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Vercammen, James, and Murray Fulton. "The Economic Implications of Farm Interest Groups' Beliefs." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72, no. 4 (November 1990): 851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242617.
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Goedecke, E. J., and G. F. Ortmann. "FARM WORKER LEGISLATION: INTEREST GROUPS AND DEVELOPMENTS / Plaasarbeidswetgewing: Belangegroepe en ontwikkelinge." Agrekon 31, no. 4 (December 1992): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1992.9524686.
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Febrimeli, Dwi, Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, and Ratna Gustin Luahambowo. "PERSEPSI KOMUNITAS PEMUDA TANI TERHADAP UPAYA BERKELOMPOKTANI DI BAHOROK-LANGKAT, SUMATERA UTARA." AGRITEXTS: Journal of Agricultural Extension 44, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agritexts.v44i1.41873.
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The low number of youth of farmers in the agricultural sector is one of the main problems in agriculture. The image of the agricultural sector that is less prestigious and less able to provide adequate compensation is the cause of the decline in the interest of young workers in the agricultural sector. Farmer regeneration can be implemented through the interest of youth in groups of farmers. which to develop creativity, productivity, innovation, empowerment, awareness, and independence. This study aims to determine the level of interest and factors that influence the interest of rural youth in groups in the Bahorok District, Langkat Regency, North of Sumatra Province. This study uses the method of explanatory saturation of samples with a quantitative approach, where as many as 37 of respondents (rural youth farmers). Data collection methods using observations, questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis uses a Likert scale and data processing uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study concluded that the interpretation of the level of interest of rural youth in groups of 77.65% with a high category. Simultaneously farm income, family environment, community environment, social status and the role of extension workers simultaneously influence the interest of rural youth in farmer groups. Partially, farm income and family environment significantly influence the interests of youth while the family environment, social status and the role of extension workers do not affect the interests of rural youth in groups of farmers.
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Thomson, Jessica L., Tameka I. Walls, and Alicia S. Landry. "Mississippi Farmers’ Interest in and Experience with Farm to School." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 8025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138025.
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The study’s purpose was to collect demographic and farm characteristics from Mississippi small farmers and to determine their abilities, experiences, and desires to engage in Farm to School (F2S) activities. The online survey was created using items taken from existing F2S surveys. Invitations to participate were sent via email to farmers beginning in October 2021 and ending in January 2022. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Of the 258 individuals with valid email addresses, 43 (17%) completed the online survey, and 38 fit the definition of small farm (<USD 250,000 in gross cash farm income). Mean farm acreage was 68 (range 1–480 acres). Twenty-six (70%) farms did not have any certifications. Common selling practices included farm stands/stores (n = 18; 49%) and farmers markets (n = 16; 43%). Only 4 farmers (11%) sold to schools with half indicating the experience was difficult. Common challenges included no relationship with school staff (n = 14; 44%) and guarantying quantity/date (n = 11; 34%). Twenty-six (68%) farmers expressed an interest in at least one F2S activity. To facilitate mutually beneficial relationships between small farmers and school food service staff, work is needed to connect the two groups and guide farmers in navigating school procurement rules and regulations.
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Beckman, Jayson, and David Schimmelpfennig. "Determinants of farm income." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The recent fluctuations in farm income remind us of the boom-bust nature of the agricultural sector. To better understand these fluctuations in farm income, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between farm income and influential factors from 1964 to 2010 allowing for structural breaks in the data. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate error-correction models for an overarching model and several sub-models at different scales based on their relationship with farm income: micro, meso, and macro. The authors then provide a series of impulse response functions (IRFs) that combine short- and long-run impacts in a rigorous framework indicating the response of farm income to shocks from any of the explanatory variables. Findings – Results indicate that prices paid (PP) and received by farmers, technological change, interest and exchange rates (ERs), gross domestic product (GDP) and land prices all influence farm income. Results using IRFs show how increases in farm income arise from shocks to prices received and GDP; while PP, interest rates, and land prices have a negative impact on farm income. Technological progress and ERs switch from having a negative short-run impact, to a positive long-run impact. Originality/value – This paper takes a fresh look at the single, overarching model for farm income determinants. The authors break this model into three separate levels, with results indicating that these sub-groups perform better than the one overarching model of all variables.
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Austin, Elizabeth J., Ian J. Deary, Gareth Edwards-Jones, and Dale Arey. "Attitudes to Farm Animal Welfare." Journal of Individual Differences 26, no. 3 (July 2005): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.26.3.107.
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Abstract. Although the there is considerable public interest in farm animal welfare, relatively little work has been done on the welfare attitudes of farmers. We describe the development of a welfare attitude scale, the EFAWS. The factor structure and correlates of this scale were examined in Scottish pig and sheep farmers, and in agriculture students. The EFAWS was found to have a hierarchical structure, with two superordinate dimensions corresponding to welfare and business orientations being present in both groups. Five narrower facets were extracted for farmers and six for students, with the two factor structures being similar. Factor scores were found to be correlated significantly with personality traits, knowledge about welfare, and farm welfare scores in interpretable ways.
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Germond, Carine Sophie. "An emerging anti-reform green front? Farm interest groups fighting the ‘Agriculture 1980’ project, 1968–72." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 22, no. 3 (January 28, 2015): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2014.1000268.
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ESCALANTE, CESAR L., ADENOLA OSINUBI, CHARLES DODSON, and CARMINA E. TAYLOR. "LOOKING BEYOND FARM LOAN APPROVAL DECISIONS: LOAN PRICING AND NONPRICING TERMS FOR SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED FARM BORROWERS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 50, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.25.
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AbstractThis study utilizes Farm Service Agency lending data to verify if previous racial and gender bias allegations still persist in more recent lending decisions. Beyond loan approval decisions, this study focuses on trends in direct loan packaging terms for approved single proprietorship farm borrowers. Results indicate that although no significant disparities were noted in loan amounts and maturities prescribed for various racial and gender minority groups, nonwhite male and female borrowers were usually charged higher interest rates than the others. Loan pricing differentials could have been the lenders' strategy for price management of borrowers' credit risks.
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Halpin, Darren. "The Collective Political Actions of the Australian Farming and Rural Communities: Putting Farm Interest Groups in Context." Rural Society 13, no. 2 (January 2003): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.351.13.2.138.
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Smith, Vincent H. "The US federal crop insurance program: a case study in rent seeking." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 3 (December 24, 2019): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2018-0102.
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Purpose Rent seeking is endemic to the process through which any policy or regulatory initiative is developed in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to show how farm and other interest groups have formed coalitions to benefit themselves at the expense of the federal government by examining the legislative history of the federal crop insurance program. Design/methodology/approach The federal crop insurance legislation and the way in which the USDA Risk Management Agency manages federal crop insurance program are replete with complex and subtle policy initiatives. Using a new theoretical framework, the study examines how, since 1980, three major legislative initiatives – the 1980 Federal Crop Insurance Act, the 1994 Crop Insurance Reform Act and the 2000 Agricultural Risk Protection Act – were designed to jointly benefit farm interest groups and the agricultural insurance industry, largely through increases in government subsidies. Findings Each of the three legislative initiatives examined here included provisions that, when considered individually, benefitted farmers and adversely affected the insurance industry, and vice versa. However, the joint effects of the multiple adjustments included in each of those legislative initiatives generated net benefits for both sets of interest groups. The evidence, therefore, indicates that coalitions formed between the farm and insurance lobbies to obtain policy changes that, when aggregated, benefited both groups, as well as banks with agricultural lending portfolios. However, those benefits came at an increasingly substantial cost to taxpayers through federal government subsidies. Originality/value This is the first analysis of the US federal crop insurance program to examine the issue of coalition formation.
