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Academic literature on the topic 'Farm loans'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Farm loans"

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Long, Deng, Bruce L. Ahrendsen, Bruce L. Dixon, and Charles B. Dodson. "Modeling duration of FSA operating and farm ownership loan guarantees." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2016-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify determinants of feasible outcome events (expired with no loss, settled for loss, still performing) and time to event of Farm Service Agency (FSA) operating and farm ownership (FO) loan guarantees. Design/methodology/approach Data on 19,126 FSA guaranteed loans, which were made by various lenders to farmers who have limited ability to obtain loans from normal sources without the Federal guarantee, were collected. Cox proportional hazards models for operating loans (OLs) and FO loans are estimated to identify borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, lender types, and farm and macroeconomic environment factors that influence guarantee outcomes. Findings Loans with different characteristics (loan amount, loan term, lender type, region originated) and assistance programs (Beginning Farmer, Interest Assistance) have differing guarantee outcomes. Contemporaneous variables, in particular delinquency status, have a significant impact on guarantee outcomes. Research limitations/implications All loans were originated in calendar years 2004 and 2005. Since FO loans may have as long as 40 year terms, results are not as robust for FO loans as for OLs. Practical implications Different loan characteristics and macroeconomic conditions significantly influence the occurrence of possible guarantee outcomes and time to the outcomes. Originality/value Guaranteed loans are the primary method of government credit assistance to US farm operators. Data on individual borrowers have been difficult to obtain for much of the life of the guaranteed program because loan applications are held privately. This study provides insight on how various factors drive guarantee performance which is useful to policy makers trying to increase guaranteed loan program efficiency.
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Pederson, Glenn, Ananth Rao, and Michael Boehlje. "Determinants of Restructured Farm Loan Performance." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, no. 2 (December 1991): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s008130520001815x.

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AbstractA probabilistic model is applied to cross-sectional data to identify determinants of post-restructure performance of Federal Land Bank loans. The results indicate that restructured loans were sensitive to factors that determine the debt repayment burden and the repayment ability of the restructured farm operations. Loan performance is found to be relatively more sensitive to the levels of the post-restructure interest rate and cash farm income than to the financial structure and leverage position of the restructured farm. The relationships between the post-restructure interest rate, cash farm income level, and the probability of loan performance are illustrated.
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Dixon, Bruce L., Bruce L. Ahrendsen, O. John Nwoha, Sandra J. Hamm, and Diana M. Danforth. "FSA Direct Farm Loan Program Graduation Rates and Reasons for Exiting." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 3 (December 2007): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002321x.

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Farm Service Agency (FSA) direct loans are intended to provide transitory credit to creditworthy borrowers unable to obtain conventional credit at reasonable terms. Farm loan program (FLP) effectiveness is measured in part by how readily direct loan borrowers graduate to conventional credit. A survey of FSA borrowers originating direct loans during fiscal years 1994-1996 is used to estimate graduation rates. A majority of 1994-1996 loan originators did exit the direct FLP by November 2004. A multinomial logit model indicates financial strength at origination resulted in greater likelihood of farming without direct loans approximately 9 years after loan origination.
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Dodson, Charles B., and Bruce L. Ahrendsen. "Farm and lender structural change: implications for federal credit." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2016-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine changes in the structures of US farms and lenders and identify prospective implications for federal credit. Design/methodology/approach Data from US farm operations for 1996-2014 were adjusted to 2014 values using commodity price indices. Farm size groups were constructed by value of farm production to analyze changes in farm numbers, production, assets, debt, leverage, liquidity, profitability, land tenure, commodity type, contract production, organization type, and use of Farm Service Agency (FSA) direct and guaranteed loans by farm size. Bank, Farm Credit System (FCS), and FSA data from 1996 to 2015 were adjusted to 2014 values. Lender size groups were constructed to analyze changes in bank and association numbers, farm loans, and use of FSA guaranteed loans by lender size. Findings The greatest consolidation has been by farms with over $2 million in production. More farm debt is held by large, complex organizations, frequently with multiple operators, more variable income, and greater reliance on production contracts and operating and nonreal estate credit. Large farms have greater leverage, are more profitable, and have a larger share of household income from the farm. Banks and FCS institutions are fewer and larger, yet smaller institutions use FSA guarantees to a greater extent. Larger farms tend to be more reliant on both direct and guaranteed FSA loans and are likely to become more dependent on FSA credit. Originality/value Changing farm and lender structure together with softening farm income may require FSA farm loan program changes to meet any increase in loan demand. Policy alternatives are provided to meet changing demand for farm credit.
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Sun, Hong, Valentina Hartarska, Lezhu Zhang, and Denis Nadolnyak. "The Influence of Social Capital on Farm Household’s Borrowing Behavior in Rural China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124361.

