Journal articles on the topic 'Famine (ukraine : 1932-1933)'
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Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Stanislav Kulchytskyi, Oleksandr Gladun, and Natalia Kulyk. "The 1921–1923 Famine and the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: Common and Distinctive Features." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.81.
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AbstractThis article covers the preconditions, causes, and consequences of the famine of 1921–1923 and of the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Significant attention is paid to the geography and scale of the famine. For the first time in the historiography of the famine of 1921–1923, a thorough assessment is conducted of the demographic loss of population for Ukraine as a whole, seven oblasts, and the Moldova Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). A comparative analysis of the research results of the 1921–1923 famine and the Holodomor of 1932–1933 is presented. The discussion consists of three parts. The first part addresses the famine of 1921–1923. It examines the historico-political and economic context of the famine, its scale, and its uneven effect on different parts of the country. Special attention is paid to the sanitary-epidemiological situation which was closely tied to the famine itself. The second part is devoted to the Holodomor of 1932–1933. A comparative analysis of losses during the famines of 1921–1923 and 1932–1933 is presented in the third part.
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Varfolomeev, E. A. "INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF THE SUBJECT OF THE FAMINE OF 1932‒1933 IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: FRAME ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC SPEECHES OF THE REPUBLIC'S LEADERSHIP." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 17, no. 3 (2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2023-3-65-74.
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Using the past for political purposes is a powerful tool in the formation of identities. Post-Soviet countries demonstrate various strategies when dealing with the memory of the past. This article focuses on the political use of the topic of the famine of 1932-1933 in Kazakhstan. This topic is usually associated with Ukraine, however, starting from 2012, the famine of 1932-1933 has become one of the tools for shaping national identity in Kazakhstan. This article uses Yanow and van Hulst's dynamic frame analysis to determine the dynamics of famine framing in the speeches of Kazakhstan's presidents and their representatives. The central question of this article is how the famine of 1932-1933 is framed by the ruling elite, and what common and distinctive features can be identified through comparison with the famine framing in competing narratives. The analysis shows that the ruling elites of Kazakhstan present the famine as an artificially created tragedy without focusing on the culprit. The constructed official narrative thus differs from rival narratives in its diplomatic language. This both helps to maintain internal balance and avoids memory wars in the international arena, which distinguishes the case of Kazakhstan from the case of Ukraine.
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Boryssenko, Valentyna. "La famine en Ukraine (1932-1933)." Ethnologie française 34, no. 2 (2004): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ethn.042.0281.
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Boryssenko, Valentyna, Lisa Vapné, and Anne Coldefy-Faucart. "La famine en Ukraine (1932-1933)." Ethnologie française Vol. 52, no. 3 (December 7, 2022): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ethn.223.0573.
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Malanchuk, Larisa, and Tetyana Chubok. "Organization of protest against the holodomor 1932 - 1933 in Volyn in autumn 1933." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 27 (2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-27-20-27.
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The article deals with the conduct of protests against the policy of famine in Ukraine by Western political parties and non-governmental organizations. The complex of materials devoted to the coverage of the tragic events of the Holodomor in the Ukrainian SSR in 1932-1933, much of which were published by the Lviv newspaper Novy Chas, is analyzed. It is found that information about the situation in the USSR outside the USSR began to emerge in the spring of 1933, when the famine was already gaining ground. This was due to the fact that measures to prevent the leakage of information about the terrible famine taken by the Bolshevik government proved to be quite effective. Also addressed were letters sent to western Ukraine, possibly to relatives, asking for help, which was an important source of information about the tragedy in Ukraine. Separate Western press reports published in European newspapers informing about the famine in the USSR were translated and published in Ukrainian also in Western Ukrainian newspapers. On the basis of documents stored in the State Archives of Rivne region, the features of protest actions in the Volyn Voivodeship were investigated, where the influence of Ukrainian national political groups was not so significant. It was revealed that the protest organizers were participants of Western Ukrainian cultural, educational and political organizations. Representatives of the Catholic, Greek Catholic and Orthodox clergy did not stay away from these events. The main forms of protest actions in Volyn against the policy of famine on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR were prayer, party meetings, and meetings. The resistance of the local administrative authorities in organizing protests was not only about Volyn. The same happened in the provinces of Galicia. In addition, it was found that the Aid Committees were also active in the context of Ukrainian political emigration. Particular attention is paid to the activities of nationalists in the fight against communism and the holding of a terrorist action in the Soviet consulate, which to some extent hindered the holding of legal protests and informing the public outside the Soviet Union about the famine in the Ukrainian SSR.
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Tauger, Mark B. "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933." Slavic Review 50, no. 1 (1991): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500600.
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Western and even Soviet publications have described the 1933 famine in the Soviet Union as “man-made” or “artificial.” The Stalinist leadership is presented as having imposed harsh procurement quotas on Ukraine and regions inhabited by other groups, such as Kuban’ Cossacks and Volga Germans, in order to suppress nationalism and to overcome opposition to collectivization. Proponents of this interpretation argue, using official Soviet statistics, that the 1932 grain harvest, especially in Ukraine, was not abnormally low and would have fed the population. Robert Conquest, for example, has referred to a Soviet study of drought to show that conditions were far better in 1932 than they were in 1936, a “non-famine year.” James Mace, the main author of a U.S. Congress investigation of the Ukraine famine, cites “post-Stalinist” statistics to show that this harvest was larger than those of 1931 or 1934 and refers to later Soviet historiography describing 1931 as a worse year than 1932 because of drought. On this basis he argues that the 1932 harvest would not have produced mass starvation.
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KUGAI, Vitalii. "THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932-1933 IN UKRAINE (ACCORDING TO THE DOCUMENTS OF SKOROPADSKYI’S ARCHIVE IN THE CENTRAL STATE HISTORICAL ARCHIVE OF UKRAINE)." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 33 (2023): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2023.33.17.
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The article analyzes an unknown body of documents on the history of the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-1933, preserved in the Skoropadskyi Fund - the archive of the family of the last hetman of Ukraine, Pavlo Skoropadskyi. For a long time, this archive was kept in the private property of P. Skoropadsky's daughter YElizaveta Skoropadska, and later in the East European Institute named after V. Lipinsky in Philadelphia (USA). In 2006, the archive was sent to the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (Kyiv), where it was at the stage of scientific and technical development and became available to researchers only at the end of 2022. Documents on the history of the Holodomor were deposited in the fund thanks to YE. Skoropadska, who from 1933 headed the Committee for Aid to the Starving in Ukraine, which provided material aid to the victims of the famine in Ukraine, conducted organizational work to collect funds for the starving, and disseminated information about this famine in the world. The archive of E. Skoropadska includes hundreds of documents with a total volume of more than 6,300 sheets. This is the largest archive of documents about the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine and the world. It contains letters from witnesses of the Holodomor, testimonies of various people, articles, clippings from newspapers and magazines, etc. The article concludes that the analyzed documents indisputably prove the artificial nature of the famine of 1932-1933, which was planned and carried out by the communist regime of the USSR and became a terrible crime against the Ukrainian people. During the Holodomor in Ukraine and the Kuban, where mostly representatives of the Ukrainian ethnic group lived, whole villages died and millions of people died. The collection of archival documents by YE. Skoropadska about the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine is unique for Ukrainian historical science. These materials are the most complete, integral and voluminous body of documents collected "on hot tracks", which have no analogues in Ukraine and the world.
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Levchuk, Nataliia, Oleh Wolowyna, Omelian Rudnytskyi, Alla Kovbasiuk, and Natalia Kulyk. "Regional 1932–1933 Famine Losses: A Comparative Analysis of Ukraine and Russia." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 492–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.55.
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AbstractThough the 1932–1933 Famine affected both Ukraine (UkrSSR) and Russia (RSFSR), there is still no clear concept of the causes of the Famine and its scale. This study is undertaken to make a comparative assessment of the 1932–1934 direct losses within and between UkrSSR and RSFSR in order to answer the questions as to whether the major grain-producing areas of both republics suffered from the Famine to the same extent and whether the intensity of regional losses was determined exclusively by the grain specialization of the region. Our results show that the regions seriously affected by the Famine comprised a much larger proportion (in terms of territory and population) of UkrSSR than of the RSFSR. The highest excess deaths in UkrSSR are found in the regions that did not play a major role in grain procurement, while in the RSFSSR four grain-producing regions suffered the most. Our analysis suggests that (a) the link between Famine losses and grain procurement is not confirmed in Ukraine, but is partially confirmed in Russia, and (b) extremely high losses are mostly found in the regions where repression policies were much more severe than those introduced elsewhere and for which nationality may be a key factor.
