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Journal articles on the topic 'Far-from-equilibrium dynamics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Moldovan, Dorel, and Leonardo Golubovic. "Tethered membranes far from equilibrium: Buckling dynamics." Physical Review E 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 4377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.4377.

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2

Gasenzer, Thomas, Stefan Keßler, and Jan M. Pawlowski. "Far-from-equilibrium quantum many-body dynamics." European Physical Journal C 70, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2010): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1430-3.

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3

Chvoj, Z. "Dynamics of adparticles far from equilibrium conditions." Surface Science 507-510 (June 2002): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(02)01185-8.

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4

Evans, D. J., and W. G. Hoover. "Flows Far From Equilibrium Via Molecular Dynamics." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.18.010186.001331.

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5

Paulsen, C., M. J. Jackson, E. Lhotel, B. Canals, D. Prabhakaran, K. Matsuhira, S. R. Giblin, and S. T. Bramwell. "Far-from-equilibrium monopole dynamics in spin ice." Nature Physics 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2014): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2847.

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6

Denicol, Gabriel S., and Jorge Noronha. "Fluid dynamics far-from-equilibrium: a concrete example." Nuclear Physics A 1005 (January 2021): 121996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2020.121996.

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7

Leitenstorfer, Alfred, Cornelius Fürst, Alfred Laubereau, Wolfgang Kaiser, Günther Tränkle, and Günter Weimann. "Femtosecond Carrier Dynamics in GaAs Far from Equilibrium." Physical Review Letters 76, no. 9 (February 26, 1996): 1545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.1545.

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8

Leitenstorfer, Alfred, Cornelius Fürst, Alfred Laubereau, Wolfgang Kaiser, Günther Tränkle, and Günter Weimann. "Femtosecond Carrier Dynamics in GaAs Far from Equilibrium." Physical Review Letters 76, no. 19 (May 6, 1996): 3662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.3662.2.

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9

Schmied, Christian-Marcel, Aleksandr N. Mikheev, and Thomas Gasenzer. "Non-thermal fixed points: Universal dynamics far from equilibrium." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 29 (October 20, 2019): 1941006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19410069.

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In this article we give an overview of the concept of universal dynamics near non-thermal fixed points in isolated quantum many-body systems. We outline a non-perturbative kinetic theory derived within a Schwinger–Keldysh closed-time path-integral approach, as well as a low-energy effective field theory which enable us to predict the universal scaling exponents characterizing the time evolution at the fixed point. We discuss the role of wave-turbulent transport in the context of such fixed points and discuss universal scaling evolution of systems bearing ensembles of (quasi) topological defects. This is rounded off by the recently introduced concept of prescaling as a generic feature of the evolution towards a non-thermal fixed point.

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10

RESNIKOVA, VERA, and ARKADY ROVINSKY. "Nonlinear Dynamics of a Far-from-Equilibrium Chemical System." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 661, no. 1 Frontiers of (December 1992): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb26064.x.

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11

Kronenwett, M., and T. Gasenzer. "Far-from-equilibrium dynamics of an ultracold Fermi gas." Applied Physics B 102, no. 3 (February 16, 2011): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4426-2.

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12

Hunt, K. L. C., P. M. Hunt, and J. Ross. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions Far From Equilibrium." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 41, no. 1 (October 1990): 409–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.41.100190.002205.

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13

Golubovic, Leonardo, Dorel Moldovan, and Anatoli Peredera. "Flexible polymers and thin rods far from equilibrium: Buckling dynamics." Physical Review E 61, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 1703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.61.1703.

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14

Epstein, Irving R. "The role of flow systems in far-from-equilibrium dynamics." Journal of Chemical Education 66, no. 3 (March 1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed066p191.

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15

Cross, Rod, Harold Hutchinson, Harbir Lamba, and Doug Strachan. "Reflections on Soros: Mach, Quine, Arthur and far-from-equilibrium dynamics." Journal of Economic Methodology 20, no. 4 (December 2013): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350178x.2013.859406.