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Barney, Douglas K., and Tonya K. Flesher. "A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS ON MAJOR TAX REFORM: AGRICULTURE AND THE 1913 INCOME TAX LAW." Accounting Historians Journal 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.35.2.71.
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Farmers have benefited from unique tax treatment since the beginning of the income tax law. This paper explores agricultural influences on the passage of the income tax in 1913, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results show that agricultural interests were influential in the development and passage of tax/tariff laws. The percentage of congressmen with agricultural ties explains the strong affection for agriculture. Discussion in congressional debates and in agricultural journals was passionate and patriotic in support of equity for farmers. The quantitative analysis reveals that the percentage farm population was a significant predictor of passage of the 16th Amendment by the states and of adoption of state income taxes in the 20th century.
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Murray, Helene, and Lorna Michael Butler. "Whole farm case studies and focus groups: Participatory strategies for agricultural research and education programs." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005543.
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AbstractResearch and extension personnel are beginning to look for new strategies to involve more farmers and the non-farm public in their programs. Two approaches we have used are wholefarm case studies (WFCS) and focus groups. WFCS in Oregon and Washington led to several research and educational programming ideas that are currently being pursued in both states. A focus group to study water quality, nitrate leaching and farming practices in Skagit County, Washington is one outcome of the WFCS process. It is made up of 16 people, including farmers, university personnel, members of environmental groups, and government representatives.We review these two complementary participatory strategies for systems-oriented sustainable agriculture research and education programs. Both have been very useful for building problem-solving partnerships between the land-grant universities and agricultural and environmental constituents in our area. Noteworthy outcomes include: complementary applied on-farm and experiment station research; farming systems analysis; public education; new linkages with environmental and agricultural interest groups; additional grant funds to address identified priority issues; and interdisciplinary teams that cut across the biological and social sciences and include diverse citizen representation.
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Cheruiyot, Joseph Kipkorir, and Festus Kipkorir Nge’tich. "Farmers’ Social capital, Sources of Finances, Information and their implications on Maize Yields in a Rural Highland, Kenya." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.709.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of livelihood, nutritional, economic, and political importance in Kenya. Its productivity growth is estimated at 2% annually, with average yields of 2 tons/ha against a potential 6 tons/ha. Annual production lags behind demand. This study was conducted in a typically rural location of Nandi County in Kenya to investigate smallholder farmers’ social capital, sources of finances, information, and their implications on maize yields. Data from 502 farmers, collected ex post facto, was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Brown-Forsythe ANOVA showed highly significant differences between groups; based on social capital as measured by their membership to social common-interest groups (F* (2,499) = 23.826, P = .000), based on main sources of finances for farm operations (F* (4, 60.649) = 8.519, P = .000) and main sources of technical information (F (3,498) = 38.738, P = .000). A Games-Howell post hoc test showed that the ‘no group’ category had significantly lower yields compared to members of social groups (P = .000). Farmers who mainly financed farm operations through ‘sale of farm produce’ had significantly lower yields compared to ‘non-farm trade’ and ‘salaries from off-farm employment’ categories (P = .001 and .000). The farmer category that relied mainly on ‘mass media’ for information had significantly lower yields (P = .000) compared to those who relied on Extension (P = .000) and ‘digital sources’ (P = .016). The mix of ‘extension and digital sources’ category showed a significantly higher mean compared to ‘Extension only’ (P = .000). In conclusion, farmer organizations and the associated social capital, funding of farm operations and information sources that guarantee quality have a positive impact on maize productivity and food security. This study is of value for practitioners and policy-makers on farmer organizations, seasonal credits, and extension information delivery
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Welsh, Rick, Stefan Grimberg, Gilbert W. Gillespie, and Megan Swindal. "Technoscience, anaerobic digester technology and the dairy industry: Factors influencing North Country New York dairy farmer views on alternative energy technology." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051000013x.
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AbstractStructural change in the US dairy industry toward fewer and very large farms has fueled interest and government funding of research into the feasibility of constructing anaerobic digesters (ADs) on large operations as a waste management strategy. Some groups opposed to increasing scale and concentration in the livestock sectors, including dairy, also oppose ADs because of the connection with larger scale operations and the potential for facilitating increased concentration in agricultural production. But the connection between AD technology and large scale is a social construction promoted by its incorporation into the debates over agricultural industrialization. The technology per se is essentially scale neutral and its scale-implications are artifacts of design choices, as is seen by its successful application to both very small farms around the world and large-scale agricultural enterprises in the USA. Using a survey of dairy farmers in New York, we find that interest in AD technology occurs at all farm sizes; and that factors other than farm size are important in determining interest in the technology. We conclude that the technoscientific question raised by these findings is: will applications to, and interest by, smaller dairy farmer operators result in shifts in policy and funding priorities toward more diverse agricultural research agendas regarding AD technology?
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Skogstad, Grace. "The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan By Adam D. Sheingate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. 279p. $45.00." American Political Science Review 96, no. 1 (March 2002): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402444334.
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This is a helpful addition to the growing body of historical institutionalist literature that demonstrates the influence of macro- and sectoral-level institutions on policymaking. The central arguments, examined here with regard to agricultural policy, are two. First, institutional relationships among state and nonstate actors may facilitate one policy objective but impede other policy goals. Neither novel nor inconsistent with the literature, this proposition is advanced through elaboration of how various interrelationships between political parties and interest groups shape governments' policy capabilities. Second, Sheingate argues that the American institutional framework of dispersed authority and pluralism does not necessarily render governments incapable or subject to interest group capture. In advancing this proposition, he seeks to put paid to popular depictions of American agrarian politics as constituting iron triangles and all-powerful farm groups.
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Istenič, Majda Černič, and Duška Knežević Hočevar. "Intergenerational Assistance on Family Farms in Slovenia: Expectations and Practices." Eastern European Countryside 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2013-0005.
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Abstract The ageing in farm population in Slovenia is accompanied by a diminishing interest of the younger generation in farming. Hence, measures for early retirement of farmers and assistance to young farmers were introduced in 2004 and 2005. Some results of two ensuing studies are presented here: the survey Generations and Gender Relations on Slovenian Farms (2007) and ethnographic study on intergenerational solidarity (2009). The survey findings reveal that through intergenerational assistance farm population, especially the beneficiaries of both measures, shows specific characteristics compared to other observed groups (nonfarmers): stronger reliance on their own family resources and weaker dependence on state resources. The survey findings are further upgraded by the ethnographic results, explaining more in-depth from a life-course perspective the complex dynamics and background of intergenerational assistance on family farms.