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This paper evaluates whether social capital affects the ability of farm households to obtain formal and informal loans. We test for the impact of two measures of social capital. The first measure, kinship, captures the traditional aspects of bonding social capital in rural areas that might affect the probability of getting informal loans. As the economic reforms in China have changed the traditional rural way of life and weakened the role of kinship, more mobile farmers are likely to develop a different kind of social capital also based in the Chinese tradition but not focused exclusively on kin. This friendship social capital is hypothesized to affect farmers’ ability to get both formal and informal loans. We use the Chinese Household Finance Survey data from 2013 and estimate the probability of obtaining credit, while also accounting for the reverse causality. In addition, we use the Heckman selection model to establish how social capital affects not only the probability of getting loans but also the size of the loan. Empirical results suggest that social capital affects borrowing by farm households. In particular, the friendship social capital has a positive effect on farm household’s ability to get formal loans, and has a substitution effect on informal borrowing, while kinship has a positive effect on farm households’ ability to get informal loans. Friendship and kinship are positively associated with the amount of a farm household’s formal and informal loans, respectively.
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Quaye, Frederick Murdoch, Denis Nadolnyak, and Valentina Hartarska. "Factors Affecting Farm Loan Delinquency in the Southeast." Research in Applied Economics 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i4.12165.

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This study examines the factors and behaviors that affect Southeast US farmers’ ability to meet their loan repayment obligations within the stipulated loan term. The study uses a 10-year (2003-2012) pooled cross-sectional data from the USDA ARMS survey data (Phase III). A probit approach is used to regress delinquency against various borrower-specific, loan-specific, lender-specific, macroeconomic and climatic variables for the first part.The results show that farmers with larger farms, farmers with insurance, farmers with higher net income, farmers with smaller debt to asset ratio, farmers with single loans and those that take majority of their loans from sources apart from commercial banks are those that are less likely to be delinquent. Temperature and precipitation also affect outcomes, but by minute magnitudes.
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LaDue, Eddy L., and Kenneth C. Carraro. "The Effect of Interstate Banking on Farm Lender Market Shares in New York State." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 15, no. 1 (April 1986): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001343.

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Commercial bank loans to New York farmers are significantly overestimated in the reported USDA statistics due to out-of-state lending and reporting of some agribusiness loans as agricultural loans by New York State banks. Correcting for this distortion lowers the 1978–84 average New York agricultural credit market share held by banks from 36 to 24 percent. As deregulation allows more interstate banking activity, the overestimate of agricultural loan volume in states with money center banks and the corresponding underestimate of loan levels and market shares in nonmoney center states could cause increased distortion of state level farm debt statistics.
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Jones, Ghangela, Cesar Escalante, and Hofner Rusiana. "Reconciling information gaps in organic farm borrowers’ dealings with farm lenders." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2015-0002.

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Purpose – Organic outputs have been increasing at much lower rates than growth in consumer demand. Organic farmers’ debt aversion hinders them from obtaining business funds through borrowing. The purpose of this paper is to clarify that the farmers’ reluctance to use debt as a funding option can be more attributed to gaps in existing borrower-lender relationships, beyond sustainability principles. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical evidence collected from organic farmers and farm lenders establish differing expectations and perceptions that reinforce the organic farmers’ debt aversion. The farm lender survey data set was analyzed using the Heckman approach applied to two lenders’ decisions: their interest in lending to organic farm borrowers and loan amounts approved for successful loan applicants. The econometric results were reconciled with the compiled inputs provided by organic farmers interviewed. Findings – Results validate the farmers’ lower reliance on loans due to suspicions that lenders lack knowledge and consideration of organic farming conditions and principles. Farm lenders must depart from employing a uniform credit risk appraisal model and adopt borrower-specific versions of the model, but not necessarily delineating organic-conventional farming dichotomy that may not substantially affect credit risk measurement. Organic farms, on the other hand, need to better understand the credit risk appraisal principles and use their inherent business strengths to compete for loans with conventional farms without any special consideration. Practical implications – Borrower-lender relationships can improve if information gaps between lenders and borrowers can be minimized with more extensive outreach education efforts. Better relationships would increase organic farms’ credit access to effectively address an impending supply gap in an expanding industry. Originality/value – To the knowledge, a specific focus on organic farms in understanding farm borrower-lender relationships has never been explored in literature.
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Gunter, Lewell, Webb M. Smathers, Michael C. Ingram, and Robert Dubman. "Analysis of Economic Emergency Loan Allocations and Credit Market Expansion." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 2 (December 1985): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025024.

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AbstractThe Economic Emergency (EE) loan program, administered by the FmHA, was created by Congress in 1978. The primary purpose of the program was to provide credit to farmers who were unable to obtain credit from normal lenders due to economic stress. Over six billion dollars of EE loans were extended nationally during fiscal years 1978 through 1981. This paper examines the allocation of EE loans at the state level and the expansionary effect of the program on farm credit markets. Empirical evidence is provided that EE funds were allocated to states consistently with the general criteria cited in the development of the EE program and that the EE program expanded farm credit markets rather than displacing loans from other sources.
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Maiangwa, MG. "Loan collaterals and collateral substitutes in rural finance: a review." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.4.

