Journal articles on the topic 'Far surround'
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Shushruth, S., Jennifer M. Ichida, Jonathan B. Levitt, and Alessandra Angelucci. "Comparison of Spatial Summation Properties of Neurons in Macaque V1 and V2." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2009.
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In visual cortex, responses to stimulation of the receptive field (RF) are modulated by simultaneous stimulation of the RF surround. The mechanisms for surround modulation remain unidentified. We previously proposed that in the primary visual cortex (V1), near surround modulation is mediated by geniculocortical and horizontal connections and far surround modulation by interareal feedback connections. To understand spatial integration in the secondary visual cortex (V2) and its underlying circuitry, we have characterized spatial summation in different V2 layers and stripe compartments and compared it to that in V1. We used grating stimuli in circular and annular apertures of different sizes to estimate the extent and sensitivity of RF and surround components in V1 and V2. V2 RFs and surrounds were twice as large as those in V1. As in V1, V2 RFs doubled in size when measured at low contrast. In both V1 and V2, surrounds were about fivefold the size of the RF and the far surround could exceed 12.5° in radius, averaging 5.5° in V1 and 9.2° in V2. The strength of surround suppression was similar in both areas. Thus although differing in spatial scale, the interactions among RF components are similar in V1 and V2, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms. As in V1, the extent of V2 horizontal connections matches that of the RF center, but is much smaller than the largest far surrounds, which likely derive from interareal feedback. In V2, we found no laminar or stripe differences in size and magnitude of surround suppression, suggesting conservation across stripes of the basic circuit for surround modulation.
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Ichida, Jennifer M., Lars Schwabe, Paul C. Bressloff, and Alessandra Angelucci. "Response Facilitation From the “Suppressive” Receptive Field Surround of Macaque V1 Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (October 2007): 2168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00298.2007.
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In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to optimally oriented stimuli in the receptive field (RF) center are usually suppressed by iso-oriented stimuli in the RF surround. The mechanisms and pathways giving rise to surround modulation, a possible neural correlate of perceptual figure-ground segregation, are not yet identified. We previously proposed that highly divergent and fast-conducting top-down feedback connections are the substrate for fast modulation arising from the more distant regions of the surround. We have recently implemented this idea into a recurrent network model ( Schwabe et al. 2006 ). The purpose of this study was to test a crucial prediction of this feedback model, namely that the suppressive “far” surround of V1 neurons can be facilitatory under conditions that weakly activate neurons in the RF center. Using single-unit recordings in macaque V1, we found iso-orientation far-surround facilitation when the RF center was driven by a low-contrast stimulus and the far surround by a small annular stimulus. Suppression occurred when the center stimulus contrast or the size of the surround stimulus was increased. This suggests that center-surround interactions result from excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of similar spatial extent, and that changes in the balance of local excitation and inhibition, induced by surround stimulation, determine whether facilitation or suppression occurs. In layer 4C, the main target of geniculocortical afferents, lacking long-range intra-cortical connections, far-surround facilitation was rare and large surround fields were absent. This strongly suggests that feedforward connections do not contribute to far-surround modulation and that the latter is generated by intra-cortical mechanisms, likely involving top-down feedback.
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Eifuku, Satoshi, and Robert H. Wurtz. "Response to Motion in Extrastriate Area MSTl: Disparity Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2462.
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Many neurons in the lateral-ventral region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl) have a clear center surround separation in their receptive fields. Either moving or stationary stimuli in the surround modulates the response to moving stimuli in the center, and this modulation could facilitate the perceptual segmentation of a moving object from its background. Another mechanism that could facilitate such segmentation would be sensitivity to binocular disparity in the center and surround regions of the receptive fields of these neurons. We therefore investigated the sensitivity of these MSTl neurons to disparity ranging from three degrees crossed disparity (near) to three degrees uncrossed disparity (far) applied to both the center and the surround regions. Many neurons showed clear disparity sensitivity to stimulus motion in the center of the receptive field. About [Formula: see text] of 104 neurons had a clear peak in their response, whereas another [Formula: see text] had broader tuning. Monocular stimulation abolished the tuning. The prevalence of cells broadly tuned to near and far disparity and the reversal of preferred directions at different disparities observed in MSTd were not found in MSTl. A stationary surround at zero disparity simply modulated up or down the response to moving stimuli at different disparities in the receptive field (RF) center but did not alter the disparity tuning curve. When the RF center motion was held at zero disparity and the disparity of the stationary surround was varied, some surround disparities produced greater modulation of MSTl neuron response than did others. Some neurons with different disparity preferences in center and surround responded best to the relative disparity differences between center and surround, whereas others were related to the absolute difference between center and surround. The combination of modulatory surrounds and the sensitivity to relative difference between center and surround disparity make these MSTl neurons particularly well suited for the segmentation of a moving object from the background.
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Previc, Fred H., and Michael Donnelly. "The Effects of Visual Depth and Eccentricity on Manual Bias, Induced Motion, and Vection." Perception 22, no. 8 (August 1993): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220929.
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The relationship between the effects of visual-surround roll motion on compensatory manual tracking of a central display and the perceptual phenomena of induced motion and vection were investigated. To determine if manual-control biases generated in the direction of surround rotation compensate primarily for the perceived counterrotation of the central display (‘induced motion’) or the perceived counterrotation of the entire body (‘vection’), the depth and eccentricity of the visual surround were varied. In the first experiment, twelve subjects attempted to keep an unstable central display level while viewing rotating visual surrounds in three depth planes: near (∼20 cm in front of the central display), coplanar, and far (∼21 cm behind the central display). In the second experiment, twelve additional subjects viewed a rotating surround that was presented either in the full visual field (0–110 deg) or in central and peripheral regions of similar width. Manual-control biases and induced motion were shown to be closely related to one another and strongly influenced both by central and by peripheral surround motion at or beyond the plane of fixation. Vection, on the other hand, was shown to be much more dependent on peripheral visual inputs.
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Seymour, Kiley, and Susan Wardle. "Differential orientation tuning of near and far surround suppression in human V1." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.797.
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Royden, Constance S., James F. Baker, and John Allman. "Perceptions of Depth Elicited by Occluded and Shearing Motions of Random Dots." Perception 17, no. 3 (June 1988): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170289.
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A computer-controlled display of random dots was used to study perceptions of depth. In this display, a field of stationary random dots surrounded a rectangular area in which random dots moved with uniform velocity in a single direction. The boundaries of this rectangle did not move. When dot motion was perpendicular to the longer boundary of the rectangle (occluded motion), the rectangle seemed to be behind the stationary background surround. Motion parallel to the longer boundary of the rectangle (shearing motion) made it appear in front of the surround. The relative lengths of the sides of the rectangle determined which effect predominated. Thus, for motion perpendicular to the long axis of the rectangle the occlusion predominated and naive subjects reported that the central area seemed farther away than the surround. For shearing motion parallel to the long axis, the subjects reported that the rectangle was closer than the surround and the strength of both effects also depended on the length-to-width ratio of the rectangle. If there was occluded motion along the long axis, as the length-to-width ratio increased so did the likelihood that subjects would report seeing the rectangle behind the surround. Conversely, with shearing motion along the long axis, increasing the length-to-width ratio increased the likelihood that the rectangle would appear unambiguously in front of the surround. Some subjects integrated the two cues with the resulting perception being a rotating cylinder. The occlusion effect was stronger than the shearing effect. In fact, this ‘far’ depth effect was so powerful that it tended to override conflicting depth cues such as height in the visual field or stereopsis. The ‘near’ depth effect produced by shearing motion was definite but these other depth cues could often override it.