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VERDON, NICOLA. "AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND THE CONTESTED NATURE OF WOMEN'S WORK IN INTERWAR ENGLAND AND WALES." Historical Journal 52, no. 1 (February 27, 2009): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007334.
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ABSTRACTThis article uses a case-study of agriculture to explore the range of anxieties and contradictions surrounding women's work in the interwar period. National statistics are shown to be inconsistent and questionable, raising questions for historians reliant on official data, but they point to regional variation as the continuous defining feature of female labour force participation. Looking beyond the quantitative data a distinction emerges between traditional work on the land and processes. The article shows that women workers in agriculture provoked vigorous debate among a range of interest groups about the scale, nature, and suitability of this work. These groups, such as the National Federation of Women's Institutes, the Women's Farm and Garden Association, and the National Union of Agricultural Workers represented a range of social classes and outlooks, and had diverse agendas underpinning their interest. Consequently women's agricultural labour is exposed as a site of class and gender conflict, connecting to wider economic and cultural tensions surrounding the place of women in interwar society.
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Vining, Timothy P., Joshua L. Jacobs, Marty L. Marks, Gerald L. Thompson, and Mary K. Mullenix. "187 Utilizing Working Groups to Provide Hands-On Learning Opportunities for Experienced Beef Cattle Producers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.014.
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Abstract The Systems 360° Working Group program was created for experienced beef cattle producers who desired to learn more about timely topics related to beef cattle production than could be covered in a single night meeting. To aid in developing these working groups, the Alabama Extension Animal Science and Forages Team developed curriculum regarding grazing management, watering systems, marketing, handling facilities, and animal management. Regional animal science and forages agents then coordinated planned visits to producer farms and Auburn University research centers that highlighted specific management practices surrounding these topics, and facilitated group discussion at those sites to encourage peer-to-peer learning experiences. A working group consisted of beef cattle producers (n = 10–25 participants per group) sharing a common interest in learning more in-depth about strategies to improve their respective operations. Four working groups were organized in different regions of Alabama and met five times throughout 2018–2019. The closing survey (n = 50 responses) for the working groups indicated that 100% of participants felt this program met expectations, and given the opportunity they would join another working group. Overall, 94% of respondents indicated that they planned to adopt one of more of the management practices discussed in the group in the next 12 months. Top practices that producers planned to implement included improved winter grazing strategies, rotational stocking, water resource management and testing, and facilities design/animal handling. Producers indicated that they learned the most from farm-visits and speakers/discussion leaders as part of the program. Participants reported that knowledge gained from this program could potentially lead to a total farm economic impact averaging $6,095 per operation. These data indicate that Systems Working Groups are an effective means to disseminate knowledge, engage producers in peer-based learning opportunities and improve herd profitability among experienced beef cattle producers.
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Hansen, Colin, and Kristy Hansen. "Recent Advances in Wind Turbine Noise Research." Acoustics 2, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 171–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics2010013.
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This review is focussed on large-scale, horizontal-axis upwind turbines. Vertical-axis turbines are not considered here as they are not sufficiently efficient to be deployed in the commercial generation of electricity. Recent developments in horizontal-axis wind turbine noise research are summarised and topics that are pertinent to the problem, but are yet to be investigated, are explored and suggestions for future research are offered. The major portion of recent and current research on wind turbine noise generation, propagation and its effects on people and animals is being undertaken by groups in Europe, UK, USA, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Considerable progress has been made in understanding wind turbine noise generation and propagation as well as the effect of wind farm noise on people, birds and animals. However, much remains to be done to answer many of the questions for which answers are still uncertain. In addition to community concerns about the effect of wind farm noise on people and how best to regulate wind farm noise and check installed wind farms for compliance, there is considerable interest from turbine manufacturers in developing quieter rotors, with the intention of allowing wind farm installations to be closer to populated areas. The purpose of this paper is to summarise recent and current wind farm noise research work and the research questions that remain to be addressed or are in the process of being addressed. Topics that are the subject of on-going research are discussed briefly and references to recent and current work are included.
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An, Minseok, and George H. Sage. "The Golf Boom in South Korea: Serving Hegemonic Interests." Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 4 (December 1992): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.4.372.
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In the past decade, to help maintain political stability and promote economic growth, South Korea has committed substantial resources to commercialized sports, including golf. A major source of support for building golf courses has come from government leaders and economic and social incentives as well. In the past 4 years the government has given permission to build 135 new golf courses. The official government discourse about the new golf courses is that they are being built in the interest of “sport for all.” But the golf courses overwhelmingly require membership, which is extremely expensive. Despite the enormous power and resources of the dominant groups in Korea, there are elements of opposition. The golf boom has been severely criticized because it removes large amounts of land from agricultural and industrial productivity, contaminates farm land, and pollutes water. It also represents the worst aspects of the social imbalance of wealth.
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García-Villegas, Juan de Dios, Anastacio García-Martínez, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán, Monica Elizama Ruiz-Torres, Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor, Peter Dorward, and Carlos Galdino Martínez-García. "Use of information and communication technologies in small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 5 (October 2020): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000319.
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AbstractThe objective of the study was to characterize small-scale dairy production systems to identify the technological preferences according to the farmer and farm characteristics and to analyze the importance and role of the information communication technologies (ICTs) in the dissemination of information related to management and livestock activities. To collect the data, a survey was applied to 170 small-scale dairy farmers from central Mexico. To characterize the farms, a factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed. To compare and identify differences between groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted. Four factors that explain 70.93% of the accumulated variance were identified; these factors explain the use of technology, production characteristics, social connections, and use of ICTs. The cluster analysis identified four groups. Group 1 was integrated by farmers with more experience and the largest farms. Group 2 had higher studies and use of ICTs. Group 3 was formed by young farmers but had a low use of technology. Group 4 contained older farmers with a low use of technology. The young farmers with higher studies have begun to incorporate ICTs into their daily activities on the farm, as observed in Group 2. Smartphones were the most used and were considered important by the farmers of the four groups, since they enable interaction with other farmers and the dissemination of topics of interest related with the farm. In conclusion, four group of farmers were differentiated; therefore, different extension approaches should be implemented to take into account the preferences and the technologies considered most important for each group. The ICTs are emerging technologies among small-scale dairy farmers to communicate information related to livestock management, mainly by young farmers with studies of secondary, as observed in Group 2.
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Black, W. J. M. "Development of acceptable standards." BSAP Occasional Publication 23 (January 1999): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00033279.
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AbstractUK welfare standards have evolved and are continuing to develop, as our knowledge increases and with the greater interest of a larger proportion of the general public. The government issues official ‘codes of practice’ on animal welfare, one for each of the major categories of farm livestock, addressed personally to every registered farmer in the country. UK legislation is continually updated, so that those with responsibility for keeping livestock have a basic set of rules which are relatively specific and which are enforced by random inspection, usually by the State Veterinary Service. The Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) is responsible to the Minister and, with an element of independence, is asked to assist with the development of animal welfare standards in the UK FAWC is made up of 23 independent members, with a wide variety of skills, knowledge and experience, who, usually in working groups of about six people (with MAFF advisers and secretariat support), are commissioned to investigate and report on particular areas where farm animal welfare standards require attention or revision. The way in which FAWC operates is described using, as examples, recent reports on sheep and laying hens, to demonstrate how the government makes use of FAWC reports in revising codes of practice and legislation. Reference is also made to the way in which quality assurance schemes are being developed. These add a further dimension to the ‘rules’ which affect UK farm animal welfare standards
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Jepsen, S. Dee, and Joseph Donnermeyer. "Opportunities to Develop Programs and Engage Amish Youth in Safety Education." Journal of Youth Development 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2012.138.