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Yakubovskyy, Ihor. "The informational potential of the articles from local media of Kyiv and Chernihiv regions about in-kind advances of the collective farmers during the Holodomor of 1932-1933." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 41 (October 2, 2023): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2023-41.86-96.
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The article aims to research the informational potential of articles from the local media of the Kyiv and Chernihiv regions about in-kind advances to collective farmers during the Holodomor of 1932-1933. Th e research methodology includes the combination of number historical methods: comparative and contextual analyses, synthesis, systematization. Scientifi c novelty. Th e article is a pioneer research of the problem related to the evaluation of the infor- mational value of the regional media materials regarding the material advances of the collective farmers. It was investigated that the diff erent articles of newspapers contain the indirect infor- mation to the many fi elds of the Holodomor from famine behaviour strategies of the village head to the plans of authority to formation of the circumstances of killing by famine. Conclusion. Th e empirical material on the kolkhoz’s advances in kind is represented in all the local media of both regions. It leads to the study of the models of contributions in kind that were developed in diff erent circumstances during the Holodomor of 1932-1933. Th ese models will make it pos- sible to deepen the scientifi c intention in relation to the following major issues: the famine in the peasants from the spring of 1932 to the June of 1933; the existential choice of the village head, the moods in the Ukrainian village during the Holodomor of 1932-1933; the strategies of the authorities aimed at the creation of mechanism of the Holodomor over the Ukraine; the psycho- logical consequences of the famine in the conscience of the rural population.
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Kuzovova, Natalia M. "1932–1933 жылдардағы Ашаршылық кезіндегі Украинаның оңтүстігіндегі азшылық ұлттар." Qazaq Historical Review 1, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.3.331.339.
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The article is devoted to the issue of the situation of national minorities who lived compactly in the South of Ukraine during the famine of 1932-1933. The focus of the article is on the lives of German, Swedish and Jewish colonists who lived in national districts or had national village councils. The circumstances due to which natives of Central Asia (Uzbeks, Qyrgyz, and Qazaqs) find themselves at the epicenter of the Ukrainian Holodomor are also considered. It was found that all national communities were affected by the famine in Ukraine. Although they could receive a little help from their states and foreign charities (Germans, Swedes, and Jews), they had to hand it over to the MOPR or exchange it unevenly in Torgsіn. They also faced repression in response to disclosing information that they were on hunger strike in consulates or foreign media. But despite everything, they still did it because of the difficult living conditions. Unlike other national minorities, the people from Central Asia ended up in the South of Ukraine as labor prisoners, so their life was much worse because in 1933 they were practically stopped being supplied with food.
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Wolowyna, Oleh, Serhii Plokhy, Nataliia Levchuk, Omelian Rudnytskyi, Pavlo Shevchuk, and Alla Kovbasiuk. "Regional variations of 1932–34 famine losses in Ukraine." Canadian Studies in Population 43, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6kc7q.
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AbstractYearly estimates of urban and rural direct losses (excess deaths) from the 1932–34 famine are presented for the oblasts of Soviet Ukraine. Contrary to expectations, the highest losses are not found in the grain-producing southern oblasts, but in the north-central Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts. Several hypotheses are proposed and tested to explain this finding. No single hypothesis provides a comprehensive explanation. Losses in some oblasts are due to specific factors, while losses in other oblasts seem to be explained by a combination of economic and political factors. Quantitative analyses are presented of resistance and Soviet repressions in 1932, and effects of the food assistance program and historical-political factors on direct losses in 1933 are analyzed.Des estimations annuelles de pertes (décès excédentaires) directement attribuables à la famine de 1932-34 sont présentées pour les zones urbaines et rurales d’Ukraine sovietique. Contrairement aux attentes, les pertes les plus importantes n’étaient pas dans la région méridionale productrice de grain, mais plutôt dans la région du nord-centre, soit Kiev et Kharkiv. Plusieurs hypothèses sont proposées et mises à l’épreuve pour vérifier cette conclusion. Cependant, aucune hypothèse, à elle seule, ne fournit une explication complète. Dans certaines régions, les pertes sont causées par des facteurs précis, alors que dans d’autres, les pertes sont expliquées par une combinaison de facteurs économiques et politiques. Des analyses quantitatives sont présentées sur la résistance et les répressions sovietiques en 1932. L’effet du programme d’assistance alimentaire et les facteurs politico-historiques attribuables directement aux pertes en 1933 est également analysé.
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Khalangot, Mykola D., Volodymir A. Kovtun, Nadia V. Okhrimenko, Vitaly G. Gurianov, and Victor I. Kravchenko. "Glucose Tolerance Testing and Anthropometric Comparisons Among Rural Residents of Kyiv Region: Investigating the Possible Effect of Childhood Starvation—A Community-Based Study." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 10 (January 1, 2017): 117863881774128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178638817741281.
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A relationship between childhood starvation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in adulthood was previously indicated. Ukraine suffered a series of artificial famines between 1921 and 1947. Famines of 1932 to 1933 and 1946 were most severe among them. Long-term health consequences of these famines remain insufficiently investigated. Type 2 diabetes mellitus screening was conducted between June 2013 and December 2014. A total of 198 rural residents of Kyiv region more than 44 years of age, not registered as patients with T2D, were randomly selected. In all, 159 persons answered the question about starvation of parental family, including 73 born before 1947. Among them, 62 persons answered positive. Anthropometric measurements and glucose tolerance tests were performed. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate results. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was detected in 7 of 62 persons (11.3%), who starved during childhood vs 6 of 11 (54.5%) who did not ( P = .002), age-adjusted and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval): 0.063 (0.007-0.557). Analysis of the anthropometric data revealed a negative connection between adulthood height and neck circumference (cm, continued variables) and childhood starvation: age-adjusted and sex-adjusted ORs 0.86 (0.76-0.97) and 0.73 (0.54-0.97), respectively. Individuals who starved during famines of 1932 to 1933 and 1946 in Ukraine had a decreased T2D prevalence several decades after the famine episodes.
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SHCHERBATYUK, Volodymyr, Andriy ZAGORULKO, Evgeny DURNOV, Yuriy SOKUR, and Yurii ORISHCHENKO. "ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS AS A SOURCE OF THE RESEARCH ON THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932–1933 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE FUND 32 "CRIMINAL CASES BY JUDICIAL AND EXTRAJUDICIAL BODIES" OF THE SECTORAL STATE ARCHIVES OF THE MIA OF UKRAINE)." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 33 (2023): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2023.33.21.
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The study traces the coverage of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, events and processes related to it, in the files of fund 32 "Criminal cases of judicial and extrajudicial bodies" of the Branch State Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. In particular, the documents show the Holodomor as a genocide against Ukrainians. It is indicated that the famine spread in Ukraine in 1932-1933 was artificially imposed, had economic and political reasons, contributed to the weakening of the national movement. The persuasiveness of the case documents is emphasized, that the apogee of the tragedy fell on March–June 1933, when entire families, especially those with many children, died, and people driven to despair resorted to necrophagy (eating corpses) and anthropophagy (cannibalism), which was dictated by their doom. In this context, the cases are pointed out telling that very often the victims of violence were children, and among them, as shown, mostly orphaned children who wandered around the villages in search of food suffered. The authors assure that all the cases of the fund are characterized by falsification, because the real causes of the famine are concealed. The documents of the cases from the fund convince us that the Bolshevik regime treated the famine as a non-existent phenomenon, because in no case is the famine as planned or organized by the authorities mentioned. The article claims that all the investigative cases had political background. The authors accent that this fact must be taken into account when studying the documents and researching the specified problem. The researchers emphasize that this falsification was as well a consequence of the personal motives of the officials. The importance of archival documents, in particular, the cases of the fund as an important source base in the study of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, is revealed. At the same time, the authors propose to consider this tragedy not only in the historical and political aspect, but also taking into account the evaluation criteria of other sciences.
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N., Kuzovova. "DOCUMENTS ON THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932–1933 IN THE KHERSON REGION." South Archive (Historical Sciences), no. 34 (October 7, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2786-5118/2021-34-5.