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Neri, Peter, and Dennis Levi. "Surround Motion Silences Signals From Same-Direction Motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 5 (November 2009): 2594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00489.2009.
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The response of motion-sensitive neurons to stimuli presented within their receptive field is often affected by stimulation in the surrounding region. These effects have perceptually relevant consequences that can be measured using behavioral techniques. We used psychophysical reverse correlation to characterize directional selectivity in human observers while they processed a local motion stimulus and studied the effect of adding an additional motion signal in the surrounding region. The surround had no effect on response gain for signals of opposite direction but selectively reduced gain for those of same direction. Surprisingly this reduction was close to 100%, effectively amounting to a gating process whereby signals of same direction were completely silenced. Our data indicate that by far the most prominent perceptual manifestation of center-surround antagonism is gain suppression by motion in the same direction without any appreciable change in directional tuning.
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Tsui, James M. G., and Christopher C. Pack. "Contrast sensitivity of MT receptive field centers and surrounds." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 4 (October 2011): 1888–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00165.2011.
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Neurons throughout the visual system have receptive fields with both excitatory and suppressive components. The latter are responsible for a phenomenon known as surround suppression, in which responses decrease as a stimulus is extended beyond a certain size. Previous work has shown that surround suppression in the primary visual cortex depends strongly on stimulus contrast. Such complex center-surround interactions are thought to relate to a variety of functions, although little is known about how they affect responses in the extrastriate visual cortex. We have therefore examined the interaction of center and surround in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque ( Macaca mulatta) extrastriate cortex by recording neuronal responses to stimuli of different sizes and contrasts. Our findings indicate that surround suppression in MT is highly contrast dependent, with the strongest suppression emerging unexpectedly at intermediate stimulus contrasts. These results can be explained by a simple model that takes into account the nonlinear contrast sensitivity of the neurons that provide input to MT. The model also provides a qualitative link to previous reports of a topographic organization of area MT based on clusters of neurons with differing surround suppression strength. We show that this organization can be detected in the gamma-band local field potentials (LFPs) and that the model parameters can predict the contrast sensitivity of these LFP responses. Overall our results show that surround suppression in area MT is far more common than previously suspected, highlighting the potential functional importance of the accumulation of nonlinearities along the dorsal visual pathway.
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YU, HSIN-HAO, and MARCELLO G. P. ROSA. "Uniformity and diversity of response properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex: Selectivity for orientation, direction of motion, and stimulus size from center to far periphery." Visual Neuroscience 31, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000448.
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AbstractAlthough the primary visual cortex (V1) is one of the most extensively studied areas of the primate brain, very little is known about how the far periphery of visual space is represented in this area. We characterized the physiological response properties of V1 neurons in anaesthetized marmoset monkeys, using high-contrast drifting gratings. Comparisons were made between cells with receptive fields located in three regions of V1, defined by eccentricity: central (3–5°), near peripheral (5–15°), and far peripheral (>50°). We found that orientation selectivity of individual cells was similar from the center to the far periphery. Nonetheless, the proportion of orientation-selective neurons was higher in central visual field representation than in the peripheral representations. In addition, there were similar proportions of cells representing all orientations, with the exception of the representation of the far periphery, where we detected a bias favoring near-horizontal orientations. The proportions of direction-selective cells were similar throughout V1. When the center/surround organization of the receptive fields was tested with gratings with varying diameters, we found that the population of neurons that was suppressed by large gratings was smaller in the far periphery, although the strength of suppression in these cells tended to be stronger. In addition, the ratio between the diameters of the excitatory centers and suppressive surrounds was similar across the entire visual field. These results suggest that, superimposed on the broad uniformity of V1, there are subtle physiological differences, which indicate that spatial information is processed differently in the central versus far peripheral visual fields.
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Hu, Feng, Shuping Yu, and Wenjia Zhou. "“Seeing” the Invisible: Under Vehicle Reconstruction (UVR) for Surround View Visualization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2330, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2330/1/012015.
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Abstract Providing blind-spot-free vehicle surround view to the driver is important for many driving maneuvers such as parking. Existing vehicle Surround View System (SVS) can only visualize front, left, rear and right side of the vehicle but leaves the under vehicle area unknown. However, perceiving the under vehicle area is critical for many tasks such as passing through speed bumps, avoiding potholes, driving on narrow roads with high curbs or the unpaved terrain. In this paper, we propose a novel Under Vehicle Reconstruction (UVR) algorithm which utilizes what the vehicle sees in the past and vehicle egomotion to “see” through the original invisible under vehicle area. First, front or back fisheye cameras, are utilized to build a local textured map for future usage. Second, vehicle’s precise location and orientation within the local map is estimated using the vehicle egomotion. Finally, correspondent under vehicle area texture is retrieved from the map using vehicle’s pose and stitched together with traditional Surround View System to provide a new blind-spot-free visualization. As far as we know, our work is the first solution that can provide full under vehicle area reconstruction which empowers many Advanced Driving Assistant System (ADAS) functionalities such as transparent hood or transparent vehicle. Experiments on both simulated and real data are presented to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.
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Post, Robert B. "Circular Vection is Independent of Stimulus Eccentricity." Perception 17, no. 6 (December 1988): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170737.
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The sensation of self-rotation induced by viewing a surround rotating about the observer's vertical axis (circular vection or CV) was investigated with equal-area stimuli located in either the central, the mid-peripheral, or the far-peripheral visual field. Magnitude estimation responses indicated greater CV with larger stimulus area, but no significant differences in CV sensations as a function of stimulus eccentricity. This pattern of results does not support the belief that CV is dominated by peripheral stimulation when equal-area stimuli are compared.
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Barbar, Steve. "Electronic Architecture—Solutions for archetypal coupled spaces." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015850.
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We will discuss solutions for the most common coupled spaces in performing arts facilities—Balconies and Stages. While there are exceptions, seats in balcony and under balcony spaces sometimes have less than ideal listening conditions. For electronic and close miked sources, supplemental sound reinforcement can help to provide expected perception of the direct sound. However, perceived acoustical conditions do not match that of the main volume; the sense of engagement is compromised. Electronic Architecture incorporated in these spaces can dramatically improve listening uniformity. Additionally, the loudspeaker array can be used for supplemental sound reinforcement including film surround sound. Many multi-purpose performing arts venues do not have resources to procure, deploy, strike, or store an architectural stage shell system. A virtual shell is far more cost effective, requires less time and manpower to set up or strike, and requires far less storage space. In addition, it provides far greater acoustic variability—accommodating a wider range of performances.
