Journal articles: 'Farm risks'

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Ullah, Raza, Ganesh P. Shivakoti, Farhad Zulfiqar, and Muhammad Asif Kamran. "Farm risks and uncertainties." Outlook on Agriculture 45, no. 3 (September 2016): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727016665440.

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Chattha, Hassan S., Kenneth W. Corscadden, and Qamar U. Zaman. "Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Improving Farm Safety on Canadian Farms." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 23, no. 3 (2017): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.11959.

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Abstract. Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries worldwide. The number of serious accidents on farms, despite sophisticated technology, development of effective prevention methods, and high-quality training and improved skill levels of farmers, is still very high. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a generic farm safety protocol to hazards that have been identified in previously published literature and demonstrate the potential benefits of such a protocol with a view to raising awareness of farm safety. Hazards in agriculture were categorized, and literature highlighting the risks associated with hazards was collated. A protocol was developed and applied to establish the likelihood of a hazard causing injury and the consequence of that injury should adverse effects of hazards be realized. The results indicated farm ownership, farm being used as a primary residence, and missing rollover protective structures as the greatest farm risks with expected likelihood and extreme consequence such as death or permanent disablement. Other hazards that require immediate attention while developing mitigation strategies include accident history and existing medical conditions of the farmer, working environment (i.e., alone and isolated), water bodies in the proximity of the farm, lack of periodic machine maintenance, uncovered power take-off and other rotating parts of the tractor, missing safety decals, auger entanglements, and unprotected use of pesticides. Intervention strategies may be guided by considering the results presented in this study. Moreover, farm safety specialists should increase their efforts to promote effective injury prevention methods and enforce safe work environments. The developed protocol addresses almost all common aspects of farming hazards and can be used to mitigate risks associated with hazards in any farm setting. Keywords: Agriculture, Farm safety, Generic protocol, Hazards, Likelihood.

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Ullah, Raza, and Ganesh P. Shivakoti. "Adoption of On-Farm and Off-Farm Diversification to Manage Agricultural Risks." Outlook on Agriculture 43, no. 4 (December 2014): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2014.0188.

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Chen, Xuan, Jing Chen, and Chien-Yu Huang. "Too Risky to Focus on Agriculture? An Empirical Study of China’s Agricultural Households’ Off-Farm Employment Decisions." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030697.

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This paper investigates China’s agricultural households and their individual members’ off-farm labor supply decision in response to farm production risks and a number of other factors (e.g., demographic characteristics, farm characteristics, and local market features). Whether and to what extent farming risks may affect farmers’ off-farm employment in China are rarely studied. Our paper provides an empirical study to demonstrate that agricultural production risks significantly impact off-farm labor supply in rural China. The impacts of associated variables on households off-farm labor supply decisions are quantified using a sample of large–scale nationwide household finance survey in 2010. The results suggest that off-farm employment serves as a risk adaption strategy for Chinese farmers. Policy suggestions on retaining farmers to focus on agricultural production are discussed.

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Etzler, Linnea, Stefano Marzani, Roberto Montanari, and Francesco Tesauri. "Mitigating Accident Risk in Farm Tractors." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/106480408x282737.

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FEATURE AT A GLANCE: The complexity of on-board equipment for farm tractors has grown dramatically in recent years, leading to significant changes in the operator's work situation. Today, most tractor functions are performed from inside the cabin, but little progress has been made toward reducing the risks associated with higher workloads. This article describes a methodology for designing a risk mitigation system for reducing rollover accidents. The methodology represents a combination of hierarchical task analysis and function allocation. Its implementation led to a final solution composed of visual and auditory displays and a joystick that gives force feedback in risky situations

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Akhtar, Shoaib, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan, Abdus Samie, Muhammad Faisal, and Jam Ghulam Murtaza Sahito. "What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070578.

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Arable farming is an intrinsically risky enterprise. Therefore, managing risks and uncertainties in agriculture is very important as it affects all sectors of the economy of a developing country like Pakistan. To do so, a whole suite of options is available to the farming community to safeguard against any type of risk. However, farmers’ behavior of the concurrent adoption of multiple risk management tools is largely ignored in previous studies and has formed the rationale for this research. Thus, the current study is intended to investigate farmers’ decisions of adopting risk management strategies (contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use) and to examine the impacts of a variety of factors on farmers’ risk management decisions. The present study is carried out in four districts of Punjab province, Pakistan with a focus on hybrid maize growers. A multivariate probit model is used to evaluate the impacts of independent variables on growers’ choices of adopting contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use to manage farm risks keeping in view the potential for the concurrent adoption of these risk management strategies. Results show that 78% of farmers are risk-averse and hence ready to manage risks. The top risk faced by farmers is price risk followed by biological, climatic, and financial risks. Contract farming is the most popular strategy (61% farmers) followed by off-farm income diversification (49% farmers), and the use of farm credit (42% farmers). The findings also reveal that the decisions of adopting risk management strategies are interlinked while the adoption of one risk management tool complements farmers’ decision to adopt other risk management strategies. In addition, the risk management strategies’ adoption choices are affected by the number of factors including socioeconomic characteristics, farmers’ risk perceptions about risk sources, and their attitude towards risk. The study recommends the provision of timely information (climatic, extension) along with easy access to farm credit and the streamlining of contractual arrangements.

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Arcury, Thomas, and Sara Quandt. "Occupational and Environmental Health Risks in Farm Labor." Human Organization 57, no. 3 (September 1998): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.3.m77667m3j2136178.