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Purpose and methodology of the study. The article is devoted to the analysis of sources on the history of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in the Kherson region. The results of the study will help to expand knowledge about the famine of 1932–1933 and to conduct an effective search for new archival information about this event. The study is based on source methods of identifying, analyzing and evaluating sources. Methods of archival heuristics are used, with the help of which a circle of archives is established, where the necessary information could potentially be stored, based on information about fundraisers.Results and scientific novelty of the study. A significant array of official records was analyzed: orders, reports, information, correspondence, certifying the crime of the Soviet government against the Ukrainian people - the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in the Kherson region.It was found that the collections of archival documents of Russian archivists, despite the purpose of preparing a source complex, the composition and content of which would deny the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people, nevertheless contain valuable information from the central archives of the former USSR, including materials about southern Ukraine. One of the significant shortcomings is the lack of documents that would reflect the reaction of the "fraternal" republics to the famine in Ukraine, as Kherson trade unions, in particular, sought food aid from the relevant authorities in Belarus and Russia.In Ukraine, in parallel with the processes of declassification of archives, collections of documents with high-quality archeographic design were also published. In fact, Ukrainian scholars have urged their Russian counterparts to address the issue of famine, as they have previously produced high-quality informational content for the study of the Holodomor in Ukraine, which cannot be ignored.Regional archives play an equally important role in forming the source base of the problem. Their materials have been repeatedly published, including in the large-scale project "National Book of Remembrance of the Holodomor Victims of 1932–1933 pp. in Ukraine” (2008). It seemed that such a number of identified, published, including in the form of Internet resources of documentary monuments, cartographic materials, sources on demographic statistics has already exhausted the subject, but declassification and transfer of documents from the SBU continues, and archives are replenished with new documents. In particular, those that raise the issue of Soviet repression for spreading information about the famine of 1932–1933 in later years. That is, the discovery of new documents and the setting of new research tasks to study the history of the Holodomor is a real prospect for the future.Key words: Holodomor, Kherson region, local history, archive, source, document. Мета та методологія дослідження. Стаття присвячена аналізу джерел з історії Голодомору 1932–1933 років на терито-рії Херсонщини. Результати дослідження допоможуть розширити знання про голод 1932–1933 років та проводити ефективний пошук нової архівної інформації про цю подію. В основі дослідження лежать джерелознавчі методи виявлення, аналізу та оцінки джерел. Застосовуються методи архівної евристики, за допомогою якої встановлено коло архівів, де потенційно могла зберігатись необхідна інформація, виходячи з інформації про фондоутворювачів. Результати та наукова новизна дослідження. Проаналізовано значний масив документів офіційного діловодства: накази, доповідні записки, інформації, листування, що засвідчують злочин радянської влади проти українського народу – Голодомор-геноцид 1932–1933 років на території Херсонщини.З’ясовано, що збірники архівних документів російських архівістів, не зважаючи на мету підготувати джерельний комплекс, склад і зміст якого заперечуватиме Голодомор як геноцид українського народу, тим не менш містять цінну інформацію з центральних архівів колишнього СРСР, в тому числі матеріали про Південь України. Одним з суттєвих недоліків – відсутність документів, що б відображали реакцію «братніх» республік на голод в Україні, оскілки зокрема херсонські профспілки звертались за продовольчою допомогою до відповідних органів в Білорусії та Росії. В Україні, паралельно з процесами розсекречення архівів, також видано збірки документів з якісним археографічним оформленням. Власне українські вчені спонукали російських колег звернутись до теми голоду, оскільки раніше за них сформували якісний інформаційний контент для вивчення Голодомору в Україні, котрий не можливо ігнорувати.Не менш важливу роль у формуванні джерельної бази проблеми відграють регіональні архіви. Їхні матеріали неодноразово публікувались, в тому числі в масштабному проєкті «Національна Книга пам’яті жертв Голодомору 1932–1933 pp. в Україні» (2008). Здавалось, така кількість виявлених, опублікованих, в тому числі – у вигляді Інтернет-ресурсів документаль-них пам’яток, картографічних матеріалів, джерел з демографічної статистики вже вичерпала тематику, проте розсекречення та передача документів з СБУ триває, й архіви поповнюються новими документами. Зокрема, такими, що піднімають питання репресій радянської за поширення інформації про голод 1932–1933 років у пізніші роки. Тобто виявлення нових документів, і постановка нових дослідницьких завдань з вивчення історії Голодомору – реальна перспектива на майбутнє.Ключові слова: Голодомор, Херсонщина, локальна історія, архів, джерело, документ
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Kozytskyj, Andrij. "Holodomor Denial in the Independent Ukraine." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 72 (2024): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2024.72.14.
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The main narratives of denial of the Holodomor in independent Ukraine underwent a noticeable transformation. During the 1990s and early 2000s, widespread in Soviet times direct denials of the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine were transformed into interpretive denials, which consisted in attempts to present the Holodomor as an event that does not correspond to the internationally recognized criteria of the act of genocide. Pro-Russian political environments became the main promoter of denial of the Holodomor in independent Ukraine. Representatives of these political trend considered denial of the Holodomor as an important tool for delegitimization of Ukrainian independence, as well as destabilization of the internal political situation in the Ukrainian state. Denial of the Holodomor was especially active during the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko (2005–2010). At that time, opposition pro-Russian politicians, propagandists and political technologists promoted the thesis that the restoration of the memory of the Holodomor will inevitably occur at the expense of the separation of Ukrainian society, and will also spoil the relations of Ukraine with its «main strategic partner – Russia». During Viktor Yanukovych’s rule (2010–2014), denial of the Holodomor acquired a latent character and was combined with the removal of references to the 1932–1933 famine from education and the public sphere. After the Revolution of Dignity of 2013–2014 and the beginning of Russian aggression in Donbas, denial of the Holodomor in Ukraine takes place mainly in a hidden form.
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Wolowyna, Oleh, Nataliia Levchuk, and Alla Kovbasiuk. "Monthly Distribution of 1933 Famine Losses in Soviet Ukraine and the Russian Soviet Republic at the Regional Level." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 530–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.52.
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AbstractOne of the distinct characteristics of the 1932–1933 famine is that between 65 and 80 percent of all famine-related deaths (direct losses) in rural areas of Soviet Ukraine (UkrSSR) and its oblasts and some regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) occurred during the first six or seven months of 1933, and that in all oblasts of UkrSSR and some regions of RSFSR the number of famine losses increased by a factor of six to 15 between January and June–July of 1933. The historical explanation of this sudden explosion of deaths is critically examined, and a more comprehensive explanation is proposed. We show that the regional variations in these increases in losses are correlated with four factors: extensive household searches for grain with all food taken away in many instances, closing of inter-republic borders and limitation of internal travel by peasants, resistance to collectivization and grain requisitions and repressions, and the “nationality factor.” Analysis of the monthly dynamics of rural losses during the first half of 1933 suggests a possible independent confirmation of the hypothesis that during the searches for “hidden” or “stolen” grain, all food was taken away in many households.
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Kuzovova, Natala, Serhiy Vodotyka, Iryna Ryzhenko, and Olga Pravotorova. "Soviet Legislation as a Component of the Technologies of the Holodomor-Genocide of 1932–1933 (on the Example of Southern Ukraine)." Res Historica 56 (December 21, 2023): 559–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.56.559-600.
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The article pays attention to a topic insufficiently covered in the scientific literature – the analysis of legal acts of the USSR and the USSR of the late 1920s – early 1930s and the legal assessment of the actions of the authorities in relation to the citizens of the USSR, which led to the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Their study and analysis allow us to reveal the degree of violation of Soviet laws by the Soviet government itself, the forms of repression against the civilian population and the use of genocide technology. The focus is on the technologies of genocide identified by Lemkin and the analysis of the practices of leading historians and jurists regarding the justification of the genocidal nature of the famine of 1932–1933. Using the example of specific events that took place in the South of Ukraine, the mechanism of committing actions that can be classified as genocide is investigated. The application of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to the study of the problem involves the study of legal norms that guided the activities of the Soviet authorities and the identification of those that had signs of a crime against the Ukrainian people. To show how a social phenomenon – the famine of 1932–1933 – turned into a tool of deliberate murder, of which more than 3.9 million people in Ukraine became victims, the authors focused on the complex of legislative and regulatory acts and the practice of their application in the Ukrainian SSR as components of genocide technologies.
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Boriak, Tetiana. "Questionnaries about the famine as a source to a history of the Holodomor studies." 33, no. 33 (November 28, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-06.
