Academic literature on the topic 'Far1'

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Journal articles on the topic "Far1"

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Kemp, Hilary A., and George F. Sprague,. "Far3 and Five Interacting Proteins Prevent Premature Recovery from Pheromone Arrest in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 1750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.5.1750-1763.2003.

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ABSTRACT In budding yeast, diffusible mating pheromones initiate a signaling pathway that culminates in several responses, including cell cycle arrest. Only a handful of genes required for the interface between pheromone response and the cell cycle have been identified, among them FAR1 and FAR3; of these, only FAR1 has been extensively characterized. In an effort to learn about the mechanism by which Far3 acts, we used the two-hybrid method to identify interacting proteins. We identified five previously uncharacterized open reading frames, dubbed FAR7, FAR8, FAR9, FAR10, and FAR11, that cause a far3-like pheromone arrest defect when disrupted. Using two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analysis, we found that all six Far proteins interact with each other. Moreover, velocity sedimentation experiments suggest that Far3 and Far7 to Far11 form a complex. The phenotype of a sextuple far3far7-far11 mutant is no more severe than any single mutant. Thus, FAR3 and FAR7 to FAR11 all participate in the same pathway leading to G1 arrest. These mutants initially arrest in response to pheromone but resume budding after 10 h. Under these conditions, wild-type cells fail to resume budding even after several days whereas far1 mutant cells resume budding within 1 h. We conclude that the FAR3-dependent arrest pathway is functionally distinct from that which employs FAR1.
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Alberghina, Lilia, Riccardo L. Rossi, Lorenzo Querin, Valeria Wanke, and Marco Vanoni. "A cell sizer network involving Cln3 and Far1 controls entrance into S phase in the mitotic cycle of budding yeast." Journal of Cell Biology 167, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200405102.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae must reach a carbon source-modulated critical cell size, protein content per cell at the onset of DNA replication (Ps), in order to enter S phase. Cells grown in glucose are larger than cells grown in ethanol. Here, we show that an increased level of the cyclin-dependent inhibitor Far1 increases cell size, whereas far1Δ cells start bud emergence and DNA replication at a smaller size than wild type. Cln3Δ, far1Δ, and strains overexpressing Far1 do not delay budding during an ethanol glucose shift-up as wild type does. Together, these findings indicate that Cln3 has to overcome Far1 to trigger Cln–Cdc28 activation, which then turns on SBF- and MBF-dependent transcription. We show that a second threshold is required together with the Cln3/Far1 threshold for carbon source modulation of Ps. A new molecular network accounting for the setting of Ps is proposed.
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McKinney, J. D., and F. R. Cross. "FAR1 and the G1 phase specificity of cell cycle arrest by mating factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 5 (May 1995): 2509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.5.2509.

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Significant accumulation of Far1p is restricted to the G1 phase of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Here we demonstrate yeast cell cycle regulation of Far1p proteolysis. Deletions within the 50 N-terminal amino acids of Far1p increase stability and reduce cell cycle regulation of Far1p abundance. Whereas wild-type Far1p specifically and exclusively promotes G1 phase arrest in response to mating factor, stabilized Far1p promoted arrest both during and after G1. The loss of the G1 specificity of Far1p action requires elimination of FAR1 transcriptional regulation (by means of the GAL1 promoter) as well as N-terminal truncation. Thus, the cell cycle specificity of mating factor arrest may be largely due to cell cycle regulation of FAR1 transcription and protein stability.
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Wang, Jinwu, Xingyu Wang, Linzhen Xie, Wenhao Zheng, Hua Chen, and Leyi Cai. "Comparison of radiographs and CT features between posterior Pilon fracture and posterior malleolus fracture: a retrospective cohort study." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1110 (June 2020): 20191030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20191030.

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Objectives: This study explored the morphological differences between posterior Pilon fracture and posterior malleolus fracture from radiographs and CT to provide detail for diagnosis and treatment of them. Methods: Radiographs and CT imaging data of 174 patients with distal posterior tibial fractures who were treated from January 2013 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the operation and imaging examination, the fractures were classified into posterior Pilon fractures and posterior malleolus fractures. Radiographic parameters including the width, height, depth, α angle, β angle, γ angle, fragment area ratio 1 (FAR1), δ angle and fragment area ratio 2 (FAR2) of ankle mortise were measured. Results: There were 96 posterior Pilon fractures (Type I: 30, Type II: 22 and Type III: 44) and 78 posterior malleolus fractures (Type I: 40 and Type II: 38). The ankle depth, α angle, γ angle, FAR1 and FAR2 of posterior Pilon fractures were larger than these of posterior malleolus fractures (p < 0.05). In addition, FAR1 and FAR2 of Type II and Type III posterior Pilon fractures were significantly larger than these of Type I (p < 0.05). FAR1 and FAR2 of Type I posterior malleolus fractures were significantly smaller than these of Type II (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Radiographs combined with CT analysis is an effective method to accurately distinguish morphological features between posterior Pilon fracture and posterior malleolus fracture. Advances in knowledge: Radiographs combined with CT distinguished the fracture of posterior malleolus and posterior Pilon rapidly and accurately, instead of operation.
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Gartner, Anton, Alexandra Jovanović, Doo-Il Jeoung, Sarah Bourlat, Frederick R. Cross, and Gustav Ammerer. "Pheromone-Dependent G1 Cell Cycle Arrest Requires Far1 Phosphorylation, but May Not Involve Inhibition of Cdc28-Cln2 Kinase, In Vivo." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.7.3681.