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Heifner, Richard G., Bruce H. Wright, and Lynn J. Maish. "Prospects for hedging federal farm program budgetary risks." Journal of Futures Markets 11, no. 5 (October 1991): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990110503.

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Yulianti, Atika, Argyo Demartoto, and LV Ratna Devi Sakuntalawati. "MULTIPLE INCOME PATTERNS AND REFLEXIVITY: THE STRATEGY OF ELDERLY WOMEN FARMERS IN FOOD SECURITY." International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 05, no. 01 (2022): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2022.5125.

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The era of modernization marked by the emergence of technology has had its own impact on people's lives, such as the existence of technology in the agricultural sector with the emergence of agricultural machines. The agricultural machines that are present have made it easy for farmers, but for some people, especially for farm workers, it has provided its own risk. Including the existence of a planting machine in the village of Kedungharjo, it has given its own consequences for old female farm workers. The consequence they feel is the risk of reducing human labor in agriculture. Therefore, old female farm workers to overcome food insecurity, they try to do a strategy of dual income patterns with farmincome, off-farm income, and non-farm income. Then from the risks felt by old female farm workers, they reflect on the risks they experience, as a form of response to overcome the risks of agricultural technology. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The purpose of this study was to determine the strategy of multiple livelihood patterns and reflexivity carried out by old female farm workers from the risks of agricultural technology

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Juarini, Juarini, Sri Widodo, Masyhuri Masyhuri, and Slamet Hartono. "Perilaku petani terhadap risiko usahatani di lahan pantai kabupaten kulon progo =The farmer behavior toward risksthe farming in shore land kulon progo regency." Agro Ekonomi 9, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16792.

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The research aims to know : (1) the risk of farm price and production of the shore land, (2) the farmer behavior toward risks of shore land farming,- (3) factors affecting the farmer behavior toward risks, (4) the relation between risks with expected return.The research was carried out at the shore land of Kulon Progo Regency. sub district Panjatan. There were 408 farm fields those were farmed with four combination of irrigation technology and plants : Pump-Chilli, Pump-Watermelon, Pump Chilli-Watermelon and Dipper-Chilli. These were taken 120 farm fields/farm household as sample.s proportionally in accordance to each combinations. Variation coefficient, Regression analysis and MOTAD Programming were used in the analysis.The analysis shows that : (I) chili has higher price risk than watermelon, fi-titers with Pump-Chilli to face highest production risk, (2) most farmers is risk averse in shore land farming, (3) the farmer behavior toward risks was affected by experience of farmers, family members, planting month, and cropping pattern , and (4) the higher of the risks the greater of the expected net return and reverse. Face the risks, the farmers lend to diversified.

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Handoyo Mulyo, Jangkung, Arif Wahyu Widada, Sugiyarto, and Masyhuri. "Assessing the Vulnerability of Farm Households in Yogyakarta to Risks Associated with Climate Change." E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014203002.

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Agriculture sustainability has been threatened by climate change. Climate change affects not only food production but also harms the social life of farm households. This paper assesses farmers’ perceptions of climate change issues, the scale of its impact on farm households, and measures the sensitivity, adaptation strategies, and the livelihoods vulnerability of farm households in Yogyakarta. Two hundred and four farm households representing coastal and mountainous farm households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and the Livelihoods Vulnerability Index (LVI) methods are used to analyze data. The results show that most farm households have low awareness of the issue of climate change as well as low-scale exposure and sensitivity to climate change. Meanwhile, the level of adaptation strategies for coastal farm households is slightly higher (better) than mountainous farm households. Livelihoods vulnerability indexes reveal that agricultural households in coastal and mountainous areas are at a low level of vulnerability related to climate change.

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Anderson, Kim B., and John E. Ikerd. "Whole Farm Risk-Rating Microcomputer Model." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 1 (July 1985): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017209.

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AbstractThe Risk-Rating Model is designed to give extension specialists, teachers, and producers a method to analyze production, marketing, and financial risks. These risks may be analyzed either individually or simultaneously. The risk associated with each enterprise, for all combinations of enterprises, and for any combination of marketing strategies is estimated. Optimistic, expected, and pessimistic returns above variable cost and/or total cost are presented in the results. The probability that total return will be equal to or greater than variable cost and/or total cost is also estimated.

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Shah, Jamal, and Majed Alharthi. "The Association between Farmers’ Psychological Factors and Their Choice to Adopt Risk Management Strategies: The Case of Pakistan." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030412.

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Agriculture is a risky business, and risk persists in all management decisions taken by a farmer at the farm level. Disrupting agricultural business severely affects the livelihood of individual farmers and negatively affects the country’s economy. To cope with risks, farmers’ tend to mitigate the harsh impact of risks by adopting risk management strategies. Such an adoption decision is affected by several factors, most importantly, the psychological factors, i.e., risk perception and risk attitude of the farmer. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to understand farmers’ risk perception and risk attitude that affect their behaviour in making decisions at the farm level in a risky prospect. The association is investigated by employing chi-squared tests and Cramér’s V. The indirect impact of socioeconomic characteristics of the farmer via their psychological factors is conducted using structural equation model (SEM) path analysis. Their direct impact, together with psychological factors, are examined using the probit model. The two models are compared statistically for better performance and interpretations of the results. From the results, we found that risk perception and risk attitude are the key driving forces of farmers’ decisions during uncertainty which induce them to adopt risk management strategies. Other key variables and their quadratic functions that significantly affect farmers’ behaviour include education level, farming experience, off-farm income, and farm size. Thus, it is vital to consider these factors while assessing farmers’ behaviour in a risky prospect.