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16

Hähner, P. "Dislocation Dynamics and Instabilities of Plastic Deformation – Nonlinear Phenomena far from Equilibrium." Materials Science Forum 123-125 (January 1993): 701–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.123-125.701.

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17

Kapral, Raymond, and Xiao-Guang Wu. "Stochastic Description of Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Far-from-Equilibrium Reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, no. 49 (January 1996): 18976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp961247e.

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18

Prüfer, Maximilian, Philipp Kunkel, Helmut Strobel, Stefan Lannig, Daniel Linnemann, Christian-Marcel Schmied, Jürgen Berges, Thomas Gasenzer, and Markus K. Oberthaler. "Observation of universal dynamics in a spinor Bose gas far from equilibrium." Nature 563, no. 7730 (November 2018): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0659-0.

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19

Erne, Sebastian, Robert Bücker, Thomas Gasenzer, Jürgen Berges, and Jörg Schmiedmayer. "Universal dynamics in an isolated one-dimensional Bose gas far from equilibrium." Nature 563, no. 7730 (November 2018): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0667-0.

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20

Gasenzer, Thomas, and Jan M. Pawlowski. "Towards far-from-equilibrium quantum field dynamics: A functional renormalisation-group approach." Physics Letters B 670, no. 2 (December 2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2008.10.049.

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21

Zamani, Farzaneh, Pedro Ribeiro, and Stefan Kirchner. "Non-linear quantum critical dynamics and fluctuation-dissipation ratios far from equilibrium." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 400 (February 2016): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.07.106.

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22

Gouyet, J. F. "Generalized Allen-Cahn equations to describe far-from-equilibrium order-disorder dynamics." Physical Review E 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.51.1695.

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23

Evans, Denis J. "Statistical mechanics of systems far from equilibrium, as studied by molecular dynamics." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 194, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(93)90380-m.

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24

Ruan, C. Y., V. A. Lobastov, R. Srinivasan, B. M. Goodson, H. Ihee, and A. H. Zewail. "Ultrafast diffraction and structural dynamics: The nature of complex molecules far from equilibrium." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 13 (June 12, 2001): 7117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131192898.

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25

Tsai, Yan-Chr, and Yonathan Shapir. "Dynamics of particle deposition on a disordered substrate. II. Far-from-equilibrium behavior." Physical Review E 50, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 4445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.50.4445.

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26

Hanke, Felix, and Hans Jürgen Kreuzer. "Nonequilibrium dynamics of single polymer molecules: Relaxation close to and far from equilibrium." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 106, no. 14 (2006): 2953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.21120.

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27

Jaeger, Tamara D., and David S. Simmons. "Temperature dependence of aging dynamics in highly non-equilibrium model polymer glasses." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 11 (March 21, 2022): 114504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080717.

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A central feature of the non-equilibrium glassy “state” is its tendency to age toward equilibrium, obeying signatures identified by Kovacs over 50 years ago. The origin of these signatures, their fate far from equilibrium and at high temperatures, and the underlying nature of the glassy “state” far from equilibrium remain unsettled. Here, we simulate physical aging of polymeric glasses, driven much farther from equilibrium and at much higher temperatures than possible in experimental melt-quenched glasses. While these glasses exhibit Kovacs’ signatures of glassy aging at sufficiently low temperatures, these signatures disappear above the onset TA of non-Arrhenius equilibrium dynamics, suggesting that TA demarcates an upper bound to genuinely glassy states. Aging times in glasses after temperature up-jumps are found to obey an Arrhenius law interpolating between equilibrium dynamics at TA and at the start of the temperature up-jump, providing a zero-parameter rule predicting their aging behavior and identifying another unrecognized centrality of TA to aging behavior. This differs qualitatively from behavior of our glasses produced by temperature down-jumps, which exhibit a fractional power law decoupling relation with equilibrium dynamics. While the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model can predict the qualitative single-temperature behavior of these systems, we find that it fails to predict the disappearance of Kovacs signatures above TA and the temperature dependence of aging after large temperature up-jumps. These findings highlight a need for new theoretical insights into the aging behavior of glasses at ultra-high fictive temperatures and far from equilibrium.

