Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Family Welfare Status Index'

[Truncated abstract] The aims of the study were twofold; firstly, to describe the inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia namely, to look at the extent and magnitude of the problem in terms of the estimated number of infant deaths, the differentials in infant mortality rates, the probability of infant deaths across provinces, urban and rural areas, and across regions of Indonesia. Secondly, to examine the effect of family welfare status and maternal educational levels on the probability of infant deaths. The study design was that of a population-based multistage stratified survey of the 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Results of the study were obtained from a sample of 28,810 reproductive women aged 15 to 49 years who belonged to 34,255 households. A binary outcome variable was selected, namely, whether or not each of the live born infant(s) from the interviewed women was alive or dead prior to reaching one year of age. Of interest were the variables related to socio-economic status, measured by Family Welfare Status Index and maternal educational levels. The following risk factors were also investigated: current contraceptive methods; birth intervals; maternal age at first birth; marital duration; infants’ size perceived by the mothers; infants’ birth weight; marital status; prenatal care by health personnel; antenatal TT immunization; place of delivery; and religion. Geographical strata (province) and residence (urban and rural areas) were also considered. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Descriptive analysis was aimed at obtaining non-biased estimates of the infant mortality rates at the appropriate levels of aggregation. Multivariate analysis involved a logistic regression model using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model-fitting technique. The procedure, a multilog-cumlogit , uses the Taylor Series Linearization methods to compute modelbased variance, and which adjusts for the complex sampling design. Results of descriptive analysis indicate that, indeed, there are inequalities in infant mortality across administrative divisions of the country, represented by provinces and regions, as well as across residential areas, namely urban and rural areas. Also, the results suggested that there is socio-economic inequality in infant mortality, as indicated by a dose-response effect across strata of family welfare and maternal educational levels, both individually and interactively. These inequalities varied by residence (urban and rural), provinces and regions (Java Bali, Outer Java Bali I and Outer Java Bali II). Furthermore, the probability of infant mortality was significantly greater among highrisk mothers, characterized by a number of risk factors used in the study

The purpose of this study was to examine how welfare status, gender, and the interaction between welfare status and gender relate to the utilization of counseling services related to marriage (i.e., "marital help-seeking"). This study was a secondary analysis of the Utah Marriage Survey data set from 2003. Two samples were utilized in this study, and generated a total sample of I ,316 participants. The first sample was made up of I, 173 randomly selected Utah households, identified through a random-digit dialing sampling technique. The second sample was obtained from a random selection of current Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients. This sample of 143 TANF recipients provided an over-sample of low-income households, thus permitting comparisons with the first sample. Participants were identified through the sampling techniques described and contacted by telephone to complete the survey. The data pertaining to participants' welfare status, gender, and attitudes and behavior related to marital help-seeking were analyzed using chi-square analyses and I tests. The results indicated that welfare status is not significantly associated with marital help-seeking attitudes and behavior. In addition, no significant relationship was found between gender and marital help-seeking behavior. However, results indicated that males have less favorable attitudes than women toward marital help-seeking. Finally, welfare status and gender were not found to have a combined relationship effect on marital help-seeking attitudes and behavior.

Latino immigrants have a strong presence in Southern, California. Although the Latino population can be attributed with possessing significant strengths and resiliency, their unique barriers as to legal status, language, and culture, have led to the researchers’ developing an interest on how undocumented immigrant status affects family reunification and service delivery within the child welfare system. The following research study focuses on evaluating how undocumented immigration status affects family reunification and service delivery in child welfare. It seeks to answer how current case work practice addresses the needs of undocumented Latino immigrant families that become involved within the child welfare system and how their undocumented immigration legal status impacts the reunification process and the receipt of services within the community. For the purpose of this study, an urban Southern California child welfare agency servicing a large population of immigrant Latinos was utilized. Using the constructivist paradigm, researchers interviewed ten children’s social service workers that possessed a mixture of knowledge, experience, and insight as to this population. The study found that undocumented Latino immigrants faced barriers related to their poor acculturation, that affected their family reunification. For instance, not understanding the English language, not understanding child abuse laws, limited access to culturally appropriate services, and social workers’ limited knowledge of working with undocumented Latino immigrant clients were barriers faced by this population. The findings in this study can be utilized by the child welfare agency to improve cultural awareness trainings for child welfare workers, work towards increasing culturally sensitive service availability, and advance policy.

