Relevant bibliographies by topics / Farm Input subsidy programs

Academic literature on the topic 'Farm Input subsidy programs'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Farm Input subsidy programs"

1

Holden, Stein T. "Economics of Farm Input Subsidies in Africa." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 501–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094002.

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Fertilizer and other input subsidies have been prominent components of agricultural policies in many Asian and African countries since the 1960s. Their economic and political rationale is scrutinized with emphasis on the second generation of targeted input subsidy programs that were scaled up in Sub-Saharan Africa after 2005. The extent to which they fulfill the goal of being market smart is assessed after inspecting the potential for such subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The new fertilizer subsidy programs do not live up to the market-smart principles and suffer from severe design and implementation failures. While a clear exit strategy was one of the key principles, this has been neglected, with the result that most current programs are more sticky than smart. They have only partially achieved the intended impacts and have resulted in a number of unintended negative impacts. Subsidy program redesign should start from a pilot stage testing basic mechanisms.
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2

Holden, Stein T., and Rodney W. Lunduka. "Who Benefit from Malawi's Targeted Farm Input Subsidy Program?" Forum for Development Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2012.688858.

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3

Mulula, Griffin, Hannah M. Dunga, and Steven Henry Dunga. "The Effect of Farm Input Subsidy Program on Food Poverty Dynamics in Malawi." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 2(J) (May 18, 2017): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2(j).1656.

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As part of poverty alleviation and reduction of food insecurity in Malawi, the Malawi Government launched the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) in 2005/06. The programme is a continuation and expansion of previous subsidy programmes which were designed for the same purpose as the current subsidy programme. Although evaluation studies show that FISP registered success in its first five years, there has been limited research analysing the effectiveness of the programme. This study purposed to investigate how the programme has contributed to food poverty transition during the period 2010 and 2013. The study adopts a Multinomial Logit Model and uses Integrated Household Panel Survey Data of 2010 and 2013 from national statistical office to measure food poverty dynamics between the two periods. Other variables which are expected to influence food poverty dynamics are also explored. Results show that FISP does not increase chances of moving out of food poverty. Rather, education greatly provides higher chances of moving out of food poverty. Between gender that have the same qualification, men have a greater probability of moving a household out of poverty. It was also found that household size has a negatively relationship with the probability of moving out of food poverty. The study recommends that government should strengthen the monitoring, evaluation and audit systems in order to make the FISP programme effective again.
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Mulula, Griffin, Hannah M. Dunga, and Steven Henry Dunga. "The Effect of Farm Input Subsidy Program on Food Poverty Dynamics in Malawi." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2.1656.

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As part of poverty alleviation and reduction of food insecurity in Malawi, the Malawi Government launched the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) in 2005/06. The programme is a continuation and expansion of previous subsidy programmes which were designed for the same purpose as the current subsidy programme. Although evaluation studies show that FISP registered success in its first five years, there has been limited research analysing the effectiveness of the programme. This study purposed to investigate how the programme has contributed to food poverty transition during the period 2010 and 2013. The study adopts a Multinomial Logit Model and uses Integrated Household Panel Survey Data of 2010 and 2013 from national statistical office to measure food poverty dynamics between the two periods. Other variables which are expected to influence food poverty dynamics are also explored. Results show that FISP does not increase chances of moving out of food poverty. Rather, education greatly provides higher chances of moving out of food poverty. Between gender that have the same qualification, men have a greater probability of moving a household out of poverty. It was also found that household size has a negatively relationship with the probability of moving out of food poverty. The study recommends that government should strengthen the monitoring, evaluation and audit systems in order to make the FISP programme effective again.
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5

Lunduka, Rodney, Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, and Monica Fisher. "What are the farm-level impacts of Malawi's farm input subsidy program? A critical review." Agricultural Economics 44, no. 6 (October 11, 2013): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12074.

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Arndt, Channing, Karl Pauw, and James Thurlow. "The Economy‐wide Impacts and Risks of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 98, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 962–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav048.

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7

Karamba, R. Wendy, and Paul C. Winters. "Gender and agricultural productivity: implications of the Farm Input Subsidy Program in Malawi." Agricultural Economics 46, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12169.