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Mustafa, Albara M., and Abbas Barabadi. "Criteria-Based Fuzzy Logic Risk Analysis of Wind Farms Operation in Cold Climate Regions." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041335.

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Different risks are associated with the operation and maintenance of wind farms in cold climate regions, mainly due to the harsh weather conditions that wind farms experience in that region such as the (i) increased stoppage rate of wind turbines due to harsh weather conditions, (ii) limited accessibility to wind farms due to snow cover on roads, and (iii) cold stress to workers at wind farms. In addition, there are risks that are caused by wind farms during their operation, which impact the surrounding environment and community such as the (iv) risk of ice throw from wind turbines, (v) environmental risks caused by the wind farms, and (vi) social opposition risk to installing wind farms in cold climate regions, such as the Arctic. The analysis of these six risks provides an overall view of the potential risks encountered by designers, operators, and decision makers at wind farms. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the aforementioned risks using fuzzy logic method. At first, two criteria were established for the probability and the consequences of each risk; with the use of experts’ judgments, membership functions were graphed to reflect the two established criteria, which represented the input to the risk analysis process. Furthermore, membership functions were created for the risk levels, which represented the output. To test the proposed methodology, a wind farm in Arctic Norway was selected as a case study to quantify its risks. Experts provided their assessments of the probability and consequences of each risk on a scale from 0–10, depending on the description of the wind farm provided to them. Risk levels were calculated using MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox and ranked accordingly. Limited accessibility to the wind farm was ranked as the highest risk, while the social opposition to the wind farm was ranked as the lowest. In addition, to demonstrate the effects of the Arctic operating conditions on performance and safety of the wind farm, the same methodology was applied to a wind farm located in a non-cold-climate region, which showed that the risks ranked differently.

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Amey, Janet, and Grant Christey. "Farm injury resulting in hospital admission: a review of farm work and non-farm work-related injury." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 4 (2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19049.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONOccupational health on farms is important because farms are not only workplaces where agriculture workers are vulnerable to high injury and fatality rates, they are also homes where families and visitors undertake a variety of activities that can result in injury. AIMTo profile and describe injuries requiring hospital admission that occurred on farms, both for injuries related to farming activities and injuries unrelated to farm work in the Midland region of New Zealand. METHODSA review of anonymised prospectively collected Midland trauma registry data from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Cases include unintentional injuries occurring on a farm. Non-major injuries are included to better quantify the trauma burden. RESULTSIn total, 2303 hospital admissions met the study criteria. Non-major injury accounted for 93.1% of events and 45.0% of injuries occurred during farming activities. Five people died in hospital; all injured while undertaking farm work. Males made up 84.8% of farm work and 70.9% of non-farm work injuries. Horse riding had the highest number of injuries, with off-road motorcycles, livestock, falls and quad bike injuries comprising the most common injury activities and mechanisms. Farming-related major injuries commonly involved quad bikes, non-traffic vehicles and motorcycles. Farmers in the Districts of Waitomo, Rotorua, Waipa and Taupō had the highest standardised hospitalisation rates. DISCUSSIONThe nature of farms and farming exposes people to different risks from the risks people in urban areas are exposed to. Injury prevention efforts should remain on work-related farming injuries, but also encompass the high number of injuries that are not related to farm work but happening on farms.

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Manning, Al. "On-farm culture and pathogen identification: risks and benefits." Livestock 26, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.6.268.

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Selective treatment of clinical mastitis cases based on the results of on-farm culture (OFC) has been suggested by several international experts. It is based on the theory that mastitis cases caused by Gram-negative species has high resolution rates, and those that do not resolve respond poorly to therapy. Several peer-reviewed studies have evaluated the accuracy of different OFC test kits, which are between 60–85% accurate at identifying Gram-positive pathogens. Implementation studies consistently show a reduction in antimicrobial use, although further research across larger populations is needed to assess the impact on mastitis cure. Any OFC protocol should be regularly reviewed with the herd veterinarian. Herds with a high bulk cell count, a high prevalence of Gram-positive pathogens (e.g. Streptococcus uberis), or with a high prevalence of Klebsiella spp. should carefully consider the impact of deferred or withholding treatment on mastitis cure.

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Ullah, Raza, Ganesh P. Shivakoti, Asif Kamran, and Farhad Zulfiqar. "Farmers versus nature: managing disaster risks at farm level." Natural Hazards 82, no. 3 (March 14, 2016): 1931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2278-0.

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Endoh, Eusebius K. M., and Jolyanis Lainawa. "Designing and Building a Risk Management Model for the Pork Supply Chain in North Sulawesi." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 7, no. 2 (May 20, 2024): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v7i2.3188.

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This study aims to present a comprehensive model for managing supply chain risks in the pork industry, comprising four primary components: (1) a risk identification (2) a risk assessment (3) a risk mitigation Employing the Snowball Sampling method, the research investigated 30 pig farms across North Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow, and Minahasa districts, focusing on model identification and risk assessment within farmer and marketing institutions. Findings revealed that supply chain risks within pig farm products are primarily attributed to the perishable nature of the goods, persisting from farm activity processes through distribution channels to final traders. Risk assessment highlighted that farms face the highest level of risk compared to traditional market retailers and supermarkets, with breeders carrying the greatest risk among distributors and retailers. Consequently, identified risks significantly impact production quantity and pork quality, categorizing them as critically important risks. The decline in production adversely affects the income of farmers and distributors/retailers, underscoring the high risk associated with farm-level production activities. In light of these findings, enhancing farm-level performance requires government intervention to regulate the pork supply chain in North Sulawesi.