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Poor farm households and other microentrepreneurs have difficulties in obtaining loans from banks and other financial institutions because they are unable to provide securities or collaterals for the loans. Collaterals on loans reduce uncertainty and moral hazard problems for creditors. They also serve as a measure of the seriousness of the borrower. The limited availability of conventional collaterals in rural financial markets has led to the acceptance of non-traditional methods of loan security referred to as collateral substitutes. This paper reviews loan collaterals and collateral substitutes in the rural financial markets of developing countries.Keywords:: Collaterals, collateral substitutes, rural finance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Farm loans"

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Bramma, Keith Michael. "AN EVALUATION OF BANK CREDIT POLICIES FOR FARM LOAN PORTFOLIOS USING THE SIMULATION APPROACH." University of Sydney, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/400.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk-return efficiency of credit policies for managing portfolio credit risk of banking institutions. The focus of the empirical analysis is on the impact of risk pricing and problem loan restructuring on bank risk and returns using a simulation model that represents an operating environment of lenders servicing the Australian farm sector. Insurance theory principles and agency relationships between a borrower and a lender are integrated into the portfolio theory framework. The portfolio theory framework is then couched in terms of the capital budgeting approach to generate a portfolio return distribution function for a particular credit policy regime. Borrowers are segmented by region, industry, loan maturity and credit risk class. Each credit risk class defines risk constraints on which a stochastic simulation model may be developed for credit scoring an average borrower in a portfolio segment. The stochastic simulation method is then used to generate loan security returns for a particular credit policy regime through time with loan return outcomes weighted by the number of borrowers in a segment to give measures of portfolio performance. Stochastic dominance efficiency criteria are used to choose between distributions of NPV of bank returns measured for a number of credit policy alternatives. The findings suggest that banks servicing the Australian farm sector will earn more profit without additional portfolio risk if the maximum limit to which pricing accounts for default risk in loan reviews is positively linked to volatility of gross incomes of farm business borrowers. Importantly, credit-underwriting standards must also be formulated so as to procure farm business borrowers of above average productivity with loans that are fully secured using fixed assets. The results of simulations also suggest that restructuring loans in event of borrower default provide for large benefits compared to a �no restructuring� option.
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Endresen, Per Christian. "Vertical Wave Loads and Response of a Floating Fish Farm with Circular Collar." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15572.

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In this master thesis the vertical wave loads and vertical responses of the floating collar of a circular fish farm have been investigated. The response has been investigated for a collar without the presence of mooring system and net cage. First, a linear model was used to calculate displacements, relative motion between the floater and the surface and bending stresses. The linear displacements and bending stresses in regular long crested waves were compared with a nonlinear model for the excitation forces. The nonlinear excitation forces were obtained by integrating the hydrostatic and dynamic pressures over the exact wetted surface of the floater. Two different configurations of the floating collar were investigated; a floater with only one plastic ring and a floater with two concentric rings. The radius and the displaced mass of the two configurations were equal. The response was calculated by mode superposition. The added mass is mode dependent, and thus a modal formulation of the added mass was used. The modal resonance frequencies for one ring were higher than the modal resonance frequencies for two rings. The three first resonance frequencies for two rings, corresponding to heave, pitch and the first elastic mode, are 2.25 rad/s, 2.69 rad/s and 2.91 rad/s. The relative motion for low wave frequencies is higher for one ring than for two rings. The bending stresses are significantly higher for two rings between a wave frequency of 1.5 rad/s and 2.9 rad/s. The linear model was used to calculate standard deviations for bending stresses in irregular waves. For low spectral peak periods the JONSWAP spectrum gave larger standard deviations for the bending stresses than the ISSC spectrum. For peak periods larger than 4.5s the ISSC spectrum gave the largest standard deviations. For regular waves the linear and nonlinear model gave similar results for modal displacements and maximum bending stresses in the floater for small wave frequencies. At the modal resonance frequencies the nonlinear modal forces for the modes at resonance were significantly lower than the linear forces. This resulted in a reduced nonlinear response compared with linear theory at resonance. Damping was seen to only have a significant effect on the response at resonance for both the linear and nonlinear model. For some frequencies, modal excitation forces with frequencies two times, three times or higher than the incident wave frequency were observed. This induced higher frequency components in the response. The higher frequency components were close to the modal resonance frequency. Although the floater does not have forward speed, this kind of response from continueous wave loads can be associated with nonlinear springing response for ships.
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Stavnem, Ole Alexander. "Modelling of Loads and Responses of a Permaskirt on a Flexible Net Cage Fish Farm." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26238.

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As the numbers of fish farms are increasing, the problems with lice are becoming of greater importance. The lice cause diseases and death, leading to loss in profit for the fish farms as well as reduction of the wild stock. To deal with this problem, many solutions have been introduced. For example, placing the fish farms on land or make the fish farms as floating concrete structures. However, these suggestions are costly. Another idea is to put a watertight skirt, a Permaskirt, around the upper part of the net cage. However, the introduction of such a skirt would increase the loads and responses on the structure. This thesis shows how to calculate these forces and displacements, and how they are increased when a watertight skirt is placed around the net cage, by using the finite element analysis software AquaSim by Aquastructures. The program is used to calculate the drag and net displacements when current forces influence the structure. Results are compared to results from model experiments and calculations done by the program FhSim.The introduction of such a skirt will also influence the pressure and flow distribution around the net cage. An investigation regarding the flow distribution, to see if the flow travels under the skirt, will therefore be of importance to evaluate the effect of Permaskirt. In order to investigate these effects, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculations has been performed, using the Ansys software. The analysis shows that the AquaSim program overestimates the forces and displacements, compared with experimental values. Possible solutions to obtain correct calculations in AquaSim, by using varying solidity for the skirt, has been presented and shows good results compared with experimental values.CFD analysis shows that a skirt covering the upper part of a net cage would reduce 99.61% of the water particles, from the upper part of the water layer, to enter the upper part of the net cage, leading to reduction of lice contamination on the fish in the net cage.
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Mohammadi, Mohammad Mehdi. "PREDICTION OF WIND TURBINE BLADE FATIGUE LOADS USING FEED-FORWARD NEURAL NETWORKS." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444115.