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Shushruth, S., L. Nurminen, M. Bijanzadeh, J. M. Ichida, S. Vanni, and A. Angelucci. "Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far-Surround Suppression in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Mirrors Their Tuning in Human Perception." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2518-12.2013.
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Schmidhuber, Jürgen, Martin Eldracher, and Bernhard Foltin. "Semilinear Predictability Minimization Produces Well-Known Feature Detectors." Neural Computation 8, no. 4 (May 1996): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.4.773.
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Predictability minimization (PM—Schmidhuber 1992) exhibits various intuitive and theoretical advantages over many other methods for unsupervised redundancy reduction. So far, however, there have not been any serious practical applications of PM. In this paper, we apply semilinear PM to static real world images and find that without a teacher and without any significant preprocessing, the system automatically learns to generate distributed representations based on well-known feature detectors, such as orientation-sensitive edge detectors and off-center–on-surround detectors, thus extracting simple features related to those considered useful for image preprocessing and compression.
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Chiotellis, A., P. Boumis, and Z. T. Spetsieri. "The Interaction of Type Ia Supernovae with Planetary Nebulae: The Case of Kepler’s Supernova Remnant." Galaxies 8, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies8020038.
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One of the key methods for determining the unknown nature of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is the search for traces of interaction between the SN ejecta and the circumstellar structures at the resulting supernova remnants (SNRs Ia). So far, the observables that we receive from well-studied SNRs Ia cannot be explained self-consistently by any model presented in the literature. In this study, we suggest that the circumstellar medium (CSM) being observed to surround several SNRs Ia was mainly shaped by planetary nebulae (PNe) that originated from one or both progenitor stars. Performing two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we show that the ambient medium shaped by PNe can account for several properties of the CSM that have been found to surround SNe Ia and their remnants. Finally, we model Kepler’s SNR considering that the SN explosion occurred inside a bipolar PN. Our simulations show good agreement with the observed morphological and kinematic properties of Kepler’s SNR. In particular, our model reproduces the current expansion parameter of Kepler’s SNR, the partial interaction of the remnant with a dense CSM at its northern region and finally the existence of two opposite protrusions (‘ears’) at the equatorial plane of the SNR.
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Schmitt, Michael. "Neural Networks with Local Receptive Fields and Superlinear VC Dimension." Neural Computation 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 919–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602317319018.
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Local receptive field neurons comprise such well-known and widely used unit types as radial basis function (RBF) neurons and neurons with center-surround receptive field. We study the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension of feedforward neural networks with one hidden layer of these units. For several variants of local receptive field neurons, we show that the VC dimension of these networks is superlinear. In particular, we establish the bound Ω (w log k) for any reasonably sized network with W parameters and k hidden nodes. This bound is shown to hold for discrete center-surround receptive field neurons, which are physiologically relevant models of cells in the mammalian visual system, for neurons computing a difference of gaussians, which are popular in computational vision, and for standard RBF neurons, a major alternative to sigmoidal neurons in artificial neural networks. The result for RBF neural networks is of particular interest since it answers a question that has been open for several years. The results also give rise to lower bounds for networks with fixed input dimension. Regarding constants, all bounds are larger than those known thus far for similar architectures with sigmoidal neurons. The superlinear lower bounds contrast with linear upper bounds for single local receptive field neurons also derived here.
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Fu, Aaron. "Sense and Motion: The Barrier Preventing Us from Understanding Motion." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 16, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v16i1.8468.
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Currently, scientific study and advancements are at odds with the natural motion systems that surround us. This paper explores how it is our sensory form and the cognition developed upon this sensory form that creates a barrier preventing us from truly understanding the laws of motion. It begins by isolating and defining two distinct forms of information and information processing mechanisms: motion information and integrated information. From this new perspective, it then explains how our sensory system is necessarily based on an integrated information mechanism to support basic survival needs, but is essentially blind to the true features of motion. The far-reaching effects of this discovery include the limitations within our cognitive mode and the current methods of scientific study and development.
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Wachtel, Andrew. "One Day–Fifty Years Later." Slavic Review 72, no. 1 (2013): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.72.1.0102.
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November 2012 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the first publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novella Odin den Ivana Denisovicha (One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich) in the Moscow journal Novyi mir. In this article, Andrew Wachtel considers Solzhenitsyn's pathbreaking work in its original publication context. It examines the editorial preface and the two orthodox contemporary works of Soviet socialist realism the editor chose as bookends for One Day, illustrating the ways in which the surrounding literary context serves to emphasize the socialist realist bona fides of the then unknown Solzhenitsyn. The intertextual links connecting One Day with the works that surround it help to demonstrate that at this point in his career, far from being a dissident, Solzhenitsyn could plausibly be read as an appropriate, albeit unusual, representative of official Soviet literature.
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Carulli, Daniela, Robin Broersen, Fred de Winter, Elizabeth M. Muir, Maja Mešković, Matthijs de Waal, Sharon de Vries, et al. "Cerebellar plasticity and associative memories are controlled by perineuronal nets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 12 (March 9, 2020): 6855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916163117.
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Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are assemblies of extracellular matrix molecules, which surround the cell body and dendrites of many types of neuron and regulate neural plasticity. PNNs are prominently expressed around neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), but their role in adult cerebellar plasticity and behavior is far from clear. Here we show that PNNs in the mouse DCN are diminished during eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a form of associative motor learning that depends on DCN plasticity. When memories are fully acquired, PNNs are restored. Enzymatic digestion of PNNs in the DCN improves EBC learning, but intact PNNs are necessary for memory retention. At the structural level, PNN removal induces significant synaptic rearrangements in vivo, resulting in increased inhibition of DCN baseline activity in awake behaving mice. Together, these results demonstrate that PNNs are critical players in the regulation of cerebellar circuitry and function.
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Hacker, Barton C. "Horse, Wheel, and Saddle." International Bibliography of Military History 32, no. 2 (2012): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03202004.
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Military revolutions are a normal consequence of the central role of military institutions in complex societies. They have everywhere occurred regularly, if infrequently; they are scarcely limited to Western Europe, or even to the modern world. This essay discusses recent writings on two military revolutions in the ancient world, both centered on the military horse: first, its domestication and its role in pulling war chariots; second, the transition from horse driving to horse riding in battle. The chariot revolution of the second millennium BC profoundly reshaped warfare and transformed polities all across Eurasia. The cavalry revolution of the first millennium BC proved equally transformative and far longer lasting. Despite the controversy that has come to surround the concept of military revolution, it may still be fruitfully applied to important aspects of the large-scale historical interactions between societies and their armed forces.
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Sobotkova, Adela. "Sociotechnical Obstacles to Archaeological Data Reuse." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2017.37.