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28

Bundschuh, R., and U. Gerland. "Dynamics of intramolecular recognition: Base-pairing in DNA/RNA near and far from equilibrium." European Physical Journal E 19, no. 3 (March 2006): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2005-10061-3.

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29

Bhattacharya, S., and A. K. Sen. "Two early-stage inverse power law dynamics in nonlinear complex systems far from equilibrium." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 71, no. 5 (September 2005): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2005-10158-3.

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30

Vlad, Marcel O., and John Ross. "Random paths and fluctuation–dissipation dynamics for one‐variable chemical systems far from equilibrium." Journal of Chemical Physics 100, no. 10 (May 15, 1994): 7279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.466874.

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31

Auclair-Desrotour, P., J. Laskar, S. Mathis, and A. C. M. Correia. "The rotation of planets hosting atmospheric tides: from Venus to habitable super-Earths." Astronomy & Astrophysics 603 (July 2017): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628701.

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The competition between the torques induced by solid and thermal tides drives the rotational dynamics of Venus-like planets and super-Earths orbiting in the habitable zone of low-mass stars. The resulting torque determines the possible equilibrium states of the planet’s spin. Here we have computed an analytic expression for the total tidal torque exerted on a Venus-like planet. This expression is used to characterize the equilibrium rotation of the body. Close to the star, the solid tide dominates. Far from it, the thermal tide drives the rotational dynamics of the planet. The transition regime corresponds to the habitable zone, where prograde and retrograde equilibrium states appear. We demonstrate the strong impact of the atmospheric properties and of the rheology of the solid part on the rotational dynamics of Venus-like planets, highlighting the key role played by dissipative mechanisms in the stability of equilibrium configurations.

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32

Cook, Jacob, Samraat Pawar, and Robert G. Endres. "Thermodynamic constraints on the assembly and diversity of microbial ecosystems are different near to and far from equilibrium." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): e1009643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009643.

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Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has long been an area of substantial interest to ecologists because most fundamental biological processes, such as protein synthesis and respiration, are inherently energy-consuming. However, most of this interest has focused on developing coarse ecosystem-level maximisation principles, providing little insight into underlying mechanisms that lead to such emergent constraints. Microbial communities are a natural system to decipher this mechanistic basis because their interactions in the form of substrate consumption, metabolite production, and cross-feeding can be described explicitly in thermodynamic terms. Previous work has considered how thermodynamic constraints impact competition between pairs of species, but restrained from analysing how this manifests in complex dynamical systems. To address this gap, we develop a thermodynamic microbial community model with fully reversible reaction kinetics, which allows direct consideration of free-energy dissipation. This also allows species to interact via products rather than just substrates, increasing the dynamical complexity, and allowing a more nuanced classification of interaction types to emerge. Using this model, we find that community diversity increases with substrate lability, because greater free-energy availability allows for faster generation of niches. Thus, more niches are generated in the time frame of community establishment, leading to higher final species diversity. We also find that allowing species to make use of near-to-equilibrium reactions increases diversity in a low free-energy regime. In such a regime, two new thermodynamic interaction types that we identify here reach comparable strengths to the conventional (competition and facilitation) types, emphasising the key role that thermodynamics plays in community dynamics. Our results suggest that accounting for realistic thermodynamic constraints is vital for understanding the dynamics of real-world microbial communities.

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33

Chesler, Paul M., and Wilke van der Schee. "Early thermalization, hydrodynamics and energy loss in AdS/CFT." International Journal of Modern Physics E 24, no. 10 (October 2015): 1530011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301315300118.

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Gauge/gravity duality has provided unprecedented opportunities to study dynamics in certain strongly coupled gauge theories. This review aims to highlight several applications to heavy ion collisions including far-from-equilibrium dynamics, hydrodynamics and jet energy loss at strong coupling.

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34

Papadimitriou, Christos, and Georgios Piliouras. "From Nash Equilibria to Chain Recurrent Sets: An Algorithmic Solution Concept for Game Theory." Entropy 20, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20100782.