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Understanding and designing appropriate educational youth safety programs for the Amish requires an appreciation of their history, their distinctiveness in an American society built on economic, social and cultural change, and how the Amish themselves have changed over the years. The qualitative research study highlighted in this paper sought to determine culturally and age-appropriate curricula useful to community educators interested in youth safety programs for Amish and other conservative Anabaptist groups. Researchers identified rural safety topics of interest to Amish families to include lawn mowers, string trimmers, chemicals, water, livestock, confined spaces, tractors and skid loaders. Parents regularly involved children in daily farm chores, where they made assignments based on the child’s physical development, maturity, interest in the task, and birth-order. Findings suggest opportunities for cooperative extension professionals to develop and engage Amish children in safety education programs.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Credit for Rural Poor in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.769-778.
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Farmers, large and small, and the non-farm population in rural areas all suffer from the liquidity constraint. Credit is needed to acquire command over the use of working capital, fixed capital, and consumption goods. The Green Revolution technologies have increased the credit requirement for modern inputs and farm investment. A new expanded role of rural credit institutions has emerged in the wake of the technology revol~tion in rural areas. Two distinct approaches have been used to provide the financial services to the rural poor. The most widely favoured approach in the past was the use of subsidised interest rates with a portion of credit reserved for the poor. The low interest policy was based on the premise that it would induce farmers, large and small, to use modern' inputs on a larger scale. One of the adverse side-effect of this policy was the introduction of an element of financial unsustainability in the loan portfolios of the credit institutions. The recent view about the delivery of rural credit consists of using market interest rates and using a mixture of 'bottom-up initiatives' at the local level, using non-government groups and 'top-down initiatives' by the formal credit institutions in terms of the simplification of the procedures and decentralisation of the credit operation for credit supply to the rural poor. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of these two approaches in the case of Pakistan for delivering credit to the rural poor.
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Drost, Daniel, Gilbert Long, and Kimberlee Hales. "Utah's Vegetable Growers: Assessing Sustainable Agriculture." HortTechnology 7, no. 4 (October 1997): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.4.445.
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Without a clear understanding of individual farms and farming practice, progression toward more sustainable vegetable production cannot occur. Seventy randomly selected vegetable farmers in Utah were surveyed by telephone and mail to gather baseline data on their agricultural practices. The Utah vegetable farmers profile generated by this survey included a measure of each respondent's attitude toward sustainable agricultural practices and his or her interest in further cooperation with research and extension. A farming index to measure practices used and a perceptual index measuring farmer's views regarding sustainable practices were developed, pilot tested, and refined during the project. Although the perceptual index did not serve as a proxy for actual farm practice, it identified farmers who had an appreciation for sustainable agriculture. Together with the farming index, we now have detailed information on actual farm practices for a variety of different vegetable farmer groups. The use of these two indices will help measure the effectiveness of future research and extension efforts as farmers progress toward more sustainable vegetable production.
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Roger, Louise C., G. J. Gunn, and A. Waterhouse. "Reproductive and kid performance of a newly established feral goat herd being graded up for cashmere production." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011120.
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Interest in farming goats for cashmere production has recently arisen, both as a means of farm diversification and, through goats grazing preferences, to utilise previously under exploited resources on hill farms.A herd of 160 feral does of Irish and Scottish origin was established at the West of Scotland College's Kirkton Unit in June 1987 to investigate the potential for cashmere production from goats on a hill sheep farm. The Irish goats are of mixed ancestry with obvious dairy crossbreds in addition to many of more feral phenotype. The Scottish feral does came as an established group but proved excitable and difficult to handle. Whenever goats were grouped together for handling or at feeding points there was considerable fighting and other agonistic behaviour. A year later the level of this has reduced.One hundred and fifty eight does were divided into four groups and oestrus synchronised (goats sponges 45 mg progesterone supplied by Intervet). These were then artificially inseminated by laparoscope in two, two day sessions a week apart (21/10, 22/10, 29/10 and 30/10).
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Holle, Yolanda. "Minat Masyarakat dalam Bidang Pertanian “Kasus Masyarakat Kampung Udapi Hilir Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua”." Jurnal Penyuluhan 19, no. 01 (January 8, 2023): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25015/19202342569.
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The absorption of employment in agriculture is the focal point of the problem, where the interest in working is important. This research examines people's interest in agriculture; analyze attitudes, subjective norms, and social control in agriculture; analyze the relationship of attitudes, social norms, social control, and characteristics of respondents to community interest. The research was conducted in Udapi Hilir Village, Manokwari Regency using a survey method to 94 respondents. Data analysis using simple tabulation and partial least square test. The results of the study conclude that the community is not interested in being a provider of production facilities and administrators of farmer groups but is interested in becoming farmers and farm laborers. The attitude agrees that agriculture requires high labor, high production costs, risk of failure, and requires storage space. People's subjective norms that agriculture is the main source of livelihood, food source, and requires a large areal of land. Social control in the form of production inputs and subsidies for production costs from the government. Farming experience, productive age, production facilities assistance, production facilities cost subsidies, and production marketing assistance affect interest in farming.
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Roberts, Wayne. "Life of Bryan: Working the magic of sustainable food's sweet spot." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 1, no. 1 (May 14, 2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v1i1.39.
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<p>Bryan Gilvesy is one of Canada’s most-recognized farm innovators, as well as one of the country’s best-known leaders of the food movement. That combination is unusual in any region or country—one of the ways that Gilvesy exemplifies both the hallmarks of the food movement in Canada, as well as the unique components of agroecology as it emerges in a temperate-cold climate. This portrait of a food and farm leader is based on my own reporter’s notes taken over seven years of attending meetings where Gilvesy has spoken, and on files of news clippings and academic articles related to the farming methods he’s pioneered in Canada. Part 1 of this article provides an overview of Gilvesy’s background and personal evolution prior to his adoption of views and practices for which he’s presently renowned. Parts 2 and 3, which will be posted in subsequent issues, introduce his measures to promote a wrenching shift in food system redesign—specifically the provision to pay farmers for ecosystem services they produce on the working landscape of their farm. Parts 2 and 3 will also spell out specific trends within Canada’s food movement, such as its promotion of concrete, positive and practical reform measures and its service as a Big Tent coalition of various public interest groups—trends that Gilvesy personifies.</p>
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Schorr, Anke, and Markus Lips. "The optimal capital structure of Swiss dairy farms." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2018-0034.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a novel way of determining optimal capital structure, applied to sub-groups of Swiss dairy farms from 2003 to 2014. Optimization of capital structure is carried out with respect to two performance indicators from an economic value added perspective.Design/methodology/approachOptimal values of capital structure are obtained based on a minimization of correlation between economic performance indicators and a distance function of the debt-to-asset ratio distribution to its quantiles. The approach differs from existing approaches in relying solely on empirical data and in using fewer external parameters, which are difficult to estimate, such as risk aversion coefficients. An unbalanced panel data set from the Swiss Farm Accounting Network with almost 14,000 dairy farm observations serves as input data to the model.FindingsConcise optimal values of capital structure result for regional and temporal sub-groups of Swiss dairy farms. Comparing the evolution of optimal values for these sub-groups with existing models of optimal capital structure, the authors infer that dairy farmers in the mountain region are less risk averse than their counterparts in the valley region and that falling interest rates increase the optimal value of debt-to-asset ratio.Originality/valueThe straightforward computation of optimal values for capital structure without intermediate parameters is useful and new. In addition, the authors’ model can be used as a tool for comparison and validation of previous models with the same aim, e.g. for comparison of risk aversion coefficients or qualitative behavior of optimal values for capital structure.