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ABSTRACT In yeast, the pheromone α-factor acts as an antiproliferative factor that induces G1 arrest and cellular differentiation. Previous data have indicated that Far1, a factor dedicated to pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest, is under positive and negative posttranslational regulation. Phosphorylation by the pheromone-stimulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Fus3 has been thought to enhance the binding of Far1 to G1-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes, thereby inhibiting their catalytic activity. Cdk-dependent phosphorylation events were invoked to account for the high instability of Far1 outside early G1 phase. To confirm any functional role of Far1 phosphorylation, we undertook a systematic mutational analysis of potential MAP kinase and Cdk recognition motifs. Two putative phosphorylation sites that strongly affect Far1 behavior were identified. A change of serine 87 to alanine prevents the cell cycle-dependent degradation of Far1, causing enhanced sensitivity to pheromone. In contrast, threonine 306 seems to be an important recipient of an activating modification, as substitutions at this position abolish the G1 arrest function of Far1. Only the phosphorylated wild-type Far1 protein, not the T306-to-A substitution product, can be found in stable association with the Cdc28-Cln2 complex. Surprisingly, Far1-associated Cdc28-Cln2 complexes are at best moderately inhibited in immunoprecipitation kinase assays, suggesting unconventional inhibitory mechanisms of Far1.
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Liu, Zhengjun, Chuanjing An, Yiqing Zhao, Yao Xiao, Lu Bao, Chunmei Gong, and Yuefang Gao. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the CsFHY3/FAR1 Gene Family and Expression Analysis under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030570.

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The FHY3/FAR1 transcription factor family, derived from transposases, plays important roles in light signal transduction, and in the growth and development of plants. However, the homologous genes in tea plants have not been studied. In this study, 25 CsFHY3/FAR1 genes were identified in the tea plant genome through a genome-wide study, and were classified into five subgroups based on their phylogenic relationships. Their potential regulatory roles in light signal transduction and photomorphogenesis, plant growth and development, and hormone responses were verified by the existence of the corresponding cis-acting elements. The transcriptome data showed that these genes could respond to salt stress and shading treatment. An expression analysis revealed that, in different tissues, especially in leaves, CsFHY3/FAR1s were strongly expressed, and most of these genes were positively expressed under salt stress (NaCl), and negatively expressed under low temperature (4 °C) stress. In addition, a potential interaction network demonstrated that PHYA, PHYC, PHYE, LHY, FHL, HY5, and other FRSs were directly or indirectly associated with CsFHY3/FAR1 members. These results will provide the foundation for functional studies of the CsFHY3/FAR1 family, and will contribute to the breeding of tea varieties with high light efficiency and strong stress resistance.
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Chang, F., and I. Herskowitz. "Phosphorylation of FAR1 in response to alpha-factor: a possible requirement for cell-cycle arrest." Molecular Biology of the Cell 3, no. 4 (April 1992): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.3.4.445.

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Exposure of yeast a cells to alpha-factor causes cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The FAR1 gene is required for this cell-cycle arrest; its product is necessary for the inhibition of a G1 cyclin, CLN2. Earlier work demonstrated that alpha-factor caused an increase in the transcription of FAR1 severalfold over a measurable basal level. We now show that transcriptional induction of FAR1 from a heterologous promoter is not sufficient to inhibit CLN2 in the absence of alpha-factor. We also show that FAR1 is phosphorylated in response to alpha-factor and propose that this phosphorylation may be required for FAR1 activity.
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Oehlen, L. J., J. D. McKinney, and F. R. Cross. "Ste12 and Mcm1 regulate cell cycle-dependent transcription of FAR1." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 6 (June 1996): 2830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.6.2830.

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The transcripts of many genes involved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating were found to fluctuate during the cell cycle. In the absence of a functional Ste12 transcription factor, both the levels and the cell cycle pattern of expression of these genes were affected. FUS1 and AGA1 levels, which are maximally expressed only in G1-phase cells, were strongly reduced in ste12- cells. The cell cycle transcription pattern for FAR1 was changed in ste12- cells: the gene was still significantly expressed in G2/M, but transcript levels were strongly reduced in G1 phase, resulting in a lack of Far1 protein accumulation. G2/M transcription of FAR1 was dependent on the transcription factor Mcm1, and expression of a gene with Mcm1 fused to a strong transcriptional activation domain resulted in increased levels of FAR1 transcription. The pattern of cell cycle-regulated transcription of FAR1 could involve combinatorial control of Ste12 and Mcm1. Forced G1 expression of FAR1 from the GAL1 promoter resorted the ability to arrest in response to pheromone in ste12-cells. This indicates that transcription of FAR1 in the G1 phase is essential for accumulation of the protein and for pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest.
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Valdivieso, M. H., K. Sugimoto, K. Y. Jahng, P. M. Fernandes, and C. Wittenberg. "FAR1 is required for posttranscriptional regulation of CLN2 gene expression in response to mating pheromone." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 2 (February 1993): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.2.1013-1022.1993.