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Research aim: The article has a goal to figure out a connection between questionnaires about the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine and the state of development of the Holodomor studies. Research methodology: historical-comparative method is used. Scientific novelty: for the first time correlation of five full-text questionnaires about the famine on every of three stages of formation of massive of the Holodomor oral history sources (1933, 1980s and after 1991). The author for the first time makes a reconstruction of research perceptions about the reasons, course and scale of the famine, as well as analyzes their evolution. Conclusions: the article analyzes questionanries created during three periods (from 1933 till mid of 2000s) that allows researching of evolution of the famine studies. The first questionnarie has become a reaction of the people of a free of communist ideology world. Because of the objective reasons (and escape to the West was made under a threat of shooting) they tries to put starvation into a Procrustean bed of collectivization, to find a logical explanation of the famine reasons, particularly in illnesses. The article demonstrates non-comprehension by them realities of everyday life of a Ukrainian countryside. Questionnaires elaborated in Canada and USA in 1980s, demonstrates much more higher level of understanding of the problem. Their authors actively involved theory of oral history, included question about personal data of a respondent, his family, education, social and property condition; a question about a peasant resistance appeared. One can see an attempt to figure out time frames of starvation. Comprehension of such events appeared as searches and confiscation of bread. Questionnaires prepared on a third period cover maximum wide spectrum of starving village problems. Appearance of a set of new questions indicates about development of knowledge about the Holоdomor. These questions fully reflect contemporary approaches to the processes, the whole set of which comprises the Holodomor of 1932–1933. To the contrary, questionnaire by a Russian historian V. Kondrashyn indicates different from Ukrainian famine essence of the Russian famine of 1930s.
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Nazarenko, Nazar Nikolayevich, and Anatoliy Viktorovich Bashkin. "Weeds, diseases and plant pests as factors of famine in 1932-1933." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981210.
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Land tenure system (individual land using and conventional farming) which had been formed in the USSR by the middle 1920th, single-crops and low farming techniques and farming chemicalization led to emergency development of weeds, diseases and plant pests. In spite of agricultural enterprises consolidation and attempts to remove farming techniques backwardness, the grain production in the USSR had been doomed for weeds, diseases and plant pests outbreak that occurred in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. Consequently, catastrophic epizooties of some plant pests and catastrophic epiphytoties of weeds as well as cereal crops mycosis led to catastrophic losses of yield that took place in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. The highest level of pest infestation, dockage of grain was observed in 1932, it was the cause of cereals crops baking value fall. From quarter to half of gross grain yield was off-grade and from 30 to 70% of grains were unapt for food in 1932-1933. The most sufferers were the main cereals regions - Ukraine and Northern Caucasus, where the greatest mortality was observed in 1933. Thus, weeds, diseases and plant pests were one of principal factors of crop failure and bad cereals crops baking value as well as famine in 1932-1933. In spite of high mycosis infection of grains, high mortality from mycosis intoxication wasnt confirmed.
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Marples, David R. "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine." Europe-Asia Studies 61, no. 3 (April 9, 2009): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668130902753325.
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Boriak, Tetiana. "Oral History Sources About Household Searches During the 1932–33 Holodomor in Ukraine and Kuban." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 67 (2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.10.
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Ukrainian Holodomor bibliography numbers more than 18,5 thousand of publications, of them oral history sources – more than 10 thousand of entries. Famine 1932–33 bibliography in the USSR and Kuban is reasonably smaller in the former USSR (before 1991), as well as in contemporary Russian Federation. Regarding research of the famine on Kuban (by July of 1930 – Kuban krai, later – Northern-Caucasus krai as part of RRFSR) – this is not the case at all. At the same time, research of the Holodomor topic that took place on this historical-geographical region of RF for Ukrainian historians has special meaning. According to the census of 1926, Ukrainians as an ethnographic group comprised 54,1% of whole population on Kuban (1 million 644 thousand 380 people). The goal of the research is revealing and researching of oral history of eye-witnesses of the famine of 1932–1933 about punitive activity of searching brigades with the goal of extortion of food reserves from peasants on the territory of UkrSSR (the author analyzes available data of 144 settlements) and separately – of Kuban area (the author analyzes data of 65 settlements). Analysis of research object basing on the sources of oral history, recorded in various historical-geographical regions of Ukraine (144 testimonies) and Kuban (in general 122 testimonies) is being introduced for the first time. This comprises scientific novelty of the research. Methodological basis of the research is the principle of systematic and structural approaches in combination with the elements of descriptive-analytical, comparative-historical and contextological methods of analysis. Conclusions. On the basis of the research of oral history sources the author states tragical experience of living through winter – spring of 1933 by peasants in Ukraine and Kuban. Research of oral testimonies of respondents has allowed to a certain degree to reconstruct «collective portrait» of activists. The author shows that regardless of territorial affixment searching brigades, being authorized with punitive functions, acted equally brutally. Further studies with usage of oral history sources, whose object is revealing of data on extortion during household searches with the goal of finding of food in UkrSSR and on Kuban, as well as broadening of the analysis to other grain regions of USSR will help to find out similarity or differences of mechanism of humility with famine of peasants in UkrSSR and USSR in 1932–1933.
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Skliar, Volodymyr. "POPULATION CHANGES IN THE KRASNOKUTSK DISTRICT OF THE KHARKIV REGION DURING 1926–1937: DEMOGRAPHIC LOSSES AS A RESULT OF THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932–1933." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 25 (2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.25.15.
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The Holodomor of 1932–1933 is the genocide of the Ukrainian people. It became an effective instrument of the Stalinist totalitarian regime policy aimed at humiliating of Ukrainians. The extermination of Ukrainian peasants by the famine of 1933 was accompanied by mass repression of the Ukrainian elite, the cessation of the "Ukrainization" policy and the return to the traditional policy of Russification of Ukraine. The largest demographic losses from the Holodomor of 1932–1933, together with the Kyiv region, experienced also the Kharkiv region. On the basis of the analysis of statistical materials of the census of 1926 and 1937, an intensive reduction of the population of the Krasnokutsk district of the Kharkiv region was revealed. As a result of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, the district lost almost a third of its population. On the place of the extinct Ukrainians, the Stalinist regime settled the migrants, first of all, Russians from the Central Black-Earth region of Russia. Therefore, the immediate human losses because of the Holodomor in the Krasnokutsk region were even greater, because the 1937 census took into account not only the population that survived in this demographic catastrophe, but also the recent migrants. The Holodomor of 1932–1933 in the Krasnokutsk district, like in the other rural areas of the Ukrainian SSR, became a genocide of Ukrainian people. According to the census of 1926 the proportion of Ukrainians constituted 99% of the total population of the Krasnokutst District. But the "dry" statistics of the demographic losses of Ukraine from the Holodomor of 1932–1933 shows the tragic fates of millions of Ukrainian peasants when the whole families were destroyed and the consequences were reflected in subsequent generations.
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Foglesong, David. "The politics of recognition: ukrainian struggles for support by the United States, 1917-1941." Revue des études slaves 95, no. 1-2 (2024): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/120ds.
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This article will analyze how Ukrainians and Ukrainian-Americans sought diplomatic recognition of Ukraine by the United States between 1917 and 1941. It will explain why the U.S. government, despite its commitments to the principle of self-determination, did not recognize Ukrainian independence and why it extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union in 1933 despite protests by Ukrainian- Americans about the terrible famine of 1932- 1933. Drawing on new research in the unu- tilized or underutilized papers of leading Ukrainian-Americans, the article will discuss their tactics and examine their impact on both the press and U.S. government officials.
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Свинаренко, Наталія. "Про психологічні наслідки голоду 1932–1933 рр. та менталітет українців." Studia Orientalne 24, no. 4 (2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2022409.
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As a result of the famine of 1932–1933, those peasants of Ukraine who were lucky enough to survive had deep psychological traumas. No one provided them with professional assistance, it simply did not exist at that time in the Soviet Union, people perceived life as a reality that was deprived of those who were less fortunate. The daily realities of life forced people, instead of professional psychological and rehabilitation care, to work hard and implement five-year plans in factories, mills and collective farms. The authority of the clergy and parents in the Ukrainian countryside was replaced by the undeniable authority of Lenin’s party and its leaders. Obedience and obedience of the Ukrainian population arose as a result of repressive activities of the Stalinist regime, unsuccessful peasant revolts and uprisings. For fear of entering the Stalinist camps, at first the responsible persons, and later the whole ordinary population, spoke little and clearly; and everyone knew that every careless word said could cost a life. This laid the foundations of slavish psychology, which is characteristic of more than half of Ukrainian society during the Soviet era. The life orientations of the majority of Ukrainian peasants have changed – their plans and aspirations have been directed to cities and towns. Due to the terrible realities of the famine in Ukraine, witnessing the brutality of the Soviet authorities, people in Ukrainian villages are becoming obedient and submissive en masse. Classical agricultural traditions have been replaced by new priorities. It is during this period that the so-called double morality, or system of double standards, emerges – when the same person quite consciously expresses one opinion at home, and in public – quite another. The root causes of this double standard were fear for his life and his family. Young children subconsciously noticed this, and acted in the same way as adults – so unconsciously formed the experience of generations. Over time, Ukrainians become Russified, treat Russian-speakers very loyally and calmly. Absolutely Russian-speaking Ukrainians are appearing in Ukraine, and few have paid attention to this threatening phenomenon.