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8

Zhao, Minjuan, Runsheng Yin, Liuyang Yao, and Tao Xu. "Assessing the impact of China’s sloping land conversion program on household production efficiency under spatial heterogeneity and output diversification." China Agricultural Economic Review 7, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2013-0094.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess how spatial heterogeneity and production diversification have affected the efficiency of households participating in the SLCP. Design/methodology/approach – Based on household survey data collected from three sample counties in the Loess Plateau region, the paper analyzes how spatial heterogeneity and business diversification have affected the production efficiency of households participating in the SLCP. Using four-step bootstrap, input stochastic distance frontiers of multi-inputs and multi-outputs are developed simultaneously with a technical efficiency effects model in which participating in the SLCP is treated as an exogenous variable. Findings – The household production in the three counties is constrained by land, labor, capital, and fixed inputs; thus, it is germane to using a multi-input and multi-output household production technology to evaluate the SLCP. However, the relative importance of each input and output, the productive diversification, and the technological structure are differentiated in the three counties; estimating the regression with pooled data appears to conceal the influences of local factors and blur the specific divergence, compared to running county-based, separate regressions. Research limitations/implications – The effects of the SLCP on farm household production are location dependent. It is necessary to include spatial heterogeneity within public policy evaluation. In addition to suggesting localized and differentiated schemes of subsidy, this implies that the government may provide means to facilitate different regions to make the economic transition. Originality/value – This paper intends to make two contributions. First, the analysis will capture and explain the adjustments induced by the SLCP in off-farm and other activities for entire household production, and special attention is given to the diversification of household production outputs. Second, this analysis sheds new light to the significance of spatial differentiation in mediating the effectiveness of a public policy or program.
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Kolawole, Matthew A., Akeem A. Tijani, and Ayodeji D. Kehinde. "IMPACT OF A GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT SCHEME ON COCOA YIELD AND INCOME OF COCOA FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Agricultura 19, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37660/aspagr.2020.19.1.5.

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Background. In an attempt to improve the yield of cocoa and farmers income, the Federal government of Nigeria in 2012 introduced the Cocoa Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme that subsidized farm inputs to farmers. This article examines the effects of the scheme on cocoa yield and the income of cocoa farmers in Osun State.Material and methods. A multistage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 208 cocoa farmers of whom there were 100 participants and 108 non-participants of the scheme. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the binary logit regression model and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model.Results. Descriptive statistics revealed no mean difference between some socioeconomic characteristics among the categories of farmers in the study area such as household size, farming experience, age and education. The results further revealed that participation in previous government intervention programs, access to extension services and access to credit were significant determinants of participation in the GES scheme. Participation in the GES scheme increased cocoa yield and income of cocoa farmers by 42.30 kg·ha-1 and 24553.99 N·ha-1 (59.71 €·ha-1), respectively.Conclusion. This suggests that a subsidy on farm inputs could increase cocoa yield and the income of cocoa farmers.
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Gattoo, Munir Ahmad, Ghulam Mustafa, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Impact of Farm Households’ Adaptations to Climate Change on Food Security: Evidence from Different Agro-ecologies of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 561–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.561-588.

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The study used data from 3298 food crop growers in Pakistan. Potential outcome treatment effects model was applied to evaluate the impact of adaptations on household food security. A household Food Security Index (FSI) was constructed applying Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Adaptation strategies employed by the farmers in response to climate change were categorised into four groups namely: changes in sowing time (C1); input intensification (C2); water and soil conservation (C3); and changes in varieties (C4). Out of 15 mutually exclusive combinations constructed for evaluation, only 7 combinations were considered for estimating the treatment effects models because of limited number of observations in other cases. Results of only two of the 7 are discussed in the paper, as the other 5 had very small number of adapters and the impact measures shown either insignificant results or had opposite signs. The first (C1234) combined all the four, while the second (C234) combined the last three strategies. The results suggest that the households which adapted to climate changes were statistically significantly more food secure as compared to those who did not adapt. The results further show that education of the male and female heads, livestock ownership, the structure of house—both bricked and having electricity facility, crops diversification, and non-farm income are among the factors, which raise the food security of farm households and their impacts are statistically significant. The variables which are significantly negatively associated with the food security levels include age of the head of household, food expenditure management, households having less than 12.5 acres of land— defined as marginal (cultivate 6.25 to 12.5 acres). Farmers of cotton-wheat, rice-wheat, and rain-fed cropping systems are found to be more food secure as compared to the farmers working in the mixed cropping systems where farm holdings are relatively small and high use of tube-well water adding to salinity of soils. It is crucial to invest in the development of agricultural technological packages, addressing issues of climate change relevant to different ecologies and farming systems; improve research-extension-farmer linkages; enhance farmers‘ access to new technologies; improve rural infrastructure; development of weather information system linking meteorological department, extension and farmers; and establishment of targeted food safety nets as well as farm subsidy programs for marginal farm households.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Farm Input subsidy programs"

1

Musonzo, Charity Priscilla. "Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme - impact on income of smallholder farmers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29044.