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In recent years, machine learning applications have gained great attention in the wind power industry. Among these, artificial neural networks have been utilized to predict the fatigue loads of wind turbine components such as rotor blades. However, the limited number of contributions and differences in the used databases give rise to several questions which this study has aimed to answer. Therefore, in this study, 5-min SCADA data from the Lillgrund wind farm has been used to train two feed-forward neural networks to predict the fatigue loads at the blade root in flapwise and edgewise directions in the shape of damage equivalent loads.The contribution of different features to the model’s performance is evaluated. In the absence of met mast measurements, mesoscale NEWA data are utilized to present the free flow condition. Also, the effect of wake condition on the model’s accuracy is examined. Besides, the generalization ability of the model trained on data points from one or multiple turbines on other turbines within the farm is investigated. The results show that the best accuracy was achieved for a model with 34 features, 5 hidden layers with 100 neurons in each hidden layer for the flapwise direction. For the edgewise direction, the best model has 54 features, 6 hidden layers, and 125 neurons in each hidden layer.For a model trained and tested on the same turbine, mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of 0.78% and 9.31% are achieved for the flapwise and edgewise directions, respectively. The seen difference is argued to be a result of not having enough data points throughout the range of edgewise moments. The use of NEWA data has been shown to improve the model’s accuracy by 10% for MAPE values, relatively. Training the model under different wake conditions did not improve the model showing that the wake effects are captured through the input features to some extent. Generalization of the model trained on data points from one turbine resulted in poor results in the flapwise direction. It was shown that using data points from multiple turbines can improve the model’s accuracy to predict loading on other turbines.
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Vancel, James Hugh. "Innovative Finance or Toxic Credit: The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 and its Role in Agricultural Debt Accumulation Prior to the Great Depression." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244815.

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Silva, Gisele Cristine Brum. "Beneficio de presta??o continuada (LOAS) e bolsa fam?lia como forma de concretiza??o da dignidade da pessoa humana." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4194.

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The realization of fundamental rights stated in the Constitution is still questionable, especially those called - social rights. Social rights play an essential character in society, because they are focused on implementation and effectiveness of rules. The realization of a social right involves not only compliance with a standard, rule or even principle, depends on public policy. Compliance with the law in a systematic way is not sufficient as to the result which ensures that right, which requires state intervention to achieve social law. It is against the search for fulfillment and realization of social rights that the present study was prepared by analyzing this occurrence - recognition of the law and its effectiveness (outcome) - from two benefits that are members of Social Security. The benefits of family scholarship and continued provision, popularly known as LOAS, part of state programs for the eradication of poverty and have a common core as the direct transfer of income. The analysis of this study is to obtain the grant of these benefits and feasibility, if they comply with the constitutional goal of poverty eradication. The cornerstone of this study is the principle of human dignity, which is a determining factor and incentive for social rights exist, and is the voice that echoes to achieve the same. The principle of human dignity is treated here as key to life give rise to the creation and the benefits cited.
A concretiza??o dos direitos fundamentais demonstrados na Constitui??o Federal ainda hoje ? question?vel, principalmente ?queles denominados direitos sociais. Os direitos sociais cumprem um car?ter essencial na sociedade, pois est?o voltados ? concretiza??o e efic?cia de regras positivadas. A realiza??o de um direito social implica n?o apenas em cumprimento de uma norma, regra ou at? mesmo princ?pio, depende de uma pol?tica p?blica. O cumprimento do ordenamento jur?dico de forma sistem?tica n?o ? suficiente quanto ao resultado daquele direito que se assegura, sendo necess?ria a interven??o estatal para a concretiza??o do direito social positivado. ? perante a busca pela efetiva??o e concretiza??o dos direitos sociais que o presente estudo foi elaborado, analisando essa ocorr?ncia reconhecimento do direito e sua efetiva??o (resultado) - a partir de dois benef?cios que s?o integrantes da Seguridade Social. Os benef?cios do bolsa-fam?lia e de presta??o continuada, popularmente conhecido como LOAS, fazem parte de programas estatais para a erradica??o da pobreza e possuem como n?cleo comum a transfer?ncia direta de renda. A an?lise do presente estudo visa auferir a concess?o e viabilidade desses benef?cios, a saber, se os mesmos cumprem o objetivo constitucional da erradica??o da pobreza. O elemento fundamental deste estudo ? o princ?pio da dignidade da pessoa humana, que ? fator determinante e incentivador para que os direitos sociais existam, bem como ? a voz que ecoa para a realiza??o dos mesmos. O princ?pio da dignidade da pessoa humana ? tratado aqui como elemento fundamental para ensejar vida para a cria??o e dos benef?cios citados.
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Li, Ji-Shine, and 李楫賢. "Impacts of Farm Land Prices upon Non-performing Loans of Credit Departments of Farmers’Associations in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65203220382443764699.

