WUAs. Two additional alternatives could be of interest for irrigation schemes; these are management contracts and lease contracts. Another alternative would be to reform public entities and create new models that can ensure efficiency and transparency. The establishment of water rights is key in many cases since it guarantees access to water. The water rights are most effective in improving water use when allocated to farmers rather than to the private/public operator. After the establishment of water rights, farmers will have an incentive to organize in order to obtain better service. The paper also provides an overview of different types of water markets where private operators may play the intermediate role between willing buyers and sellers of water based on information obtained through the management of the network.
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Thompson, Beatrice Emma, Melanie Elyse Grace, Bridget Clare Foster, Claire Louise Harrison, and Sonia Graham. "Does the End Justify the Means? A Media Analysis of Invasive Pig and Fox Management." Society & Animals 28, no. 7 (December 27, 2018): 776–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341593.
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Abstract Growing numbers of researchers and animal rights advocates are concerned about the welfare of invasive nonhuman animals, and new government policies echo these concerns. Past survey research, however, shows that the general public defines invasive animal welfare differently than scientists and animal rights advocates. There is little social research that investigates how differing views on the acceptability of invasive animal controls are reconciled in public fora. This article examines how invasive animal control is represented in two newspapers—The Sydney Morning Herald and The Land—in New South Wales, Australia, focusing on the management of invasive foxes and pigs. The findings revealed that efficacy is emphasized more than humaneness, especially among farmers and peri-urban residents, suggesting a disjuncture between new policies and landholders’ values. Views of indigenous land managers and amenity migrants are rarely represented yet they need to be actively engaged to ensure effective policy change.
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Sayers, Anthony M., and Jeremy Moon. "State Government Convergence and Partisanship: A Long-Run Analysis of Australian Ministerial Portfolios." Canadian Journal of Political Science 35, no. 3 (September 2002): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423902778360.
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This study makes use of ministerial portfolios to analyze the scope of government activity. It shows that in comparison with expenditure and employment measures, portfolios have a number of advantages in terms of stability, absoluteness, and in identifying when new activities attract sustained government attention. Portfolios are used to investigate whether there has been any convergence in the scope of government activity across state governments in Australia over the century since 1890, and, also, whether partisanship has had any consistent impact on government activity. Neither hypothesis is confirmed. Rather, long-term patterns of activity are complex and appear to be driven by a wide range of forces.
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Skead, Natalie, Tamara Tulich, Sarah Murray, and Hilde Tubex. "Reforming proceeds of crime legislation: Political reality or pipedream?" Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19831100.
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In recent decades, Australian states and territories have introduced a raft of legislation aimed at stripping those involved in criminal activity of their ill-gotten gains. However, in doing so, this far-reaching legislation has the potential to undermine legal principles and protections. We recently completed a study into proceeds of crime legislation in Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. From our findings it is clear that Western Australia’s legislation is the most far-reaching and potentially the most inequitable. In this article, we provide a critique of Western Australia's legislation informed by our research, and identify pressing areas for reform.
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Colic-Peisker, Val, and Ling Deng. "Chinese business migrants in Australia: Middle-class transnationalism and ‘dual embeddedness’." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319836281.
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Over the past two decades, four-fifths of the business immigration to Australia originated from China. Australian business migrants are required to undertake a two-step migration pathway: first they demonstrate a certain level of assets and business success to qualify for temporary entry and then, through successful business activity, they qualify for permanent residency (PR). Using in-depth interview narratives and survey data, this article explores migration motives and experiences of Chinese business migrants in Melbourne, Australia and situates them within the conceptual framework of middle-class transnationalism and ‘dual embeddedness’. We found that our respondents were primarily driven by motives other than the likelihood of business success in Australia, such as the prospects of good education for their children and a cleaner environment. Gaining Australian PR emerged as the key milestone in the migration process, allowing migrants to move freely between home and host countries and live as ‘dually embedded’ transnationals.
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Quilty, J. R., and S. R. Cattle. "Use and understanding of organic amendments in Australian agriculture: a review." Soil Research 49, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10059.