In recent decades, domestic abuse has been transformed from a private concern and personal tragedy into a key public issue across the globe. In the UK this has culminated in a contemporary policy focus on violence between intimate partners as one of a multitude of forms of violence against women. Consequently, much research has focused on the abuse of women in intimate relationships in attempts to understand the problem and formulate appropriate state responses to it. Feminist principles have guided much of this work, and both devolved and central UK governments accept the feminist analysis of the problem: domestic abuse is the result of perpetuating gender inequalities in the social, public realm. Public services such as health, education and social work, as well as the criminal justice system, seek to respond to the needs of women fleeing their abusive partners, and public money covers the cost of many Women’s Aid refuge places. However, some women’s immigration status precludes access to publicly funded services, and subsequently their options for support and ability to exit abusive relationships is constrained. Despite overt policy statements which recognise the universal nature of domestic abuse and the way in which it will affect very high proportions of women irrespective of their race, colour or creed, state support is therefore conditional. The experiences of women who are prevented from automatically accessing public services because of their immigration status has become of increasing concern in the Scottish context since the dispersal of thousands of asylum seekers during the last decade, as well as the rising number of women entering the country on spousal visas. This study therefore examines experiences of help seeking and escape from abusive relationships from the perspective of this particular group of women. Of central concern is the process of problematisation: the way in which issues are transformed from private matters into public concerns, warranting state intervention and investment, and the way in which this transformative process shapes the policies which proceed from it. Therefore, the study investigates the problematisation of domestic abuse in Scotland; the avenues of support it offers as a result of this process; and how this very problematisation shapes women’s personal experiences of help-seeking and escape from abusive partners. First a comparative discourse analysis of documents from Scotland and New Zealand illustrates how different definitions of ‘the problem’ result in differentiated public responses; then, drawing on data collected during in-depth interviews with participants at policy level, workers in support services, and individual women themselves, women’s journeys through and away from abusive relationships, as well as the social and political contexts which shape them, are discussed. Two key themes emerge from this piece of research: the operation of silences within a policy context; and the way in which this is dominated by hierarchical values, systems and processes. The thesis concludes that there is scope for a practical application of the findings which could enrich policy understanding and output in Scotland, to the benefit of women who are, at present, one of the most marginalized groups in Scottish society.