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Nuhu, Mohammed Gali, and Kenichi Matsui. "Gender Dimensions of Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Smallholder Farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 10432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610432.
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Gender-specific perceptions and needs are critical to better understanding climate change adaptation capacities of local smallholder communities in Africa and elsewhere. As many rural agricultural practices are heavily impacted by male-centered traditional customs and mores, gender dimensions can determine the level of success for policy interventions. To better understand how and what gender dimensions can be important factors for farmer’s climate change adaptations, this study attempts to examine smallholder farmers’ adaptation needs and perspectives in Ghana’s Upper East Region. A focus group discussion and a questionnaire survey were conducted among 200 smallholder farmers. We found that the female respondents, who mostly belonged to low/middle-income groups, emphasized their urgent need for financial support to improve their income. They needed more farmland as 94% of them had only less than 5 acres to farm. In addition, 91% of the female respondents expressed the importance of being connected to farmers’ mutual-help groups to share information about common farming needs. We also found gender-specific needs for extension services, farm inputs, climate information, mechanization, and infrastructure. Regarding access to resources, the women respondents had little interest in investing more in farming as the land they borrowed could be taken away by male owners. The study recommends the need for gender-specific support initiatives that prioritize social protection and gender equality.
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Roberts, Wayne. "Life of Bryan: Working the magic of sustainable food's sweet spot, Part 2." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 2, no. 1 (May 2, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v2i1.69.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Bryan Gilvesy is one of Canada’s most-recognized farm innovators, as well as one of the country’s best-known leaders of the food movement. That combination is unusual in any region or country—one of the ways that Gilvesy exemplifies both the hallmarks of the food movement in Canada, as well as the unique components of agro-ecology as it emerges in a temperate-cold climate. This portrait of a food and farm leader is based on my own reporter’s notes taken over seven years of attending meetings where Gilvesy has spoken, and on files of news clippings and academic articles related to the farming methods he’s pioneered in Canada. Part 1 of this article provided an overview of Gilvesy’s background and personal evolution prior to his adoption of views and practices for which he’s presently renowned. Part 2 introduces his measures to secure a wrenching shift in food system redesign—specifically the provision to pay farmers for ecosystem services they produce on the working landscape of their farm. Part 2 will also spell out specific trends within Canada’s food movement, such as its promotion of concrete, positive and practical reform measures and its service as a Big Tent coalition of various public interest groups—trends that Gilvesy personifies. Part 3 will examine the potential of establishing a fee for environmental services through public policy rather than the marketplace.</p>
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Gruber, Mirjam. "The Integration of Local Actors in Policy Implementation: The Case of Organic Farming in Costa Rica." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 7265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127265.
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Like other countries of the world, Costa Rica faced the challenge of dealing with a variety of trade-offs when implementing sustainability goals in agriculture. Very often, economic promotion is in conflict with goals regarding human and environmental health protection. Organic farming practices could provide strategies to overcome some of these trade-offs. However, in Costa Rica, the majority of farmers still relies on conventional farm practices. In this paper, I investigate the potential for a sustainable transformation in Costa Rica’s agriculture by focusing on organic farming policies. I shed light on the role local actors and organizations play in this process compared to other actor types. I argue that local actors are “the agents of change” in these processes, as these are the target groups of organic farming policies and are the ones who are asked to change their farm practices. Based on survey data and network analysis, I was able to illustrate how differently integrated local actors are compared to other actor types in Costa Rica’s implementation of organic farming policies. Local actors show interest and willingness to further participate in land-use implementation processes when institutional barriers are alleviated, and further promotion instruments are available.
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Coble, Harold D., and Jill Schroeder. "Call to Action on Herbicide Resistance Management." Weed Science 64, SP1 (September 2016): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00032.1.
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Management of herbicide resistance can be most effectively accomplished if every person and organization involved in agricultural production takes an ownership position and participates in solving the growing problem of weed resistance to herbicides. Growers and other pest management practitioners are keys to effective herbicide resistance management since they make the final decisions on practices used. However, many other people and organizations have an important role to play as well. Agricultural input supply networks, including chemical companies, are a widely used information source for growers' decisions through company marketing efforts. Government agencies may influence decisions through regulations or incentive programs. University scientists through their research, education, and outreach programs may impact management decisions, and organizations such as professional societies, farm and commodity groups, public interest organizations, and the agricultural press play roles as well. It is critically important that all of these groups impacting herbicide resistance management decisions are sending the same message and that message is based on sound science. The time to act is now.
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Darrot, Catherine, and Christian Mouchet. "Charakterystyka i potencjał innowacyjny gospodarstw typu rodzinnego w Polsce." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 55 (March 26, 2005): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2005.55.8.
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Preliminary interviews concerning 20 farms in the regions of Podlasie and Małopolska were carried in 2003 for a doctorate entitled "Interest and future of Polish peasant-like farming systems in European development models: an ethno-agronomical and socio-economic approach ". In farms where less than 15 ha are available complementary incomes are necessary. They can be provided either by social transfers, either by salaried work. A precise repartition of tasks on the farm between specific feminine (manual work and provision of subsistence goods) and masculine (mechanized work and production for sale) tasks, explain different evolutions of production depending on access to outside jobs by each member of the couple. Agronomical organization of the farm was also described, with four parts which can be distinguished in traditional farming systems: family garden, field crops, permanent pastures and private forest, and an ecologically positive impact of agronomical techniques observed. These family-like farming systems can be considered as innovating in context of the contemporary European debate about ecological and economical choices in agriculture, also represented by other groups of fanners in Europe. In the future this could encourage the autonomy and the reduction of inputs employed in the Polish family-run farms, with their new orientations on the European financial help.
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Michael, Amurtiya, Yuniyus Dengle Giroh, Mark Polycarp, and Zubairu Emmanuel Ashindo. "Analysis of Rural Farm Households’ Access to Formal Agricultural Credit in Yola South Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 4 (2018): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866040947.