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Agriculture is the single most important sector in Malawi due to its contribution to the economy ranging from employment creation, contribution to GDP growth to source of foreign exchange earnings. These significant contributions have necessitated the Government of Malawi to develop strategies and policies such as the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP), whose main aim is to increase household incomes and reduce food insecurity and ultimately reduce poverty. It is nine years since the introduction of FISP but its results remain mixed. Using the 2009/10 Integrated Household Survey Phase 3 (IHS3) dataset, a logistic regression in a multivariate data analysis approach was used to investigate the impact of FISP on income levels and food security of rural smallholder farmers in Malawi. The analysis showed that about 82 percent of smallholder farmers live in rural areas, about 75 percent of them were males, 71 percent were married, 70 percent did not go to school and 69 percent benefited from FISP. In farming, 68 percent of these smallholder farmers had less than 1 hectare of farms, 70 percent of them had labour force of less than 5 people, 51 percent of them harvest less than 5 bags of 50kgs of maize of which 92 percent sell most of their harvested maize and 89 percent of them receive less than MK5, 000 from sales. In addition, about 99 percent of these smallholder farmers were food insecure as they save less than 1 bag of 50kgs after harvest. Only 1 percent of these smallholder farmers receive remittances and 21 percent had other income generating activities (IGAs). Demographic and socio-economic factors have no impact on these farmers capability to increase income levels and enhance their food security. There is also no statistically significant difference between FISP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in terms of capabilities of increasing incomes and enhancing food security. It is, therefore, concluded that FISP had no significant impact on the abilities of these smallholder farmers to increase their incomes and enhancing their food security. Hence, FISP did not prove to be the best food security and poverty alleviation tool in Malawi.
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2

Nkhoma, Peter R. "Constituting Agricultural and Food Policy in Malawi| The Role of the State and International Donors in the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10243139.

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ABSTRACT Numerous studies have been undertaken on the political economy of agricultural policies in developing countries. These studies have explained agricultural policies in terms of urban bias, economic reforms, and domestic politics. Recently, the emphasis has been on explanations that reference the existence of a rational-legal and patronage element within the African state. Such explanations tend to underplay the extent to which agricultural policies are devised in a context of power asymmetries between the state and international donors or financial institutions. In the Malawian context specifically, limited attention has been paid to the possibility that policies are a negotiated outcome of interactions informed by competing objectives at the state-donor interface. Accordingly, the proposed study will attempt to fill this existing gap in the literature. Malawi is currently at the center of policy debates regarding the state?s capacity to launch a uniquely African Green Revolution within a marketized and capitalist configuration. Such debates mark the continued underinvestment in agriculture on the African continent. The Malawi case, therefore, provides a unique opportunity to explore the extent to which state level efforts are either confounded or enabled by donors and international financial institutions. The specific successes and failures of the Malawi case speak to the question of how other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa might successfully address food production and food security issues. This dissertation will explore the overarching question of the role of the state and international donors in shaping agricultural and food security policies using Malawi?s farm input subsidy program as a case study. The main research methods to explore this question are qualitative, including interviews with various development stakeholders (government ministries, international development agencies, researchers from policy research and academic institutions, and civil society organizations) associated with agriculture and food policy-making, and textual analysis of publications associated with them. The research specifically targets key experts in the area of agriculture and food security. The findings indicate that policies have been greatly influenced by the competing ideologies of the state and donors, with each recognizing the problem but differing on the approach and modalities for solving food insecurity in Malawi. To this extent, there has been considerable inconsistency in policies with obvious negative outcomes. More recently, there has been an aligning of policy positions towards the use of social welfare programs and commercialization in addressing food insecurity. This alignment relates to policy positions on both the FISP and the configuration of the wider agricultural sector as manifest in the National Agricultural Policy, for example. The role of domestic politics vs. donors in policy processes has been in flux due to changes in the political and economic environment and configuration at specific junctures. The study also finds that evidence has been important in informing policy-making, more importantly, finance has had significant impact in attenuating the influence of domestic politics, so that the recently proposed and implemented reforms to FISP, although connected to considerable sociopolitical pressure from various quarters, have been largely precipitated by a serious fiscal crisis on the part of the government. To this extent, the state has assumed a pragmatic approach to policy-making i.e., one that is cognizant of the limitations imposed by finance and Malawi?s very harsh, challenging, and complex context.

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Nkhoma, Peter Rock. "Constituting Agricultural and Food Policy in Malawi: The Role of the State and International Donors in the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6556.