O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a disponibilidade domiciliar de energia, nutrientes e carotenóides para as famílias brasileiras residentes nas áreas rurais e urbanas, das Grandes Regiões Geográficas, bem como o estado nutricional dos indivíduos adultos pertencentes a esta população. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações individuais obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Adotou-se preliminarmente um banco de dados criado a partir dos microdados da POF 2002- 2003. Essa planilha revisada e atualizada gerou um novo banco de dados. Utilizouse como parâmetro para a avaliação da participação de macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total (VET) e disponibilidade de vitaminas e minerais os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004). Para a identificação do conteúdo de carotenóides foram adotadas as informações contidas na tabela Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA). A disponibilidade média diária de energia e nutrientes e estado nutricional foram calculados utilizando o programa Statistical Analysis System SAS. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes para as famílias brasileiras, discriminadas de acordo com as Grandes Regiões e estratos geográficos (rural e urbano). Com relação à disponibilidade de energia, os maiores conteúdos foram identificados para as famílias das áreas rurais. A distribuição dos macronutrientes energéticos no VET revelou expressiva contribuição dos carboidratos para a totalidade das famílias brasileiras residentes no meio rural. Nos domicílios rurais e urbanos das Grandes Regiões, a contribuição de macronutrientes para o VET mostrou-se em conformidade com os valores preconizados. Com relação à vitamina C, vitamina B6, vitamina B12, folato e ácido pantotênico, os resultados indicaram disponibilidade inferior às recomendações. O conteúdo médio observado para as vitaminas A, B1 e B2 atendeu aos valores de referência para a totalidade das famílias. No tocante aos minerais, a disponibilidade de cálcio, magnésio, zinco, potássio e ferro revelou-se reduzida na maioria dos domicílios brasileiros. Os valores médios observados para os minerais sódio e manganês superaram o recomendado para a totalidade das famílias. A disponibilidade de carotenóides apresentou um aumento importante na última pesquisa (POF 2008-2009) quando em comparação com os valores identificados por meio da POF 2002-2003. Porém, revela-se ainda pouco expressiva nos domicílios brasileiros. Foi observada prevalência de sobrepeso (32,9%) e obesidade (12,5%) entre os adultos. Ressalta-se que os resultados referem-se às estimativas das quantidades de alimentos adquiridos para consumo no domicílio, podendo os mesmos envolver algum grau de subestimação. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa evidenciam diferenças expressivas da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes para as famílias brasileiras. Maior disponibilidade de carotenóides totais foi observada nos domicílios da Região Sul, com destaque para as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais. O sobrepeso e a obesidade destacaram-se entre os adultos.
The study aimed to analyze the household availability of energy, nutrients and carotenoids to Brazilian families living in rural and urban areas, the Major Geographic Regions, as well as the nutritional status of adults belonging to this population. The individual information from the Household Budget Survey (POF 2008-2009) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were used as a database. We adopted a preliminary database created from the POF microdata from 2002 to 2003. This revised and updated spreadsheet generated a new database. The values recommended by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004) were used as a parameter to assess the participation of macronutrients in total energy (VET) and availability of vitamins and minerals. The identification and content of carotenoids was based on the information contained in the table Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The average daily availability of energy and nutrients and nutritional status were calculated using the Statistical Analysis System - SAS. The results show differences in the availability of energy and nutrients to Brazilian families, broken down by Major Regions and geographic areas (rural and urban). Regarding the availability of energy, the highest contents were identified for families in rural areas. The energy distribution of macronutrients in the VET revealed significant contribution of carbohydrates to the total of Brazilian families living in rural areas. In rural and urban households of Major Regions, the contribution of macronutrients to the VET proved in accordance with the recommended values. With respect to vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and pantothenic acid, the results indicated lower availability of the recommendations. The mean content observed for vitamins A, B1 and B2 met the benchmarks for all families. With regard to minerals, the availability of calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium and iron proved to be reduced in most Brazilian households. The mean values observed for the minerals sodium and manganese exceeded the recommendations for all families. The availability of carotenoids showed a significant increase in the 2008-2009 survey, when compared with the values of POF 2002-2003, although it continues to be unsatisfactory in Brazilian households. A prevalence of overweightness (32,9%) and obesity (12,5%) was detected among adults. It is emphasized that the results refer to estimates of quantities of food purchased for consumption at home, so they can involve some degree of underestimation. The results obtained in this study show significant differences in the availability of energy and nutrients to Brazilian families. Greater availability of carotenoids was observed in households in the South, especially for families living in rural areas. Overweight and obesity stood out among adults.

