Academic literature on the topic 'FAQ RETRIEVAL SYSTEM'

When developing an automated FAQ retrieval system, the information supplier constructs question candidates in advance using their own knowledge. Then they answer these question candidates to create question-answer pairs to use in the FAQ retrieval system. However, these question-answer pairs will not always satisfy the users’ information needs. When there is no relevant question–answer pair to a users’ query, such a user may submit various query reformulations browsing over the long results list and may abandon the search before their information need has been satisfied. Such users many never return to use the system again because of the inability of the system to return relevant question-answer pairs to their query. In order to alleviate this, modern automated FAQ retrieval systems use a Missing Content Query (MCQ) detection subsystem to detect those queries that do not have the relevant question–answer pair. In this article we conduct a review of the different approaches proposed in the literature for detecting these MCQs. In particular, we provide a comprehensive review of the different systems that deployed the binary classification approach, the thresholding approach and the hybrid approach in the detection of MCQs. Moreover, we describe the strength and weaknesses of each approach.

With the rapid evolution of smart home environment, the demand for spoken information retrieval (e.g., voice-activated FAQ retrieval) on information appliances is increasing. In spoken information retrieval, users’ spoken queries are converted into text queries using automatic speech recognition (ASR) engines. If top-1 results of the ASR engines are incorrect, the errors are propagated to information retrieval systems. If a document collection is a small set of sentences such as frequently asked questions (FAQs), the errors have additional effect on the performance of information retrieval systems. To improve the performance of such a sentence retrieval system, we propose a post-processing model of an ASR engine. The post-processing model consists of a re-ranking and a query term generation model. The re-ranking model rearranges top-n outputs of the ASR engines using the ranking support vector machine (Ranking SVM). The query term generation model extracts meaningful content words from the re-ranked queries based on term frequencies and query rankings. In the experiments, the re-ranking model improved the top-1 performance results of an underlying ASR engine with 4.4% higher precision and 6.4% higher recall rate. The query term generation model improved the performance results of an underlying information retrieval system with an accuracy 2.4% to 2.6% higher. Based on the experimental result, the proposed model revealed that it could improve the performance of a spoken sentence retrieval system in a restricted domain.

The term “Frequently asked questions” (FAQ) refers to a query that is asked repeatedly and produces a manually constructed response. It is one of the most important factors influencing customer repurchase and brand loyalty; thus, most industry domains invest heavily in it. This has led to deep-learning-based retrieval models being studied. However, training a model and creating a database specializing in each industry domain comes at a high cost, especially when using a chatbot-based conversation system, as a large amount of resources must be continuously input for the FAQ system’s maintenance. It is also difficult for small- and medium-sized companies and national institutions to build individualized training data and databases and obtain satisfactory results. As a result, based on the deep learning information retrieval module, we propose a method of returning responses to customer inquiries using only data that can be easily obtained from companies. We hybridize dense embedding and sparse embedding in this work to make it more robust in professional terms, and we propose new functions to adjust the weight ratio and scale the results returned by the two modules.

AbstractAcademic collections, such as COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), contain a large number of scholarly articles regarding COVID-19 and other related viruses. These articles represent the latest development in combating COVID-19 pandemic in various disciplines. However, it is difficult for laypeople to access these articles due to the term mismatch problem caused by their limited medical knowledge. In this article, we present an effort of helping laypeople to access the CORD-19 collection by translating and expanding laypeople's keywords to their corresponding medical terminology using the National Library of Medicine's Consumer Health Vocabulary. We then developed a retrieval system called Search engine for Laypeople to access the COVID-19 literature (SLAC) using open-source software. Utilizing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FAQ questions as the basis for developing common questions that laypeople could be interested in, we performed a set of experiments for testing the SLAC system and the translation and expansion (T&E) process. Our experiment results demonstrate that the T&E process indeed helped to overcome the term mismatch problem and mapped laypeople terms to the medical terms in the academic articles. But we also found that not all laypeople's search topics are meaningful to search on the CORD-19 collection. This indicates the scope and the limitation of enabling laypeople to search on academic article collection for obtaining high-quality information.