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Nirmala, G., A. Amarender Reddy, P. K. Pankaj, R. Nagarjuna Kumar, K. Ravi Shankar, C. N. Anshida Beevi, Jagriti Rohit, and V. K. Singh. "Livelihood Diversification in Rainfed Areas of Telangana State: Evidence from Household Level Survey." Indian Journal of Extension Education 60, no. 1 (2024): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2024.60113.

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Farmers in rainfed agriculture participate in both on-farm and off-farm activities to reduce risks from weather shocks, low farm fragmentation, low soil productivity, and frequent droughts and floods. Dependence on farm revenue alone proved difficult and risky. The study was conducted in 2022 to determine patterns and a livelihood diversification index at the household level for various farm sizes producing the chickpea crop. Primary data were acquired from 80 randomly selected farmer respondents in four mandals of Kamareddy district in Telangana State. Descriptive statistics were applied to characterize the sample households’ demographic, social, and economic factors. The livelihood diversification index was estimated using the Simpson diversity index at the household level. The data revealed that small and marginal farmers have very high diversification levels, while medium and large farmers have high diversification levels. The percentage share of on farm income stands highest for large farmers and lowest for marginal farmers and vice versa about non-farm activity. Regression analysis indicated education, farm size, total on-farm income, and net returns from pulse crops were significant determinants for diversification. The study further suggests that government support needs to focus on the provision of incentives for diversification at both on-farm and non-farm levels.

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Severini, Simone, Antonella Tantari, and Giuliano Di Tommaso. "Effect of agricultural policy on income and revenue risks in Italian farms." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-07-2016-0067.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess how direct payments (DPs) of the Common Agricultural Policy affect income and revenue variability faced by Italian farmers. Design/methodology/approach Balanced farm-level panel data are used to construct coefficients of variation over the period 2003-2012. Nonlinear robust regression techniques are used to measure the effect of DP, farm size, fixity in resources, labor intensity, farm production orientation, and specialization on the variability of farm income (FI) and farm revenue. This is done on the overall sample as well as on subsamples of farms located in different regions and belonging to different types of farming. Findings DPs have mixed effects on the variability of FI. While a negative and significant relationship is found on the whole national sample, this is not generally the case when models are run on the considered subsamples. On the contrary, DPs have always significant variability increasing effects on revenue. This suggests that DPs reduce the degree of risk that farmers face allowing them to engage in riskier activities. Thus, DPs are less effective than expected in terms of income stabilization because these distort farmers’ risk management behavior. Because of this, DPs could constrain the development of markets for risk management instruments and reduce the effectiveness of policies supporting the use of these instruments. Originality/value The analysis is inspired by El Benni et al. (2012) but uses a different approach, applies it to a different country, and yields different results. Volatility measures are calculated over more years, and the paper accounts for differences in farm production orientation and is not based on an unbalanced panel of farms. Because of these differences, the authors obtained different results regarding the correlation between DP and income and, even more, revenue variability. Finally, comparing the results of models referring to FI and farm revenue improves the author’s understanding of the impact of DP on farmers’ risk management behavior and allows interesting policy considerations.

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Kuethe, Todd. "The risk and return of farm real estate and the “bad data problem”." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2015-0049.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the consequences of appraisal smoothing in the estimation of the risks and returns of farm real estate. It examines the degree to which the risk and return characteristics of farm real estate are an artifact of the methods used to measure aggregate property values. Design/methodology/approach – A multifactor asset pricing model is estimated using farm real estate returns in a manner consistent with prior research, as well as using farm real estate returns calculated using two synthetic unsmoothing procedures developed in the real estate finance literature. Findings – The model suggests that unsmoothed farm real estate returns exhibit characteristics that differ from those suggested by prior research. The unsmoothed returns suggest a stronger correlation with economy wide investment risks. Originality/value – This is the first study to evaluate the impacts of appraisal smoothing in a farm real estate context. It provides a simple framework for addressing many of the pricing anomalies associated with farmland.

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Perry, Melissa, and Frederick Bloom. "Perceptions of Pesticide Associated Cancer Risks among Farmers: A Qualitative Assessment." Human Organization 57, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.3.653wk71255172971.

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American farmers experience disenfranchisement in occupational and health status that places them at excess risk for injury and disease. Cancer morbidity and mortality investigations have documented excess rates of specific cancers among agricultural workers, and occupational pesticide exposure is thought to be a contributing etiologic agent. We report on a qualitative investigation of dairy farmers' awareness of cancer and their perceptions of pesticide associated cancer risks. A focus group of twelve participants and eleven elicitation interviews were conducted with dairy farmers residing in six Wisconsin counties. Leading themes that emerged from the narratives were farm sustainability concerns, time and stress contributing to pesticide exposure risks, and personal explanations of cancer causes. Prevention program recommendations stemming from these findings call for farm community approaches that target the multiple influences affecting pesticide safety. Such approaches should both originate from and foster collective community wisdom rather than expert models to achieve diffusion of health innovations and to ultimately reduce farm health risks.

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Hartung, J. "Health Risks in Farm Animal Buildings due to the Air." ASU International 2014, no. 08 (August 4, 2014): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asui.2014-08-04-01.

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Turvey, Calum G., and Rong Kong. "Business and financial risks of small farm households in China." China Agricultural Economic Review 1, no. 2 (January 30, 2009): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561370910927417.

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Callejón-Ferre, Ángel Jesús, Mónica Estefanía Montoya-García, José Pérez-Alonso, and José Ignacio Rojas-Sola. "The psychosocial risks of farm workers in south-east Spain." Safety Science 78 (October 2015): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.015.