La notion de filiation renvoie au lien familial entre un parent et un enfant, lien qui ancre l'individu dans une lignée généalogique et permet de l'identifier par rapport aux membres de sa famille. Notion universelle, il a semblé pertinent d'examiner comment deux systèmes juridiques distincts, tels que ceux de droit civil et de common law, l'appréhendaient. Évoquant intuitivement un lien génétique entre le parent et l'enfant, la notion de filiation pourrait se réduire à cette dimension purement physique. Pourtant, le droit tient compte du fait qu'elle recouvre d'autres réalités, sociales et affectives, révélant ainsi une notion plus complexe. Entre la réalité génétique, devenue accessible grâce aux progrès de la science, et la volonté, employée pour fonder toutes les fictions juridiques telles que l'adoption, la procréation médicalement assistée et la gestation pour autrui, une tension est née. Le droit s'efforce de trouver un équilibre entre ces fondements grâce à la nouvelle« boussole » qu'est l'intérêt de l'enfant ainsi que grâce au cadre éprouvé de l'ordre public. L'étude comparée des droits français et anglais a permis également d'observer une dissociation croissante entre la notion et son régime, le régime pouvant être attribué indépendamment de l'existence juridique du lien. Cette dissociation en a révélé une autre, aux contours plus précis encore, entre le statut, c'est-à-dire le lien de droit initial auquel est attaché le régime, et le rôle, c'est-à-dire le comportement de fait qui se verra attribuer tout ou partie du régime de la filiation. C'est ensuite autour de l'exercice effectif de ce rôle que se réagrège une grande partie des effets de la filiation, interrogeant par conséquent la notion sur sa capacité à rendre compte des évolutions du droit de la famille
The notion of “filiation” refers to the family relationship between a parent and a child, which place each on ein a family lineage and identify him from the members of his family. Because of its universality, it seemed appropriate to examine how two different legal systems, such as those of civil law and common law , understood it. Referring intuitively to a genetic link between parent and child, the notion of “filiation” could be, at first sight, reduced to a physical aspect. However, the law recognizes that it covers other realities like social and emotional ones. Thus, it reveals a more complex concept. In recent years, a tension appeared between genetic reality, which became available thanks to advances in science, and will, used to base alllegal fictions such as adoption, assisted reproduction and surrogacy. The law seeks to check and balancethese foundations with the child's welfare and public policy.The comparative study of French and English law also revealed a growing dissociation between the notion and its effects. Indeed, the effects can be assigned independently of the legal existence of the link. This dissociation has revealed a more precise one between the status, that is to say the initial link which isattached the effects, and the role, that is to say, the behavior which will receive all or part of the effects of filiation. Then, the effective exercise of this role can re-aggregate the effects of filiation. Thus, it is questioning the notion on its ability to account for changes in the family law

Frequency of family mealtimes has been positively linked to dietary quality and weight status in children; however, there is a lack of research identifying what components of family mealtimes are associated with this positive effect. This study investigated family mealtime components that may impact dietary intake and weight status in children aged 5-11 years. Participants were 50 parent/child pairs (child: age = 7.3 ± 2.0 years, female = 44%, standardized body mass index (zBMI) = 0.55 ± 1.0, overweight/obese = 26.0%; parent: age = 36.8 ± 8.7 years, female = 76%, BMI = 29.0 ± 6.6 kg/m2, overweight/obese = 74.0%) recruited at local doctors’ offices, churches, and a daycare for this cross-sectional study. Children were weighed and measured while parents completed questionnaires on child dietary quality and family mealtimes. The family mealtime questionnaire assessed six mealtime components: which meal, who was present, what type of food was served and eaten, where the food in the meal was prepared and/or eaten, how food was served, and the atmosphere of the meal. Barriers to family mealtimes were also assessed. Parents reported that children’s daily servings consumed were: fruit = 2.1 ± 0.9; vegetables = 2.3 ± 1.1; low-fat dairy = 2.1 ± 1.3; sweetened drinks = 1.5 ± 1.6; and 100% fruit juice = 1.8 ± 1.3. Hierarchical regressions, with child and parent demographics controlled, found that greater frequency of dinner consumed at a restaurant/fast food establishment and limiting the child from eating too much were significantly (p < 0.001) related to greater sweetened drink intake. Not answering the phone or texting during the family meal was significantly (p < 0.05) related to lower fast food frequency. Limiting the child from eating too much was significantly (p < 0.01) related to greater child zBMI. This suggests that family mealtimes eaten within the home, free of distractions, and with set rules may impact on child dietary intake and weight status. Experimental studies are needed to understand the potential cause and effect relationships between these variables.