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In 1950, Nash proposed a natural equilibrium solution concept for games hence called Nash equilibrium, and proved that all finite games have at least one. The proof is through a simple yet ingenious application of Brouwer’s (or, in another version Kakutani’s) fixed point theorem, the most sophisticated result in his era’s topology—in fact, recent algorithmic work has established that Nash equilibria are computationally equivalent to fixed points. In this paper, we propose a new class of universal non-equilibrium solution concepts arising from an important theorem in the topology of dynamical systems that was unavailable to Nash. This approach starts with both a game and a learning dynamics, defined over mixed strategies. The Nash equilibria are fixpoints of the dynamics, but the system behavior is captured by an object far more general than the Nash equilibrium that is known in dynamical systems theory as chain recurrent set. Informally, once we focus on this solution concept—this notion of “the outcome of the game”—every game behaves like a potential game with the dynamics converging to these states. In other words, unlike Nash equilibria, this solution concept is algorithmic in the sense that it has a constructive proof of existence. We characterize this solution for simple benchmark games under replicator dynamics, arguably the best known evolutionary dynamics in game theory. For (weighted) potential games, the new concept coincides with the fixpoints/equilibria of the dynamics. However, in (variants of) zero-sum games with fully mixed (i.e., interior) Nash equilibria, it covers the whole state space, as the dynamics satisfy specific information theoretic constants of motion. We discuss numerous novel computational, as well as structural, combinatorial questions raised by this chain recurrence conception of games.

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35

TRUGMAN, S. A., J. BONČA, and LI-CHUNG KU. "STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF COUPLED ELECTRON–PHONON SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 19n20 (August 10, 2001): 2707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201006483.

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We review recent variational methods that provide extremely accurate solutions for the problem of one and two electrons coupled to dynamical, quantum phonons, including retardation effects. The dynamics of these systems far from equilibrium is explored, including the dynamics of polaron formation after electron injection by an STM. An examination of three-point functions suggests a qualitative modification of the traditional picture of a polaron. Long-range electron–phonon interactions are studied in some generality, including vector and frustrated Fröhlich models, and bounds are obtained on the possible mass enhancement.

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36

Fedotov, Vladislav Kh, Nikolay I. Kol'tsov, and Petr M. Kosianov. "INFLUENCE OF THE AUTOCATALYTIC STAGES ON THE DYNAMICS OF CONJUGATED CHEMICAL REACTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206302.6053.

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Chemical reactions occurring on nonlinear mechanisms, containing the stage of interaction of various reagents (feedback), can exhibit unusual kinetic properties - the multiplicity of equilibria (hysteresis of different shape dependency on the «velocity-parameter»), change the time of the motion to the equilibrium (slow or fast relaxation), sustained oscillations (regular, irregular), etc. All these critical phenomena are usually associated with the appearance of unstable equilibria in the reactions under study. From the kinetic point of view, one of the main causes of instability is the presence of autocatalytic stages in the reaction mechanism. Therefore, it is interesting to study the effect of autocatalytic stages on the kinetics of chemical reactions, especially far from equilibrium. In this regard, the dynamic characteristics of typical conjugate reactions occurring by non-autocatalytic and autocatalytic mechanisms in an isothermal reactor of ideal mixing under the same conditions are compared in this paper. It is shown that the kinetics of these reactions is different: autocatalysis can shift the equilibrium, change the relaxation time and the rate of reactions. In an irreversible consecutive reaction (far from equilibrium) autocatalysis shifts the equilibrium in the direction of increasing the proportion occupied by the surface of the catalyst and the reaction rate dominated by positive autocatalysis. As the reversible processes increase, the balance shifts to the other side, the reaction slows down and autoinhibition begins to prevail. In parallel conjugate reactions, negative autocatalysis is not observed. In both types of the considered conjugate reactions, the maximum positive change in concentrations and velocity due to autocatalysis observed when these reactions are irreversible.