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ABSTRACTThe ease of digital data capture and the proliferation of concepts such as the “data deluge” suggest that modern researchers are drowning in datasets. Yet citations of archaeological datasets are few and far between, pointing to low rates of data reuse. This article explores the difficulties that surround data reuse in large-scale regional research, including the cost and coordination necessary to extract useful data from digitized PDF reports. The amount of correction and enhancement matches the effort needed to undertake a small field survey project and can only be circumvented with a thoughtful application of computer-assisted text analysis. Missing data in excavation report PDFs are not only intractable but also insidious due to their concealed nature, leading to poor outcomes in terms of (re)use. Consequently, the degree of data reuse in archaeology has been overestimated.
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Levy, Mike. "World CALL: Are We Connected?" Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 39 (March 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190519000059.
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AbstractIn the last 20 years we have moved from a somewhat idealistic vision of the internet to one that is far more nuanced and complex. Disruption and change now surround us in a more uncertain and unpredictable world (Foer, 2017; Greenfield, 2017; Lanier, 2018; O'Neil, 2016). This article examines some of the key changes in the wider world and how they may relate to the use of new technologies in second language learning. This topic is approached from three perspectives that have thus far been relatively unexplored. First, the article looks at digital literacy, a cognate field that has long been motivated by issues and concerns relating to educational technology and the classroom–world connection. Second, it considers the role and use of authentic materials and texts. Third, it contrasts notions of input and output as these terms apply to humans and machines, and as they are used in research on second language learning.The goal throughout is to highlight the benefits of increased connectivity between the wider world and the world of the language classroom. Through increased awareness and informed debate, it is hoped this will place us in a stronger position to understand and plan for the changes ahead.
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Bonal, Claire, Isabelle Avril, and Pedro L. Herrera. "Experimental models of β-cell regeneration." Biochemical Society Transactions 36, no. 3 (May 21, 2008): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0360286.
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The control of glucose metabolism by pancreatic endocrine cells throughout life relies on a tight regulation of the mass of insulin-producing β-cells. How this homoeostasis is achieved is not well understood. Over the last few years, experimental rodent models with altered β-cell mass, and, more recently, new transgenic approaches designed to tackle this problem, have provided abundant information. Processes such as β-cell proliferation and apoptosis, or even β-cell differentiation from poorly characterized progenitor cells, whether immature or differentiated, appear to be implicated. A complex picture is thus emerging in which the nature of the pancreatic lesion appears to determine the kind of regenerative response. The environment formed by acinar and ductal cells, and also by vascular and neuronal structures, which surround islets and penetrate into their β-cell core, might play crucial roles so far unsuspected, which should be explored in the near future.
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Spornitz, Udo M., Irena Bartuskova, and Gianni Morson. "Exact Detection of Arterial and Portal Branches of the Terminal Afferent Vessels in the Rat Liver By Means of Corrosion Casts and Edx." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019346.
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The physiological necessity of the dual afferent blood supply of the liver and the morphological features of the macrocirculation are well understood. The microcirculation, however, still poses a number of unsolved questions. In particular the nature of the terminal junctions of the arterial and portal blood stream with the sinusoids has so far not been satisfactorily elucidated (1-2). Scanning electron microscopy alone or in combination with corrosion casts cannot solve the problem, because it remains difficult to tell the different vessels apart. Under favorable circumstances the terminal portal vein is the easiest to be distinguished with corrosion casts. This is due to the fact that its relatively wide branches surround the classical liver lobules along the major parts of their circumference. The diameter of the terminal hepatic artery is in its initial segments not as wide as the initial segments of the terminal portal vein.
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Russell, H. R., B. R. McNamara, A. C. Fabian, P. E. J. Nulsen, F. Combes, A. C. Edge, M. Madar, V. Olivares, P. Salomé, and A. N. Vantyghem. "Driving massive molecular gas flows in central cluster galaxies with AGN feedback." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 3025–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2719.
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Abstract We present an analysis of new and archival ALMA observations of molecular gas in 12 central cluster galaxies. We examine emerging trends in molecular filament morphology and gas velocities to understand their origins. Molecular gas masses in these systems span $10^9 {--}10^{11} {\rm \, M_{\odot }}$, far more than most gas-rich galaxies. ALMA images reveal a distribution of morphologies from filamentary to disc-dominated structures. Circumnuclear discs on kiloparsec scales appear rare. In most systems, half to nearly all of the molecular gas lies in filamentary structures with masses of a few $\times 10^{8{\text{--}}10}{\rm \, M_{\odot }}$ that extend radially several to several tens of kpc. In nearly all cases the molecular gas velocities lie far below stellar velocity dispersions, indicating youth, transience, or both. Filament bulk velocities lie far below the galaxy’s escape and free-fall speeds indicating they are bound and being decelerated. Most extended molecular filaments surround or lie beneath radio bubbles inflated by the central active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Smooth velocity gradients found along the filaments are consistent with gas flowing along streamlines surrounding these bubbles. Evidence suggests most of the molecular clouds formed from low entropy X-ray gas that became thermally unstable and cooled when lifted by the buoyant bubbles. Uplifted gas will stall and fall back to the galaxy in a circulating flow. The distribution in morphologies from filament to disc-dominated sources therefore implies slowly evolving molecular structures driven by the episodic activity of the AGNs.
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Gulášová, Ivica, Lada Nováková, and Lada Cetlová. "ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTION." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.1.2020.33.
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Summary. This paper is focused on the awareness of public regarding prevention of colorectal carcinoma and education in this field. If we look at the lives of our ancestors, we can see that our lives are far more comfortable. Technologies that surround us in every step we take make our lives easier but our pace is faster and faster and that takes toll on our lifestyle – we have less exercise outdoors, bad eating habits, we smoke, drink alcohol, we use drugs and we do not sleep enough. All these factors create stress and strain. Unhealthy lifestyle has lead to overall deterioration of people’s health, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders or increase of tumor diseases. In the Czech Republic, colorectal carcinoma holds the second position in the incidence of tumor diseases and Czech men have the highest incidence of colorectal carcinoma in the world. That is why it is so important to make prevention a part of our lives to try to avoid this serious disease.
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Skutnik-Radziszewska, Anna, and Anna Zalewska. "Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186240.
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Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis.
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Lehmuskallio, Asko. "More Grimaces, Fewer Smiles: Notes on The Thin Line Between The Smile and Grimace in Photographic Depictions." Grimace, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m2.064.art.
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Grimaces are important facial expressions used in situated interactions for questioning social hierarchies and power relations. They counter the warmth of the smile and its invitation for shared foci of attention. In the photographs that surround us, the grimace is seldom to be found, whereas the smile is an almost ubiquitous expression in depictions in our “facial societies” (Macho, 2011). Interestingly, the need for depicted smiles provides us increasingly with images that depict not only smiles but, ever more, “as if” versions of smiles, facial expressions that we can identify with Goffman as “teeth grimaces”. While teeth grimaces reveal some aspects of how smiles are produced for depiction for our facial societies, the paper further suggests that we need more grimaces and fewer smiles in order to remember how social hierarchies and power relations, far from being abstract phenomena, must be constantly renegotiated in situated interactions. Keywords: communication, face, grimace, social interaction and the grimace, symbolic power and the grimace
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Shih, Hsin-Yi, and Alan Stockton. "Large Scale Outflow from a Radio Loud AGN in Merging Galaxies at Redshift 2.48." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S319 (August 2015): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315010248.