This exploratory study examines social work practice at Usma Child and Family Services and provides a descriptive understanding of social work practice within the Nuu chah nulth communities. An interpretive analysis explores participants’ views about social work practice in a First Nations child welfare context. Qualitative interviewing and thematic analyses provide the basis for theme identification, which includes: Historical and political influences; Family and extended family; Building relationships; Children in care: knowing where they are from; and Helper’s values. The study concludes with a discussion of Aboriginal social work practice as a decolonizing framework.

碩士
國立臺北大學
社會工作學系
99
ABSTRACT The status Investigation on the Usage of Social Welfare Services and Resources of Autism Family in Taipei by CHOU, CHIN-SHU August 2011 ADVISOR(S): Dr. WANG , HUA-PEY DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL WORK MAJOR：SOCIAL WORK DEGREE: MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Body of abstract starts here. The purpose of this study is to understand the usage of the social welfare services and resources by autism families and their satisfaction, and therefore to analyze the differential satisfaction by various aspects of social welfare services and resources. This study adopts the method of field survey, and implements a self-designed questionnaire called「Questionnaire for Status Investigation on the Usage of Social Welfare Services and Resources by Autism Family in Taipei」; Applied with random sampling method, 150 sample families were randomly selected from Taipei Parent Association of Autism , and they were mailed an associated questionnaire. 114 valid questionnaires were returned. With the approaches of data frequency, percentage, chi-square distribution and other statistical methods, the questionnaire data were studied and analyzed. Conclusion : A. Based on the status investigation on current usage of social welfare services and resources, the findings are: a. The most utilized service by autism families is『medical』 service, and the next are『early treatment』,『consultation』,『daycare』,『employment benefits』, respectively. b. The most satisfied service by autism families is 『early treatment』 service, and the most dissatisfied one is 『medical』 service. c. The two main reasons for being not satisfied are 「a long waiting time for short treatment」, 「too far from home」. Besides, reasons「services not meet the demand」 and 「too expensive」 imply the deficient public funds, and co-pay burden on well-off families. Users rather consider the affordability of service than their needs. 「Not easy to register」 is a dissatisfied factor in both『consultation』 and 『medical』services; 「Inadequate training in professional skills」 shows a degree of dissatisfaction in all 『early treatment』, 『daycare』, 『domestic violence prevention』, and『consultation』 services. B. Difference in satisfaction in various social welfare services and resources due to background factors of autistic persons and their families: a. Autistic persons to do with their application of social welfare services and resources- There are only two significant differences in satisfaction, 1) people with different spectrum of disorders have different satisfaction in 『daycare』 services, and 2) people within different education stages have different satisfaction in 『employment benefits』 service. b. Autism families to do with their application of social welfare services and resources- There is no significant difference in satisfaction for families with 1) different incomes, 2) different children numbers in households, and 3) different levels of father’s education. However, the satisfaction differs significantly in both 『early treatment』 and 『daycare』 services accordingly to the level of mother’s education. C. Reasons for social welfare services and resources not being applied: a. Reason for 『early treatment』 service not being applied: mostly due to its unavailability in early time; secondly due to the lack of information, which causes belated identification or to let slip the crucial chance for early cure. Some cases are due to the unaffordable co-pay expenses without government financial aid. Reasons for 『medical』 service not being applied: mostly due to not able to get in the line for short supply. b. Same one reason applicable for 『domestic violence prevention』, 『low-income households』,『full-time care』, 『daycare』, and 『consultation』 services not being applied: no such need for majority. c. Reasons for 『employment benefits』 service not being applied: nearly 80% of the respondents are in school and show no need; some cases are due to high fee for starting the application, and some do not meet the qualification for the jobs. Based on above findings, some recommendations are made to provide as reference for social welfare administrators, autism parents, and those who will continue the study in this domain. Keywords: autistic，social welfare service