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Chiu, Wen-chin, and 邱文欽. "DEVELOPING THE TAIWAN BANK LOANS PRE-WARNING MODEL ON THE BASIS OF FARM LAND COLLATERAL GUARANTEES." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53133225120769497142.

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碩士
南華大學
財務金融學系財務管理碩士班
96
In recent years the worsening financial condition of enterprises in Taiwan has the rising rate of overdue loan especially for those agricultural areas with poor economic conditions. In the past, studies of the financial warning model mostly focus on the enterprises;however, the objective of this study switch focus on the credit of account of the agricultural loan to explore the influences of the role of farmland guarantee and the violating contract factors of the borrowers. 　　 　　The study uses 329 samples of general loan of the farmland guarantee from a specific financial institution from January 1996 to the end of December 2006. Among these samples, the number of normal accounts and overdue accounts are 222 and 107, respectively. The study uses the Logit model to analyze such factors as guarantee, borrowers, and the condition of loan. 　　 　　The findings of the study show that the main significant determinants of violating contract of farmland guarantee credit are: the plan of the use of guarantee, the amount of valuation, the condition of neighboring area, the assets of borrowers, the amount of balance of credit, the loan allotted time, and the availability loan grace period.
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CHEN, CHIEN-HSIUNG, and 陳健雄. "The Study of Key Strategic Factors in Farm Alliance Loan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35518924475788998388.

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碩士
開南大學
商學院碩士在職專班
105
Abstract Farmers’ association R.O.C., a long standing institution, established under the Farmers Association Act, has a mission to maintain farmers’ rights, improve farmers’ professional knowledge, introduce modernization to agriculture, increase produce revenue, improve farmers’ lives, develop economy of farming villages, and run entry level agricultural financial business under the example of the Agricultural Finance Act. Farmers’ credit union has played an important role in the growth of Taiwan economy. But due to the legal restrictions of the Farmers Association Act and the Agricultural Finance Act and financial liberalization, the farmers’ association can only operate at a small scale thus limits the profit potential. Currently, the loan business is an important source of revenue for farmers’ association. Agents used to follow the “loan 5P” to examine each loan case. But due to the advances in society and the complexity of the economy, there are still many relevant factors to consider and analyze and they are the key strategic factors for the loan success and business performance. Through literature review and questionnaires, we obtained the following conclusions through empirical analysis: The most valued loan key strategic factors for questionnaire respondents on a personal level include “clients’ years serviced or business hours,” “client profession,” “client loan type,” “loan duration,” and “client tax information or business financial certificates.” The most valued loan key strategic factors on an organizational level include “brand image of farmers’ association,” “operation limitations,” “accordance with government policy,” and “audit duration of loan cases.” There is a positive correlation between the loan strategic factors on a personal and organizational level. Gender and job title have apparent discrepancy for loan strategic factors on a personal level. Finally, we provide the following suggestions based on the conclusion: 1. Introduce appropriate risk management policies and develop employee risk management ability in order to create competitive advantage. 2. Appropriately modify loan audit policies in order to adapt to changes in business environment. 3. Regularly visit loan clients in order to keep track of those overdue in payment. 4. Create appropriate performance standards based on the most valued key strategic factors in this study in order to establish appropriate loan policies.
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Brooks, Rodney Lamont. "The determination of Farm Service Agency loan size the Georgia case /." 2003. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/brooks%5Frodney%5Fl%5F200312%5Fms.

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Books on the topic "Farm loans"

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Canada. Agriculture Canada. Farm Improvement and Marketing Cooperatives Loans Act. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada, 1989.

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Canada. Agriculture Canada. Farm improvement and marketing cooperatives loans act. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1994.

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US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Facts for lenders: FmHA guaranteed farm program loans. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1989.

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Lee, Hyunok. Optimal farm credit pricing under asymmetric information. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1988.

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Lee, Hyunok. Optimal farm credit pricing under asymmetric information. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1988.

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Lee, Hyunok. Optimal farm credit pricing under asymmetric information. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1988.

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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Advocacy. Small-farm-friendly banks in the United States: A directory of small farm lending reported by commercial banks in June 1997. Washington, D.C: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1998.

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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Advocacy. Small-farm-friendly banks in the United States: A directory of small farm lending reported by commercial banks in June 1997. Washington, D.C: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1998.

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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Advocacy. Small-farm-friendly banks in the United States: A directory of small farm lending reported by commercial banks in June 1997. Washington, D.C: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1998.

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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Advocacy. Small-farm-friendly banks in the United States: A directory of small farm lending reported by commercial banks in June 1997. Washington, D.C: Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Farm loans"

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Fukui, Hideo. "Real Estate and the Legal System of Japan." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 3–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_1.