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The purpose of this study was to analyse rural farm households’ access to formal agricultural credit in Yola South Local Government Area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the primary data collected using structured questionnaire (from 140 rural farming households). Findings from the study have shown that, 90 % of the respondents were male, mostly educated (70 %) and married (89 %) engaging in farming as their primary livelihood activity (about 81 %) with an average farm size of 2.47 hectares. The result of the binary logit regression has shown that level of education and income do influence access to credit positively, while age and distance to access point negatively influence respondents’ access to formal credit. The study further revealed that, lack of acceptable collateral / security, high interest rates, low financial literacy, and complex banking procedures were the main factors that limits the respondents’ access to credit facility from formal sources. In order for farmers to have an improved access to formal credits, the formation of strong groups that are viable to provide the needed capital is encouraged, banking operations should be simplified to suite farmers’ needs / convenience and financial literacy among farmers should be improved through awareness campaigns (in agricultural extension packages).
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Anderson, Molly. "Farming with reduced synthetic chemicals in North Carolina." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 2 (June 1990): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003301.
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AbstractThe primary objectives of this study were to describe the various pest control and soil fertility management strategies used by North Carolina farmers and to characterize the types of farms and farmers using each strategy. In 1988, a survey was mailed to farmers who had shown interest in alternative methods and a randomly selected control group of conventional farmers. Cluster analysis on crops, inputs, and cultural practices used by crop farmers in the combined sample showed that they fall into three distinct groups. Very few members of the first group apply standard synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Instead, more than three-quarters of them use cover crops, compost, organic mulch, commercial fertilizers and pesticides labeled as “organic”, resistant varieties, hand weeding, mechanical cultivation, scouting, and biological pest controls. More than half of the second group did not use any nutrient and pest management inputs or practices except synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and lime. More than three-quarters of the third group reported use of synthetic fertilizers, synthetic herbicides, and lime, but also employed most of the cultural practices reported by alternative farmers. However, they less frequently used labor-intensive practices (such as manuring, mechanical cultivation, and hand weeding) and information-intensive practices (such as scouting and companion planting). Information sources, concerns about farm chemicals, and length of farming experience discriminated better than other socioeconomic factors and farm characteristics between farmers who use conventional chemical inputs and those who use alternative practices. Group 1 farmers differed from Group 3 farmers most sharply in that they rank the cost of pest control products and their extension agents' advice lower, have lower farm incomes, read more information sources promoting reduced synthetic chemicals, own more of the land they operate, and have less farming experience. The only factors significantly discriminating Groups 1 and 2 were that Group 1 fanners rank the importance of their extension agents' recommendations lower and effects of chemical products on birds and wildlife higher, read more reduced-chemical information sources, and have less farming experience.
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Campbell, Catherine G., Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar, and Alia DeLong. "Commercial Urban Agriculture in Florida: Needs, Opportunities, and Barriers." HortTechnology 32, no. 4 (August 2022): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05038-22.
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Florida, like much of the southeastern United States, is rapidly urbanizing. With this urbanization, there is an increasing interest in commercial urban agriculture (CUA) as an important sector for agriculture in the state. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Census of Agriculture does not report data about CUA operations, thus limiting the knowledge about the status of CUA operations regarding basic features such as farm size, operator demographics, production systems, sources of revenue, barriers to business operations and profitability, and future opportunities for development. Because previous research has found differences in urban farmers’ demographics and their perceptions of barriers and opportunities, the purpose of this research was to characterize CUA operations in Florida and to understand the urban farmers’ perceptions of the primary needs, barriers, and opportunities for developing CUA, as well as CUA operators’ informational needs and preferred informational formats. We performed a cluster analysis to identify salient groups of urban growers in Florida to identify subgroups based on shared characteristics that revealed three distinct groups of urban farmers with differing perceptions of barriers, opportunities, informational needs, and preferred informational formats.
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Lanyon, L. E. "Participatory assistance: An alternative to transfer of technology for promoting change on farms." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000583x.
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AbstractParticipatory assistance (PA) is a proposed approach for promoting change that involves both the biophysical processes of farms and the management processes of farmers. It integrates external expertise, inputs, and expectations with the unique character of a particular farming system. It focuses on improving the processes of the farm and farmer rather than on the traditional interests of “outsiders” such as disciplinary researchers, industry sales people, government regulators, consumers, or environmental interest groups. As an alternative to transfer of technology, it promotes learning both by the farmer and by specialists from academia, industry, government, and the public. Participatory assistance can promote innovations in the operation of farms, in the conduct of research and education, in the development of products and services, in the formulation of policy, and in the involvement of the public in agriculture. The outcome is not assumed to be the adoption of the “best” technology, but may be found in the emerging properties that result from innovations. Assessing the improvement that follows each innovation will require clear specification of the relevant performance criteria, provision of appropriate technical support, and reinforcement by the appropriate incentives. Reconciling today's farming with water quality protection illustrates the potential of the PA approach.
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Hansen, John Mark. "The Political Economy of Group Membership." American Political Science Review 79, no. 1 (March 1985): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956120.
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Despite its normative importance, the question of why people join interest groups remains open. It has certainly provoked a wealth of theoretical attention. Regrettably, however, it has inspired only a handful of empirical tests. The introduction of this article places the empirical debate into its normative context. The first section develops a rational model of individual evaluations of group membership, focusing upon the effect of changing personal circumstances—preferences, needs, resources, insecurity, and information—on the calculus. In particular, the theory predicts responsiveness to political or collective benefits in threatening times. Analyses of aggregate changes over time in membership in the Farm Bureau, the League of Women Voters, and the Home Builders, reported in the second section, bear the model out. Finally, the conclusion takes on the complementary question of group supply, sketching a theory of group mobilization that emphasizes subsidization.
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Lührmann, Anja, Ksenia Ovadenko, Justinus Hellmich, Christoph Sudendey, Vitaly Belik, Jürgen Zentek, and Wilfried Vahjen. "Characterization of the fecal microbiota of sows and their offspring from German commercial pig farms." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0256112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256112.
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Strategies to combat microbiota-associated health problems are of high interest in pig production. Successful intervention strategies with beneficial long-term effects are still missing. Most studies on pig microbiota have been conducted under standardized experimental conditions, but the situation in commercial farms differs dramatically. This study describes the fecal microbiota in German commercial pig farms under practical conditions. The study is part of the larger project “Optibiom” that aims to use bacterial composition and farm metadata to formulate tailor-made solutions for farm-specific health maintenance strategies. Special consideration is given to the sow-piglet relationship. Fecal samples from sows and their piglets were collected at two time points each in 20 different farms (sows ante- and postpartum and piglets before and after weaning). The extracted DNA was sequenced with Illumina 16S rDNA sequencing. For data analysis and visualization, differential abundance analyses, as well as hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were performed. A new “family unit” was implemented to compare farms based on the association between the microbiota in sows and their offspring. There are distinct changes in the microbial communities in sows before and after birth as well as in suckling and post-weaning piglets. The suckling pig microbiota is particularly different from all other groups and shows a lower bacterial diversity. While dominant genera in antepartum sows further displace the abundance of non-dominant genera postpartum, the opposite was true for piglets, where non-dominant bacteria in the suckling phase became dominant after weaning. The family unit for sows and their piglets led to separate cluster formation for some farms. The results indicate that the sow-piglet relationship is one driving force for the observed differences of the pig farms. The next step in the analysis will be the combination of metadata (feeding, housing and management practices) to find farm-specific differences that can be exploited to formulate a farm-specific health maintenance strategy.