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Yakubovskyy, Ihor. "Of the local media to the regime of the «tabelas negras» in the Kyiv region: the information potential." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 37 (October 4, 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2022-37.87-99.
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The aim of the research is to investigate the information potential of the Kyiv region’s local newspapers to the research of the «black boards» regime as a key authorities’ strate- gy in the action which caused the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Th e research focuses on the deep examination of the local media’s materials regarding the functioning of mechanism of «black boards». Th e research methodology involves a combination of methods of comparative stu- dies, contextual analysis, abstraction, and concretization. Th e scientifi c novelty of the article is in showing that Kyiv region’s local newspapers are the indispensable source to the practices of «black boards» on the level of districts and village’s. Th ese media include the most complete cases related to the using of the mechanism of «black boards», fi lling up the information of the documental sources to the regional practices of the «black boards» and its infl uence on the do- ing of Holodomor of 1932–1933, especially on the quantity deaths by famine. Conclusion. Th e informative potential of the Kyiv region’s local newspapers of 1932–1933 enable to deeply investi- gate the following issues: the implementation by local authorities of the central’s and republican’s normative documents relayed to the regime of «black boards»; the specifi cs of the ideological and propagandist convoy regarding the realization of the power’s decisions in the fi eld of «black boards»; the role of local media in the process of the intensifi cation of the strategies aimed the famine in the Ukraine; the everyday practices pertaining to the recording on the «black boards» the various subjects (villages, collective farms, mans etc.); the statistic of the diff erent parts of the «black board’s» regime; the evolution of the authority approach’s to the using of the mechanism of the «black board’s» as a mean of killing by famine.
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Doiar, Larуsa. "The problem of hunger in Ukrainian books 1921—1923." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.8(289).48-52.
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The article is devoted to the historiography of the famine of 1921—1923 in the Ukrainian SSR. The author analyzes domestic books published in the publishers of Soviet Ukraine directly during the disaster that befell five of the twelve provinces of the Ukrainian SSR at that time. Analyzing the event, the author captures the specific features and differences of the famine of 1921—1923 from the Great Famine of 1932—1933. disasters, ordinary outside observers, authorities of all ranks, specialists in science and practical medicine. The author emphasizes that against the background of these developments in the medical field, a new scientific direction has been developed - the study of human hunger states, their impact on the development of human physiology and genetics, specific diseases provoked by prolonged starvation not on a voluntary basis. Concerning the world aspect of the problem of hunger, the author emphasizes that during the study period, in particular, during the First World War (1914—1918), there were artificially organized famines. The latter were seen as effective means in the fight against the enemy and, in fact, became the factors of victory over him. Since neither the fact nor the scale of the 1921—1923 famine in the then Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was veiled by the Bolshevik authorities, the event had not only a public outcry but also received considerable humanitarian assistance from the world community. This article mainly uses scientific publications published in Soviet Ukraine during 1921—1923.
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Levyk, Bohdan. "Civil society of Western Ukraine and Europe in the context of the Ukrainian Holodomor events of 1932-1933." Skhid 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/2411-3093.2023.5(1).283493.
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The article examines the Holodomor national tragedy of 1932-1933 in the context of the reaction to it by the population of neighboring Ukraine and more distant countries, as well as international organizations. It is emphasized that the Holodomor was a deliberate action of the communist authorities against the Ukrainian peasantry as a source of disobedience to the authorities and national resistance. It is shown that despite the efforts of the Bolshevik government to hide the glaring facts of the famine and the conformist support of the majority of foreign journalists accredited in the USSR, this information still received publicity in the world thanks to individual journalists of influential British newspapers and the work of foreign embassies and consulates in the USSR. It provoked a civil wave of help in various countries, but did not cause official condemnation of the Bolshevik policy by the member states of the League of Nations and the Catholic Church as an influential player in the international politics of the time. The role of public organizations and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the organization of assistance to illegal refugees from Ukraine and protest movements condemning the policy of the USSR towards Ukrainian peasants is considered. It was concluded that the first and subsequent recognitions of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide at the level of influential countries and international organizations, as well as the criminal proceedings carried out in Ukraine on the fact of committing the crime of genocide of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as a crime against humanity permit modern Ukrainians not only to consolidate the memory of the Holodomor as a significant historical narrative for the entire society, but also to re-understand this traumatic experience, renewing the nation and its values and outlook guidelines.
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Bekliamishev, V. O. "Construction of the Image of Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 in Russian Orthodox Church’s Discourse." Tempus et Memoria 3, no. 2 (2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/tetm.2022.3.039.
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The article considers evolution of the Russian Orthodox Church’s (ROC MP) commemorative strategy on the Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Analyzing materials from the ROC’s and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church’s official website, the author draws main stages of transformation of the narrative about this event and describes the commemorative practices aimed at its implementation. Particular attention is paid to the influence on religious discourse by the secular discourse about the “Holodomor-genocide”, which has become one of the main elements of the “civil religion” in Ukraine.
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Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Nataliia Levchuk, Oleh Wolowyna, Pavlo Shevchuk, and Alla Kovbasiuk (Savchuk). "Demography of a man-made human catastrophe: The case of massive famine in Ukraine 1932-1933." Canadian Studies in Population 42, no. 1-2 (April 2, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6fc7g.
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Estimates of 1932–34 famine direct losses (excess deaths) by age and sex and indirect losses (lost births) are calculated, for the first time, for rural and urban areas of Ukraine. Total losses are estimated at 4.5 million, with 3.9 million excess deaths and 0.6 million lost births. Rural and urban excess deaths are equivalent to 16.5 and 4.0 per cent of respective 1933 populations. We show that urban and rural losses are the result of very different dynamics, as reflected in the respective urban and rural age structures of relative excess deaths.
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Nickell, Amber N. "The Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: an anatomy of the Holodomor." Canadian Slavonic Papers 61, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2019.1666614.
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Menkouski, Viachaslau I., Michal Šmigel’, and Lizaveta Dubinka-Hushcha. "The hunger games: famine 1932–1933 in the historical policy of Ukraine and Russia." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-4-7-20.
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The modern historical policy of Ukraine and the Russia is analysed. The study uses the methodology of historical memory studies, specifically, research of historical consciousness, collective and historical memory. The methodology is based on the analysis of a situation when ideas about the past as national history depend on the mentality and goal setting of a particular social, national or other group. The object of the study is the modern socio-political situation in Ukraine and Russia associated with the understanding and assessment of the famine of 1932–1933 both in the Soviet Union as a whole, and in Ukraine in particular. The authors consider the modern memorial culture of the two nations, highlight issues of regional and national identity and the formation of myths of national memory as central issues in the paper. The transformation of memorial practices and the legal framework of the Russia and Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union is considered. The authors arrive at the conclusion that the discussion between the Russian and Ukrainian sides to this day has turned into constructing a scheme of the «reverse history» based on the projection of the present state of affairs into the past. It is not possible to find any fundamentally new evidence as long as the Russian archives remained classified, and the parties increasingly resort to a nationalist type of argumentation. Punning on the name of the famous Hollywood blockbuster, we can say that the «hunger games» have become a reality in the modern politics of memory of post-Soviet states.
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ONYSHKO, LESIA. "THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932-1933 IN UKRAINE: MAIN STAGES OF SPREADING INFORMATION." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-66-85.
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The study describes stages of spreading information about the Holodomor1932-1933 by national and world public highlights specifics and features of it in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Historiography has been analyzed. The main features of the Soviet period are analyzed: total denial of the USSR leaders to the Holodomor and introduction of an information blockade on the territory of the Union; prosecution for any mention of the Holodomor; discrediting persons who spread information; concealment, falsification or destruction of incriminating documents; creation of agents network and introduction of fake versions in order to minimize the socio-political consequences of the truth about the Holodomor; absence of this topic in socio-political and scientific discourses. Among the main characteristic of the post-Soviet period are the following: joining of the Holodomor topic as a genocide of the Ukrainian people into socio-political and scientific discourses; using it in political or geopolitical struggle, organizing controversies over its territorial and chronological boundaries, pressuring international organizations and governments to deny or not recognize the Holodomor as genocide, and introducing controversies to maximize the neutralization of social and political consequences publicizing the truth about it. Keywords: Holodomor (the Great Famine), genocide, information, scientific research, Soviet period, post-Soviet period, USSR, USSR.
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Khiterer, Victoria. "The Holodomor and Jews in Kyiv and Ukraine: An Introduction and Observations on a Neglected Topic." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (October 24, 2019): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.79.