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37

Halimeh, Jad C., Maarten Van Damme, Torsten V. Zache, Debasish Banerjee, and Philipp Hauke. "Achieving the quantum field theory limit in far-from-equilibrium quantum link models." Quantum 6 (December 19, 2022): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-12-19-878.

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Realizations of gauge theories in setups of quantum synthetic matter open up the possibility of probing salient exotic phenomena in condensed matter and high-energy physics, along with potential applications in quantum information and science technologies. In light of the impressive ongoing efforts to achieve such realizations, a fundamental question regarding quantum link model regularizations of lattice gauge theories is how faithfully they capture the quantum field theory limit of gauge theories. Recent work \cite{zache2021achieving} has shown through analytic derivations, exact diagonalization, and infinite matrix product state calculations that the low-energy physics of 1+1D U(1) quantum link models approaches the quantum field theory limit already at small link spin length S. Here, we show that the approach to this limit also lends itself to the far-from-equilibrium quench dynamics of lattice gauge theories, as demonstrated by our numerical simulations of the Loschmidt return rate and the chiral condensate in infinite matrix product states, which work directly in the thermodynamic limit. Similar to our findings in equilibrium that show a distinct behavior between half-integer and integer link spin lengths, we find that criticality emerging in the Loschmidt return rate is fundamentally different between half-integer and integer spin quantum link models in the regime of strong electric-field coupling. Our results further affirm that state-of-the-art finite-size ultracold-atom and NISQ-device implementations of quantum link lattice gauge theories have the real potential to simulate their quantum field theory limit even in the far-from-equilibrium regime.

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38

Ulgiati, S., and C. Bianciardi. "Describing states and dynamics in far from equilibrium systems. Needed a metric within a system state space." Ecological Modelling 96, no. 1-3 (March 1997): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00060-9.

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39

Chardac, Amélie, Suraj Shankar, M. Cristina Marchetti, and Denis Bartolo. "Emergence of dynamic vortex glasses in disordered polar active fluids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 3, 2021): e2018218118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018218118.

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In equilibrium, disorder conspires with topological defects to redefine the ordered states of matter in systems as diverse as crystals, superconductors, and liquid crystals. Far from equilibrium, however, the consequences of quenched disorder on active condensed matter remain virtually uncharted. Here, we reveal a state of strongly disordered active matter with no counterparts in equilibrium: a dynamical vortex glass. Combining microfluidic experiments and theory, we show how colloidal flocks collectively cruise through disordered environments without relaxing the topological singularities of their flows. The resulting state is highly dynamical but the flow patterns, shaped by a finite density of frozen vortices, are stationary and exponentially degenerated. Quenched isotropic disorder acts as a random gauge field turning active liquids into dynamical vortex glasses. We argue that this robust mechanism should shape the collective dynamics of a broad class of disordered active matter, from synthetic active nematics to collections of living cells exploring heterogeneous media.

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40

Hua, Nelson, Ivan A. Zaluzhnyy, Stjepan B. Hrkac, Anatoly G. Shabalin, and Oleg G. Shpyrko. "Extracting contrast in an X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy experiment under imperfect conditions." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 6 (October 19, 2020): 1626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520012345.

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Pump–probe experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers to study ultrafast dynamics in materials far from equilibrium have been well established, but techniques to investigate equilibrium dynamics on the nano- and pico-second timescales remain underdeveloped and experimentally challenging. A promising approach relies on a double-probe X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy setup at split-and-delay beamlines of X-ray free-electron lasers. However, the logistics in consistently producing two collinear, perfectly overlapping pulses necessary to conduct a faithful experiment is difficult to achieve. In this paper, a method is introduced to extract contrast in the case where an angular misalignment and imperfect overlap exists between the two pulses. Numerical simulations of a dynamical system show that contrast can still be extracted for significant angular misalignments accompanied by partial overlap between the two pulses.

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41

Schafer, Lothar, Yury I. Tarasov, Aleksandr V. Koshelev, and Anatoly A. Ischenko. "ULTRAFAST ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND NANOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY: FOR CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE. PART I. ULTRAFAST ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 5 (June 23, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017605.5608.