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Rutherford, KMD, RD Donald, G. Arnott, JA Rooke, L. Dixon, JJM Mehers, J. Turnbull, and AB Lawrence. "Farm animal welfare: assessing risks attributable to the prenatal environment." Animal Welfare 21, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.21.3.419.

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Yang, Ming, François Nguyen, Philippine De T’Serclaes, and Barbara Buchner. "Wind farm investment risks under uncertain CDM benefit in China." Energy Policy 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 1436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.024.

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Alcock, D. J. "Using grazing systems modelling to assess economic, production and environmental risks to aid in selecting appropriate stocking rates." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 7 (2006): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05302.

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Results of contemporary farm benchmarking are often used as the grounds for recommending wholesale change in farm management while often paying little heed to the associated risks involved. The current push to increase pasture utilisation rates through increased stocking rates is an example of generalised recommendations for which there is limited supporting data. Grazing systems models provide objective tools to help put the potential outcomes of various management options into context. They provide a framework to evaluate the impact of management options before they are implemented and can provide a fuller representation of the risks involved. This may help to avoid costly mistakes in terms of time, money and farm sustainability.

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Phan, Nguyen Thai, Isabelita M. Pabuayon, Nguyen Duc Kien, Truong Quang Dung, Le Thanh An, and Nguyen Cong Dinh. "Factors Driving the Adoption of Coping Strategies to Market Risks of Shrimp Farmers: A Case Study in a Coastal Province of Vietnam." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5005.v12i2.4444.

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Shrimp farmers in Vietnam respond passively to market risks, such as input and output price shocks. This study provides a better understanding of market risks, risk management strategies adopted by shrimp farmers, the factors driving their choice of strategies, and how such strategies affect farm performance. Random sampling was used to collect information from a sample of 246 shrimp farmers. Several analytical methods were combined, including descriptive analysis, coefficient of variance estimation for market risks, and a logistic regression model to uncover factors behind farmers’ decisions to adopt risk management strategies. To cope with market risks, shrimp farmers frequently adopt two risk management strategies: changes in farming technology and practices, and agricultural input contracts. Overall, 54.9% of shrimp farmers only used a single strategy, whereas the others used combined risk management strategies. Age, farm size, membership in a farmers association, participation in training, gender, price of output, price of seed, price of fertilizer, distance from farm to the market center, and shrimp type were identified as factors driving the probability of using combined risk management strategies.

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Dilmurod Nematovich, Baymirzayev. "Theoretical analysis of business risks." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 5 (October 24, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.136.

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Internal risks associated with economic activity are directly related to the processes of production, reproduction, treatment and management. Production risks, in turn, are subdivided into separate types of farm activities: basic, additional and service processes. Entrepreneurs face different set of risks that differ from each other by the way and place of origin, the combination of external and internal factors influencing the level of risks, methods of analysis and description. All risks are interconnected, and to some extent, they affect the business. At the same time, a change in a particular risk will affect many other types of risks.

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Cafarchia, Claudia, Antonio Camarda, Roberta Iatta, Patrizia Danesi, Vincenza Favuzzi, Giancarlo Di Paola, Nicola Pugliese, Anna Caroli, Maria Teresa Montagna, and Domenico Otranto. "Environmental contamination by Aspergillus spp. in laying hen farms and associated health risks for farm workers." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.065946-0.

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Data on the occurrence and epidemiology of Aspergillus spp. in laying hens farms are scant. With the aims of determining levels of airborne contamination in laying hen farms and evaluating the potential risk of infection for workers and animals, 57 air samples from 19 sheds (Group I), 69 from faeces (Group II), 19 from poultry feedstuffs (Group III) and 60 from three anatomical sites (i.e. nostrils, pharynx, ears) of 20 farm workers (Group IV) were cultured. The Aspergillus spp. prevalence in samples ranged from 31.6 % (Group III) to 55.5 % (Group IV), whereas the highest conidia concentration was retrieved in Group II (1.2×104 c.f.u. g−1) and in Group III (1.9×103 c.f.u. g−1). The mean concentration of airborne Aspergillus spp. conidia was 70 c.f.u. m−3 with Aspergillus fumigatus (27.3 %) being the most frequently detected species, followed by Aspergillus flavus (6.3 %). These Aspergillus spp. were also isolated from human nostrils (40 %) and ears (35 %) (P<0.05) (Group IV). No clinical aspergillosis was diagnosed in hens. The results demonstrate a relationship between the environmental contamination in hen farms and presence of Aspergillus spp. on animals and humans. Even if the concentration of airborne Aspergillus spp. conidia (i.e. 70 c.f.u. m−3) herein detected does not trigger clinical disease in hens, it causes human colonization. Correct management of hen farms is necessary to control environmental contamination by Aspergillus spp., and could lead to a significant reduction of animal and human colonization.

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Joo, Kyuhyeon, and Jinsoo Hwang. "Acceptance of Green Technology-Based Service: Consumers’ Risk-Taking Behavior in the Context of Indoor Smart Farm Restaurants." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 18, 2023): 11433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011433.

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Smart farm technology contributes to sustainable environmental protection, and so it is important to investigate consumer behavior in this regard. Therefore, this paper constructs a theoretical model focusing on the consumers of indoor smart farm restaurants. The theoretical framework integrates the theory of planned behavior and the perceived risk theory. The constructed framework is deepened by testing the moderating role of novelty seeking in the effects of perceived risks on attitudes. The results revealed that (1) psychological and quality risks negatively affect attitude, (2) subjective norm positively affects attitude, (3) attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively affect behavioral intentions, and (4) the moderating impact of novelty seeking was discovered in the relationship between psychological risk and attitude. This is the first investigation of the perceived risks of indoor smart farm restaurants, and this study empirically proved the moderating role of novelty seeking in the risk-taking behavior context. This study consequently contributes to advancing state-of-the-art methods and presents practical marketing recommendations.