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Brophy, Laura S., Helene Murray, Larry S. Lev, Richard P. Dick, and Lorna M. Butler. "In the face of change: A rapid reconnaissance survey of Northwest horticultural crop producers." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 6, no. 1 (March 1991): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003763.
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A rapid reconnaissance survey (sondeo) of twenty-five western Oregon and Washington horticultural producers was conducted using interdisciplinary interviewing teams and flexible on-farm interviews. The group interviewed included both certified organic and conventional farmers who are adopting innovative production methods. Our objectives were to determine the primary factors affecting the choice of farming methods, to identify growers' responses to these factors, to examine the effectiveness of the sondeo technique for gathering such information, to build a team for the longer-term studies, and to locate growers to participate in the longer-term studies. The growers shared characteristics that crossed organic-conventional boundaries. Less experienced growers identified practical crop management issues as their primary problems, while the more experienced ones were concerned with labor and regulatory problems. Most conventional growers were reducing their reliance on agricultural chemicals; organic producers generally used fewer agricultural chemicals, but many relied on organically certified insecticides. A primary regulatory concern among conventional growers was the loss of pesticide registrations for minor crops. Both organic and conventional growers were concerned about government regulation of farm labor, particularly increased paperwork and changing immigration law. Many growers attempted to provide good working conditions to retain a reliable labor force, but a few are mechanizing the harvest to reduce labor requirements. They were aware of the increasing public interest in the health aspects of agricultural methods and were responding with modified chemical use, direct involvement in public education, and membership in commodity groups, cooperative marketing groups, and other grower organizations. The sondeo was a fast and low-cost method for gathering information and provided team members with an interdisciplinary perspective that will be valuable in future research.
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Gubareva, O., and N. Isamov. "Reduced Transition of 137Cs in Milk of Cows With the Use of Modified Fodder Additives With Ferrocin." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/23.
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The problem of livestock production that meets sanitary standards in radioactively contaminated territories remains relevant and is of great practical and scientific interest. The use of sorbents from the class of ferrocyanides promotes the production of livestock products (milk) that comply with accepted hygienic standards. The studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of new formulations of feed additives based on potassium–iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II) (azure iron milori) compared with 137Cs Bifezh sorbent to reduce the content of radiocaesium, on the productivity of dairy cows and qualitative milk indicators. The tests were carried out under production conditions on the basis of the SEC “Rabochii” of the Gordeevsky district of the Bryansk region. The farm was exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Agricultural land of the farm is characterized by relatively high pollution densities at 137Сs and high variability. The use of ferrocine-containing preparations as part of new formulations of modified feed additives made it possible to reduce the concentration of 137Cs in cow’s milk by 2–4 times on day 15 and by 4–5 times on day 30 as compared to the control and did not affect the qualitative indicators of cow’s milk, except for a significant increase fat content of milk in all groups of animals by the end of the experiment.
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Coroian, Mircea, Loredana Maria Pop, Virgilia Popa, Zsuzsa Friss, Ovidiu Oprea, Zsuzsa Kalmár, Adela Pintea, et al. "Efficacy of Artemisia annua against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens: A Field Trial." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112277.
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(1) Background: Various studies on artemisinin and its derivatives have shown that Artemisia annua may be of therapeutic interest for different diseases, including chicken coccidiosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Artemisia annua on farm-reared broiler chickens by analyzing both the anticoccidial efficacy and its effect on the intestinal microbiota of poultry. (2) Methods: The experiment was performed within three houses on a broiler chicken farm located in Romania. House 1 was the experimental group and received a diet with an addition of A. annua. Houses 2 and 4 were the control groups and received anticoccidials. The prophylactic efficacy of A. annua against coccidiosis was evaluated by recording the weight gain, feed conversion rate, number of oocysts per gram of feces, lesion score, and mortality rate. (3) Results: The chickens fed with A. annua showed a decreasing trend in the number of oocysts per gram of faeces, and their lesion score was 80% lower than in the control group. The weight gains of the chickens treated with A. annua was lower, whilst the feed conversion rate was better than in controls. (4) Conclusions: Artemisia annua showed promising results in the prophylaxis of coccidiosis. Overall, the broiler chickens that received A. annua presented promising zootechnical performances and medical data related to coccidiosis and gut microbiota.
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Lohuis, Michael M. "189 Choices ahead for dairy cattle breeding programs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.043.
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Abstract Dairy cattle breeding programs have been transformed from conventional progeny-testing schemes to genomic selection paired with nucleus herd breeding in the span of one decade. This was spurred by the simultaneous advances in low-cost SNP genotyping, genomic selection methodology and reproductive biotechnologies. The rates of genetic progress have approximately doubled in this time but so have increases in inbreeding levels. This was driven by intense competition between AI studs and farmer adherence to common selection indices which has concentrated selection on very elite segments of juvenile age groups. This has led to speculation on the need for alternative indices and selection for novel traits in order to differentiate breeding programs and customize selection for unique farm conditions. This will be made more possible by the advent of on-farm sensor technology and artificial intelligence algorithms. Large commercial dairies are increasingly experimenting with crossbreeding with varying levels of success and this will require a new approach by breeding programs to focus both on purebred and crossbred performance. In addition, the potential exists for use of gene-editing to further enable value-added traits to be added into breeding programs. In parallel with breeding program advancements, consumer trends are also changing to include more interest in specialty dairy products with implied differences in digestibility, health or environmental impacts. Identifying technologies and traits that will add value either on the farm as well as at the consumer level will be a challenge for today’s breeders and producers. Some new technologies, such as gene editing, can pose consumer acceptance challenges if they are perceived to be used carelessly or for the wrong reasons. Careful choices will need to be made to continue to improve profitability, functionality and health of dairy cattle while also meeting higher consumer standards for animal welfare, health and the environment.
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Makau, D. N., J. A. VanLeeuwen, G. K. Gitau, S. L. McKenna, C. Walton, J. Muraya, and J. J. Wichtel. "Effects of Calliandra and Sesbania on Daily Milk Production in Dairy Cows on Commercial Smallholder Farms in Kenya." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3262370.
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There is a growing interest in protein supplementation of dairy-cow diets using leguminous shrubs. The study objective was to ascertain the association between diet supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus and Sesbania sesban and milk production in dairy cattle on commercial smallholder farms. This trial involved 235 cows from 80 smallholder dairy farms in Kenya randomly allocated to 4 intervention groups: (1) receiving Calliandra and Sesbania and nutritional advice; (2) receiving reproductive medicines and advice; (3) receiving both group 1 and 2 interventions; and (4) receiving neither intervention. Farm nutritional practices and management data were collected in a questionnaire, and subsequent physical examinations, mastitis tests, and milk production of cows on the farm were monitored approximately monthly for 16 months. Descriptive and univariable statistical analyses were conducted, and multivariable mixed-model regression was used for identification of factors associated (P<0.05) with daily milk production. The mean milk production was 6.39 liters/cow/day (SD = 3.5). Feeding Calliandra/Sesbania to cows was associated (P<0.0005) with an increase in milk produced by at least 1 liter/cow/day with each kg fed. Other variables positively associated with ln daily milk production in the final model included feeding of Napier grass, amount of silage and dairy meal fed, body condition score, and appetite of the cow. Other variables negatively associated with ln daily milk production in the final model included amount of maize germ fed, days in milk, sudden feed changes, pregnancy, and subclinical mastitis. In conclusion, our field trial data suggest that use of Calliandra/Sesbania through agroforestry can improve milk production in commercial smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. Agroforestry land use systems can be adopted as a way for dairy farmers to cope with feed shortages and low crude protein in farm-available feeds for their cows.