Background: First generation total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) systems showed high rates of failure. The Agility™ (DePuy, Warsaw, IN) TAA system, a second generation design, had improved outcomes; however, implant failure due to loosening of the metallic components persisted. The purpose of this study was to analyze the damage modes and radiographic mode(s) of failure observed in retrieved Agility™ TAA. Materials and Methods: Ten devices were collected and each component was analyzed for common damage modes using microscopy. Clinical damage was analyzed with postoperative implant and preoperative revision procedure radiographs. Results: Analyses revealed damage/wear to retrieved components, including abrasion, dishing, and pitting. These third-body wear particles may be a precursor to wear debris induced osteolysis which could cause component loosening. Seven TAA systems were removed due to loosening or subsidence, suggesting component damage/wear may lead to clinically observed component loosening. Retrieval analysis indicated the polyethylene experiences edge loading, resulting in increased contact stresses to polyethylene in the primary articulation region and wear. Conclusion: Since poor clinical outcomes have been associated with component instability and osteolysis, analyzing retrieved components wear and damage may be an important step toward improving implant design, thereby decreasing wear debris induced osteolysis and improving clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series

Abstract. The Far-Infrared Radiation Mobile Observation System (FIRMOS) is a Fourier transform spectroradiometer developed to support the Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) satellite mission by validating measurement methods and instrument design concepts, both in the laboratory and in field campaigns. FIRMOS is capable of measuring the downwelling spectral radiance emitted by the atmosphere in the spectral band from 100 to 1000 cm−1 (10–100 µm in wavelength), with a maximum spectral resolution of 0.25 cm−1. We describe the instrument design and its characterization and discuss the geophysical products obtained by inverting the atmospheric spectral radiance measured during a campaign from the high-altitude location of Mount Zugspitze in Germany, beside the Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI), which is permanently installed at the site. Following the selection of clear-sky scenes, using a specific algorithm, the water vapour and temperature profiles were retrieved from the FIRMOS spectra by applying the Kyoto protocol and Informed Management of the Adaptation (KLIMA) code. The profiles were found in very good agreement with those provided by radiosondes and by the Raman lidar operating from the Zugspitze Schneefernerhaus station. In addition, the retrieval products were validated by comparing the retrieved integrated water vapour values with those obtained from the E-AERI spectra.

This thesis describes a semi-automated FAQ retrieval system that can be queried by users through short text messages on low-end mobile phones to provide answers on HIV/AIDS related queries. First we address the issue of result presentation on low-end mobile phones by proposing an iterative interaction retrieval strategy where the user engages with the FAQ retrieval system in the question answering process. At each iteration, the system returns only one question-answer pair to the user and the iterative process terminates after the user's information need has been satisfied. Since the proposed system is iterative, this thesis attempts to reduce the number of iterations (search length) between the users and the system so that users do not abandon the search process before their information need has been satisfied. Moreover, we conducted a user study to determine the number of iterations that users are willing to tolerate before abandoning the iterative search process. We subsequently used the bad abandonment statistics from this study to develop an evaluation measure for estimating the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system. In addition, we used a query log and its click-through data to address three main FAQ document collection deficiency problems in order to improve the retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system. Conclusions are derived concerning whether we can reduce the rate at which users abandon their search before their information need has been satisfied by using information from previous searches to: Address the term mismatch problem between the users' SMS queries and the relevant FAQ documents in the collection; to selectively rank the FAQ document according to how often they have been previously identified as relevant by users for a particular query term; and to identify those queries that do not have a relevant FAQ document in the collection. In particular, we proposed a novel template-based approach that uses queries from a query log for which the true relevant FAQ documents are known to enrich the FAQ documents with additional terms in order to alleviate the term mismatch problem. These terms are added as a separate field in a field-based model using two different proposed enrichment strategies, namely the Term Frequency and the Term Occurrence strategies. This thesis thoroughly investigates the effectiveness of the aforementioned FAQ document enrichment strategies using three different field-based models. Our findings suggest that we can improve the overall recall and the probability that any random user will be satisfied by enriching the FAQ documents with additional terms from queries in our query log. Moreover, our investigation suggests that it is important to use an FAQ document enrichment strategy that takes into consideration the number of times a term occurs in the query when enriching the FAQ documents. We subsequently show that our proposed enrichment approach for alleviating the term mismatch problem generalise well on other datasets. Through the evaluation of our proposed approach for selectively ranking the FAQ documents, we show that we can improve the retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system by incorporating the click popularity score of a query term t on an FAQ document d into the scoring and ranking process. Our results generalised well on a new dataset. However, when we deploy the click popularity score of a query term t on an FAQ document d on an enriched FAQ document collection, we saw a decrease in the retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system. Furthermore, we used our query log to build a binary classifier for detecting those queries that do not have a relevant FAQ document in the collection (Missing Content Queries (MCQs))). Before building such a classifier, we empirically evaluated several feature sets in order to determine the best combination of features for building a model that yields the best classification accuracy in identifying the MCQs and the non-MCQs. Using a different dataset, we show that we can improve the overall retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system by deploying a MCQs detection subsystem in our FAQ retrieval system to filter out the MCQs. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that correcting spelling errors can help improve the retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system. We tested our FAQ retrieval system with two different testing sets, one containing the original SMS queries and the other containing the SMS queries which were manually corrected for spelling errors. Our results show a significant improvement in the retrieval performance and the probability that any random user will be satisfied when using our FAQ retrieval system.