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Thiel, P. G. "Mycotoxins and health risks." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 5, no. 3 (March 18, 1986): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v5i3.991.

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Fungal contamination of agricultural products can prove to be harmful to humans and domestic animals as these fungi produce a variety of mycotoxins which can eventually occur in food. Acute intoxications with mycotoxins occur regularly in farm animals but, fortunately, are infrequently observed in humans. However, the chronic exposure of humans to mycotoxins occurs regularly. Such exposures are potentially teratogenic and carcmogenic and can suppress the immune system. It is presently impossible to establish safe levels of exposure for most mycotoxins due to scanty epidemiological data and insufficient observations on experimental animals. With respect to aflatoxin all available data point to a real health risk. Risk analysis based on epidemiological observations shows that the liver-cancer risk for individuals in South Africa is potentially increased by continued exposure to the present legally permitted level of aflatoxin in food.

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Sjah, T., I. Budastra, I. G. L. P. Tanaya, Wuryantoro Wuryantoro, N. L. S. Supartiningsih, and S. Maryati. "THE RELATIONSHIPS OF RISKS AND INCOMES IN FARMING IN WETLAND AND DRYLAND OF NORTH LOMBOK, INDONESIA." AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal (e-Journal) 10, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agroland.v0i0.1956.

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Risk is a constant threat to businesses, including to farms in North Lombok, Indonesia. This paper examines the relationships between risks of farming and incomes generated by the selected farms. Data related to farm risks and incomes were collected from samples of farmers in wetland and dryland in North Lombok Indonesia, through series of face-to-face interviews on the farms or farmers houses, guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative analyses were carried out on farm risk levels and income, followed by descriptive comparative on examination of the relationships between the two main variables of this paper. Results of analyses revealed that incomes from farming crops in North Lombok were not obviously related to the risks associated with the crop production and market. However, agricultural producers have selected crops for their suitability to the land (soil) and local climate, by which farming risks were reduced or eliminated, for sustaining farming activities, and expecting high farm income. Since crops have been suitable to the land climate, as well as to the acceptable risk, then agricultural production is continued and income is generated for the farmers.

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Jago, J., C. Eastwood, K. Kerrisk, and I. Yule. "Precision dairy farming in Australasia: adoption, risks and opportunities." Animal Production Science 53, no. 9 (2013): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12330.

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Dairy farm management has historically been based on the experiential learning and intuitive decision-making skills of the owner-operator. Larger herds and increasingly complex farming systems, combined with the availability of new information technologies, are prompting an evolution to an increasingly data-driven ‘precision dairy’ (PD) management approach. Automation and the collection of fine-scale data on animals and farm resources via precision technologies can facilitate enhanced efficiency and decision making on dairy farms. The proportion of dairy farmers using this approach is relatively small (between 10 and 20% of farmers); however, industry trends suggest a continual increase in the use of precision technologies. Australasian PD farms have reported both positive and negative stories regarding the approach but to date there has been little industry attention or co-ordination in Australia or New Zealand. A series of workshops was held in late 2011 between industry-good representatives, researchers and farmers, from Australia and New Zealand, to discuss the opportunities and risks associated with PD. To take advantage of the emerging PD opportunity the trans-Tasman workshop group suggested five focus areas including: industry-good co-ordination and leadership in precision dairy; working to define the on- and off-farm value of PD; improving the technology available to farmers; integration of PD within farming systems for improved management; and developing learning and training initiatives for farmers and service providers. Action in these focus areas will enable future dairy farmers to implement the PD approach with enhanced confidence and effectiveness.

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Rashid, Debar A. "Financial, Institutional, and Humanitarian Risks and Their Impact on Tomato Cultivation in Sulaymani Governorate." Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58928/ku23.14411.

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The research aimed to identify the level of financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers in Sulaymani Governorate, Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the variability in farmers' viewpoints with regard to these risks based on the pertinent research variables. the data were collected using a questionnaire and a personal interview method by taking a multi-stage random sample by selecting three areas famous for growing tomatoes in Sulaymani Governorate with (1750) farmers, Then, in the second stage, a proportional stratified random sample of (16%) was taken from the research population, so the sample size was (280) farmers. The results showed that the level of financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers is high, tending to medium. The results showed that there is a difference in farmers' opinions regarding the financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers in accordance with the specified research variables, (Age, Type of farm holding, Volume of tomato production during the year, Contact with the agricultural extension, Sources of agricultural information), While there is no discrepancy in farmers’ opinions regarding financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks according to the research variables (Educational level, Years of agricultural experience, Size of farm holding, Participation in training courses) Therefore, the researchers recommend diversifying the crops grown in addition to tomatoes, preparing an integrated agricultural indicative plan, and providing occupational safety and health for workers on the farm to reduce the financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks in tomato production.

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C. Onuwa, Godfrey. "MITIGATING RISKS IN SMALLHOLDER SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR [L.] MOENCH) PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Agribusiness Management In Developing Nations 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/amdn.02.2023.41.44.