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Numerous studies have been undertaken on the political economy of agricultural policies in developing countries. These studies have explained agricultural policies in terms of urban bias, economic reforms, and domestic politics. Recently, the emphasis has been on explanations that reference the existence of a rational-legal and patronage element within the African state. Such explanations tend to underplay the extent to which agricultural policies are devised in a context of power asymmetries between the state and international donors or financial institutions. In the Malawian context specifically, limited attention has been paid to the possibility that policies are a negotiated outcome of interactions informed by competing objectives at the state-donor interface. Accordingly, the proposed study will attempt to fill this existing gap in the literature. Malawi is currently at the center of policy debates regarding the state’s capacity to launch a uniquely African Green Revolution within a marketized and capitalist configuration. Such debates mark the continued underinvestment in agriculture on the African continent. The Malawi case, therefore, provides a unique opportunity to explore the extent to which state level efforts are either confounded or enabled by donors and international financial institutions. The specific successes and failures of the Malawi case speak to the question of how other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa might successfully address food production and food security issues. This dissertation will explore the overarching question of the role of the state and international donors in shaping agricultural and food security policies using Malawi’s farm input subsidy program as a case study. The main research methods to explore this question are qualitative, including interviews with various development stakeholders (government ministries, international development agencies, researchers from policy research and academic institutions, and civil society organizations) associated with agriculture and food policy-making, and textual analysis of publications associated with them. The research specifically targets key experts in the area of agriculture and food security. The findings indicate that policies have been greatly influenced by the competing ideologies of the state and donors, with each recognizing the problem but differing on the approach and modalities for solving food insecurity in Malawi. To this extent, there has been considerable inconsistency in policies with obvious negative outcomes. More recently, there has been an aligning of policy positions towards the use of social welfare programs and commercialization in addressing food insecurity. This alignment relates to policy positions on both the FISP and the configuration of the wider agricultural sector as manifest in the National Agricultural Policy, for example. The role of domestic politics vs. donors in policy processes has been in flux due to changes in the political and economic environment and configuration at specific junctures. The study also finds that evidence has been important in informing policy-making, more importantly, finance has had significant impact in attenuating the influence of domestic politics, so that the recently proposed and implemented reforms to FISP, although connected to considerable sociopolitical pressure from various quarters, have been largely precipitated by a serious fiscal crisis on the part of the government. To this extent, the state has assumed a pragmatic approach to policy-making i.e., one that is cognizant of the limitations imposed by finance and Malawi’s very harsh, challenging, and complex context.
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Chinyamunyamu, Betty Asante Pamela. "The invisibilisation of female farmers from agricultural policies and interventions : the case of the Malawi farm inputs subsidy programme (FISP)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6564/.

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Female farmers in Malawi and many other African countries remain subordinate to and more food insecure than their male counterparts. It is paradoxical that this status quo has persisted in spite of two significant factors: their high and increasing involvement in food and agricultural production, and policy commitments at both national and international levels to address gender inequalities in the agricultural sector. Using the case study of the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP), this research critically engages with these issues to explain why agricultural policies have not been successful in addressing gender inequalities in the sector. It argues that in spite of feminisation of agriculture, development policies in Malawi still largely consider men as ‘the farmers’ and therefore neglect female farmers and the complexity of gender relations. Consequently, the government’s response to food insecurity is compromised by a cyclical process embedded in the policy making cycle that facilitates, re-enforces and perpetuates the subordination of female farmers – the Female Subordination Cycle. This research is situated at the intersection of food security, agricultural policy and gender and development literature – fields that are inter-connected but inadequately speak to each other. It therefore brings to the fore connections across these fields that are critical for understanding and consequently addressing the dual and inter-connected challenges of female subordination and food insecurity. Through a detailed examination of how the food security status of FHHs (both de jure and de facto) has been affected by the FISP, it contributes to a de-invisibilisation of female farmers from agricultural policies and interventions. The research takes a pragmatic approach and employs mixed research methods. It is grounded in extensive fieldwork involving a large number of participants (over 540). A gender-aware approach to selection of participants is undertaken in that although female farmers are the main and primary research participants, male farmers are also consulted through focus group discussions.
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Thomas, Sarah Elizabeth. "The Effect of Changing Government Subsidy Programs: An Analysis of Revenue at the Farm Level." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07052007-201745/.