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A wide range of organic amendments (OA) is currently available to Australian farmers. These products have numerous agronomic applications, including the supply of plant nutrients, control of pests and diseases, and in management of soil health. Several of these products are also used in contaminated and degraded land remediation. The most commonly identifiable groups of OA in Australia are composts, compost teas, vermicasts, humic substances, meat, blood and bone meal, fish hydrolysates, seaweed extracts, bio-inoculants, biodynamic products, and biochars. Many of these OA contain nutrients within organic molecular structures; these nutrients are usually not immediately available to plants and must first be mineralised. Mineralisation often occurs as OA are consumed by microbes, thereby stimulating soil microbial activity. The application of OA such as bio-inoculants, humic substances, and seaweed extracts can potentially stimulate crop growth and development through the actions of plant growth-promoting hormones, including cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins. Yet despite these apparent benefits, the widespread adoption of OA in Australia has been limited, due in part to the high application rates required to produce agronomic benefits, a lack of consistency in the composition of some products, a poor public perception of their utility, and a lack of unbiased scientific research into the agricultural potential of these products.
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Findlater, Kieran M., Milind Kandlikar, Terre Satterfield, and Simon D. Donner. "Weather and Climate Variability May Be Poor Proxies for Climate Change in Farmer Risk Perceptions." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-19-0040.1.
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Abstract Despite long-standing assertions that climate change creates new risk management challenges, the climate change adaptation literature persists in assuming, both implicitly and explicitly, that weather and climate variability are suitable proxies for climate change in evaluating farmers’ risk perceptions and predicting their adaptive responses. This assumption persists in part because there is surprisingly little empirical evidence either way, although case studies suggest that there may be important differences. Here, we use a national survey of South Africa’s commercial grain farmers (n = 389)—similar to their peers in higher-income countries (e.g., North America, Europe, Australia), but without subsidies—to show that they treat weather and climate change risks quite differently. We find that their perceptions of climate change risks are distinct from and, in many regards, oppositional to their perceptions of weather risks. While there seems to be a temporal element to this distinction (i.e., differing concern for short-term vs long-term risks), there are other differences that are better understood in terms of normalcy (i.e., normal vs abnormal relative to historical climate) and permanency (i.e., temporary vs permanent changes). We also find an interaction effect of education and political identity on concern for climate change that is at odds with the well-publicized cultural cognition thesis based on surveys of the American public. Overall, studies that use weather and climate variability as unqualified proxies for climate change are likely to mislead researchers and policymakers about how farmers perceive, interpret, and respond to climate change stimuli.
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Stevenson, Deborah, and Liam Magee. "Art and space: Creative infrastructure and cultural capital in Sydney, Australia." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 4 (December 2017): 839–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783317744105.
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Creative activity and cultural facilities are routinely touted as markers and facilitators of successful cities and societies. This view is underpinned by the assumption that they contribute to local economic growth, foster a positive city image, and enhance urban quality of life. Creativity and the consumption of art are also well established as markers of social and cultural status, while access to, and the physical distribution of, cultural resources are also embedded in, and reinforce, forms of social difference. Understanding the intersection of the social and the spatial in the consumption and distribution of culture is important to both cultural and urban sociology. Using Sydney, Australia, as a case study and drawing on the findings of a major national study of cultural consumption, the article engages with the influential work of Pierre Bourdieu on the reception of art and the differential propensity of various social classes to go to art galleries and to appreciate art, to highlight social and spatial concentrations and fault-lines in arts participation. It also points to important theoretical and empirical nuances, including a weakening of the nexus between socio-economic class and cultural consumption that is occurring at the same time as the links between forms of cultural capital – education and art consumption – appear to be strengthening.
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Adam, Lisanne, and Greg Barns. "Digital strip searches in Australia: A threat to the privilege against self-incrimination." Alternative Law Journal 45, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x20923073.
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Law enforcement has experienced difficulties retrieving information stored on the mobile devices of suspects. Over the last years, a number of Australian jurisdictions enacted legislation that allows police officers to compel an individual to unlock their device (such as providing a PIN or fingerprint to unlock the device). Non-compliance with these legislative provisions is punishable by imprisonment. The refusal by suspects to comply with an order to unlock their devices has been addressed in a number of Australian courts. In this article, the authors will discuss this legislative activity and the courts’ responses in light of the privilege against self-incrimination.
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Chitimira, Howard. "A Comparative Synopsis of the Enforcement of Market Abuse Prohibition in Australia and South Africa." African Journal of Legal Studies 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342068.