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Risks in agriculture include those related to the production, market, credit, technological, institutional, and human resource sectors; hence, low output in sorghum production is attributable to poor management practices among smallholders in Nigeria. Therefore, this study evaluated sorghum production risks and mitigation measures in small-scale farms in Toro, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Primary data collected via multi-stage sampling from 145 respondents was evaluated utilizing Descriptive Statistics and Adoption Index. The results showed the prevalent sorghum production risks include low farm output (80.7%), post-harvest losses and limited technology (69.7%), flood/drought (61.4%), damage by birds (57.2%) and commodity price volatility (53.8%). Most (98.2%) of the respondents adopted mixed cropping; this practice promotes agro-crop diversity in smallholder farming systems. Other critical mitigation measures include farm enterprise diversification (80.0%), improved technology adoption (72.4%), fertilizer application (67.6%); agrochemical application (55.9%) and improved agronomic practices (51.0%). Additionally, the adoption index of 64.8% of farmers is 0.33 or less; this index of adoption of measures of mitigating production risks was low and relatively inadequate. Furthermore, the major constraints of adoption of measures of mitigating production risks include inadequate capital (94.5%), poor access to agricultural technology and credit (73.1%), cost of adaptation strategy (69.7%) and poor input supply (51.7%). Improved access to agricultural credit and farm capital; adequate input supply and technology transfer, smallholder capacity building, improved extension and financial services; and effective policy modifications are strongly recommended.

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Harrison, Keith. "Occupational risks to male reproductive health." Reproductive Medicine Review 7, no. 2 (July 1999): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279999000216.

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Occupational infertility in the male has been a recognized entity since the identification in 1978 of the testicular toxicity of the nematocide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in factory workers producing it and farm workers using it. DBCP remains the best documented chemical testicular toxin, its effect being confined purely to testicular germinal epithelium. There is increased recognition of employer responsibility for workplace health and safety accompanied by a growing threat of litigation from affected persons. This has led to fertility risks within occupations also being considered, along with the traditional areas of physical and auditory safety and protection from potential carcinogens.

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Finger, Robert, and Nadja El Benni. "Farm income in European agriculture: new perspectives on measurement and implications for policy evaluation." European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab011.

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Abstract Viable farm households contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems. Farm income is a policy-relevant proxy for this viability. Here, we address three key aspects of farm income: first, the income issue, focusing on (average) income levels; second, the variability issue, focusing on income risks faced by farmers; and third, the inequality issue, focusing on the heterogeneity and (in-)equalities of farm incomes. This special issue presents new perspectives on measurement, modelling, development and policies related to the income of farm families in Europe, especially in the light of increasing complexity of farms and policies and risk exposure.

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ZENTNER, J., R. BERG, W. PICKETT, and B. MARLENGA. "Do parents' perceptions of risks protect children engaged in farm work?" Preventive Medicine 40, no. 6 (June 2005): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.10.007.

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Schmitt, Natalie M., Jochen Schmitt, Dimitris J. Kouimintzis, and Wilhelm Kirch. "Health risks in tobacco farm workers—a review of the literature." Journal of Public Health 15, no. 4 (June 1, 2007): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-007-0122-4.

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McCurdy, Stephen A., Steven J. Samuels, Daniel J. Carroll, James J. Beaumont, and Lynne A. Morrin. "Injury risks in children of California migrant Hispanic farm worker families." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 42, no. 2 (July 16, 2002): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10091.

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Hafner, Nataša Dernovšček, and Lilijana Šprah. "282 Psychosocial challenges and opportunities of farmers and farmworkers: a systematic literature review." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.107.

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Abstract • Objectives The work environment and the nature of the work itself have a significant impact on the health and well-being of farmers and farm workers. Because of the way work is designed, organised and managed, as well as the economic and social environment of work, they are exposed to various psychosocial risks that increase the risk of work-related stress and can affect their performance, health and well-being. This systematic literature review examines the origins of psychosocial risks faced by farmers and farm workers. • Method The study is part of Safe Habitus (Strengthening Farm Health and Safety Knowledge and Innovations System), the European Commission funded project HORIZON. The literature search was conducted on peer-reviewed articles published in English in the primary database Web of Science between 2005 and 2023. This systematic review followed the PRISMA protocol: identification of the literature; screening questions; eligibility based on inclusion criteria; and assessment of the quality of the studies. • Results Among others, the following areas of psychosocial risks stood out: culture of farming, social protection, safety in farming and new technologies. The identified psychosocial hazards and risks arising from the psychosocial work environment of farmers and farm workers, including new psychosocial challenges and opportunities, and affecting their health and safety, are consistent with some previous studies. • Conclusion The results of study will provide recommendations for improved policy in this area and help practitioners to develop the best model for a safer and more inclusive working environment in farming and ultimately make farming a safer profession.

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Ferto, Imre, and Aldona Stalgienė. "EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES ON INCOME RISK IN LITHUANIAN DAIRY FARMS." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.27.

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The aim of the paper is to investigate the effects of agricultural subsidies on income variability of Lithuanian dairy farms. In addition, the observed heterogeneity in income risks across farms and time is explained in terms of farm characteristics. It was employed balanced farm-level panel data of the Lithuanian farm accountancy network (FADN) was used to construct coefficients of variation of five-year gross farm revenues over the period 2010 to 2014. Various econometric models are applied to measure the effect of off-farm income, total subsidies, farm size, and financial immobility on the variability of gross farm incomes. Estimations suggest that agricultural subsidies, liquidity have positive impact on income risk. The age of farmers negatively influences the income risk. There is non-linear relationship between farm size and income risk.

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PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., A. RAJALA, and L. JAUHIAINEN. "Hidden viability risks in the use of farm-saved small-grain seed." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 6 (April 7, 2011): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000335.