In the present scenario, everyone is looking for a better, efficient and easy way to access information. Resource availability and its user friendliness are directly encouraging a large group of people to access information more conveniently. Short Messaging Service (SMS) is one of the most popularly used services that provide information access to the people having mobile phones. In India alone, there are around 811 million mobile subscribers and still growing with a fast rate [3]. So, SMS based Question Answering (QA) services can be one of the cheapest and easiest ways to provide information access to the mobile users on move. However, there are several significant challenges in order to process a SMS query automatically. Humans have tendency to use abbreviations and shortcuts in their SMSes. We call these inconsistencies as noise in the SMSes. Existing SMS services such as service to access Examination result requires user to type the message in some specific format. These are the unnecessarily constraints to the users who generally feel it convenient to type a query in a “texting” language (i.e. including abbreviations and the shortcuts). Some businesses such as “ChaCha” [5] allow their users to make query through the SMSes without using any specific format. But these services are not automatic and the SMSes are handled by human experts. Though this kind of system provides independence to the users in writing the SMS query but this approach is not an efficient way to handle user‟s queries because the system is limited to handle a small number of queries proportional to the number of human experts on the business side. The approach can be efficient if we have a system which automatically handles the query at business side. In this thesis work, I presented a novel approach to handle these inconsistencies in the SMSes efficiently. This approach for SMS based FAQ retrieval system took N-gram counts into consideration while calculating the score for the question in the corpus. The experimental results demonstrates that this approach is significantly improves the accuracy of previous SMS based QA system as proposed by L. Venkata Subramaniam et al., August 2009 [1]. I demonstrate my algorithm over many real-life FAQ-datasets from different domains (e.g. Agriculture, Bank, Health, Insurance and Telecom etc.).

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Short Message Service (SMS) is one of the most popularly used services for communication between mobile phone users. In recent times it has also been proposed as a means for information access. However, there are several challenges to be overcome in order to process an SMS, especially when it is used as a query in an information retrieval system.SMS users often tend deliberately to use compacted and grammatically incorrect writing that makes the message difficult to process with conventional information retrieval systems. To overcome this, a pre-processing step known as normalization is required. In this thesis an investigation of SMS normalization algorithms is carried out. To this end,studies have been conducted into the design of algorithms for translating and normalizing SMS text. Character-based, unsupervised and rule-based techniques are presented. An investigation was also undertaken into the design and development of a system for information access via SMS. A specific system was designed to access information related to a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) database in healthcare, using a case study. This study secures SMS communication, especially for healthcare information systems. The proposed technique is to encipher the messages using the secure shell (SSH) protocol.

The routine functions of government and private institutions require a continual supply of data about us in order to administer effectively the many services that are an integral part of modern life. The provision of health services, social security, credit, insurance, and the prevention and detection of crime assume the availability of a considerable quantity of personal data and, hence, a willingness by individuals to supply it. The ubiquity of computers and computer networks facilitates almost instant storage, retrieval, and transfer of data, a far cry from the world of manual filing systems. At the core of all data protection legislation is the proposition that data relating to an identifiable individual should not be collected in the absence of a genuine purpose or the consent of the individual concerned. Adherence to, and enforcement of, this idea (and the associated rights of access and correction) has been mixed in the nearly 100 jurisdictions that have enacted data protection legislation. This chapter assesses the extent to which these statutes have succeeded in protecting personal data.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

With the ever-growing volume of images used in medicine, the capability to retrieve relevant images from large databases is becoming increasingly important. Despite the recent progress made in the field, its applications in Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) thus far have been limited by the ability to determine the intrinsic mapping between high-level user perception and the underlying low-level image features. Relevance Feedback (RFB) is a post-query process to refine the search by using positive and/or negative indications from the user about the relevance of retrieved images, which has been applied successfully in traditional text-retrieval systems for improving the results of a retrieval strategy. In this chapter, the authors review some recent advances in RFB technology, and discuss its expanding role in content-based image retrieval from medical archives. They provide working examples, based on their experience, for developing machine-learning methods for RFB in mammography and highlight the potential opportunities in this field for CAD applications and clinical decision-making.