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AbstractWe present observations of a remarkable compact group of galaxies at z = 2.48. Four galaxies, all within 40 kpc of each other, surround a powerful high redshift radio source. This group comprises two compact red passive galaxies and a pair of merging galaxies. One of the red galaxies, with an apparent stellar mass of 3.6×1011 M⊙ and an effective radius of 470 pc, is one of the most extreme examples of a massive quiescent compact galaxy found so far. One of the pair of merging galaxies hosts the AGN producing the large powerful radio structure. The merger is massive and enriched, consistent with the mass-metallicity relation expected at this redshift. Close to the merging nuclei, the emission lines exhibit broad and asymmetric profiles that suggest outflows powered either by a very young expanding radio jet or by AGN radiation. At ≳ 50 kpc from the system, we found a fainter extended-emission region that may be a part of a radio jet-driven outflow.
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Lawee, Eric. "From Sepharad to Ashkenaz: A Case Study in the Rashi Supercommentary Tradition." AJS Review 30, no. 2 (October 27, 2006): 393–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009406000183.
Full textAbstract:
Though much has been done in the past half century to clarify boundaries and crossing points on the religious-intellectual maps of “Ashkenaz” and “Sepharad,” a large body of evidence that advances this complex exercise in cultural cartography has been wholly neglected: supercommentaries on Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah. Though it was produced in that part of Europe that Jews came to call (perhaps under Rashi’s influence) “Ashkenaz,” the Commentary traveled to points far and wide. Among the diverse responses that it elicited in its new homes, the vast supercommentary literature that came to surround the Commentary stands out. Though scholars working in diverse cultural orbits produced this literature, Sephardic and Ashkenazic writers created most of it. This genre continues to flourish, at times in new forms. Yet although some of the major rabbinic figures (e.g., Judah Loew of Prague) produced Rashi supercommentaries, and although these works reflect significant trends in premodern Judaism, the genre’s neglect among scholars has been well-nigh total.
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Carney, Josh. "Resur(e)recting a Spectacular Hero:Diriliş Ertuğrul, Necropolitics, and Popular Culture in Turkey." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (April 2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.6.
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AbstractThe hugely popular proto-Ottoman television serialResurrection Ertuğrul(Diriliş Ertuğrul, 2014–) is the culmination of a series of attempts by Turkish government broadcaster TRT to produce a historical drama in line with the values of the governing AKP. Far from being confined to the television screen,Resurrectionis called upon by the government for multiple extra-textual engagements with the public. This essay traces some of the ways in which the serial has been used instrumentally by the AKP, blurring traditional distinctions between entertainment and official (state sanctioned) history, and intervening in political discourse. It first introduces the notion of prescriptive activation to describe the extra-textual use of media texts by those in power for political ends. Next, it examines the trappings of death that surround Resurrection, suggesting that the serial partakes in a representational necropolitics that fetishizes death for the nation. Finally, it explores the stakes of such representation, turning to a case in which text-inspired and literal necropolitics converge.
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Bumby, Kurt M. "Reviewing the Guilty but Mentally Ill Alternative: A Case of the Blind “Pleading” the Blind." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 21, no. 2 (June 1993): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539302100204.
Full textAbstract:
In response to criticisms of the traditional insanity defense, the “guilty but mentally ill” (GBMI) verdict option was developed and is currently operating in approximately one-fourth of the states. Proponents claim that several goals are achieved with GBMI verdicts: (1) inappropriate insanity findings are reduced; (2) offenders are held criminally responsible; (3) jury deliberations are simplified, as GBMI offers a “compromise” verdict; (4) the public receives greater protection from dangerous offenders; and (5) treatment of mentally ill offenders is provided. However, the present review of the literature suggests that these goals are far from being achieved. Insanity findings are not reduced, offenders are more likely to deny responsibility, and jury deliberations are likely to be more confusing when GBMI is utilized. Further, persons found GBMI are often placed on probation and are not assured of treatment either in or out of prison. It is suggested that numerous misperceptions surround the GBMI option, allowing for its continued use despite clear evidence of its inadequacies.
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Ramoa, A. S., R. D. Freeman, and A. Macy. "Comparison of response properties of cells in the cat's visual cortex at high and low luminance levels." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.1.61.
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Receptive-field organization of cells in the cat's striate cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was investigated by using bars of light as stimuli. The aim was to determine if differences occur between conditions of high and low luminance levels. Of 72 cortical cells studied, the receptive fields of 63 were clearly different at high compared with low luminances. Units that gave on-off responses to flashed bars, for example, typically displayed on-only responses at low luminance. By far the most frequent change was that off responses were reduced or absent at low luminance levels. Of 63 cells that showed clear changes, 54 were of this type. This altered receptive-field organization appears to remain for extended periods (we have monitored the steady-state case for up to 2 h). Additional tests allow us to rule out the possible influence of overall changes in response strength and scattered light. To see if similar changes in receptive-field organization are present at the level of the LGN, we recorded from a small number of cells in the LGN (n = 10) and from an additional five afferent fibers in the cortex. In each case, there was a change in center-surround organization between high and low luminance levels similar to that previously reported for retinal ganglion cells. The excitatory responses from the surround for both on-center and off-center cells were absent at low luminance. Taken together, the results suggest that surround responses that can be elicited from ganglion cells and LGN cells make an important contribution to the receptive-field organization of cortical neurons. Changes in receptive-field organization of cortical cells are apparently not accompanied by alterations of other basic response properties. Orientation (7 cells) and spatial frequency (53 cells) selectivity remain relatively unchanged when measured at different luminances. Although optimal spatial frequency is slightly lower at low luminance levels, the low spatial frequency attenuation remains unaltered. Since receptive-field changes between high and low luminance levels suggest that a unit's classification may also vary, we examined simple and complex cell characteristics using sinusoidal gratings (65 cells). Contrary to what we had anticipated, the degree of modulation of responses was relatively independent of luminance, indicating that cell classification does not vary with stimulus luminance.
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Gao, He, Wei-Hua Lei, and Zi-Pei Zhu. "GRB 211211A: a Prolonged Central Engine under a Strong Magnetic Field Environment." Astrophysical Journal Letters 934, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): L12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac80c7.
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Abstract Recently, a kilonova-associated gamma-ray burst (GRB 211211A), whose light curve consists of a precursor (∼0.2 s), a hard spiky emission (∼10 s), and a soft long extended emission (∼40 s), has attracted great attention. Kilonova association could prove its merger origin, while the detection of the precursor can be used to infer at least one highly magnetized neutron star (NS) being involved in the merger. In this case, a strong magnetic flux Φ is expected to surround the central engine of GRB 211211A. Here we suggest that when Φ is large enough, the accretion flow could be halted far from the innermost stable radius, which will significantly prolong the lifetime of the accretion process, and so the GRB duration. For example, we show that as long as the central black hole (BH) is surrounded by a strong magnetic flux Φ ∼ 1029cm2 G, an accretion flow with M ̇ ini ≃ 0.1 M ⊙ s − 1 could be halted at 40 times the gravitational radius and be slowly transferred into the black hole on the order of ∼10 s, which naturally explains the duration of hard spiky emission. After most of the disk mass has been accreted onto the BH, the inflow rate will be reduced, so a long and soft extended emission is expected when a new balance between the magnetic field and the accretion current is reconstructed at a larger radius. Our results further support that the special behavior of GRB 211211A is mainly due to the strong magnetic field of its progenitor stars.