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Yeast cells arrest during the G1 interval of the cell cycle in response to peptide mating pheromones. The FAR1 gene is required for cell cycle arrest but not for a number of other aspects of the pheromone response. Genetic evidence suggests that FAR1 is required specifically for inactivation of the G1 cyclin CLN2. From these observations, the FAR1 gene has been proposed to encode an element of the interface between the mating pheromone signal transduction pathway and the cell cycle regulatory apparatus. We show here that FAR1 is necessary for the decrease in CLN1 and CLN2 transcript accumulation observed in response to mating pheromone but is unnecessary for regulation of the same transcripts during vegetative growth. However, the defect in regulation of CLN1 expression is dependent upon CLN2. We show that pheromone regulates the abundance of Cln2 at a posttranscriptional level and that FAR1 is required for that regulation. From these observations, we suggest that FAR1 function is limited to posttranscriptional regulation of CLN2 expression by mating pheromone. The failure of mating pheromone to repress CLN2 transcript levels in far1 mutants can be explained by the stimulatory effect of the persistent Cln2 protein on CLN2 transcription via the CLN/CDC28-dependent feedback pathway.
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Valdivieso, M. H., K. Sugimoto, K. Y. Jahng, P. M. Fernandes, and C. Wittenberg. "FAR1 is required for posttranscriptional regulation of CLN2 gene expression in response to mating pheromone." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 2 (February 1993): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.2.1013.

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Yeast cells arrest during the G1 interval of the cell cycle in response to peptide mating pheromones. The FAR1 gene is required for cell cycle arrest but not for a number of other aspects of the pheromone response. Genetic evidence suggests that FAR1 is required specifically for inactivation of the G1 cyclin CLN2. From these observations, the FAR1 gene has been proposed to encode an element of the interface between the mating pheromone signal transduction pathway and the cell cycle regulatory apparatus. We show here that FAR1 is necessary for the decrease in CLN1 and CLN2 transcript accumulation observed in response to mating pheromone but is unnecessary for regulation of the same transcripts during vegetative growth. However, the defect in regulation of CLN1 expression is dependent upon CLN2. We show that pheromone regulates the abundance of Cln2 at a posttranscriptional level and that FAR1 is required for that regulation. From these observations, we suggest that FAR1 function is limited to posttranscriptional regulation of CLN2 expression by mating pheromone. The failure of mating pheromone to repress CLN2 transcript levels in far1 mutants can be explained by the stimulatory effect of the persistent Cln2 protein on CLN2 transcription via the CLN/CDC28-dependent feedback pathway.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Far1"

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Buchert, Rebecca [Verfasser], and André [Gutachter] Reis. "Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Kandidatengene FAR1, EDC3, FRRS1L und HMG20A bei Individuen mit autosomal rezessiver mentaler Retardierung / Rebecca Buchert ; Gutachter: André Reis." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1123284350/34.

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Buchert, Rebecca Verfasser], and André [Gutachter] [Reis. "Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Kandidatengene FAR1, EDC3, FRRS1L und HMG20A bei Individuen mit autosomal rezessiver mentaler Retardierung / Rebecca Buchert ; Gutachter: André Reis." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1123284350/34.

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GOTTI, LAURA. "Nutritional modulation of cell size at s phase initiation in the buddine yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae: a role for glucose sensing and the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19573.