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AbstractIn Part I, entitled Real Estate and the Legal System, we analyze owner-unknown land issues, land acquisitions, and real estate auctions.The use and value of real estate such as land and buildings are significantly affected by public laws and regulations related to urban planning and construction, the environment, and taxation; for example, contract laws such as the Act on Land and Building Leases; private laws regulating torts, collateral enforcement, and so on; tax laws that regulate transfer taxes, ownership taxes, and transaction taxes; and regulations surrounding land use and urban infrastructure development. This paper discusses, therefore, the relationships between these laws and real estate, identifies problems in the laws associated with real estate in Japan, and proposes improvements.First, in recent years, owner-unknown land issues have become a serious concern in Japan. The Japanese registry does not always reflect the actual rightful owner, primarily because such registration is only a perfection requirement in civil law and registration involves a great deal of time and money. For example, because a large extent of land is registered to owners from nearly 100 years ago, it has changed hands many times through inheritance, which means that today, it is extremely difficult to determine the actual owner (inheritor) without spending a great deal of time and money. However, if the profits to be obtained from the land do not justify such expense, the land remains unused as “owner-unknown land.”Buying and selling land under Japanese civil law requires an agreement from all landowners including in the case of shared ownerships; therefore, even if the land has high returns, if it is “owner-unknown land,” it cannot be used effectively. With a focus on unknown-owner land, in this section, four writers provide multifaceted perspectives on the causes thereof, the defects in the current system, and the possible solutions.Eminent domain, the system which allows the acquisition of land against the land owner’s will for public projects, is widely institutionalized in many countries. It works to mitigate the owner-unknown land issues as far as lands are acquired by public projects.Further, real estate auctions are often held when liens are placed on land and/or residences for housing loan defaults. The Japanese civil auction system, which was institutionalized at the end of the nineteenth century, stipulates that a tenancy that is behind on a mortgage may resist a purchase unconditionally as long as the mortgage default period is within 3 years (short-term lease protection system/former Civil Code Article 395). This system was intended to avoid the unstable use of mortgaged properties and to promote the effective use of real estate; however, because the majority of users and the beneficiaries of this system were in fact anti-social groups, it was used to demand money unjustly from debtors and buyers, thus preventing the effective use of the mortgaged properties.When the protection of short-term leases was abolished in 2004, these types of interferences are said to have decreased drastically. However, successful bids for auctioned real estate properties continue to be lower than in general transactions. Therefore, here, we provide a quantitative analysis of these situations and propose further auction system improvements.Below, we introduce the outlines of each theory in Part I.
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"Farm Loans, Insurance, and Subsidies." In Washington Information Directory 2019–2020, 19–20. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781544352879.n6.

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Nayak, Sushma, and Shrabana Mukherjee. "Farm Debt Waiver in India." In Maintaining Financial Stability in Times of Risk and Uncertainty, 243–60. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7208-4.ch012.

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Farm debt waivers have been introduced in India, from time to time, to provide relief to the indebted farmers. The chapter focuses on the viability of farm debt waiver in India—whether it serves as an ephemeral palliative (a temporary reassuring measure) or an enduring risk management tool (a permanent remedy to build resilience against a longstanding debt crisis)—for farmers by employing situation, actor, process, learning, action, performance (SAP-LAP) framework. Loan waivers occasionally appear as a quick fix to alleviate farmers' misery. They trigger moral hazard as the farmers make no attempts to repay the loans themselves with the expectation that an imminent waiver from the government would clear their debts, thus ruining the credit culture of the country. From a policy viewpoint, it is imperative to make agriculture sustainable by lessening inefficiencies, augmenting income, moderating costs, and affording protection through premeditated and well-defined insurance schemes.
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Conway, Gordon, Ousmane Badiane, and Katrin Glatzel. "Value Chains." In Food for All in Africa, 188–218. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501743887.003.0009.

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This chapter studies the third pillar of sustainable intensification by focusing on the development of sustainable socioeconomic intensification. This encompasses the intensification of the relationships between farmers, which results in the development of innovative and sustainable institutions on the farm, in the community, and across regions and nations as a whole. Part of the response of rural people to the isolation they experience is to create associations, such as savings and loans associations and formal cooperatives. The critical question is how these institutions can be taken to scale. This chapter argues that the successful transformation of African agriculture lies in the effective integration of smallholder farmers into modernizing value chains. A food value chain describes the complicated process of transformation involving a sequence of events from the molecular product of one or more genes in crops or livestock, through intermediate stages of husbandry, harvesting, processing, marketing, and consumption, to the final molecular changes in the human who consumes the food product. Each component of the value chain, each structure or process has its distinctive characteristics, especially its own capacity to generate value.
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Quinn, Sarah L. "Three Failures." In American Bonds, 48–68. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691156750.003.0003.

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This chapter examines three failed credit experiments on pooling loans, which articulated competing visions for a rapidly changing political economy. Each of these episodes was an attempt to move credit into the periphery in a way that was quicker, cheaper, easier, more stable, and more reliable than it had been before. To some extent, each involved corporate methods of organizing property and risk. Despite those similarities, however, there were also differences among the three experiments that reveal fundamental divides in how Americans made sense of a rapidly changing economic landscape. As Americans experimented with systems of credit distribution at the close of the nineteenth century, they fought over how competing interests should be reflected in a rapidly transforming political economy. Their clashing assumptions and values were built into these lending structures. Consequently, Americans' opinions of how credit should operate were forged through these lending structures as much as they were reflected in them. Each of these experiences resulted in hard-won insights about the challenges that plague credit markets. As such, these failures set the stage for a federal overhaul of farm credit in the early twentieth century. At stake in these efforts was not just the speed at which money might flow through credit markets, but also the principles that should guide those flows.
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Karlan, Dean, and Jacob Appel. "Interest Rate Sensitivity." In Failing in the Field, 84–93. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183138.003.0008.