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In Australia, the market abuse prohibition is generally well accepted by the investing and non-investing public as well as by the government. This co-operative and co-ordinated approach on the part of all the relevant stakeholders has to date given rise to an increased awareness and commendable combating of market abuse activities in the Australian corporations, companies and securities markets. It is against this background that this article seeks to explore the general enforcement approaches that are employed to combat market abuse (insider trading and market manipulation) activity in Australia. In relation to this, the role of selected enforcement authorities and possible enforcement methods which may be learnt from the Australian experience will be isolated where necessary for consideration in the South African market abuse regulatory framework.
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White, D. H., and J. J. Walcott. "The role of seasonal indices in monitoring and assessing agricultural and other droughts: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 7 (2009): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08378.
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Indices for monitoring climate variability and the impacts of drought have long been used as the basis for planning and assessing the need for domestic and international aid to affected populations. Associated with this has been ongoing debate as to which indices are the most reliable and appropriate to aid decisions by government and private agencies on when and where to provide financial assistance. The simplest indices measure meteorological drought, the effects of which are measured in terms of agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought. Even though lack of rain is the primary cause of agricultural drought, rainfall data alone are frequently insufficient to assess the effect of drought on agricultural productivity. In this study we consider a range of seasonal indices in terms of how they relate to the impact of drought on rural Australia. This includes reviewing available and prospective indices that could aid government decision makers, in terms of when and where to intervene, in developing and implementing their policies. Clear and consistent policy helps agricultural managers to determine their production and financial targets and strategies, how much physical and financial risk they and their farms will be exposed to, and even whether they should continue to remain in farming. The significance of policy in considering triggers for government intervention is that it alters the level of risk that farmers are exposed to, which in turn influences the management strategies and tactics that farmers are likely to adopt. Minimising the risk to the biophysical resource base of every farm is also of paramount importance. We conclude that indices may provide effective summaries of droughts provided the purpose is clearly and precisely defined: in terms of activity, location and timing. However, given the important role of context in evidence-based decision-making, which in this case covers a range of industries, management systems, types of droughts, and seasons across Australia, it is likely that no single index could be effective for widespread, general usage in monitoring climate variability.
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Parker, Merryl. "The Cunning Dingo." Society & Animals 15, no. 1 (2007): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853007x169351.
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AbstractThe Australian dingo, like the dog, descends from the wolf. However, although dogs have undergone a lengthy taming process that allows them to fit into human society, dingoes retain many wolf characteristics. Like the wolf and unlike the dog, dingoes do not bark. Dingoes howl; they come into season once a year, and they can dislocate their powerful jaws to seize prey. Since the arrival of settlers and their farming practices in Australia 200 years ago, dingoes have killed sheep, and dogs have learned to protect and control those sheep. Medieval texts admire dogs for their intelligence while denigrating wolves as "cunning"—a word defined as deceitful, crafty, and treacherous. A study of Australian colonial texts reveals a popular representation of the dingo as cowardly, promiscuous, vicious—and cunning. This study compares the representation of dingoes (who by killing sheep worked against the settlers) with the representation of dogs (who protected the farmers' economic interests). Finally, the paper examines those colonial writers who, either deliberately or unintentionally, allowed the dingo to escape the denigrating representation of cunning.
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West, Caryn, Reinhold Muller, Alan R. Clough, and Michelle S. Fitts. "Have Alcohol Management Plans Reduced Violence Against Women in Cape York, Australia?" Violence Against Women 24, no. 14 (January 14, 2018): 1658–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217742756.
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In 2002/2003, the Queensland Government released a decision that Alcohol Management Plans (AMPs) were to be introduced to most Indigenous communities in Cape York, Australia, in an effort to address violence generally and specifically violence against women and children. By 2008, increased restrictions brought total prohibition in some communities and tightened restrictions in others. This project provides a pre-/postprohibition comparison and analysis of injuries, injuries that involved alcohol and verified police reported assaults. Supporting this are rich community survey data which together aim to elicit the effect restricting alcohol had on violent activity in the communities, particularly for women.
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Anwar, Khairul, and Adianto Adianto. "Politik pemberdayaan kelompok tani sawit swadaya di Kampung Sialang Palas, kecamatan Lubuk Dalam, Siak." Unri Conference Series: Community Engagement 2 (December 30, 2020): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/unricsce.2.409-415.