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The direct probing and understanding of the dynamics of chemical and biological processes occurring in condensed matter, is currently in its early stages. Progress in this field has been pushed by the development of methods for the study of the structural dynamics of matter in a state far from equilibrium, including extreme states. The forthcoming information serves as the basis for testing new theoretical approaches to the description of the substance in casually connected triad "structure-dynamics-function". Observation of the dynamic behavior of matter in the space-time continuum on ultrashort time scales is a necessary first step in the explanation and, ultimately, control of far from equilibrium processes, and functionality of the systems studied. The method of ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC) makes it possible to investigate transient nonequilibrium structures, which yield decisive information about the structural dynamics of the phase transitions and coherent dynamics of the nuclei in the solid state, on the surface, and in macromolecular systems. In recent years, the electron bunch path length in the UEC apparatus diminished significantly, while the accelerating voltage increased considerably. Therefore, femtosecond electron pulses were obtained. A technique of radio frequency grouping of electrons was proposed to increase the electron pulse brightness. The method of electron field emission was used to increase the spatial coherence, and ponderomotive wave front acceleration was applied to reduce the mismatch between the velocities of the light and electron pulses and to contract the electron bunches. These achievements have opened up new possibilities for studying the coherent structural dynamics – atomic and molecular movie with femtosecond temporal resolution. The results of several internationally renowned research groups are included and cited.

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42

Yoon, Heedong, and Gregory B. McKenna. "Testing the paradigm of an ideal glass transition: Dynamics of an ultrastable polymeric glass." Science Advances 4, no. 12 (December 2018): eaau5423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau5423.

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A major challenge to understanding glass-forming materials is obtaining equilibrium data far below the laboratory glass transition temperatureTg. The challenge arises because it takes geologic aging times to achieve the equilibrium glassy state when temperatures are well belowTg. Here, we finesse this problem through measurements on an ultrastable amorphous Teflon with fictive temperatureTfnear to its Kauzmann temperatureTK. In the window betweenTfandTg, the material has a lower molecular mobility than the equilibrium state because of its low specific volume and enthalpy. Our measurements show that the determined scaled relaxation times deviate strongly from the classical expectation of divergence of time scales at a finite temperature. The results challenge the view of an ideal glass transition at or near toTK.

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43

O'Meara, Brian C., Stacey D. Smith, W. Scott Armbruster, Lawrence D. Harder, Christopher R. Hardy, Lena C. Hileman, Larry Hufford, et al. "Non-equilibrium dynamics and floral trait interactions shape extant angiosperm diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1830 (May 11, 2016): 20152304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2304.

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Why are some traits and trait combinations exceptionally common across the tree of life, whereas others are vanishingly rare? The distribution of trait diversity across a clade at any time depends on the ancestral state of the clade, the rate at which new phenotypes evolve, the differences in speciation and extinction rates across lineages, and whether an equilibrium has been reached. Here we examine the role of transition rates, differential diversification (speciation minus extinction) and non-equilibrium dynamics on the evolutionary history of angiosperms, a clade well known for the abundance of some trait combinations and the rarity of others. Our analysis reveals that three character states (corolla present, bilateral symmetry, reduced stamen number) act synergistically as a key innovation, doubling diversification rates for lineages in which this combination occurs. However, this combination is currently less common than predicted at equilibrium because the individual characters evolve infrequently. Simulations suggest that angiosperms will remain far from the equilibrium frequencies of character states well into the future. Such non-equilibrium dynamics may be common when major innovations evolve rarely, allowing lineages with ancestral forms to persist, and even outnumber those with diversification-enhancing states, for tens of millions of years.

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BERETTA, GIAN PAOLO. "WELL-BEHAVED NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATION FOR STEEPEST-ENTROPY-ASCENT DISSIPATIVE QUANTUM DYNAMICS." International Journal of Quantum Information 05, no. 01n02 (February 2007): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749907002700.