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Makavchik, S. A., and N. V. Polischuk. "Distribution of Escherichia coli synthesizing extended spectrum beta-lactamases in livestock farms." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.2.44.
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Microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials pose a worldwide threat to humans and animals and are of interest to bacteriologists. Antibiotic resistance of E. coli is being studied all over the world as one of the most resistant and, as a result, dangerous types of microorganisms. Due to the enzyme complex (extended spectrum beta-lactamase) produced by the bacterial cell, E. coli hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics, including third and fourth generation cephalosporins, which makes research in this area extremely relevant.The aim of our study is to analyze the literature data on the distribution of enterobacteria producing beta-lactamase among cattle.Analysis of published data with the results of studies of isolates obtained from cattle farms in Russia, Europe, Asia and Africa confirms the widespread distribution of beta-lactamase strains of E. coli.The study of their phenotypic and genotypic features using MICs followed by genomic sequencing by scientific groups from different countries makes it possible to identify resistance genes in isolated E. coli and compile statistics on the occurrence of specific genes responsible for bacterial resistance.Given the data obtained, it is possible to draw logical conclusions about the increase in the number of resistant pathogens on farms around the world, which is primarily due to the widespread use of antimicrobials at all stages of growing farm animals; about the danger posed by such strains; about the need to take measures to prevent the spread of resistant microorganisms by changing the principles of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of farm animals.
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Barnes, Roy C. "The Rise of Corporatist Regulation in the English and Canadian Dairy Industries." Social Science History 25, no. 3 (2001): 381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012165.
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This article answers Larry Gerber's (1995) challenge for a renewed appreciation of the social science literature on corporatism and state theory by explaining variations in corporatist institutions through the concept of policy legacies. To understand the variation in corporatist forms of governance, three policy areas are key: the long-standing trade policies of the England and Canada, the forms of government intervention during World War I, and prior political battles within the dairy industries. In their own unique way, these policies shaped the character of the market failure, the political capacities of farm organizations, and the institutional response that incorporated private interest groups within the formulation and implementation of public policy. By viewing the emergence of corporatist institutions in England and Canada as examples of governmental responses to economic crisis, this research on corporatism contributes to the larger theory of the determinants, as well as the effects, of the state in capitalist democracies.
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Prishchep, Elena Alexandrovna, Diana Vyacheslavovna Leutina, and Alla Sergeevna Gerasimova. "Dependence of productive qualities of cows of brown Swiss breed on their physiological devel-opment." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i5pp71-74.
Full textAbstract:
The brown Swiss breed of cattle, which is currently being bred in the Smolensk region for dairy and meat productivity, is of interest from the point of view of its production feasibility and competitiveness, and the biological properties of livestock. The research was carried out in a breeding reproducer for the breeding of brown Swiss cattle of the Smolensk region, in the conditions of the farm, the age of fruitful insemination, physiological development, linear affiliation and productive qualities were analyzed (n=384). According to the terms of fertilization, the animals were conditionally divided into three groups: - early-maturing 46 heads (12%) live weight of the first insemination 329 kg, medium-maturing 191 heads (49.7%) live weight 388 kg and late-maturing 147 heads (38.3%) live weight 429 kg. The genealogical structure of the analyzed livestock includes descendants of the related groups Meridian 90827 (46.3%), Concentrate 106157 (25.4%), Master 106902 (25.4%) and line Laird 71151 (2.9%). The highest milk yield and fat for the first (4520 kg) and highest lactation (5022 kg, 3.97 %) in late-maturing animals. The group of first-calf cows of medium precocity in terms of milk yield occupies an intermediate position (4334 kg). The difference in live weight between the third and first groups is significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in milk fat and protein between the groups of cows. From these studies, it follows that the larger the live weight at the first insemination, the more productive they are.
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Eribo, O., and A. Odali. "EFFECTIVENESS OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES IN THE TREATMENT OF AQUACULTURE EFFLUENT FROM A FISH FARM IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v2i2.155.
Full textAbstract:
Aquaculture production has seen much increase in Nigeria in recent times due to the rise in fish farming occasioned by the availability of water and materials for setting up, the profit turn-over, increase in demand for fish, and the effort to curb the rising youth unemployment rate. However, this massive surge of interest in aquaculture and fish farming is accompanied by the challenge of pollution as the effluent from aquacultural settings gets discharged into nearby water bodies hence the need for remediation. Aquatic plants have been used to remediate polluted water bodies and possess many advantages over other methods. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Eichhornia crassipes in the clean-up of aquaculture effluent. Wastewater collected from a commercial fish pond in Benin City, Nigeria, were divided into two treatment groups. One group was diluted with an equal volume of distilled water (50%), and the other group consisted of 100% wastewater. Distilled water was used as a control (0%). The samples were treated with Eichhornia crassipes for 14 days, following which samples were collected for physicochemical analysis. The result showed that E. crassipes reduced significantly the pH from 7.44 to 5.98 and 7.28 to 6.10 in the 50% and 100% effluent samples, respectively. The removal efficiency of E. crassipes in the 100% effluent sample was 69% for phosphate, and 94% for nitrate. The study suggests that E. crassipes may be effective in improving the quality of aquaculture wastewater.
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Kurzer, Amalie B., Rose Bechtel, and Jean-Xavier Guinard. "Adult and Child Focus Group Views of Oranges and Mandarins." HortTechnology 29, no. 4 (August 2019): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04320-19.
Full textAbstract:
To identify factors that may reduce mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and orange (Citrus sinensis) consumer acceptance and to acquire information on current consumer thoughts and perceptions, a series of eight focus groups were held in a college town in northern California: four with children and four with adults. Adults mentioned cost proportionately more (P ≤ 0.05) often than children, as well as farm to fork, purchasing preferences, and seasonality. Children mentioned eating preferences, social use, and healthiness more often (P ≤ 0.05). Flavor and taste were important to both age groups, as well as ease of peeling. Both ages viewed oranges as slightly too large and messier than mandarins. Adults felt frustration that oranges and mandarins lack flavor and that quality is not consistent. Many indicated they would be willing to pay more for consistent quality. Children reported relying on availability, appearance, and the basic tastes to guide their choices and did not express a clear preference between mandarins and oranges. Development of a fruit intermediate in size between an orange and a mandarin, either a small orange or a large mandarin, would potentially satisfy an untapped area of the market. Other potential areas of consumer interest are in fruits with edible peels, like kumquats (Citrus japonica) and in more unique, identifiable varieties such as Cara Cara oranges.