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The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism for studies on cell cycle. For the survival of this cells a tight coordination of cell growth and division occurs at Start, a regulatory area of the cell cycle positioned immediately before beginning of S phase, at the G1-S boundary. Start is the event, or set of events, that commits a cell to a round of division. This mechanism is based on achieving of a critical cell size (protein content per cell at the onset of DNA replication, Ps) to enter into S phase. Ps increases in proportion with ploidy and is modulated by nutrients. In fact, in bach cultures, the average cell size remains at low levels during growth on non-fermentable substrates, while the average size of cells increases in a linear way with the specific growth rate only during growth on fermentable substrates. A genome-wide genetic analysis has suggested that cell size control could be due to ribosome biogenesis rate, one of the most energetic demanding processes in a cell and it is modulated according to nutrient availability. Indeed, a large cluster of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, have been identified in a screen for small size (whi) mutants. This includes SFP1 and SCH9 genes. The first encode a zinc finger protein, promoting the transcription of a large cluster of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, where the latter is serine threonine protein kinase involved in stress response and nutrient-sensing signaling pathway. Recent work from our laboratory allowed to identify that Far1, a cyclin kinase dependent inhibitor, and Cln3, a G1 phase cyclin, may form a nutritional modulated threshold controlling the entrance into S phase. Two parallel pathways downstream from the TORC1 complex regulate expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP) and the so-called RiBi regulon, composed by genes involved in ribosome biogenesis. The two pathways involve Sfp1, and Sch9. Therefore it was of interest to see whether the increase in size (RNA and protein) brought about by FAR1 overexpression was mediated by Sfp1 and Sch9. The effect of FAR1 overexpression on cell size parameters in the wild type BY4741 strain (isogenic to the sch9Δ and sfp1Δ mutants), grown in synthetic complete media supplemented with either ethanol or glucose as a carbon source, was similar to that reported in the W303 background. sfp1Δ and sch9Δ mutants were much smaller than wild type both in glucose - confirming previous data (Jorgensen et al., 2002; Jorgensen et al., 2004) - and ethanol-supplemented media. As observed in wild type cells, in both mutant strains FAR1 overexpression had only minor effects on cell cycle and cell size related parameters on glucose-grown cells. FAR1 overexpression did not affect duplication time in ethanol-grown sch9Δ cells, while sfp1Δ mutants overexpressing the FAR1 gene product were quite unhealthy with a large increase in duplication time. Overall increase in cell size was dramatic in ethanol-grown cells: however, while in wild type cells and sch9Δ mutants the increase in cell size derived from a balanced increase in RNA and protein content, in the sfp1Δ mutant the increase in protein content was not accompanied by an increase in RNA content, as shown by both FACS and chemical analysis, indicating that the Sfp1 is required to maintain proper coupling of RNA and protein syntheses when the Far1 protein is overexpressed in ethanol-grown-cells. The observation that FAR1 overexpression has different effects in sfp1Δ cells grown in ethanol and glucose media was not entirely unexpected. First, in untransformed cells, the Far1 level of glucose-grown cells is larger than in ethanol-grown cells, while ectopically expressed Far1 accumulates to a similar level regardless of the carbon source: as a result, Far1 overexpression is more dramatic in ethanol-grown cells than in glucose-grown cells (Alberghina et al., 2004). Accordingly, the effect of Far1 overexpression on cell size are minor on cells grown in glucose-supplemented media and much more dramatic in ethanol-grown cells. In the second part of this study we try to determine whether (and possibly, to which extent) the regulatory function of glucose can be separated from its nutrient function. To this aim, we characterized yeast strains in which glucose sensing is strongly reduced. An essential requisite for the survival of free living microorganism like the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the capacity to regulate growth and cell cycle progression according to the frequent changes in the nutrient status, so that proliferation is rapid when large supplies of nutrients are available and ceases when these becomes exhausted. Nutrients like glucose must therefore generate signals that are somehow received and elaborated by the complex machinery governing growth and cell cycle progression. Besides being the favorite carbon and energy source for S. cerevisiae, glucose can act as a signaling molecule (“hormone”) to regulate multiple aspects of yeast physiology: addition of glucose to quiescent or ethanol growing cells triggers a fast and massive reconfiguration of the transcriptional program, which enables the switch to fermentative metabolism and promotes an outstanding increase of the cell biosynthetic capacity. Yeast cells evolved several mechanisms for monitoring glucose level in their habitat: the cAMP-PKA pathways (with its two branches comprising Ras and the Gpr1-Gpa2 module), the Rgt2/Snf3-Rgt1 pathway and the main repression pathway involving the kinase Snf1. In order to investigate whether the glucose effect on cell size was due to its function as nutrient, that require metabolism of the sugar, or to sensing of extracellular glucose levels, yeast strains in which one or more of the glucose sensing pathway was impaired, due to gene deletion of glucose receptors (GPR1, SNF3, RGT2), were analyzed. These mutants show only a partial nutritional modulation of cell size and/or of duplication time. The gpa2Δ gpr1Δ strain does not show substantial changes in duplication time compared to its isogenic wild type grown in the same conditions, while its protein content is consistently lower. In the snf3Δ rgt2Δ and in the snf3Δ rgt2Δ gpa2Δ gpr1Δ strains a lower protein content is accompanied by an increase in duplication time, when compared to wild type strain. Furthermore, in all glucose sensing mutants the variation of protein content, as function of glucose levels, is less than the wild type. In the presence of ethanol, the kinetic parameters of mutants strain analyzed are comparable to wild type: there is only a strong increase in the duplication time, while there isn’t a further decrease in protein content compared to 0.05% glucose concentration. Data obtained show that the Gpa2-Gpr1 pathway specifically modulates Ps setting, while the Snf3-Rgt2 pathway plays an important role in Ps and growth rate setting of the cells. In conclusion, this work highlighted that the elements involved in the cell size determination are multiple and interconnected. A strong alteration in cell size and protein content could originate not only from alteration in the dosage of genes involved in the molecular mechanism of the threshold which controls Ps, but also from environmental conditions. Of particular relevance seems to be that glucose effect is largely acting as a signaling molecule, rather than as an energy source. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify the molecular mechanism that link the glucose sensing to the molecular machinery responsible of G1-S transition.
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Sanvito, Rossella. "Modulazione nutrizionale del proteoma di Saccharomyces cerevisiae nel ceppo selvatico e nei mutanti nel gene FAR1 codificante per un regolatore negativo della transizione de G1 a S." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/SANVITO_Rossella_2006.pdf.

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Ce travail a eu pour but d’approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes de contrôle de la transition G1/S de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, en étudiant par une approche protéomique la croissance exponentielle des mutants du FAR1 (impliqué dans le contrôle du point Start du cycle cellulaire) et la variation nutritionnelle d’une source pauvre en carbone à une source riche dans la souche sauvage. En observant la corrélation entre les phénotypes des mutants et les valeurs du mARN et d’expression protéique, nous avons recherché possibles nouveaux acteurs du contrôle entre la croissance et la progression cellulaire par les nutriments. Nos données suggèrent l'existence d'une interaction entre FAR1 et le contrôle de la synthèse protéique, d’une part, et de la machinerie métabolique d'autre part. En autre, on a identifié une protéine ayant rôle inconnu, Gvp36, qui pourrait être impliquée dans le contrôle de la transition G1/S, en faisant partie d’une voie qui associe Far1 au bourgeonnement
The aim of this study was to better understand G1 to S transition control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, studying by a proteomic approach the exponential growth of mutants in FAR1 (involved in cell size control of Start) and nutritional shift-up from poor to rich carbon source of wild type strain. Observing correlation between cell cycle mutant phenotypes and mRNA and protein expression, we looked for possible new actors of the control of growth and cell cycle progression by nutrients in budding yeast. We found that FAR1 gene dosage affects ribosome biosynthesis and the main pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting a possible feedback control of cell size threshold on these two pathways. Moreover, we identified an unknown function protein, Gvp36, that may be involved in G1 to S transition control, taking part in a pathway which link Far1 to budding
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Sanvito, Rossella Van Dorsselaer Alain Galli Kienle Marzia. "Modulazione nutrizionale del proteoma di Saccharomyces cerevisiae nel ceppo selvatico e nei mutanti nel gene FAR1 codificante per un regolatore negativo della transizione de G1 a S." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2006. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/491/01/ThesisRossellaSanvito.pdf.