Between the 1960s and early 1990s, unprecedented numbers of unwed teenage women gave birth and then used public assistance to support themselves and their children. To outraged conservatives, this trend proved that teenagers were abusing the welfare system by having children outside marriage and then using welfare money to support their indolent lifestyles. The liberals counter-argued that since an overwhelming majority of single teenage mothers were poor and socially disadvantaged, they would have received welfare irrespective of whether they had postponed childbirth. The liberals therefore believed that poverty and lack of opportunity for upward social and economic mobility were the underlying causes of single teenage births and welfare use. Set against the backdrop of this debate and using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths data, in this study I follow the life experiences of 225 single teenage parents between 1979 and 1993 in order to examine how parenthood affected their educational or welfare status. I also examine how their experiences differed from their peers, who were of the same age but had children either after they were married or after they were relatively older. Furthermore. I study the influence of childhood socio-economic status on men and women's later life chances, regardless of their marital and fertility status. Lastly, I compare the educational attainment of single teenage mothers with that of single teenage fathers. My findings show that irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds, having children as teenagers increased single women's chances of receiving welfare for longer periods. However, their childhood socio-economic status had a much larger impact on men and women's later educational status than their age and marital status at childbirth. Finally, even though single teenage mothers experienced greater day to day child-care responsibilities, their educational attainment was at par with that of single teenage fathers
acase@tulane.edu

This thesis explores the alternative dispute resolution method of family group decision making that is used in child welfare in Ontario. Using a qualitative case study, my research sought to answer the question: What are the experiences of caregivers who have participated in family group decision making in the District of Algoma? I examined the legislative framework, policy directive and guiding policies surrounding the use of FGDM in child welfare in the District of Algoma in rural Ontario. I also collected data through interviews with five participants and transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. The themes that emerged relate to the process of FGDM empowering families, the outcomes for children, and the ability for families to implement and maintain long-term plans for children. These themes and sub themes are discussed along with the implications for policy and practice and directions for future research.

This thesis explores the inclusion of race as a factor for consideration in the best interest of the child test for custody and access determinations through the lens of Critical Race Theory and Critical Race Feminism. This thesis contributes to the ongoing feminist discussions and debates on the benefits and risks of including race in the best interest of the child test since the death of Bill C-22 An Act to Amend the Divorce Act. Through a review of family law reform and Van de Perre v. Edwards, the leading case to articulate that race is a relevant factor, I will highlight how race has come to be interpreted. Interviews were conducted with women advocates and lawyers who primarily advocated for racialized women and children in custody and access determinations. Their lived experiences of the challenges and struggles that racialized women experience in family law, particularly, the best interest of the child test, assist in providing a counter-story to White mainstream family law discourse.

The major goal of this study is to test the direction and strength of the relations of low-income single mothers’ depressive symptoms to their employment and income experiences over a time period following major welfare policy changes in the U.S. (2001 to 2003). The Panel Study of Income Dynamics provided data on 623 low-income, single mothers. The economic characteristics studied were: employment status, hours of work, wages, earnings, a job’s provision of personal control, family income, and welfare receipt. The mental health measure was the K-6 Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale. The study adds to our understanding of the temporal relations between employment experiences and mental health by testing the social causation, social selection, and interactionist (bidirectional) perspectives. Specifically, this study tested the different perspectives with a wide range of economic indicators, tested mechanisms that may link mental and economic well-being, and combined multiple employment factors to see if patterns emerged that related uniquely to psychological distress. The findings supported social selection as earlier psychological distress predicted future employment, hours, wages, earnings, household income, and welfare receipt. The tested mediator of days of lost work affected by psychological distress indicated an indirect effect of poor mental health predicting diminished job productivity that, in turn, predicted reduced employment, hours, wages, and earnings. Results were similar for subgroups of mothers based on the age of their youngest child or prior welfare history. The single significant finding was that a longer span of welfare receipt predicted worse mental health as compared to mothers who reported a shorter period of welfare receipt. Latent class analysis identified three patterns of employment and welfare receipt across time: a) exchanged earnings for welfare, b) high employment and earnings growth with reduced welfare, and c) moderate employment growth. The groups that exchanged earnings for welfare (about 10% of the sample) evidenced increased psychological distress compared to mothers with high or moderate employment growth. Support for the social selection hypothesis suggests that policies and interventions that help low-income mothers improve their psychological well-being could also enhance their economic well-being. Implications for future research could explore the effects of such policies.
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This investigation attempts to analyse the applicability of child protection policy and legislation to black families and children in South Africa. The literature study focuses on the nature, scope and implications of child protection and child protection legislation, perspectives on children's and parents' rights, and more specifically on child-care policy and legislation in South Africa. A limited exploratory empirical investigation within the confines of the Child and Family Care Society was undertaken. The researcher had, by way of a case analysis, studied factors influencing the application of child-care legislation ~l:'ld described how legislation is being applied in practice. The application of philosophies and principles inherent in child-care policies, and the evolvement of certain patterns and trends have also been analysed. Specific deficiencies have been identified and recommendations regarding more effective social work practice are highlighted.
Social Work
M.A. (Mental Health)