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Rosyid, Mohammad. "The Meaning of Carnival Expel Epidemic Covid-19: Case Study Community Kelenteng Hian Thian Sian Tee and Hok Tek Bio in Welahan Jepara Central Java." PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ON INDONESIAN FOREIGN POLICY CONFERENCE 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/irofonic.v1i1.17.
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This paper is based on writings that are description Khonghucu people in Kelenteng Hian Thian Sian Tee (Dewa Langit) and Hok Tek Bio (Dewa Bumi) at Covid-19 era in Welahan, Jepara City, Central Java. This research based on interview and participative, observation, and literature by approach description analysis. Result, effort people Khonghucu pandemic covid-19 era heirloom carnival purpose expel the plague (pagebluk covid-19) to be comfortable safe sosial at local and national. Carnival every Saturday night until April-November 2020 and every two weeks until Desember 2020 until now. Carnival by surround the Tionghoa village and Kelenteng so far 2 kilometers. Start and finish carnival in Kelenteng Hian Thian Siang Tee Gang Pinggir Pasar No.4. This kelenteng exist 5 kimsin (Kong Co Hiang Thian Siang Tee/Patung Dewa), referensi 120 medical prescription China vertion, a sword (pedang Tiongkok), bamboo fortune telling (ciamsi) by 49 poem, Po Kiam Hip lauw (ashtray, tempat abu), a volume of medical books (tjioe hwat). The meaning ornaments for carnival black flag, sword, rupang dewa, incense (dupa), and hio.
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Kallenbach, Robert, Stacey Hamilton, and Thomas Ryan Lock. "345 Digital Technologies Ease the Burden of Pasture Intake Measurements: A New Hope." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.142.
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Abstract A short while ago, in fields not so far away, graziers guessed forage mass and intake of grazing livestock in pastures. Then a period ensued where only laborious, expensive methods existed to measure the same. Faced with such a galactic dilemma, researchers made one of two practical choices: 1) collect minimal amounts of pasture growth information and give up precision, or 2) ignore pasture growth and forage measures altogether. Neither approach provides the data needed to describe forage intake of grazing animals. Smart devices — now carrying 120 million times more computing power than navigation systems onboard Apollo 11 — bring a new hope to pasture researchers, managers and farmers. This paper evaluates technological advances that enable the next generation of pasture measurements (including animal intake) using sensors. The list of sensors-based tools includes platemeters, digital rules, sonic waves, stereo photography, dual-tuned ultrasound, surround sound, lasers, light bars, and satellite images. These tools — coupled with artificial intelligence systems — give creative thinkers new ways to measure, monitor and manage forage intake in pastures. It’s the future.
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Pfund, Nora, Nitin Sampat, and J. A. Stephen Viggiano. "Relative Impact of Key Rendering Parameters on Perceived Quality of VR Imagery Captured by the Facebook Surround 360 Camera." Frameless 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14448/frameless.01.011.
Full textAbstract:
High quality, 360 capture for Cinematic VR is a relatively new and rapidly evolving technology. The field demands very high quality, distortion- free 360 capture which is not possible with cameras that depend on fish- eye lenses for capturing a 360 field of view. The Facebook Surround 360 Camera, one of the few “players” in this space, is an open-source license design that Facebook has released for anyone that chooses to build it from off-the-shelf components and generate 8K stereo output using open-source licensed rendering software. However, the components are expensive and the system itself is extremely demanding in terms of computer hardware and software. Because of this, there have been very few implementations of this design and virtually no real deployment in the field. We have implemented the system, based on Facebook’s design, and have been testing and deploying it in various situations; even generating short video clips. We have discovered in our recent experience that high quality, 360 capture comes with its own set of new challenges. As an example, even the most fundamental tools of photography like “exposure” become difficult because one is always faced with ultra-high dynamic range scenes (one camera is pointing directly at the sun and the others may be pointing to a dark shadow). The conventional imaging pipeline is further complicated by the fact that the stitching software has different effects on various as- pects of the calibration or pipeline optimization. Most of our focus to date has been on optimizing the imaging pipeline and improving the qual- ity of the output for viewing in an Oculus Rift headset. We designed a controlled experiment to study 5 key parameters in the rendering pipeline– black level, neutral balance, color correction matrix (CCM), geometric calibration and vignetting. By varying all of these parameters in a combinatorial manner, we were able to assess the relative impact of these parameters on the perceived image quality of the output. Our results thus far indicate that the output image quality is greatly influenced by the black level of the individual cameras (the Facebook cam- era comprised of 17 cameras whose output need to be stitched to obtain a 360 view). Neutral balance is least sensitive. We are most confused about the results we obtain from accurately calculating and applying the CCM for each individual camera. We obtained improved results by using the average of the matrices for all cameras. Future work includes evaluating the effects of geometric calibration and vignetting on quality.
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Barrenechea, Ignacio J., Luis Márquez, Sabrina Miralles, Matias Baldoncini, and Silvina Peralta. "An alternative path to atrial lesions through a contralateral interhemispheric transfalcine transcingular infra-precuneus approach: A case report." Surgical Neurology International 11 (November 25, 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_608_2020.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The surgical management of lesions located in the trigone of the lateral ventricle remains a neurosurgical challenge. Previously described approaches to the atrium include the transtemporal, parietal transcortical, parietal trans intraparietal sulcus, occipital transcingulate, posterior transcallosal, and transfalcine transprecuneus. However, reaching this area specifically through the cingulate cortex below the subparietal sulcus has not been described thus far. Case Description: We present here the removal of a left atrial meningioma through a right parietal “contralateral interhemispheric transfalcine transcingular infra-precuneus” approach and compare it with previously described midline approaches to the atrium. To accomplish this, a right parietal craniotomy was performed. After the left subprecuneus cingulate cortex was exposed through a window in the falx, a limited corticotomy was performed, which allowed the tumor to be reached after deepening the bipolar dissection by 8 mm. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed complete resection of the lesion sparing the corpus callosum, forceps major, and sagittal stratum. Although this approach disrupts the posterior cingulate fasciculus, no deficits have been described so far after unilaterally disrupting the posterior cingulate cortex or the posterior part of the cingulate fasciculus. In fact, a thorough postoperative cognitive examination did not show any deficits. Conclusion: The “contralateral interhemispheric transfalcine transcingular infra-precuneus” approach combines the advantages of several previously described approaches. Since it conserves the major white matter tracts that surround the atrium and has a shorter attack angle than the contralateral transfalcine transprecuneus approach, we believe that it could be a potentially new alternative path to reach atrial lesions.