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This service activity is set in the context of Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam District, Siak Regency. This area consists of 90% of oil palm plantations but land-use patterns, information and communication technology, decreased purchasing power of farmers, low nutritional status of farmer households. Meanwhile, the influence of local leadership is getting weaker, and Gapoktan institutions are not functioning. In this condition, there was a change in the political behavior of peasants which was initially critical, dynamic, and weakened, eroded by the narrower structure of the local democratic space, and the impact of changes in the national political economy. Therefore, farmer participation in group management needs to be increased. This activity aims to increase the capacity of independent smallholders in managing farmer groups and making decisions through the application of "my palm oil:" and a model of political empowerment. This activity was carried out in Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam, Siak Regency, and this service took the theme "Community Empowerment in the New-Normal Era". The problem is how to increase the capacity of poktan farmers in decision making and group management in Sialang Palas? The methods used are: First, preparation and socialization of the program to Karya Bersama farmer groups in Sialang Palas Village. Second, conducting lectures and discussing materials (1) leadership; (2) group management; (3) decision-making process; (4) strategic issues; (5) processing local potential (3) discussing the model of "empowerment politics" and issues of development and governance in Lubuk Dalam; (6) Village Assistance and Assistance. The results of the community service activities include: First, published scientific articles. Second, video activities and knowledge about group decision making. Third, knowledge and skills in processing palm oil waste and knowledge about family nutrition.
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Zernetska, O. "William Wentworth – Democrat by Worldview, Australian Politician and Explorer by Calling." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-10.
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The article is dedicated to William Charles Wentworth, the leading Australian political figure during the first half of the 19th century, whose lifelong work for self-government culminated in the NewSouth Wales in 1855. While detecting his life-long activity we come to the conclusion that he was an exceptionally talented men: explorer, author, gifted barrister (he graduated from CambridgeUniversity with honours), landowner, and statesman. In 1819 he published a book “Statistical, Нistorical, and Political Description of The Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependant Settlements in Van Diemen’s Land” which was the first book of Australia written by native-born Australian. The analyses of this outstanding magnum opus, written by a young man before his thirties, allow to state that his book did much to stimulate emigration to Australia. It was reissued in revised and enlarged editions in 1820 and 1824. It is found out that while returning to Australia, Wentworth as a gifted orator and excellent journalist became the colony’s leading political figure of the 1820s and 1830s, calling for the abolition of convicts’ transportation and establishing representative government, freedom of the press and trial by jury. It is disclosed how he struggled for the Legislative Council (Parliament) and new Constitution in 1840s and 1850s; how he made primary education for all children in the colony a reality and did his utmost to open Sydney University. In sum: this great son of Australia accomplished everything he planned for his native land.
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Aung, Geoffrey. "Postcolonial Capitalism and the Politics of Dispossession." European Journal of East Asian Studies 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2018): 193–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01702006.
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Abstract This article examines the trajectory of struggles over land and resources in Dawei, a town in southern Myanmar. The site of a major special economic zone project, Dawei has seen sustained mobilisation around displacement, dispossession and environmental degradation, against the backdrop of national political and economic reforms. Recently, scholars have argued that earlier visions of postcolonial transition have lost their empirical and political purchase, as farmers dispossessed of land increasingly become excluded from formal capitalist production. What happens to politics and political form if dynamics of exclusion, rather than transition, organise political activity under today’s conditions of accumulation? Repurposing Kalyan Sanyal’s concept of postcolonial capitalism, this article describes and theorises the politics of dispossession in Dawei. Tracing the political activities of activist groups and villagers, it argues that two contrasting political trajectories—one secular–egalitarian, one situational–differential—constitute a heterogeneous political field, reflecting the complexity of postcolonial capitalism itself.
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Dang, Y. P., R. C. Dalal, R. Routley, G. D. Schwenke, and I. Daniells. "Subsoil constraints to grain production in the cropping soils of the north-eastern region of Australia: an overview." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 1 (2006): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04079.
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In dryland agricultural systems of the subtropical, semi-arid region of north-eastern Australia, water is the most limiting resource. Crop productivity depends on the efficient use of rainfall and available water stored in the soil during fallow. Agronomic management practices including a period of fallow, stubble retention, and reduced tillage enhance reserves of soil water. However, access to stored water in these soils may be restricted by the presence of growth-limiting conditions in the rooting zone of the crop. These have been termed as subsoil constraints. Subsoil constraints may include compacted or gravel layers (physical), sodicity, salinity, acidity, nutrient deficiencies, presence of toxic elements (chemical) and low microbial activity (biological). Several of these constraints may occur together in some soils. Farmers have often not been able to obtain the potential yield determined by their prevailing climatic conditions in the marginal rainfall areas of the northern grains region. In the past, the adoption of soil management practices had been largely restricted to the top 100 mm soil layer. Exploitation of the subsoil as a source of water and nutrients has largely been overlooked. The key towards realising potential yields would be to gain better understanding of subsoils and their limitations, then develop options to manage them practically and economically. Due to the complex nature of the causal factors of these constraints, efforts are required for a combination of management approaches rather than individual options, with the aim to combat these constraints for sustainable crop production, managing natural resources and avoiding environmental damage.