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Olsson, Emelie. "Barn som far illa eller befaras att fara illa - upptäcka, agera och bemöta." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30176.

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Årstrand, Frida, and Marie Östlind. "Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av barn som misstänks fara illa eller som far illa. : En litteraturbaserad studie." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för omvårdnad - grundnivå, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-13559.

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Background: Child maltreatment has since 1979 been a punishable crime according to Swedish law but is still occurring in society today. All sorts of physical, psychological, sexual violence, neglect and exploitation of an individual under 18 years old was qualified as child maltreatment. Previous research has found an insecurity among nurses when they met children exposed to maltreatment. Nurses can encounter these children and are obligated through duty to notify and report when they suspect child maltreatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate nurses´ experiences of suspected child maltreatment or child maltreatment. Method: A literature review was conducted with a qualitative approach. Ten qualitative studies from Cinahl and Pubmed was reviewed for quality assurance and analyzed by Friberg's five-step analysis. Result: The analyze of the study resulted in three themes and eight subthemes. The first theme, Complex meetings, was about experiences in being a professional and challenges in the meeting. The second theme, Complicated assignments, described how nurse's experienced to assess the child's situation, to make a report and the cooperation with authorities. The third and last theme, Inhibitory and promotional activities, exposed the nurse's view on receiving support and education and the support for children and parents. Conclusion: Nurses experienced that it was important to be available and to build a relation with the child so the child could feel safe to tell about the mistreatment. It has also been shown that the nurse experienced complex emotions in the meeting with both the child and the parents and that it was not always clear to the nurse when to report child maltreatment. There was a need for more information and education for the nurse within the topic of child maltreatment. Also, the nurse experienced a need for better cooperation with the authorities that oversees cases of child maltreatment.
Att komma i kontakt med barn som far illa är något som alla sjuksköterskor kan komma att göra. Detta är en litteraturbaserad studie med analys av kvalitativa artiklar som visar att det utifrån flera perspektiv är både svårt och komplext. Denna studies resultat visar att sjuksköterskor upplever att det finns både viktiga och svåra delar i mötet och att det kan vara svårt att vara professionell, även om det eftersträvas. Det upplevs som att det finns faktorer som både kan underlätta och försvåra en bedömning och likaså som påverkar om sjuksköterskan utfärdar en anmälan. Att göra en anmälan har en känslomässig påverkan på sjuksköterskan och samverkan med myndigheter upplevs som svår och bristande. Sjuksköterskan har erfarenheter av att stödet är otillräckligt och upplever att de vill ha mer support från både kollegor och professionellt stöd. För att kunna känna sig mer trygga inför dessa situationer önskar de få mer utbildning kring barn som far illa. Sjuksköterskan ser också att det finns ett stödbehov hos familjerna och barnen. Att kunna ge stöd upplevs viktigt men ibland svårt om familjen inte vill ta emot det eller när åtgärder riskerade att bryta barnets förtroende för sjuksköterskan. Verksamheter och supportgrupper upplevs vara ett bra stöd och att samarbete med skola kan underlätta för barnet.
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Saliba, Juliana Barbosa. "Avaliação biológica de implantes biodegradáveis contendo ciclosporina (A) de administração intravítrea." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/FARC-8L8JHW.