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This chapter details a study conducted with Opportunity International Savings and Loans, Ltd. (OISL)—one of Ghana's largest microfinance institutions—which analyzes the implications of interest rate for both revenue and outreach. The basic concept was simple: market loans to different people using a range of interest rates and observe how many and what kinds of people respond to the offer. The single biggest hang-up was the guarantor requirement. Most applicants had a hard time finding family or friends who could commit to cover a loan; it was also a hassle to do the paperwork. On the surface, this is a simple case of low participation. Far fewer clients took loans than was projected in the pilot, slashing the study's power. That so many clients dropped out because of the sheer duration of the application process suggests a second kind of failure: the study placed too high a burden on OISL's staff.
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Penven, M. J., T. Muxart, A. Andrieu, and S. Chambolle. "Assessment of Soil Losses in Brie (France) : Measuring suspended loads in rivers with a graduated monitoring network." In Farm Land Erosion, 207–20. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81466-1.50023-x.

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"ANNUAL COST OF A £100 LOAN." In An Introduction to Farm Organisation & Management, 329. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034202-3.50019-4.

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"6 The Origin of the Federal Farm Loan Act: Issue Emergence and Agenda-Setting in the Progressive Era Print Press." In Fighting for the Farm, 113–28. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812201031.113.

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"Finance for Agriculture." In Agricultural Finance and Opportunities for Investment and Expansion, 26–55. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3059-6.ch002.

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Finance for funding agricultural activities can be fixed through three typical sources, namely formal, informal, and semi-formal channels. However, the small-scale farmers either by omission or commission tend to rely solely on informal sources of finance, for instance, personal savings, for funding agricultural activities. There is therefore the need to inform farmers on the array of sources of finance that are available for them for use boosting their farm investment and enterprise expansion. The objectives of the chapter include highlighting three important functions of an enterprise, defining the meaning of agricultural finance, describing sources of investment fund for agriculture, and discussing the rural finance institution-building programme. The methodology adopted is that of systematic and analytical review of relevant literature. Following from the review of relevant literature, this chapter argues that the reported reluctance of banks to lend to agriculture is dictated by the profit-making motives of the banks against the characteristic risky nature of agricultural enterprises. A way around the reluctance is government backed and efficiently targeted credit schemes. The chapter further argues that farmers should form cooperative societies and source loans from such cooperative societies at single digit interest rates. With respect to the cooperative societies, government should constantly and consciously discharge its responsibilities as they relate to supervision, monitoring, and evaluation of the activities of registered cooperative societies. The chapter observes that the formal sources of agricultural finance are capable of mobilizing a large sum of money; however, in the process of financial intermediation, a relatively small fraction of the whole gets to agriculture. On their part, the informal sources tend to mobilize funds for agriculture at high and therefore unsustainable interest rates to farmers. Incentives and subsidies are therefore required for financing agriculture. It is specifically recommended that African governments should strive to commit themselves to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme's call for the allocation of at least 10% of the national budget for agriculture to achieve a target of 6% annual agricultural growth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Farm loans"

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Radivojevic, Dušan, Biljana Veljkovic, and Ranko Koprivica. "NORMATIVI PROIZVODNJE NA FARMAMA MUZNIH KRAVA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.177r.

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In order to intensification production and further investments on dairy farms, norms and economic parameters of production for a farm model with a capacity of 50 dairy cows with the younger categories are given. Expert analysis of all parameters in order to meet the necessary standards in production gave most optimal solutions to farmers for future investments. Also, the set norms for a given farm model can be used in development of projects and possible applications for financial support and loans.
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Nazarov, A., P. Suebyiw, and A. Piamalung. "Experimental Assessment of Impact Loads on Catamaran Structures." In Design & Operation of Wind Farm Support Vessels 2015. RINA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.wfv.2015.07.

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Kretschmer, Matthias, Vasilis Pettas, and Po Wen Cheng. "Effects of Wind Farm Down-Regulation in the Offshore Wind Farm Alpha Ventus." In ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2019-7554.

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Abstract In recent years wind turbine down-regulation has been used or investigated for a variety of applications such as wind farm power optimisation, energy production curtailment and lifetime management. This study presents results from measurement data of tower loads and power obtained from two turbines located in the German offshore wind farm alpha ventus. The free streaming turbine, located closely to a fully equipped meteorological mast, was down-regulated to 50% for a period of 8 months, while the downwind turbine was operating normally. The results are compared to periods where both turbines were operated in normal conditions. Changes in loads and power are analysed according to incoming wind direction and magnitude. Results show a high reduction in the loads of the down regulated turbine, up to a level of 40%. For the turbine in wake the effects in loads are more prominent, showing a maximum reduction of 30%, compared to the effects in power and are seen in a wider sector of about 20° for loads and 10° for power.
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Fredriksen, Arnt G., Basile Bonnemaire, Øyvind Nilsen, Leiv Aspelund, and Andreas Ommundsen. "Irregular Wave and Current Loads on a Fish Farm System." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77482.