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Pudelska, Krystyna, and Kamila Rojek. "Functional and spatial tansformations and contemporary role of educational garden on the example of school garden in Sobieszyn." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 11, no. 2 (September 17, 2016): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.548.
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An important task for present and future generations is the protection of the national cultural resources. The most attractive architectural objects of historic value include palaces, manors, castles and monasteries. Less attention is paid to educational areas, which apart from the main educational and didactic goal (positive influence on the young person’s mind, shaping his personality, social integration) have a great influence on his health, the quality of his life and the shape of his environment. The example of this is the park next to the school complex in Sobieszyn, located in Lublin Voivodeship, Ułęż County. The school complex with its surrounding park established at the end of the 19th century was given by a will of the Count Kajetan Kanty Kicki, Gozdawa coat of arms, a philantropist and a contemporary owner of Sobieszyn. Localisation of the school, far away from the centre of the village, on the slope of one of the right side tributaries of the Wieprz River – Świnka, makes it an extraordinary place, emphasising the nature values that surround it. Nowadays, the building is still a school- Kajetan Kicki Agriculture School in Sobieszyn.
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Buddle, Alice L., James U. Van Dyke, Michael B. Thompson, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Christopher R. Murphy, Margot L. Day, and Camilla M. Whittington. "Structure and permeability of the egg capsule of the placental Australian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon taylori." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 192, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-021-01427-0.
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AbstractShark placentae are derived from modifications to the fetal yolk sac and the maternal uterine mucosa. In almost all placental sharks, embryonic development occurs in an egg capsule that remains intact for the entire pregnancy, separating the fetal tissues from the maternal tissues at the placental interface. Here, we investigate the structure and permeability of the egg capsules that surround developing embryos of the placental Australian sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon taylori) during late pregnancy. The egg capsule is an acellular fibrous structure that is 0.42 ± 0.04 μm thick at the placental interface between the yolk sac and uterine tissues, and 0.67 ± 0.08 μm thick in the paraplacental regions. This is the thinnest egg capsule of any placental shark measured so far, which may increase the diffusion rate of respiratory gases, fetal wastes, water and nutrients between maternal and fetal tissues. Molecules smaller than or equal to ~ 1000 Da can diffuse through the egg capsule, but larger proteins (~ 3000–26,000 Da) cannot. Similar permeability characteristics between the egg capsule of R. taylori and other placental sharks suggest that molecular size is an important determinant of the molecules that can be exchanged between the mother and her embryos during pregnancy.
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Yongbin, Wang, Jiang Wansong, Long Long, Zhu Qian, Feng Rui, and Wang Liwu. "Design and Experimental Research of a New Type of Asteroid Anchoring System." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (May 18, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6677877.
Full textAbstract:
Asteroid detection is of great significance to the study of the formation of the solar system and the origin of life. However, there are many types of asteroids, and they are far away from the earth, and the understanding of their various characteristics is not clear, which brings huge technical challenges to the landing and attachment of star catalogs. At present, the world is mainly based on surround, overflight, and short-term contact detection, and long-term attachment detection has not yet been realized. In order to solve the long-term attachment detection requirements of asteroids, focusing on the geological characteristics of various types of stars, this paper proposes a new type of asteroid attachment mechanism based on the beetle bionic theory, which can realize intelligent and flexible attachment and has strong adaptability. Around this design, this paper analyzes the mechanism of adhesion and realizes the adaptive matching of unascertained terrain landing point adhesion. On this basis, a prototype of the asteroid landing attachment mechanism was developed and verified by experiments. The experiment proved that the mechanism has strong multiterrain matching ability and can obtain an adhesion force of not less than 36 N on ordinary concrete ground.
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De Vilder, Eva Y. G., Mohammad Jakir Hosen, and Olivier M. Vanakker. "The ABCC6 Transporter as a Paradigm for Networking from an Orphan Disease to Complex Disorders." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/648569.
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The knowledge on the genetic etiology of complex disorders largely results from the study of rare monogenic disorders. Often these common and rare diseases show phenotypic overlap, though monogenic diseases generally have a more extreme symptomatology.ABCC6, the gene responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an autosomal recessive ectopic mineralization disorder, can be considered a paradigm gene with relevance that reaches far beyond this enigmatic orphan disease. Indeed, common traits such as chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disorders have been linked to theABCC6gene. While during the last decade the awareness of the wide ramifications ofABCC6has increased significantly, the gene itself and the transmembrane transporter it encodes have not unveiled all of the mysteries that surround them. To gain more insights, multiple approaches are being used including next-generation sequencing, computational methods, and various “omics” technologies. Much effort is made to place the vast amount of data that is gathered in an integrated system-biological network; the involvement ofABCC6in common disorders provides a good view on the wide implications and potential of such a network. In this review, we summarize the network approaches used to studyABCC6and the role of this gene in several complex diseases.
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Miles, Malcolm. "PARTICIPATION: HOUSING AND URBAN VIABILITY." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2013.832483.
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In the global North, housing tends to be seen as a sub-sector of the construction industry. In the global South, in contrast, it might be considered more as a verb – housing as the activity of meeting basic needs for shelter. As such, this process is frequently undertaken by users themselves, in the informal settlements which surround most cities. While these settlements were once regarded as a threat to the urban order (or urbanization), today there is increasing recognition that self-build and self-managed housing meets the needs of urban development in ways which are usually more sustainable as well as lower-cost than standard housing schemes (whether in the public or the private sector). This paper begins from the question as to how far the lessons of informal settlements in the South can be applied in the North. It looks at the status of informal settlements in the new South Africa, and at two schemes in the UK: the Coin Street development in London, managed by tenants; and Ashley Vale self-build housing in Bristol, in southwest England. These are not seen as exemplary but simply two cases which can be compared and contrasted in the terrain of new approaches to building cities for the future.
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Mkuzo, Tim Zamuxolo, Thokozile Mayekiso, and Calvin Gwandure. "An observational examination of houses built under the ``Breaking New Ground`` housing policy of South Africa." Ergonomics SA 31, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/esa.v31i1.3.
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The aim of the study was to examine the physical condition of houses built under the ``Breaking New Ground`` scheme and the environment that surround the residential areas. The Breaking New Ground housing plan seeks to provide housing to low-income groups in South Africa. The housing structures were examined in accordance with the ``Breaking New Ground`` housing policy, the Constitution of South Africa and the Freedom Charter. The study was qualitative in nature and an observational method was used to collect data. The study examined the physical condition of 45 housing units and their surroundings. The observational examination indicated that most of the residential units had structural defects and the environment was not conducive to the promotion of health and wellbeing among housing beneficiaries and their families. The design and aesthetic appeal of the houses was distorted by poor workmanship as they presented with inherent flaws. It was observed that the location of some of the housing clusters was isolated and far from places of work and the transport network was not efficient. Recommendations include improved quality control, aesthetic appeal and durability of housing units constructed under the Breaking New Ground housing scheme in South Africa.