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The treatment of posterior ocular disease is limited once the conventional forms of drug administration fail to provide therapeutic levels drug to the vitreous, retina and choroids. The biodegradable polym ers intraocular implants are able to release drugs directly to the vitreous and are able to maintain long-term vitreous concentration of drugs in therapeutic range. The poly (D,Llactidecoglycolide) is a classic example amongst the synthetic polymers and well applied as drug deliver y system due to its satisfactory egradability, biocompatibility and absence ofsignificant toxicity in vivo studies. Aiming the development of a new system to treat posterior uveitis that is not treaty with corticoids therapy, this study has evaluated the viability and safety of an biodegradable implants based on poly (D,Llactidecoglycolide) (PLGA 75:25) and the Cyclosporine A (CyA) previously developed. The validated method applying Mass Espectroscopy detector (MS) High Performance Liquid Cromatography (HPLC) showed to be suitable to quantify the concentrations of CyA in the vitreous on the order of nanograms. The system presented a d rug delivery profile (DDS) where 42,8% of CyA were delivered and 22,8% of matrix mass were lost in eight weeks. From the in vivo delivery study, it was possible to show that the drug delivery was determinate by the first and second drug delivery pathways. The Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model analysis demonstrated that the drug delivery occurs mainly due to the drug diffusion from the swelling and porous polymeric matrices. Additionally, it was estimated the CyA permanence period in the vitreous of seventeen weeks once it was founded the CyA half-life of 69,3 days and the CyA elimination constant rate of 3 µg per day, a lower quantity as compare d to the therapeutically CyA doses provide in the systemic administration. The light microscopy analysis showed the eye integrity constituents and the absence of any inflammatory manifestation. In addition, the histology findings confirmed themaintenance of the structure and organization of the retinal tissue when the system is suspended in the vitreous viscous. However, some retinal function alteration was observed by the electrophysiological studies (ERG) once it was detected the B wave suppression in the eye that received the implants containing the CyA. From the CyA intravitreal injection of in a highest therapeutically dose, it was possible to classify this toxicity as a transitory behavior once it was reverted twelve days after the totally drug elim ination.
O tratamento da uveíte posterior é limitado uma vez que as formas convencionais de administração de fármacos falham ao disponibilizar doses terapêuticas no vítreo, retina e coroide. Os implantes intraoculares biodegradáveis são capazes de disponibilizar o fármaco diretamente na cavidade vítrea em doses terapêuticas e por um período prolongado. O copolímero do ácido lático e glicólico éum clássico exemplo entre os polímeros sintéticos biodegradáveis e bem aplicados em sistemas de liberação de fármacos devido à sua biocompatibilidade e ausência de toxicidade em testes in vivo. Visando o desenvolvimento de um novo sistema para tratar a doença resistente à terapia com corticoides, o estudo realizado avaliou a viabilidade e a segurança da utilização de implantes biodegradáveis obtidos a partir do copolímero do acido lático e glicólico (PLGA 75:25) e do imunossupressor Ciclosporina A (CsA) previamente desenvolvido por nosso grupo. A metodologia desenvolvida e validada por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE)acoplada ao detector de Espectroscopia de Massa (EM) mostrou-se adequada para quantificação de CsA no vítreo na ordem de nanogramas. O sistema desenvolvido apresentou um perfil de liberação in vivo característico de sistemas de liberaçãoprolongada (SLP) onde apenas 42,8% de CsA foi liberada e 22,8% da matriz foi degradada em oito semanas. A partir do estudo in vivo foi possível mostrar que a liberação da CsA é regida pelas etapas primárias e secundárias de liberação. A análise matemática por meio do modelo matemático de Korsm eyer-Peppas demonstrou que a liberação do fármaco acontece primordialmente pela difusão damolécula a partir da matriz polimérica intumescida e porosa. adicionalmente, foi estimado que o tempo de permanência da CsA na cavidade vítrea é de dezessete semanas ao determ inar o tempo de meia vida de 69,3 dias e a taxa de eliminação constante de 3µg por dia, quantidade consideravelmente menor que àquela distribuída no organism o quando o fármaco é administrado por via oral e sistêm ica.O exame realizado no microscópio de luz evidenciou a integridade dos constituintes do bulbo do olho e ausência de qualquer manifestação inflamatória. Já a análise histopatológica confirmou a manutenção da estrutura e organização do tecido da retina quando o sistema se encontra suspenso no vítreo viscoso. Entretanto, certa alteração na função retiniana foi observada por eletr orretinograma (ERG) ao sedetectar a supressão significativa na amplitude das ondas B em olhos de animais que receberam o implante contendo a CsA. A partir da injeção intravítrea do fármaco em dose superior à terapêutica foi possível classificar a toxicidade como transitória já que esta foi revertida doze dias após a total eliminação do fármaco.
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Dias, Danielle Ferreira. "Síntese de potenciais agentes antifúngicos inibidores de glicosamina-6-fosfato síntase." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/FARD-82SFMB.

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The aminosugars are very important structural components of bacteria and fungi cell walls. Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS), which catalyses the first step of the aminosugar biosynthetic pathway i.e. the formation of D-glucosamine-6-phosphate from D-fructose-6-phosphate, is therefore an interesting target in the fight against microorganisms. In this work is described the synthesis of aromatics analogs of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucitol-6-phosphate (ADGP) and its epimer 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-manitol-6-phosphate (ADMP) two important inhibitors of GlmS: three phosphoramides and two phosphates; and a fluorine derivative of D-fructose-6-phosphate, the substrate of GlmS. The aromatics derivatives were obtained from the reaction of 3-nitrophenol or 3- benzoylresorcinol with racemic epichlorohydrine or the appropriately protected R and S terc-butyl 1,1- dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxazolidine carboxylate. For the fluorine derivative synthesis, the protected D-arabinose was the starting material and the reaction with diethyl difluoromethylthiophosphonate afforded the difluorinated D-fructose derivative which was deprotectedto give the derivative 1,1-difluoromethyl-D-fructose and was phosphorylated with hexokinase. None of the compounds showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisae,Candida albicans and Candida tropicallys, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae when evaluated using the agar diffusion method, in the concentration of 1 mg/mL. Antifungal activity of phosphates was evaluated by a serial dilution microplate method against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Sacharomyces cerevisae and Escherichia coli. They showed no activity against the microorganismstested, until the concentration of 10 mg/mL. In the enzymatic assay against GlmS, the aromatic phosphates analogs displayed modest inhibitory activity, with IC50 in the mmol L-1 range.
Os aminoaçúcares são importantes componentes estruturais da parede celular de fungos e bactérias. A enzima glicosamina-6-fosfato sintase (GlmS), que catalisa a primeira etapa da via biossintética dosaminoaçúcares que é a formação de D-glicosamina-6-fosfato a partir de D-frutose-6-fosfato, tem sido estabelecida como um alvo atrativo para o desenvolvimento de fármacos antimicrobianos. É descrita, neste trabalho, a síntese de análogos aromáticos de -amino-2-desoxi-D-glucitol-6-fosfato (ADGP) e seu epímero, o 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-manitol-6-fosfato (ADMP), dois inibidores importantes da GlmS. Além disso, é descrita também a síntese de um derivado fluorado, análogo de D-frutose-6-fosfato, um dos substratos da GlmS. Os derivados aromáticos foram obtidos por reação de 3-aminofenol ou 3- benzoilresorcinol com epicloridrina racêmica ou com derivados adequadamente protegidos de (R) e (S)-N-terc-butoxicarbonil)-2,2-dimetil-4-hidroximetil-1,3-oxazolidina. O análogo fluorado foi obtido a partir da D-arabinose protegida, a qual foi submetida à reação com o difluorometiltiofosfonato de dietila, que forneceu o intermediário difluorado de frutose que foi desprotegido e fosforilado enzimaticamente. Nenhum dos compostos testados apresentou atividade contra Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans, Candida tropicallys, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa quando analisados pelo método de difusão em ágar e na concentração de 1mg/mL. Para os fosfatos aromáticos, a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pelo método de diluição seriada contra Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Sacharomyces cerevisae e Escherichia coli. Estes não apresentaram atividade frente aos microorganismos testados até a concentração de 10 mg/mL. O teste para a avaliação da atividade inibitória da enzima GlmS foi realizado para os fosfatos aromáticos e estes se mostraram inibidores modestos, com valores de CI50 na faixa de mmol/L.
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Leal, Daniel Henriques Soares. "Macrolactamas derivadas de carboidratos: síntese e análise conformacional por métodos quanto-mecânicos." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/FARD-82SFJC.