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Meyrick, Julian, Tully Barnett, and Robert Phiddian. "The conferral of value: the role of reporting processes in the assessment of culture." Media International Australia 171, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x18798704.
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This article considers the role of reporting processes in the assessment of arts and culture and argues that a determination of an organisation’s or event’s value is the result of a chain of administrative and political interactions. The ‘conferral of value’ on a particular cultural activity may be seen as the outcome of a multi-stakeholder dialogue involving governments, funding agencies, cultural organisations and individual artists. The article emerges from a mixed-methods research project, Laboratory Adelaide: The Value of Culture, underway at Flinders University. The project works with three industry partners: the State Library of South Australia, the State Theatre Company of South Australia and the Adelaide Festival. A sketch of the history of the problem of culture’s value is given, together with the historical background of the arts in South Australia. The article concludes with a brief overview of two innovative reporting frameworks – sustainability reporting (GRI) and Integrated Reporting (IR) – and the potential gains for the cultural sector in the reporting reforms now happening in South Australia across all public bodies at a state government level.
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Hutchings, Suzi, and Dianne Rodger. "Reclaiming Australia: Indigenous Hip-Hop group A.B. Original’s use of Twitter." Media International Australia 169, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x18803382.
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This article explores how Indigenous-Australian Hip-Hop group A.B. Original use Twitter to promote their music and more broadly, as a conduit for political expression, protest and the celebration of Indigenous identities. We use Indigenous knowledges and Indigenous standpoint theories to extend on the current literature that examines the use of social media by Indigenous peoples. In decolonising research, these theoretical perspectives position the Indigenous participant at the centre of research practice where knowledge is created. Indigenous knowledges therefore become the paradigm through which social interaction is understood and described. Our thematic analysis of A.B. Original’s public Twitter activity from November 2016 to January 2017 demonstrates that the combination of Hip-Hop and social media are powerful forces utilised by young Indigenous people in Australia to discuss issues impacting their everyday lives and to make meaningful statements on contemporary Aboriginality and sovereignty.
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Fairweather, I. "Triclabendazole: new skills to unravel an old(ish) enigma." Journal of Helminthology 79, no. 3 (September 2005): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2005298.
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AbstractTriclabendazole was introduced in the early 1980s for the treatment of Fasciola hepatica infections in livestock. Due to its high activity against immature flukes, it has become established as the principal anti-fluke drug on the market. More recently, triclabendazole has been used to treat human cases of fascioliasis and is now the drug of choice for this infection, too. Resistance to triclabendazole was first reported in 1995 in a field population in Australia and, since that time, resistant populations have been identified in several countries in Europe. Parallel to the spread of resistance has been a sharp increase in the prevalence of fascioliasis, which has been attributed largely to climate changes. Consequently, farmers are faced with an alarming scenario, as none of the other fasciolicides on the market possess such high activity against the damaging immature stages of fluke. The main aim of this review is to assess current understanding of the mechanism of action of triclabendazole against the fluke and the mechanism by which the fluke has become resistant to it. The use of triclabendazole against animal and human infections is summarized and suggestions are given on ways to deal with resistance. Gaps in the knowledge of various aspects of its use are highlighted and this may serve to open up future research areas.
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Tello, Edward, James Hazelton, and Shane Vincent Leong. "Australian corporate political donation disclosures." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 581–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2016-2515.
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Purpose A primary tool for managing the democratic risks posed by political donations is disclosure. In Australia, corporate donations are disclosed in government databases. Despite the potential accountability benefits, corporations are not, however, required to report this information in their annual or stand-alone reports. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quantity and quality of voluntary reporting and seek to add to the nascent theoretical understanding of voluntary corporate political donations. Design/methodology/approach Corporate donors were obtained from the Australian Electoral Commission database. Annual and stand-alone reports were analysed to determine the quantity and quality of voluntary disclosures and compared to O’Donovan’s (2002) legitimation disclosure response matrix. Findings Of those companies with available reports, only 25 per cent reported any donation information. Longitudinal results show neither a robust increase in disclosure levels over time, nor a clear relationship between donation activity and disclosure. The findings support a legitimation tactic being applied to political donation disclosures. Practical implications The findings suggest that disclosure of political donations in corporate reports should be mandatory. Such reporting could facilitate aligning shareholder and citizen interests; aligning managerial and firm interests and closing disclosure loopholes. Originality/value The study extends the literature by evaluating donation disclosures by companies known to have made donations, considering time-series data and theorising the findings.