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AbstractThe Holodomor in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 was a result of the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and took approximately 4 million lives. The Holodomor had a profound impact on the entire population of Ukraine. It badly affected the lives of Jews in Kyiv and Ukraine, and it damaged Jewish–gentile relations for many years. The famine occurred not only in rural areas, but also in the cities and towns of Ukraine. The Holodomor provoked a significant migration of Jews from shtetls to the large cities, particularly to Kyiv. Many desperate inhabitants of villages and towns fled to the large cities where they hoped to receive some aid. However, the overcrowded cities could not accommodate this flood of migrants. Anatolii Kuznetsov wrote in Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel that if not for the Holodomor in Ukraine and Stalin’s repressions of the 1930s, the attitude of the Kyiv gentile population toward the Holocaust would perhaps have been different. People had gotten so used to the suffering of others, victims of the famine and political repression, that they remained mainly passive, silent, and indifferent toward the mass execution of Jews in Babi Yar during the Holocaust.
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Kozytskyy, Andriy. "DENIAL OF THE HOLODOMOR: METHODS AND NARRATIVES." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11610.
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Hiding of the mass extermination, denying the very fact of extermination are essential components of the crime of genocide. The article analyzes the stages of denial of the Holodomor, highlights the models of this denial, as well as the evolution of the main narratives that opponents of the genocidal qualification of the Holodomor are trying to spread. The Soviet Union consistently denied the Holodomor 1932–1933 and actively opposed the dissemination of information about it. The communist regime’s denial of reality was so widespread and pervasive, that even in 1930th in official documents of state and party authorities marked “for official use” and in some cases even “top secret”, the word “famine” was hardly used. Soviet authorities called the catastrophic famine “food shortages” caused by crop failures. Simultaneously with the blocking of information about the Holodomor, the communist regime resorted to a counter-propaganda operation, which consisted in refuting those reports of starvation and deaths, which, despite all the efforts of the Soviet secret services, infiltrated the West. In the USSR communist authorities used tactics that could be described as “aggressive erasure” to deny the Holodomor. This campaign was a combination of destruction of documentary evidence of a crime with the active intimidation of witnesses, who were unequivocally made aware that they must forget everything they saw. Authorities used repression against those who tried to preserve the memory about the Holodomor. In the late 1980s the soviet communists had to admit that the famine of 1932–1933 did occur in Ukraine, but as an official explanation for those events was proposed a version that absolved the Kremlin of responsibility for the multimillion casualties of the Holodomor. Soviet propaganda claimed that the causes of the famine were: objective difficulties in the period of agricultural transformation, organizational weakness of the newly established collective farms, lack of experienced personnel and agricultural machinery, sabotage by the kulaks etc. The main negative role was allegedly played by the disorganization of agricultural production, which, in turn, was caused by the abandonment of “the Lenin plan of cooperation” of farmers, and the accelerated pace of collectivization. At the same time, the propaganda called the accelerated pace of collectivization a forced step by the Soviet government, which felt threatened by the external invasion of the imperialist states and therefore had to prepare country for war at a rapid pace. At the same time, soviet propaganda continued to deny fact that the famine was anti-Ukrainian. The communist regime claimed that the famine affected the entire territory of the USSR, ad had no local specifics in Ukraine and others regions of the country with densely Ukrainian population (especially the Kuban). Calling the famine a “common tragedy of the entire Soviet Union” authorities insisted that its intensity throughout the USSR seemed to be the same everywhere. Denial of the Holodomor did not stop after the collapse of the USSR. At the beginning of the XXI century struggle against the recognition of the Holodomor as an act of genocide has become one of the priorities of the policy of memory in the Russian Federation. The main narratives of denying the Holodomor today are the allegations that the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine was not intentional, was not related to the anti-Ukrainian policy of the Bolsheviks, did not have fatal demographic and social consequences. A characteristic feature of the denial of the Holodomor in Russia in the second half of the 2000s was its twofold nature: along with the moderate denial of an academic nature there was an aggressive propaganda narrative of polemical and journalistic denial, the main purpose of which was anti-Ukrainian mobilization of Russian society.
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Antonovych, Myroslava. "Legal Accountability for the Holodomor-Genocide of 1932–1933 (Great Famine) in Ukraine." Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal, no. 1 (November 3, 2015): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176.
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Ulanowicz, Anastasia. "“We are the People”: The Holodomor and North American-Ukrainian Diasporic Memory in Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s “Enough”." Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia 7 (April 13, 2018): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2353-8546.2(7).4.
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“We are the People”: The Holodomor and North American-Ukrainian Diasporic Memory in Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s Enough. Although the Holodomor — the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 — has played a major role in the cultural memory of Ukrainian diasporic communities in the United States and Canada, relatively few North American children’s books directly represent this traumatic historical event. One exception, however, is Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s and Michael Martchenko’s picture book, Enough 2000, which adapts a traditional Ukrainian folktale in order to introduce young readers to the historical and political circumstances in which this artificial famine occurred. By drawing on what scholar Jack Zipes has identified as the “subversive potential” of fairy tales, Skrypuch and Martchenko critique the ironies and injustices that undergirded Soviet forced collectivization and Stalinist famine policy. Additionally, they explicitly set a portion of their fairy tale adaptation in Canada in order to gesture to the role played by the Holodomor in structuring diasporic memory and identity, especially in relation to post-Independence era Ukraine.«Мы — народ»: Голодомор и североамериканско-украинская диаспорная память в книге Enough Марши Форчук Скрыпух. Несмотря на то, что Голодомор — голод в Украине 1932–1933 гoдов — сыграл важную роль в культурной памяти украинских диаспорных общин в Соединенных Штатах и Канаде, относительно мало североамериканских детских книг описывает это травматическое событие. Важное место в этом контексте является книга Марши Форчук Скрыпух и Майкла Мартченко «Достаточно» 2000, которая адаптирует традиционную украинскую сказку для того, чтобы познакомить молодых читателей с историческими и политическими обстоятельствами этого искусственного голода. Опираясь на то, что ученый Джек Зайпс назвал «подрывным потенциалом» сказок, Скрыпух и Мартченко критикуют иронию и несправедливость советской принудительной коллективизации и политики сталинского голода. Кроме того, они установили часть своей сказочной адаптации в Канаде, чтобы показать роль Голодомора в структурировании диаспорной памяти и самобытности, и связи последних с независимой Украиной.
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Yakubovskyy, Igor. "Evolution of Government Approches to Food Aid/Loans during the Holodomor of 1932–1933." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200208.
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The main goal of this article is to investigate the Stalin’s regime strategies regarding the so-called centralized food aid and its distribution during the Holodomor, which was organized by the Kremlin on the occupied territory of Ukraine in 1932–1933. Research methods: analytical, system-structural, historical-comparative, historical-chronological. Main results. The research focuses on the deep examination of the normative documents created by the different echelons of authority (from Moscow to Ukrainian regions) as a base of clarifying the model related to realizing of general decisions approved by the Central Committee of the Communist party and the Soviet government. In addition, the above-mentioned problem is researched in the frame of genocide conception. The scientific significance of the article is in showing that during 1932–1933 the Stalin regime’s approaches were shifted. From July 1932 food aid was transformed into food loan. In 1933 the central authority established the discriminating model of distribution foods based on renouncement from the principle of equal access and from the providing the aid which depends on the stage of starvation. Food loan depended on political loyalty, social origin and membership in collective farms. Furthermore, the authority aimed to ехterminate all regional attempts to dodge from strong realization of the center’s model. In fact, these attempts frequently turned out to be the step to rescue a number of Ukrainian farmers in different regions of Ukraine. Created by the Stalin regime and used by the authority hierarchy in Ukraine, the approaches are very important evidence that the Food Aid was an instrument to save only number of farmers, who were necessary to plant and harvest. Other farmers were to be starved. The method of the providing and distribution of the centralized food loan was a key instrument of the authority aimed to kill a considerable part of the Ukrainian population by famine. It indicates that the Stalin’s regime intention was genocide. Further research perspective is to deduce how the regional authorities, the heads of collective farms and villages have been realized the orders approved by central as well as Ukrainian rules and how it influenced on the starving and inhibiting or catalyzing of the Soviet government’s plans. Practical significance: the results of the study open up new opportunities for deepening scientific ideas and theoretical generalizations about the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Type of article: analytical.
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Boriak, Tetiana. "PUBLICATION OF HOLODOMOR (1932–1933) ORAL HISTORY SOURCES IN UKRAINE: ARCHEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11609.