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In the first chapter of this work, the synthesis of two macrolactams with 11 and 15 members derived from D-galactose is described from the tri-n-butyltin hydride mediated radical cyclization of 2-iodobenzamides and two 3-(iodoacetamido)benzamides. Two macrolactams, resulting from 11- and 15-endo mode ciclization, were isolated, plus the uncyclized reduction products. In the second chapter, it is described the conformational analysis by theoretical calculations with semi-empirical (PM3) and DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) methods for these substracts, which pointed to 11-endo over 10-exo cyclization mode preference for insaturated allylic derivatives, and 10-exo over 11-endo, for insaturated cinnamylic compounds. The calculations also showed that methylenichydrogens abstraction reaction competes strongly with cyclization reaction. It is also described the performing of theoretical studies with the same methods for still unpublished cinnamylic, cinnamoylic and cinnamamidic different substracts, which pointed to 10-exo above 11-endo cyclization mode preference.
No primeiro capítulo deste trabalho, a síntese de duas macrolactamas com 11 e 15 membros derivadas da D-galactose é descrita a partir da ciclização radicalar mediada por hidreto de tri-n-butilestanho de 2-iodobenzamidas e 3-(iodoacetamido)benzamidas. Foram obtidas duas macrolactamas, formadas pelos modos 11-endo e 15-endo, bem como produtos de redução não-ciclizados. No segundo capítulo, descreve-se a análise conformacional por cálculos teóricos com métodos semi-empíricos (PM3) e DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) paraestes substratos, que apontaram para a preferência pelo modo de ciclização 11-endo sobre 10-exo para derivados insaturados alílicos, e 10-exo sobre 11-endo, para compostos insaturados cinamílicos. Os cálculos mostraram também que a reação de abstração de hidrogênios metilênicos compete fortemente com a reação de ciclização.Descreve-se, ainda, a realização de estudos teóricos com os mesmosmétodos para diferentes substratos cinamílicos, cinamoílicos e cinamamídicos ainda inéditos, que apontaram para a preferência pelo modo de ciclização 10-exo sobre 11-endo.
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Books on the topic "Far1"

1

Chen, Ginny. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor Far1. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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Travel far, pay no fare. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992.

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T, Owens Jasper, ed. The farm bill and its far-ranging impact. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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Francine, Friedman, and Lambs' Women's Board of Libertyville, Ill., eds. Fabulous fare: A collection of recipes from the Friends of Lambs Farm. Libertyville, Ill: Lambs' Women's Board of Libertyville, Illinois, 1992.

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ill, Dupasquier Philippe, ed. Old farm, new farm. Milwaukee: G. Stevens Pub., 1986.

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Romano, Iolanda. Cosa fare, come fare. Milano: Chiarelettere, 2012.

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Morse, Stearns A. Too far north for architects: Stories from a New Hampshire farm and beyond. Amherst, Mass: Off-the-Common Books, 2012.

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Fare l'Italia, fare gli italiani. Roma: AVE, 2011.

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Truffelli, Matteo. Fare l'Italia, fare gli italiani. Roma: AVE, 2011.

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Rustămova, Tăḣmină. Fars diln [i.e., Fars dili]. Teḣran: Shūrā-yi Gustarish-i Zabān va Adab-i Fārsī, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Far1"

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Mandolesi, Laura. "Saper far fare e far ri-fare." In Neuroscienze dell’attività motoria, 111–21. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2625-4_8.

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Ethier, Stewart N. "Faro." In Probability and its Applications, 573–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78783-9_18.

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Mandolesi, Laura. "Fare." In Neuroscienze dell’attività motoria, 49–71. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2625-4_4.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "fard." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_3908.

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Peters, G. H. "Farm Income and Farm Management." In Agriculture, 86–101. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3448-2_7.

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Blunden, Bill. "The Ivy League Advantage." In Cube Farm, 1–13. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0755-9_1.

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Blunden, Bill. "The Y2K Time Bomb!" In Cube Farm, 129–41. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0755-9_10.