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SUMMARYAgriculture must provide sustainable food security and economic development to meet future challenges; new cultivars and the use of quality seed will be key components of this. The use of farm-saved seed may increase due to imbalances between income and expenditure associated with farming. The present study characterized the quality of commonly used, and thereby easily available, farm-saved seed in Finland. Farmers provided 657 seed lot samples of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that they intended to use for sowing. Germination, seed weight, seedling elongation and within-seed-lot variability were analysed. Information was available on region, number of seed generations and cultivar. The specific aims were to identify how many generations of farm-saved seed are generally used by farmers, whether there is any safe generation threshold and the variability of quality of the seed lots. It was found that 0·80–0·84 of barley seed lots exceeded the 0·85 minimum germination requirement for certified seed, but only 0·60 of wheat. The risk of poor establishment was higher in wheat if the seed was not tested: 0·13 of wheat seed lots had germination of ⩽0·65 and 0·06 of ⩽0·50, while for barley the proportions with inadequate germination were 0·03–0·05. At most, >0·30 abnormal seedlings were recorded for barley and >0·50 for wheat. Variation in seed size and seedling length within seed lots was important, and increase in the latter was associated with reduced germination. In combination with up to 0·14 lethal fungus-infected seed, this emphasizes the need for seed upgrading measures. No safe threshold for farm-saved seed generations was determined.

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Hamid, A., AS Ahmad, and N. Khan. "Respiratory and Other Health Risks among Poultry-Farm Workers and Evaluation of Management Practices in Poultry Farms." Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 20, no. 1 (March 2018): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0513.

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ESCALANTE, CESAR L., ADENOLA OSINUBI, CHARLES DODSON, and CARMINA E. TAYLOR. "LOOKING BEYOND FARM LOAN APPROVAL DECISIONS: LOAN PRICING AND NONPRICING TERMS FOR SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED FARM BORROWERS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 50, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.25.

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AbstractThis study utilizes Farm Service Agency lending data to verify if previous racial and gender bias allegations still persist in more recent lending decisions. Beyond loan approval decisions, this study focuses on trends in direct loan packaging terms for approved single proprietorship farm borrowers. Results indicate that although no significant disparities were noted in loan amounts and maturities prescribed for various racial and gender minority groups, nonwhite male and female borrowers were usually charged higher interest rates than the others. Loan pricing differentials could have been the lenders' strategy for price management of borrowers' credit risks.

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Ikerd, John E. "AN INTEGRATED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: POTENTIAL FOR HORTICULTURE." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 444b—444. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.444b.

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Farming operations must be both environmentally sound and economically viable if they are to be sustainable over time. Thus, farmers of the future must be able to balance environmental and economic concerns in making management decisions. An integrated farm decision support system, PLANETOR, has been developed to help farmers balance soil loss, water quality risks, production efficiency, and profitability in the farm planning process.PLANETOR is a site-specific, field-level, multi-year, computer-based program which allows farmers to evaluate alternative resource management strategies; including cropping sequence, tillage methods, and pest management practices within a whole-farm systems context. The PLANETOR program may be particularly useful for horticultural crop producers who are attempting to use crop rotations and integrated pest management strategies to reduce their reliance on commercial chemical inputs and thus reduce environmental risks and input costs without sacrificing productivity.

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LYNCH, M. F., R. V. TAUXE, and C. W. HEDBERG. "The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 3 (February 9, 2009): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001969.

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SUMMARYFoodborne outbreaks from contaminated fresh produce have been increasingly recognized in many parts of the world. This reflects a convergence of increasing consumption of fresh produce, changes in production and distribution, and a growing awareness of the problem on the part of public health officials. The complex biology of pathogen contamination and survival on plant materials is beginning to be explained. Adhesion of pathogens to surfaces and internalization of pathogens limits the usefulness of conventional processing and chemical sanitizing methods in preventing transmission from contaminated produce. Better methods of preventing contamination on the farm, or during packing or processing, or use of a terminal control such as irradiation could reduce the burden of disease transmission from fresh produce. Outbreak investigations represent important opportunities to evaluate contamination at the farm level and along the farm-to-fork continuum. More complete and timely environmental assessments of these events and more research into the biology and ecology of pathogen-produce interactions are needed to identify better prevention strategies.

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Wauters, E., F. van Winsen, Y. de Mey, and L. Lauwers. "Risk perception, attitudes towards risk and risk management: evidence and implications." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 9 (September 30, 2014): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/176/2013-agricecon.

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The comprehensive risk analysis of a business such as farming entails questions on what is at stake, how important is the risk concern and how to deal with it. We performed a sequential mixed method, with the in-depth interviews in the first stage (n = 35), followed by a survey on the Flemish FADN (n = 614) in the second, to investigate the farmers’ risk perception, the attitudes towards risk and the perceived usefulness of the risk management strategies. We find that, rather than the short-term volatility in prices, the longer term co-evolution of expenses versus receipts is of a major concern to farmers, next to the land availability and the policy risks. Farmers are shown to be only slightly risk averse, rather risk neutral even. Further, our results suggest that farmers do not consider extensively studied risk management strategies such as contracts, futures and insurances, a valid option for their farm, and put more faith in internal strategies such as the debt management, the liquidity management and diversification. Last, risk management is to a substantial degree performed at the household level, rather than at the farm level, with strategies such as cutting the private expenses and the off-farm employment. These results hardly differ according to the farm and farmer characteristics.  

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Journal articles on the topic 'Farm risks'

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