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Accurate calculation of the design mooring loads on an aquaculture fish farm mooring system is often a difficult task. The fish farm system has a large horizontal extension with variable environmental conditions across the entire structure. In addition, the drag loads on the fish nets are thought to be the governing environmental force. This means that the mean position of the fish farm is a function of the mean of the fluid particle velocity squared, where the fluid particle velocity must be taken as the sum of current and wave induced fluid particle velocities. Additional offsets will be slowly varying, where the response time will depend on the total mooring stiffness. The magnitudes depend on the height and length on wave groups in the irregular sea state. The paper presents simulations of the response of such a system to a set of combined irregular waves and current conditions. The response evolution in time is discussed as well as parameters affecting the maximum responses in the systems (displacements and loads). Finally, the resulting loads on the fish farm in irregular waves are compared to loads obtained in equivalent regular waves, as this is an often used engineering practice when analyzing the response and mooring loads of a fish farm.
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Gong, Wei. "Hydrodynamic and Aerodynamic Loads on the Behaviour of Offshore Wind Farm." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49490.

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Renewable energy provides a solution for complex current and future social and environmental problems whereas offshore industry has a large potential for providing renewable energy for future. Currently, offshore technology making use of wind for energy generation purpose becomes a hot spot with highly advanced research and development going on on one side and complex and critical problems present and difficult to solve on the other. This paper is trying to study problems related to the quantification of the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads for the design of offshore wind turbine support structures in the offshore wind farm. Both the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic conditions in the offshore site are extremely complex resulting in the difficulty of reasonable determination for the external loads on the wind turbine support structures. However, due to the increasing global demands for future energy solution, the design, analysis and optimization of offshore wind turbine is nevertheless an important issue. The paper first gives an introduction of the offshore wind farm and the complexity of the offshore environment. Wave load is explored with introduction of existing wave load models, comparison of their characteristics while the focus is placed on the nonlinear wave load by means of the Stokes higher order wave theory. Properties of a single regular wave based on methods of linear wave theory and Stokes higher order wave theory are compared which lead to differences in the results of wave load models when these two different methods are used. Wind load model is introduced briefly, followed by the introduction of current methods for determination or approximation of combined wave and wind load and also recommendations for practice. Park effect of the wind load and wave load is also introduced at limited depth in the latter stage as a direction for future research. Conclusion and recommendations based on all the above are therefore given at the last section of the paper.
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Su, Keye, and Donald B. Bliss. "A Hybrid Free Wake Simulation Comparison of Turbine Wake Steering With Innovative Turbine Designs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64105.

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Wake shielding in wind farms caused by the interaction of upstream energy-depleted wakes and down-stream turbines substantially reduces individual turbine efficiency and overall wind farm performance. A method is studied to alleviate this problem using shaft tilting to steer wakes upward and reduce the interaction with downstream turbines. Simulations have been conducted to verify this method and to assess its effectiveness. These simulations employ a specially developed hybrid free wake method that combines a Constant Circulation Contour Model, suitable for downwind far-wake evolution, with a Vortex Lattice Method, leading to accurate blade air-loads calculation, including unsteady effects, stall, and reduced complexity. The interaction of two inline tipped axis turbines has been analyzed to assess the advantages and challenges of wake steering in a system of turbines. Beyond the traditional HAWT, two unconventional turbine configurations have been studied with the intent to further increase wake ascent.
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Stock, Adam, Matthew Cole, William Leithead, and Lindsey Amos. "Distributed Control of Wind Farm Power Set Points to Minimise Fatigue Loads." In 2020 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147732.

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Berstad, Are Johan, Harald Tronstad, and Anders Ytterland. "Design Rules for Marine Fish Farms in Norway: Calculation of the Structural Response of Such Flexible Structures to Verify Structural Integrity." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51577.

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As of April 1st 2004 all new marine fish farms in Norway need to be certified to comply with technical criteria in a new Norwegian Standard, NS 9415 (NAS, 2003). This paper gives an overview of the design rules. Marine fish farms have a strongly flexible hydroelastic behavior. The design rules have revealed the need for calculations to verify the structural capacity of such facilities. This paper describes how loads and response are derived on the fish farm structures. In order to account for the large geometrical deflections occurring in fish farm components such as the net and anchor cables which interacts with stiffer structural components, time domain simulations analysis of such facilities is required to assess the structural integrity. This paper report a proposed practical calculation method and results from model tests have been carried out to validate calculations. Good correspondence was shown. Additionally some applications are described.
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Valerio, Raul, and José Santivañez. "Extreme Loads Estimation for a Prospective Offshore Wind Farm Site in Puerto Rico." In The 16th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Innovation in Education and Inclusion”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2018.1.1.529.

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Wankhede, Sumeet K., and Arghya Mitra. "Transient stability analysis of DFIG-based wind farm integrated power system with distributed loads." In 2017 7th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpes.2017.8387290.

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