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Mason, Claire M., Melanie Ayre, and Shanae M. Burns. "Implementing Industry 4.0 in Australia: Insights from Advanced Australian Manufacturers." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010053.
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This study explores Industry 4.0 in the Australian context, where manufacturing is dominated by smaller firms servicing the domestic market. We interviewed 20 advanced Australian manufacturers from diverse fields, capturing detailed descriptions of the Industry 4.0 implementation process. We compared the themes that emerged from their descriptions with the factors typically assessed in Industry 4.0 frameworks to draw out differences in emphasis. Consistent with these frameworks, Australian manufacturers were focused on using Industry 4.0 technologies to automate the capture, integration and analysis of data. To enable this activity, they were reorganising workforce roles and developing new skill sets. Knowledge sharing and collaborations within and across the organisation were seen to be especially important for small Australian manufacturers (with limited funding for technology investment and research and development) to maintain global competitiveness. However, while most Industry 4.0 frameworks describe supply chain applications, the development of smart products and services, and the need to adopt a strategy-led approach, relatively few participants spoke about these opportunities. Even fewer addressed the need for improved governance, standards and data security in the context of Industry 4.0. We argue that these gaps are best addressed through government policy and investment focusing beyond manufacturers, to support Industry 4.0 uplift across key domestic supply chains.
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Andrusiak, I. P. "The gender dimension of the activity of the Ukrainian women's movement in Canada and Australia." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.1.
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The article is devoted to the study of the organized women's movement abroad. The Ukrainian women's movement, which arose and began to develop in all the countries where Ukrainians immigrated and lived, became the continuation and development of the Ukrainian women's movement on Ukrainian lands and had the goal of gaining women's rights in access to education and solving all public affairs. The reason for the emigration of Ukrainians was unfavorable political circumstances in the empires, to which at the end of the 19th century included all Ukrainian lands, as well as the economic decline and slow and ineffective development of the economy of both empires.
The organized Ukrainian women's movement has always relied on the principles of equality of people regardless of gender. The activity of Ukrainian women's organizations was based on the idea of gender equality. It is obvious that the concept of "gender equality" refers to modern legal terminology, and at the beginning of the formation of the organized Ukrainian women's movement, such a term did not exist. Equality of people, regardless of gender, was outlined by the concept of "women's emancipation". What is interesting in the development of the Ukrainian women's movement in the free world is the difference with the women's movement of Canadians or Australians, which had a feminist component at its core, that is, it was based on the opposition of the sexes. Such antagonism between the sexes arose in those peoples who had their own state and were not subjected to national oppression.
The activities of women's organizations were aimed at identifying discriminatory social practices and fighting for women's rights. Since Ukrainians did not have their own state and were oppressed, both men and women, there could be no conflict between the sexes. Therefore, for the Ukrainian women's movement, the basic values were the acquisition of women's rights, the preservation of national identity, traditions, the education of youth, and the preservation of the church. It should be noted that Ukrainian men supported women in their endeavors. Therefore, the activity of the organized Ukrainian women's movement is outlined in the context of gender equality.
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Mabbett, Deborah. "Telling tales from abroad: Australia, the Netherlands and the welfare-to-work proposals in the UK." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 17, no. 2 (June 2009): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/twyg6502.
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Welfare-to-work schemes operate through two main channels: they monitor compliance with work-related conditions for receiving benefits, and they support people into work with job search assistance and training. This article examines how the privatisation of employment service provision affects the balance between compliance and support. It is suggested that private providers working under contracts which reward employment results have little incentive to monitor compliance. This hypothesis is supported by evidence from Australia, where contracts with providers now spell out monitoring procedures and do not heavily reward results. In the Netherlands, approaches to private contracting differ between the social insurance system (which is more oriented to results than compliance) and the social assistance system, where the municipalities are strongly compliance-oriented. The implication is that privatisation does not necessarily contribute towards enforcing benefit recipients’ compliance with work-focused activity conditions.