In this chapter, we present a basic introduction of the two very important areas of research in the domain of information technology, namely, multimedia systems and content-based image retrieval. The latter is still a widely unresolved problem. We discuss some of the works done so far in content-based image retrieval in the context of multimedia systems.

The debate on the effectiveness of ontology in solving semantic problems has increased recently in many domains of information technology. One side of the debate accepts the inclusion of ontology as a suitable solution. The other side of the debate argues that ontology is far from an ideal solution to the semantic problem. This article explores this debate in the area of information retrieval. Several past approaches were explored and a new approach was investigated to test the effectiveness of a generic ontology such as WordNet in improving the performance of information retrieval systems. The test and the analysis of the experiments suggest that WordNet is far from the ideal solution in solving semantic problems in the information retrieval. However, several observations have been made and reported in this article that allow research in ontology for the information retrieval to move towards the right direction.

Chatbot is a conversational question answering (Q&A) system capable of natural language communication between a computer system and a person. The use of chatbots for 24-hour customer service provides quick responses that solve problems online. This approach is quickly becoming a convenient way for companies to enhance their customer services without location or knowledgeable staff limitations. This research proposes a system framework and develops a prototype virtual reality (VR) enabled transformer mass-customization consultation chatbot. The chatbot technique is a retrieval-based intelligent system. First, thousands of transformer specific frequently asked questions (FAQs) are collected as a Q&A dataset for technical supports retrieval. More than 1.2 million engineering Wikipedia pages and engineering technical papers are used to train a word embedding model used for natural language processing and question-answer retrieval. The chatbot is integrated into a virtual reality (VR) immersive user interface (UI) environment enabling users to make transformer design changes while querying the system about specifications and standards while interacting with 3D models from the company’s knowledge base archive. The system provides two unique UIs for personal computer (PC) and a helmet-based immersive interface. The system supports real-time consultation of mass-customized transformers and their bills of materials (BOM) for design review, analysis and cost estimation.

In applications such as laser radar, active coherent imaging (possibly using phase retrieval), and optical data processing, it is often desired to uniformly illuminate a rectangular area that is in the far-field of the source. When using a laser with a Gaussian (TEMoo) intensity distribution as a source, an optical device is required to modify the near-field complex amplitude distribution of the beam such that its phase and intensity become uniform upon propagation to the far-field. We investigated the use of a holographic system to efficiently redistribute the beam energy into a near-field sinc(x) sinc(y) complex amplitude distribution. This holographic system was synthesized using the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm.