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Despite huge massive of published collections of Holodomor oral sources, not much analysis is devoted exactly to archeographic aspect of publication that allows usage of this type of historical sources. The researchers mostly paid attention to content analysis of such sources. When we approach researchers who were at the same time editors of Holodomor oral history books, we can see that they focused on interviewers (who they were; what mistakes they did during field work) and the problems of writing down of narratives. For many years the authors had been working on the maps for the GIS-Atlas of the Holodomor. This project had made it possible to incorporate about 2,000 of oral history sources into the database. Much more oral history sources had been investigated for this project. Therefore, on the base of this work with this type of sources the author has managed to separate 10 groups of factors that influence final product: publication of collection of Holodomor oral history sources. Furthermore, for convenience the author divides these 10 groups into three units. For convenience – because these 10 aspects are interrelated. But for better representation of the problems such division into three units had been made. First unit includes problems tied directly with publication: absence of one united methodological center and integrated accepted recommendations. Such situation is caused by economic conditions and crisis of the humanities in 1990-s. Taking into account dual essence of oral history source, the author has suggested next two, second and third unit. Second unit is tied to a figure of a respondent (time of interview, taking into account passing away of Holodomor survivors’ generation, and traumatic experience of living through the Holodomor. The last one, third unit treats the problems of archeography of publication of oral history sources through the prism of interviewer (his/her professional background and preparation; fullness of a legend data, in particular, residence of a survivor during the famine; geographic disproportion of Holodomor oral history writing down; multiple location of archives that preserve oral history sources (in case of their transferring there at all); absence of such data for many collections of oral history sources at all. Suggested by the author specificity of archeographic culture of Holodomor oral history sources publication can be used for further preparation such collections of documents for publication and can improve their quality and widen source base of history science. Finally, the author suggests sample of collections of published Holodomor oral history sources (15 books and series of publications). Keeping in mind 10 factors analyzed above, the researcher analyzes level of archeographic culture of these books. She selects two of the latter: Holodomor oral history sources in Pereiaslav (2000) and Luhans’k (2008) area. These books, in comparison to others, could fill legends of published sources at maximum level and to compile apparatus criticus. Second edition, being compiled by a philologist, even reproduces language and dialect peculiarities of respondents.
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Yakubovskyy, Ivan. "Starting Point of the Holodomor of 1932–1933: Grain Procurement of 1931–1932 in the Local Authorities` Directives (On the Example of District Newspapers of the Kyiv Region)." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 41 (2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-41-37-43.
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The article aims to research the specific reflection of the grain procurement of 1931–1932, which was as a starting point of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, by local media of Kyiv region. The research methodology includes the combination of number of historical methods: comparative, source studies, contextual analyses, structural and functional analyses. The scientific novelty. The article is a pioneer research of the above-mentioned problem. By the analyses of district authorities directives published in the local newspapers it was investigated the informational potential of these sources to examine the power`s approaches to the previous formation of the strategies aimed the Holodomor during the grain procurement of 1931–1932. Conclusions. Implementing the decisions of central and republican powers, and reacting to the regional processes the directives of local authorities make it possible to expand the investigation on the maturation of the mechanism of the killing by famine in 1931–1932. These directives contain the indispensable information which is absent in the normative documents created by central and republican powers, and is related to the authorities` intentions in the field of using the grain procurement as an instrument of repressions in Ukraine. The content of directives strengthens the arguments regarding the conceptualization of the formation of power`s plans aimed the Holodomor as a long-term process that had been proceeding in the course of all grain procurement of 1931–1932 not only in 1932. The directives show that the different groups of rural people and local officials had similar behavior strategies to the unrealistic plan of grain procurement in 1931–1932 when the mechanism of Holodomor was being created and in 1932–1933 when the authorities had stepped the Rubicon.
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Dewhirst, Martin. "The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622228.
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N.O., Svynarenko, and Dobrunova L.E. "THE SITUATION OF EDUCATORS IN THE KHARKIV REGION DURING THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932–1933: ACHIEVEMENTS, DIFFICULTIES AND PROBLEMS (HISTORIOGRAPHICAL AND SOURCE STUDIES ASPECTS)." South Archive (Historical Sciences), no. 36 (February 18, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2786-5118/2021-36-5.
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The aim of the work is to analyze the domestic scientific and journalistic literature devoted to the characteristics of the state of education during the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine on the example of Kharkiv region. To achieve it, the most widely used methods are historical-comparative and hermeneutic.Results. The process of studying the state of education and the role of educators during the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in modern domestic journalistic literature is considered. It was revealed that the most thorough local lore studies on the history of the state of education during the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in the Kharkiv region belong to T. Polishchuk. Fragmentary information and mentions about the living conditions of educators of Kharkiv region in 1932–1933 were found in the local lore works of L. Isaiv, I. Skotar, V. Strilets, I. Putria and other researchers.Conclusions. The biggest problem in the study of the situation of educators in 1932–1933 in Kharkiv and Kharkiv region is that there is no historiographical aspect of thorough works that would comprehensively consider and analyze both the achievements and problems of educators. In the journalistic literature, descriptions of pictures of socio-economic life of educators often lack specifics, the facts are presented separately, some information needs further study and explanation, at least because modern realities and living standards of that time are extremely different. Modern scientific and journalistic literature reports on the obvious achievements of educators in the early 1930s: the steady increase in literacy, the law on compulsory secondary education, the expansion of the network of secondary, vocational and higher education institutions. However, no thorough work devoted to comprehensive coverage of the historiography of this issue has been found.To describe the holistic picture of the situation of educators in 1932–1933 in Kharkiv and Kharkiv region, further research requires expanding the source base of this problem, historical assessments of various researchers, as well as biographies of prominent educators and the uniqueness of their teaching methods.Key words: publicist literature, famine of 1932–1933, archive materials, Kharkiv region, historiography, historiographical sources. Метою роботи є аналіз вітчизняної наукової та публіцистичної літератури, присвяченої характеристиці стану освіти в роки Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. в Україні на прикладі Харківської області. Для її досягнення найбільше застосовувалися такі методи, як історико-порівняльний і герменевтичний.Результати. Розглянуто процес дослідження стану освіти та ролі освітян у роки Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. у сучасній вітчизняній публіцистичній літературі. Виявлено, що найґрунтовніші краєзнавчі дослідження з історії стану освіти в роки Голодомору 1932–1933 рр. на Харківщині належать Т. Поліщук. Фрагментарні відомості та згадки про умови життя освітян Харківщини в 1932–1933 рр. знайдено у краєзнавчих роботах Л. Ісаїва, І. Скотаря, В. Стрільця, І. Путрі та інших дослідників.Висновки. Найбільшою проблемою в дослідженні становища освітян у 1932–1933 рр. у місті Харкові та на Харківщині є те, що ґрунтовних праць, у яких би комплексно розглядалися й аналізувалися як здобутки, так і проблеми освітян, в історіографічному аспекті немає. У публіцистичній літературі, в описах картин соціально-економічного життя освітян часто бракує конкретики, факти подаються розрізнено, деяка інформація потребує додаткового вивчення й пояснення хоча би тому, що сучасні реалії та стандарти життя того часу надзвичайно різняться. У сучасній науковій і публіцистичній літературі повідомляється про очевидні здобутки освітян на початку 30-х рр. ХХ ст.: невпинне зростання рівня грамотності населення, дію закону про обов’язкову середню освіту, збільшення мережі закладів середньої, професійно-технічної та вищої освіти. Однак ґрунтовних робіт, присвячених усебічному висвітленню історіографії зазначеного питання, не знайдено.Для опису цілісної картини становища освітян у 1932–1933 рр. у Харкові та на Харківщині подальших досліджень потребує розширення джерельної бази зазначеної проблеми, історичні оцінки різних дослідників, а також біографії видатних освітян та унікальність їхніх методик навчальної і виховної роботи.Ключові слова: публіцистична література, голод 1932–1933 рр., матеріали архівів, Харківська область, історіографія, історіографічні джерела.
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Kurylchuk, Natalia. "“TERROR-FAMINE” AS A WAY TO BUILD OBEDIENT SOCIETY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF OLEVSK DISTRICT VILLAGES IN ZHYTOMYR REGION)." Skhid, no. 2(1) (April 30, 2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(1).230337.