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Blunden, Bill. "Epilogue." In Cube Farm, 143–46. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0755-9_11.

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Blunden, Bill. "Blazing a Trail to Minnesota." In Cube Farm, 15–26. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0755-9_2.

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Blunden, Bill. "First Impressions." In Cube Farm, 27–37. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0755-9_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Far1"

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L'Huillier, Anne. "Multi-Electron Multi-Photon Ionization." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1986.tud1.

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The interaction of a many-electron atom with a strong laser field (>1012 W.cm-2) induces the removal of several electrons (up to Xe8+ at 193 nm). We briefly review the main experimental results obtained so far1-3 and we analyze in some details the result obtained on Xenon using a 50 ps Nd-YAG laser at 532 nm1. We show that the mechanism responsible for the formation of highly charged ions (e.g.Xe5+) is probably a sequence of 1-electron multiphoton ionizations taking place during the rise of the laser pulse. It is essential to take into account both the temporal and spatial distributions of the laser pulse to understand the experimental data.
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Cockburn, C. L., S. Stevens, and E. Dudson. "Accessing the Far Shore Wind Farm." In Marine Renewable & Offshore Wind Energy. RINA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.mre.2010.18.

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Aminu, Abba, Zayyad Adam Abdullahi, Yusuf Abdullahi Muhammed, and Mansur Idris. "MISMANAGEMENT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES TO FARM BUSINESS PROSPECT AND SUSTAINABILITY: EVIDENCES FROM COMMERCIAL FAR." In 23rd International Academic Conference, Venice. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2016.023.013.

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Xi, Li, and Dengguo Feng. "FARB." In CCS'14: 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2665943.2665947.

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Tsurinov, Petr, Oleg Shpynov, Nina Lukashina, Daria Likholetova, and Maxim Artyomov. "FARM." In BCB '21: 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3459930.3469499.

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Clark, David, Robert Braden, Aaron Falk, and Venkata Pingali. "FARA." In the ACM SIGCOMM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/944759.944770.

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Eymond, Pierre. "FARN." In En avant toute ! La filière nucléaire innove pour exploiter le parc dans la durée. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jtsfen/2019ena06.

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DARSHANI, CHARIKA, K. I. RIDMIKA, and B. A. K. S. PERERA. "LIFE MANAGEMENT OF CONTRACTOR’S SITE QUANTITY SURVEYOR." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.11.

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Life management controls the quality of one’s work while ensuring one’s quality of life with minimum conflicts. The contractor’s site quantity surveyor (QS), who has to shoulder many responsibilities on-site amongst time constraints, can most probably experience a life imbalance. Because the personal responsibilities of female and male site QSs differ, the aim of this study was to identify the strategies that will enhance the life management of contractor’s site quantity surveyors. The qualitative approach was adopted in the study, and the required empirical data were collected by interviewing 20 females and 20 males contractor’s site QSs. The interview findings were analysed using manual content analysis. Thirty-one and twenty-eight causes of life imbalance in male and female QSs respectively were identified. In addition, 50 and 48 strategies that will facilitate satisfactory life management in male and female QSs, respectively were identified. Some of the identified causes and strategies were common to both male and females QSs.
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JAYATUNGE, D. A. S. R., A. P. K. D. MENDIS, and VIJITHA DISARATNA. "SUFFICIENCY OF THE POLICIES RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.15.

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Public policy on construction will reflect the economic, political, social, and cultural status of Sri Lanka. The construction industry in Sri Lanka has faced many issues in the recent past because of unsuccessful government policies. Therefore, an effective national policy for the construction industry has become necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the existing construction policies. The empirical data required were collected by interviewing ten experts, who were selected using snowball sampling. The collected data were manually analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that the National Policy on Construction (NPC), formulated by the National Advisory Council on Construction, which was set up under the Construction Industry Development Act No. 33 of 2014, is the only construction policy that has been formulated in Sri Lanka so far. NPC contains eighteen (18) policies applied for both the public and private sectors. Although according to the literature, policies in Sri Lanka change along with the change of governments, the study revealed that NPC, which has remained unchanged since its formulation in 2014, is still applicable in the country.
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DINUSHKA, D. K. S., K. G. A. S. WAIDYASEKARA, and K. G. DEWAGODA. "APPLICABILITY OF RECYCLED PLASTIC FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.28.

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Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being emerged as an alternative for conventional asphalt in the global context, the use of recycled plastics to produce PMB is still an unorthodox concept in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the study aimed at evaluating the applicability of recycled plastic as a construction material in road construction in Sri Lanka. The study apprehended a qualitative approach comprising a literature review, followed by twelve expert interviews. The data were analysed using manual content analysis. The economic, environmental, and social benefits and enablers along with social, technology-related, knowledge-related, economic, and resource-related barriers in implementing PMB in Sri Lanka were identified. Additionally, strategies to overcome such barriers were suggested. The study further recommends the use of recycled polymers over virgin polymers; increasing the awareness level in the industry; extending the government involvement; and establishing a standard specification.
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Reports on the topic "Far1"

1

Fiscus, Michael W. Farm and Weather Summary, Agronomy Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1787.

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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-131.

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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-167.

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Vandepol, Richard D. Farm and Weather Summary, Ag Engineering Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1875.

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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2289.

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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2359.

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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary, Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2570.

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Rossiter, Lyle T. Farm and Weather Summary Allee Demonstration Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2613.

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Rusk, Ryan. Farm and Weather Summary Northwest Research Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-901.

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