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In this paper, we outline the main features of the nonlinear quantum evolution equation proposed by the present author. Such an equation may be used as a model of reduced subsystem dynamics to complement various historical and contemporary efforts to extend linear Markovian theories of dissipative phenomena and relaxation based on master equations, Lindblad and Langevin equations, to the nonlinear and far nonequilibrium domain. It may also be used as the fundamental dynamical principle in theories that attempt to unite mechanics and thermodynamics, such as the Hatsopoulos–Gyftopoulos unified theory which motivated the original development of this well-behaved general nonlinear equation for the evolution of the density operator capable of generating irreversible deterministic relaxation to thermodynamic equilibrium from any far nonequilibrium state even for an isolated system.

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Tagliazucchi, M., and I. Szleifer. "Dynamics of dissipative self-assembly of particles interacting through oscillatory forces." Faraday Discussions 186 (2016): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00115c.

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Dissipative self-assembly is the formation of ordered structures far from equilibrium, which continuously uptake energy and dissipate it into the environment. Due to its dynamical nature, dissipative self-assembly can lead to new phenomena and possibilities of self-organization that are unavailable to equilibrium systems. Understanding the dynamics of dissipative self-assembly is required in order to direct the assembly to structures of interest. In the present work, Brownian dynamics simulations and analytical theory were used to study the dynamics of self-assembly of a mixture of particles coated with weak acids and bases under continuous oscillations of the pH. The pH of the system modulates the charge of the particles and, therefore, the interparticle forces oscillate in time. This system produces a variety of self-assembled structures, including colloidal molecules, fibers and different types of crystalline lattices. The most important conclusions of our study are: (i) in the limit of fast oscillations, the whole dynamics (and not only those at the non-equilibrium steady state) of a system of particles interacting through time-oscillating interparticle forces can be described by an effective potential that is the time average of the time-dependent potential over one oscillation period; (ii) the oscillation period is critical to determine the order of the system. In some cases the order is favored by very fast oscillations while in others small oscillation frequencies increase the order. In the latter case, it is shown that slow oscillations remove kinetic traps and, thus, allow the system to evolve towards the most stable non-equilibrium steady state.

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Della Rossa, Fabio, Fabio Dercole, and Pietro Landi. "The Branching Bifurcation of Adaptive Dynamics." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 07 (June 30, 2015): 1540001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415400015.

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We unfold the bifurcation involving the loss of evolutionary stability of an equilibrium of the canonical equation of Adaptive Dynamics (AD). The equation deterministically describes the expected long-term evolution of inheritable traits — phenotypes or strategies — of coevolving populations, in the limit of rare and small mutations. In the vicinity of a stable equilibrium of the AD canonical equation, a mutant type can invade and coexist with the present — resident — types, whereas the fittest always win far from equilibrium. After coexistence, residents and mutants effectively diversify, according to the enlarged canonical equation, only if natural selection favors outer rather than intermediate traits — the equilibrium being evolutionarily unstable, rather than stable. Though the conditions for evolutionary branching — the joint effect of resident-mutant coexistence and evolutionary instability — have been known for long, the unfolding of the bifurcation has remained a missing tile of AD, the reason being related to the nonsmoothness of the mutant invasion fitness after branching. In this paper, we develop a methodology that allows the approximation of the invasion fitness after branching in terms of the expansion of the (smooth) fitness before branching. We then derive a canonical model for the branching bifurcation and perform its unfolding around the loss of evolutionary stability. We cast our analysis in the simplest (but classical) setting of asexual, unstructured populations living in an isolated, homogeneous, and constant abiotic environment; individual traits are one-dimensional; intra- as well as inter-specific ecological interactions are described in the vicinity of a stationary regime.

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Grmela, Miroslav. "Multiscale Thermodynamics." Entropy 23, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020165.

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Multiscale thermodynamics is a theory of the relations among the levels of investigation of complex systems. It includes the classical equilibrium thermodynamics as a special case, but it is applicable to both static and time evolving processes in externally and internally driven macroscopic systems that are far from equilibrium and are investigated at the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic levels. In this paper we formulate multiscale thermodynamics, explain its origin, and illustrate it in mesoscopic dynamics that combines levels.