Keywords: Low-cost housing; observation; breaking new ground; South Africa
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Helwig, Niklas, and Ville Sinkkonen. "Strategic Autonomy and the EU as a Global Actor: The Evolution, Debate and Theory of a Contested Term." European Foreign Affairs Review 27, Special Issue (April 1, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2022009.
Full textAbstract:
For all the attention on ‘strategic autonomy’ in the European Union (EU)’s foreign and security policy debate, the academic reflections on the term have so far been limited. Strategic autonomy is a prominent framework through which policy-makers discuss the EU’s response to global challenges, which raises the question to what extent its study can tell us more about the development of the EU as a global actor. This article discusses the evolution of the term ‘strategic autonomy’, the current policy debates that surround it, as well as how its emergence and implications can possibly be analysed through the use of International Relations theory. It argues that strategic autonomy should not be understood as a binary choice between dependence and independence or engagement and decoupling. By accepting the ambiguity of the term and its various meanings in today’s policy debate, it is possible to explore the grey areas of the EU’s struggle to manage its external interdependencies, as well as the implications in diverse policy fields, including foreign policy, security and defence, as well as trade. Strategic Autonomy, European Union, International Relations, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Common Security and Defence Policy, Trade and Investment Policy, Realism, Liberal theory of International Cooperation, Constructivism
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Deshpanday, Ishani. "Sustainable Green Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 25, 2021): 2301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36572.
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Green building refers to a structure and employing a method that's environmentally accountable and resource economical throughout a building’s life cycle. Since buildings consume nearly five hundredth of the world's total energy, inexperienced buildings, on the other hand, consume a minimum quantity of energy with the utilization of energy economical materials. Hence, location of inexperienced buildings within the close proximity would produce an inexperienced zone and supply a far healthier setting with minimum heat island result. In India there are 2 primary rating systems for inexperienced buildings: GRIHA (green rating for integrated surround assessment), LEED (leadership in energy and setting design). Green buildings compared to standard buildings appear specifically similar and conjointly within the building use, however disagree within the operational savings and considerations for human comfort and indoor and atmosphere. inexperienced buildings get pleasure from the advantages of saving 40-50% energy by reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere; it conjointly saves concerning 20-30% of water by victimization rain gathering or gray apply techniques. It conjointly reduces VMT (vehicle miles travelled) by selecting the placement near conveyance and conveniences that helps in reduction of petrol consumption. However, on the opposite hand, inexperienced buildings face several barriers just like the high initial investment needed for construction, split incentives.
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Tiliket, Caroline, Mark Shelhamer, H. Stevie Tan, and David S. Zee. "Adaptation of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex with the Head in Different Orientations and Positions Relative to the Axis of Body Rotation." Journal of Vestibular Research 3, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3207.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the influence of static head orientation and position, relative to the axis of body rotation, upon vestibular adaptation. With the head centered, displaced anterior to the axis of body rotation, or tilted 40∘ to 45∘ in roll or pitch, the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was trained (to go either up or down) for one hour using artificial manipulation of the visual surround to produce a visual-vestibular mismatch. Before and after each training session, the VOR was measured in darkness with the head in the training as well as in several non-training positions. We found that transfer of VOR adaptation to non-training positions was almost complete when comparing head eccentric versus head-centered rotations. For tilts, however, transfer of VOR learning was far less complete suggesting that static otolith signals provide a strong contextual cue that gates the expression of an adaptive VOR response. Finally, following training to increase than VOR, gain was greater for centripetally than centrifugally directed slow phases. Centripetally directed postsaccadic drift also developed. These fundings imply that the gain increase paradigm also leads to abnormal function of the velocity-to-position neural integrator, which holds eccentric positions of gaze.
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Muhajarah, Kurnia. "Kontribusi Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Pencegahan Kenakalan Remaja." TARBIYA ISLAMIA : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Keislaman 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36815/tarbiya.v7i1.158.
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Juvenile delinquency becomes a phenomenon in this life. The emergence of juvenile delinquency is influenced by various life factors that involve himself, his family and his environment. There have been many studies that examine the juvenile delinquency. This paper will discuss two main questions namely: what factors cause juvenile delinquency and how the contribution of Islamic Education (PAI) in preventing juvenile delinquency. The method used in this paper is literature study that is directed to answer the above questions. The answer is parsed by the deepening of the material by method of content analysis, hope the data obtained with the depth of material and things that surround it.The results of the study of this paper show that, First, juvenile delinquency is caused by self-adolescent factors (internal) and the environment (external). External factors that cause juvenile delinquency are families, less harmonious marital relationships, the environment, and schools, including teachers, lessons, school tasks, learning methods. Second, PAI has two contributions in preventing juvenile delinquency, namely PAI able to form a religious adolescent personality, so far from the world of juvenile delinquency and PAI able to provide space for adolescents in positive expression embodied in the balance of understanding the material of religion and knowledge.
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Kraynyukova, Nataliya, and Tatjana Tchumatchenko. "Stabilized supralinear network can give rise to bistable, oscillatory, and persistent activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 13 (March 12, 2018): 3464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700080115.
Full textAbstract:
A hallmark of cortical circuits is their versatility. They can perform multiple fundamental computations such as normalization, memory storage, and rhythm generation. Yet it is far from clear how such versatility can be achieved in a single circuit, given that specialized models are often needed to replicate each computation. Here, we show that the stabilized supralinear network (SSN) model, which was originally proposed for sensory integration phenomena such as contrast invariance, normalization, and surround suppression, can give rise to dynamic cortical features of working memory, persistent activity, and rhythm generation. We study the SSN model analytically and uncover regimes where it can provide a substrate for working memory by supporting two stable steady states. Furthermore, we prove that the SSN model can sustain finite firing rates following input withdrawal and present an exact connectivity condition for such persistent activity. In addition, we show that the SSN model can undergo a supercritical Hopf bifurcation and generate global oscillations. Based on the SSN model, we outline the synaptic and neuronal mechanisms underlying computational versatility of cortical circuits. Our work shows that the SSN is an exactly solvable nonlinear recurrent neural network model that could pave the way for a unified theory of cortical function.
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Barry, Norman, and Keith Graham. "Freedom, Law and Authority." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 24 (March 1988): 191–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100004781.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the emphasis on the state in the history of political philosophy, the twentieth century has been characterized by a remarkable lack of philosophical reflection on the concept. Until recently analytical philosophy had eschewed those evaluative arguments about political obligation and the limits of state authority that were typical of political theory in the past in favour of the explication of the meaning of the concept. However, even here the results have been disappointing. Logical Positivist attempts to locate some unique empirical phenomenon which the word state described proved unsuccessful, and indeed led to the odd conclusion that there was nothing about the state that distinguished it from some other social institutions. For example, its coercive power was said to be not unique: in some circumstances trade unions and Churches exercised similar power over their members. Ordinary language philosophers were far more interested in the complexities that surround words such as law, authority and power than in the state. In all this there was perhaps the fear that to concentrate attention on the state was implicitly to give credence to the discredited doctrine that it stood for some metaphysical entity; propositions about which could not be translated into propositions about the actions of individuals, and which represented higher values than those of ordinary human agents.