Increasing tourism numbers in third world countries affect their economies and certain aspects of their society positively; however, there are concomitant negative effects that expose the dark side of the tourism industry. One of these is the escalating commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), particularly child prostitution (CP) in the context of tourism, a phenomenon known as child sex tourism (CST). Although tourism plays an important role in creating the perfect storm of poverty-stricken children colliding with wealthy tourists, it is not solely responsible for this phenomenon. Internationally and nationally, the lacuna of knowledge on CST in particular hampers an informed response by way of resource allocation and coordinated service delivery to both victims and perpetrators. Utilising a qualitative research approach, and the collective case study and phenomenological research designs complemented by an explorative, descriptive and contextual strategy of inquiry, the researcher explored the status of the knowledge of and response to the CSEC through the lens of closely associated role players, who were purposively selected for inclusion in the study. These were adult survivors who were as children engaged in sex work and victims of child sex tourism, social workers and non-social workers involved in rendering child welfare and protection services, members of the Family Violence Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Unit of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and representatives of the hospitality and tourism industry. Data was collected via individual in-depth semi-structured interviews, telephone interviews, and email-communication and thematically analysed. The researcher found that a range of microsystem level factors, such as poverty and family dysfunction, pushed children to the street, and as a means to survive engage in sex work, enabling tourists (i.e. local - out of towners) and foreigners, mainly men from varied sexual orientation) to commercially sexually exploit both boys and girls, from as young as nine years of age, and of different race groups, which leave them with physical and psychological scars. The following main findings surfaced: The social workers, in comparison to the non-social workers, who have a primary responsibility to provide child welfare and protection services were ill-informed in terms of identifying CST as phenomenon, untrained and/or slow to respond appropriately with interventions directed to the victims and perpetrators of CSEC. The service provider groups, as microsystems interfacing on a mesosystem, were fraught with perceptions that the social workers and the SAPS were being inadequate. Furthermore a lack of cooperation, collaboration and communication between the service provider groups to respond to CSEC existed. The hospitality and tourism industry service representatives were also ill-informed about the phenomena of CP and CST with a response that at best can be labelled as fluctuating between an indirect response to that of turning a blind-eye. From the findings, recommendations for social work practice, education and training and recommendations specific for the other closely associated role players in responding to the CSEC were forwarded.
Social Work
D.Phil. (Social Work)

The scourge of HIV/AIDS is ravaging our communities; many children have lost their parents to this pandemic. The death of parents because of this pandemic has resulted in the emergence of a new phenomenon of child-headed households. This paper seeks to examine the rights of children in child-headed households as entrenched in section 28(1)(b) and (c) of the Constitution. Once the rights of children in child-headed households are ascertained, the state’s duty to give effect to these rights is investigated. In the analysis of the rights, the socio-economic rights jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court is considered. The paper further argues that the state gives effect to the rights of children in child-headed households through legislation and policy. As such, the paper takes a closer look at the legislation and policies that seek to give effect to the rights of children in child-headed households as enumerated in section 28(1)(b) and (c) and gaps in that legislation and policy are highlighted. In conclusion, proposals are made that will assist the state to give effect to the rights of children in child-headed households as set out in the Constitution.
Private Law
LL.M.