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The expiration of the 2002 Farm Bill has presented an opportunity to renovate current farm policy into a program that better meets the demands faced by producers and other interested parties. During the farm bill debates on what to do with subsidy payments, the idea of structuring new programs that better fit a farmer?s needs is gaining momentum. These programs are often revenue based, adding to a more efficient program by combining yield and price risk. The intention of this thesis was to offer an overview of the potential effects of changes in farm programs on both the level and variability of farm revenue. The first step in accomplishing this objective was to create a model that accurately simulates farms from every producing county for which data were available. The proposals modeled include the National Corn Growers Association (NCGA), the USDA proposal, and a revenue subsidy wrapped-around an insurance program.
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Books on the topic "Farm Input subsidy programs"

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Koenig, Steven R. When are farm interest rate subsidy programs most effective? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1998.

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2

Kinnucan, Henry W. A theory of nonprice export promotion with application to USDA's subsidy programs. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1996.

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Kilic, Talip, Edward Whitney, and Paul Winters. Decentralized Beneficiary Targeting in Large-Scale Development Programs: Insights from the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Program. The World Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6713.

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Msuya, Elibariki E., Aida Cuthbert Isinika, and Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. Agricultural Intensification Response to Agricultural Input Subsidies in Tanzania: A Spatial-Temporal and Gender Perspective, 2002–15. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0006.

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In Tanzania, structural adjustment policies implemented during the 1980s removed all agricultural subsidies. However, declining productivity and production of maize and rice—the main food crops—forced the government to restore subsidies in 2003. This chapter examines the impact of the agricultural input subsidy programme, looking at farmers’ response to subsidized inorganic fertilizer and improved maize and rice seed—discerning gender and temporal impacts. Farmers in Iringa and Morogoro were highly responsive to the fertilizer and seed components of the input subsidy, and their response was sensitive to the magnitude of the subsidy. Farmers in Morogoro were less responsive to both technologies due to dominance of rice production. Adoption was lower for female-managed farms, with corresponding lower livelihood outcomes, attributed to lower resource endowment. It is therefore recommended that underperforming farmers, including female farm manages in lower wealth ranks, required initiative to improve their productivity and production.
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Arndt, Channing, Karl Pauw, and James Thurlow. The economywide impacts and risks of Malawi’s farm input subsidy programme. UNU-WIDER, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2014/820-9.

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United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, ed. When are farm interest rate subsidy programs most effective? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Farm Input subsidy programs"

1

Kawaye, Floney P., and Michael F. Hutchinson. "Are Increases in Maize Production in Malawi Due to Favourable Climate or the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)?" In Climate Change Management, 375–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72874-2_22.

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Jayne, Tom S., Nicholas J. Sitko, Nicole M. Mason, and David Skole. "Input Subsidy Programs and Climate Smart Agriculture: Current Realities and Future Potential." In Climate Smart Agriculture, 251–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_12.

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Benson, Todd, Alvina Erman, and Bob Baulch. "Change and Rigidity in Youth Employment Patterns in Malawi." In Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa, 137–71. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0006.

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This chapter seeks to determine whether the youth of Malawi are central to any changes occurring in employment patterns in the country, possibly drawing upon their increased levels of training, benefitting from higher agricultural production levels overall linked to the Farm Input Subsidy Program, and responding to increased pressures to obtain a livelihood elsewhere than on increasingly small agriculture landholdings. Little evidence can be found of any significant processes of transformation in the structure of Malawi’s economy or of youth being in the vanguard of any changes in cross-sectoral patterns of employment. The small growth in service sector employment is being driven by the activities of older youth and non-youth, while younger youth instead extend the length of their schooling. Multivariate regression analysis reveals nonfarm employment and educational attainment are strongly associated. The main limitations to youth employment are the few high-quality jobs in Malawi in which well-trained individuals can use their skills productively.
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Swain, Ashwini K. "Protecting Power." In Mapping Power, 215–36. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487820.003.0011.

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Punjab is a high-income state with a predominantly agrarian economy, the first in India to achieve universal village electrification and household access. Promises of free power for farmers came at a time when electricity constituted a substantial input in farm costs. Now, though, even as the economic significance of the subsidy has fallen and free power yields few electoral gains, no party in the state can risk eliminating the subsidy. In addition to cross-subsidy from industrial consumers, paying consumers are also charged increasing levels of cess and duties to balance the high cost of subsidies. Populist inertia strains the ability of any one actor to break from the status quo. On the supply-side, high-cost, long-term contracts signed over the last five years with private generators have curtailed the potential benefits of demand-side management (since far from curbing demand, the utility needs to encourage it) and renewable energy (with a supply glut, no one has an appetite for new sources of energy, however virtuous they may be).
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