Introduction: The Evidence Based Medicine in oncological sciences is founded on many factors. Pathetic state of patient retrieval system and follow up are some of the inherent problems faced in developing countries. The absence of follow up seems to affect the patient survival, intervention in case of predictive recurrence, and it also fails to fortifies authenticity of research and survival data. Paper outlines histrionics, evolved/recommended methodologies, nationwide survey with regards to authenticity of Evidence Based Practices in Oncological research. It opens the facts sheet of awareness, practice of follow-up and obstacles faced in India institutions. Relevant for obstetricians adopting Gynec Oncology. Aims and Objective: (1) To Evaluate the Evidence based practice of Gynec Oncology, (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of follow up methodologies, (3) Compliance of institutions and oncologist with regards to follow-up of Gynec cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The follow up methodology propagated; 1–6 address system (IARC 3 Address System), 2-Postcarding, 3-SMS/Telephony, 4-Door to door patient retrieval, 5-Family Physician referrals/feedback, 6-Software Alert on follow up defaulters in the Hospital Based Cancer Registry. etc. A stock taking was started 10 years back with repeated circulars on dates of “The National Cancer Calendar” (one date every months) that were sent to some 10,000 E-mail address of personnel/institutions connected with oncological sciences. Over five years 150 postgraduate examinees and 50 faculty in various institutions were interviewed on their 1 - Practicing Evidence Based Gynec Oncology and 2 - Understanding of Follow up/patient retrieval system practices in Gynec cancers. As an inspector of a major medical accreditation institution 50 institutions were inspected and existence of their follow up methodologies were evaluated. 100 post graduate dissertations reviewed, were studied with regards to status of follow up in the study carried out or the existence of follow-up system in the institution. Undergraduate students and their text books were searched if they are educated about follow up and necessity of patient retrieval system and its significance in Medical sciences. Faculty/Specialist of Obs and Gyn departments were interviewed for the same. Observations and Results: Response to circulars on follow up in cancer patients was cold shouldered, 95 percent of examinee PG students did not know how to follow up the cancer patients, out which as many as 90 percent of their institutions did not have any follow up system in order. 99 percent of dissertation did not show any effort from the side of candidate for patient retrieval system in order to fortify the research data. Only 20 percent institutions had infrastructure and significant effort (including door to door retrieval) on following up the patients that are treated there. Non of the undergraduate text books had guidelines or teaching in follow up so were total blankness of concept of follow up with undergraduate students. The awareness of Evidence based practice of Gynec oncology in most of the faculty of Obs and Gyne Departments was abysmal and “Not Necessary or Not possible” issue. Conclusion: Death and prolongation of survival both in curable and not so curable gynec cancers is directly related to Patient retrieval through follow up that generates evidence on Indian patients. In order to improve the survival and timely therapeutic intervention, follow up has to be strengthen at under graduate and post graduate medical teaching. This also applies for the authenticity of oncological research data that is produced in large numbers in developing countries. This is especially significant in the large poor socio economic gynec cancer patient population with poor literacy levels and far off homes from cancer treatment centres.

We report the results of an experiment in which code words consisting of 0.1 μm lines are recorded on an optical storage medium and retrieved by using 633 nm wavelength illumination focused to a spot by a lens with numerical aperture equal to 0.7. The space-bandwidth product (the number of resolution elements) of this system is equal to unity. The information capacity of the system is determined by the space-bandwidth product and by the noise in the system. Using coding, we can increase the storage density up to the information capacity of the system. Sixty-three distinct code words are recorded in the memory, and the diffraction pattern for each code word is measured to form a template to classify future code words. To read from the memory, the diffraction pattern is measured repeatedly as the disk moves by 0.1 μm intervals. Since the illuminating spot is about 1 μm, each recorded bit is classified 10 times. The final assignment for each bit is by done by the majority rule or by Viterbi decoding. In our first experiment 90% of a test set of 560 bits were decoded correctly by using majority rule. We can use the measured error rate to obtain a lower bound of 2.5 bits per micrometer for the capacity.

Mathematical information retrieval is a relatively new area, so the first search tools capable of retrieving mathematical formulas began to appear only a few years ago. The proposals made public so far mostly implement searches on internal university databases, small sets of scientific papers, or Wikipedia in English. As such, only modest computing power is required. In this context, SearchOnMath has emerged as a pioneering tool in that it indexes several different databases and is compatible with several mathematical representation languages. Given the significantly greater number of formulas it handles, a distributed system becomes necessary to support it. The present study is based on the Microsoft BizSpark program and has aimed, for 38 different distributed-system scenarios, to pinpoint the one affording the best response times when searching the SearchOnMath databases for a collection of 120 formulas.

One of the commonly used in vitro tests for assessing platelet function is a photodensitometric assay first established by Born. However the collection and analysis of aggregation data are tedious and time consuming. The single- and dual-channel aggregometers have limited utility for the analysis of large numbers of plasma samples in clinical laboratories or in studies on the mode of action of drugs.We now report on a multichannel platelet aggregome-ter system consisting of an IBM XT personal computer and three microprocessor-controlled 4 channel aggregometers. The system collects, displays and analyzes 12 different aggregation curves simultaneously, and - like other computerized systems - (1) significantly increa ses the efficiency and ease in performing the experiment, analyzing and presenting the data; (2) provides systematic storage and rapid retrieval of the data;(3) saves an enormous amount of time; (4) because of multichannel capability eliminates the effects of time-related changes in PRP on the dose-response curves.However our system has some advantages over the computerized aggregometer systems used so far: (1) since the aggregometers contain built in microprocessors they can be utilized to measure and analyse platelet aggregation without being coupled to a computer; (2) a special program helps to check the validity of the calculated parameters under visual control; (3) the individual points of the dose-response curves can be checked at any time during the experiment.