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Horowitz, Jordan M., and Jeremy L. England. "Spontaneous fine-tuning to environment in many-species chemical reaction networks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (July 3, 2017): 7565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700617114.

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A chemical mixture that continually absorbs work from its environment may exhibit steady-state chemical concentrations that deviate from their equilibrium values. Such behavior is particularly interesting in a scenario where the environmental work sources are relatively difficult to access, so that only the proper orchestration of many distinct catalytic actors can power the dissipative flux required to maintain a stable, far-from-equilibrium steady state. In this article, we study the dynamics of an in silico chemical network with random connectivity in an environment that makes strong thermodynamic forcing available only to rare combinations of chemical concentrations. We find that the long-time dynamics of such systems are biased toward states that exhibit a fine-tuned extremization of environmental forcing.

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Huang, Sui, Fangting Li, Joseph X. Zhou, and Hong Qian. "Processes on the emergent landscapes of biochemical reaction networks and heterogeneous cell population dynamics: differentiation in living matters." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 130 (May 2017): 20170097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0097.

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The notion of an attractor has been widely employed in thinking about the nonlinear dynamics of organisms and biological phenomena as systems and as processes. The notion of a landscape with valleys and mountains encoding multiple attractors, however, has a rigorous foundation only for closed, thermodynamically non-driven, chemical systems, such as a protein. Recent advances in the theory of nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems and its applications to mesoscopic reaction networks, one reaction at a time, have provided a new basis for a landscape of open, driven biochemical reaction systems under sustained chemostat. The theory is equally applicable not only to intracellular dynamics of biochemical regulatory networks within an individual cell but also to tissue dynamics of heterogeneous interacting cell populations. The landscape for an individual cell, applicable to a population of isogenic non-interacting cells under the same environmental conditions, is defined on the counting space of intracellular chemical compositions x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x N ) in a cell, where x ℓ is the concentration of the ℓth biochemical species. Equivalently, for heterogeneous cell population dynamics x ℓ is the number density of cells of the ℓth cell type. One of the insights derived from the landscape perspective is that the life history of an individual organism, which occurs on the hillsides of a landscape, is nearly deterministic and ‘programmed’, while population-wise an asynchronous non-equilibrium steady state resides mostly in the lowlands of the landscape. We argue that a dynamic ‘blue-sky’ bifurcation, as a representation of Waddington's landscape, is a more robust mechanism for a cell fate decision and subsequent differentiation than the widely pictured pitch-fork bifurcation. We revisit, in terms of the chemostatic driving forces upon active, living matter, the notions of near-equilibrium thermodynamic branches versus far-from-equilibrium states. The emergent landscape perspective permits a quantitative discussion of a wide range of biological phenomena as nonlinear, stochastic dynamics.

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Zhou, Yuecheng, Folarin Latinwo, and Charles M. Schroeder. "Crooks Fluctuation Theorem for Single Polymer Dynamics in Time-Dependent Flows: Understanding Viscoelastic Hysteresis." Entropy 24, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010027.

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Nonequilibrium work relations have fundamentally advanced our understanding of molecular processes. In recent years, fluctuation theorems have been extensively applied to understand transitions between equilibrium steady-states, commonly described by simple control parameters such as molecular extension of a protein or polymer chain stretched by an external force in a quiescent fluid. Despite recent progress, far less is understood regarding the application of fluctuation theorems to processes involving nonequilibrium steady-states such as those described by polymer stretching dynamics in nonequilibrium fluid flows. In this work, we apply the Crooks fluctuation theorem to understand the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of dilute polymer solutions in flow. We directly determine the nonequilibrium free energy for single polymer molecules in flow using a combination of single molecule experiments and Brownian dynamics simulations. We further develop a time-dependent extensional flow protocol that allows for probing viscoelastic hysteresis over a wide range of flow strengths. Using this framework, we define quantities that uniquely characterize the coil-stretch transition for polymer chains in flow. Overall, generalized fluctuation theorems provide a powerful framework to understand polymer dynamics under far-from-equilibrium conditions.

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