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The article shows the implementation of the policy of subjection of the peasants of the border Olevsk district in Polissya by the Soviet authorities through the use of terror-famine. Based on the materials of the State Archives of Zhytomyr Region, which were first introduced into scientific circulation, and the involvement of the available source and historiographical array, it has been proved that the Holodomor was used as genocide in the villages of the district, as well as throughout Ukraine, and exterminated the population only in 1933. The concept of “famine” or “terror-famine” should be applied to mass deaths in 1932, a well-planned action by the authorities to exterminate the number of peasants who resisted the government’s policies and thus force everyone else to work on the collective farms with “full efficiency”. Having studied in detail the content of the materials of the Olevsk Party Committee and the reports of the 19th Olevsk Border Department, the author reconstructs the course of collective farm construction in the “Olevsk border area”, emphasizing that the resistance of the peasants was fierce. This provoked the authorities to use artificial famine against the dissatisfied in order to build ideal farms, demonstrative for foreign neighbors, on the border.
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Меньковский, Вячеслав. "The Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: An Anatomy of Holodomor by Stanislav Kulchytsky." Ab Imperio 2019, no. 4 (2019): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2019.0099.
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Skubii, Iryna. "Stanislav Kulchytsky, The Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: An Anatomy of the Holodomor." European History Quarterly 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691419897533o.
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Kononchuk, Tetiana. "Features of syntax in the novel “Was I not a Viburnum in the Meadow” by V. Shkurupy." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-178-184.
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The present paper is devoted to the analysis of the novel “Was I not a viburnum in the meadow?” written by a modern Ukrainian writer Volodymyr Shkurupy. The novel was written in 1984 and was first published in 1990. The article focuses on the features of syntax in the novel under consideration. The author describes the events which took place in Ukraine after the World War ІІ. The writer builds a narrative based on the true life stories told by relatives and acquaintances. The genre of the novel involves going beyond the main time. The older characters reflect on what happened in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Their narratives are associative pictures of their experience. In the process of research analysis it was specified that the author uses the appropriate syntax to reproduce emotional tension. Phraseologisms appear as generalizations and peculiar formulas that figuratively show the dramatic life circumstances of the famine of 1946–1947 are employed. It is worth noting that one-member sentences play the most productive role. For example, definite-personal sentences (particularly presented from the first person) indicate the presence of the narrator in the circumstances, and therefore their plausibility. Indefinite-personal sentences emphasize the mass repressive measures of the authorities against the Ukrainian population. One-member sentences – definite-personal and indefinite-personal – dominate in the narratives of older characters about the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Their function is similar to that performed by these types of sentences in the pictures of the main tense. Thus, the peculiarity of the syntax in the novel Was I not a viburnum in the meadow? written by V. Shkurupy is that the author used definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences to bring the artistic reality closer to that experienced by the Ukrainians in the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and in 1946–1947. The obtained results undoubtedly have both theoretical and practical significance. In addition, the writer's works require further scientific research.
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Gilley, Christopher. "Reconciling the Irreconcilable? Left-Wing Ukrainian Nationalism and the Soviet Regime." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 3 (May 2019): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.67.
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AbstractThis article examines the attempts by left-wing Ukrainian nationalists to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable: Ukrainian nationalism and Soviet socialism. It describes how leftist Ukrainian parties active during the Revolution and Civil War in Ukraine 1917–1921 advocated a soviet form of government. Exiled members of the two major Ukrainian parties, the Social Democrats and the Socialist Revolutionaries, then took this position further, arguing in favor of reconciliation with the Bolsheviks and a return to their homeland. After the Entente recognized Polish sovereignty over Eastern Galicia and Soviet Ukraine introduced a policy of Ukrainization in 1923, many West Ukrainian intellectuals took up this call. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 and the Bolsheviks’ purge of Ukrainian Communists and intellectuals all but ended the position. However, it was more the Soviet rejection of the Sovietophiles that ended Ukrainian Sovietophilism than any rejection of the Soviet Union by leftist Ukrainian nationalists. Thus, an examination of the Ukrainian Sovietophiles calls into question the accounts of the relationship between Ukrainian nationalism and the Soviet Union that have common currency in today’s Ukraine.
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Makhortykh, Mykola, Aleksandra Urman, and Roberto Ulloa. "Memory, counter-memory and denialism: How search engines circulate information about the Holodomor-related memory wars." Memory Studies 15, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 1330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980221133732.
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Search engines, such as Google or Yandex, shape social reality by informing their users about current and historical phenomena. However, there is little research on how search engines deal with contested memories, which are subjected to ontological conflicts known as memory wars. In this article, we investigate how search engines circulate information about memory wars related to the Holodomor, a mass famine caused by Soviet repressive politics in Ukraine in 1932–1933. For this aim, we conduct an agent-based audit of four search engines—Bing, DuckDuckGo, Google, and Yandex—and examine how their top search results represent the Holodomor and related memory wars. Our findings demonstrate that search engines prioritize interpretations of the Holodomor aligning with specific sides in the memory wars, thus becoming memory warriors themselves.
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Krysachenko, Valentyn. "Russian Strategy of the Ukrainian Nation's Genocide: Moscow's Criminal Waves of the Holodomors." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(83) (July 24, 2022): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(83).2022.261054.
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The genocide of the Ukrainian nation in the USSR through the artificial famines of 1921-1923, 1932-1933 and 1946-1947 is studied. In each of them, Ukrainians suffered irreparable human, political, cultural, intellectual, economic, material and other losses. The Holodomor was recognized as a crime of genocide by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the parliaments of 19 countries, and a number of respected international organizations and institutions. The full responsibility for the crimes of genocide lies with the occupying Russian authorities in Ukraine. The party-Soviet system of totalitarian rule created by them carried out ideological substantiation, organizational proceedings and direct implementation of the genocide of a significant part of the Ukrainian nation. The ideological component was administered by the Bolshevik ruling party. Organizational component included a chain of management and executive structures, with a special controlling role of multimodal repressive bodies. The executive component was formed on the basis of the powers and representatives of the latter, with the broad involvement of collaborators. Under criminal law, the subject of liability is the party in respect of which it is established that its direct participation in the commission of actions qualified under existing law as illegal, i.e. criminal. In this context, the responsibility for the crime of the famine-genocide is divided into four levels: personal, collective, collegial, state. This gives grounds for initiating criminal proceedings not only against certain individuals involved in the organization of the Holodomor, but also against the state (USSR), political structures (RCP (b) -VKP (b) -CPSU), administrative and law enforcement agencies (People's Commissariats and VUCHK-GPU-NKVD-KGB, etc.), executive groups and groups (komneza, towing brigades, etc.). The Kyiv Court of Appeal considered the proceedings on the Holodomor of 1932-1933 under Article 442 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on the crime of genocide and acknowledged the personal guilt of a number of party leaders at the time. The final document of the Court of Appeal is marked by a number of fundamental conclusions, which create a basis for the deployment of further proceedings in this direction, in particular its legislative, administrative and procedural implementation. This work needs to be continued and deepened, as Russia's position on Ukraine has not changed. The current hybrid war that Russia is waging against Ukraine is a manifestation and a continuation of its centuries-old strategy towards the Ukrainian people in order to deprive them of their physical and civilizational existence.
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Collins, Laura. "Book Review: The Holodomor Reader: A Sourcebook on the Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine." Genocide Studies and Prevention 9, no. 1 (June 2015): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.9.1.1320.
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Ювко, Єгор. "INFORMATION ON THE REPRESSIVE POLICY OF THE USSR AGAINST GERMAN PEASANT COLONISTS DURING THE HOLODOMOR 1932-1933 (FROM THE MATERIALS OF SECRET OBSERVATIONS OF THE ODPU BY EMPLOYEES OF THE GERMAN CONSULATES)." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 4 (2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-04/030-040.
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The article examines the repressive policy of the USSR in relation to national minorities during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, in particular the testimony about the consequences of collectivization and famine in German colonial villages, which ethnic Germans gave to employees of the German consulate in the USSR. The article analyzes archival materials, namely detailed notes of employees of the ODPU, who were engaged in secret surveillance of representatives of German consulates, as well as their own detailed notes of consulate workers. Considerable attention in the article is devoted to the establishment of the consequences of the policy of collectivization, which in the period of the late 1920s and early 1930s became one of the causes of the Holodomor, in particular, the state of agriculture of the colonist peasants in southern and central Ukraine was established precisely at the beginning of the famine and during its greatest spread. The article attempts to analyze archival sources that serve as documentary evidence of the genocide not only of the Ukrainian people, but also of national minorities living on the territory of the USSR. The article also attempts to determine the actions of the German consulate aimed at saving and easing the lives of ethnic Germans who suffered from collectivization and hunger. In particular, about the efforts of the consulates to organize the departure of colonist peasants to Germany. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time, an attempt was made to summarize the materials of the archives regarding information on the situation of German colonies during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, which are an important source for the general study of the Holodomor as a policy that was directed not only against Ukrainians, but also against national minorities.