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1
Gwoździewicz, Sylwia, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 500 PLUS FAMILY PROGRAM AS AN IMPACT FACTOR OF FAMILY POLICY IN FAMILY INVESTMENT IN POLAND." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2591.
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n Poland since the beginning of the systemic transformation of the 1990s, the relatively low incomes of many families have been relatively low. Similar relationships exist in terms of material, housing and financial savings. Launched in April 2016, the 500 Plus Program contributes to a significant reduction in the scale of this socially and economically disadvantageous relationship, i.e. the current lowest profitability in families with many children. Moreover, the profitability and generating of surplus financial households in Poland are on average several times lower than in the financial situation of families in Western European countries. The strategic goal in this way of developing family policy is to increase the fertility in Poland in the coming years, which is to counteract the unfavorable demographic trends of the aging population. It is now assumed that the 500 Plus Program should work positively on the strategic socio-economic objective of reducing the demographic aging of the population, i.e. limiting the potential for publication in the perspective of the next few years of insolvency conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of the participatory pension system. The 500 Plus program is an important instrument for a comprehensive family investment policy in Poland.
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Andruszkiewicz, Iwetta, and Joanna Łebkowska. "State Policy Towards Demographic Changes in Poland." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 14 (December 29, 2021): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2021.1.28.
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The aim of the article is to show that the modern civilization of technological, medical, structural and world-view progress determines the negative changes in the structure of families and the growth of the elderly population. Among the research hypotheses, in particular, it should be pointed out that the modern family policy should take into account the procreative context, as well as the family context with the participation of the older generation, as a consumer and participant in market services. The conclusions proposed by the authors concern a number of solutions in the field of social policy. The unfavorable demographic situation in the European Union raises specific challenges for social and demographic policy, among which, we should point out the changes in attitudes and individual behavior towards marriage and starting a family, changes in procreation attitudes, improving the quality of life of all generations, ensuring active participation of all generations in the demographic and socio-economic development of the country. The article has been written using the following research methods: descriptive, comparative and historical analysis.
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WiĹ›niewska, Agnieszka, Marta MusiaĹ‚, and Beata Ĺšwiecka. "THE PROGRAM “FAMILY 500 PLUS” – IMPLICATIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD FINANCE IN POLAND." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.972.
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Household finance is heavily dependent on the phase of a family’s development. As the family grows, the household's financial needs change. Young Poles choose not to create families, mostly because of their financial situations. In order to increase the number of births, the "Family 500+" program was introduced in Poland, where parents can receive a benefit of 500,00 PLN (about 120 euros) per month for a second and every further child. It is indicated that the effects of the 500+ program are both positive and negative. Some effects of the program are already visible, although many forecasts have not yet been confirmed in the statistics due to the short duration of the program. The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of the government's family policy program: "Family 500+," introduced in April 2016. This article describes the assumptions and instruments of family policy in Poland, a description of the assumptions of the "Family 500+" program and the implications for household finances in Poland in terms of consumption, income, debt, the labor market or poverty.
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Wojciuk, Michał, and Łukasz Zegarowicz. "Fiscal Instruments Supporting Families in Poland in the Years 2004-2017." e-Finanse 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2019-0012.
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AbstractThe main objective of the study was an attempt to describe the policy for supporting families with children in Poland in the years 2004-2017 in the context of traditional support instruments. The following research methods were used in the article: analysis of the literature on the subject and legal acts, analysis of statistical data and comparative analysis. The study uses statistical data from reports of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Policy. The study did not confirm the research hypothesis which says that in the analyzed period, tax preferences were the dominant instrument of support for families in Poland. Shifting the burden of family policy towards direct benefits is unlikely to increase the transparency of this policy. With the introduction of new family benefits at a high level, which are the subject of exemption from personal income tax, public spending made with the use of tax expenditures will also increase. The lack of detailed and cyclical reporting of this type of expenditure in Poland reduces the transparency of the family policy.
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Karpenko, Oresta. "Social Determinants of Childcare in Poland in 1991–2014." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0018.
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Abstract The article highlights major changes in systematic approach to family, establishment of institutions for child and family support, recognition of the priority of family-based care, decentralization of administration and financing of childcare institutions in Poland. The government tried to introduce a number of changes in legislation that would significantly improve the condition of the child. Childcare reforms in the 1990’s and at the beginning of the 21st century aimed at modernizing local government and local organizations to provide appropriate childcare and social assistance to parents. The paradigm shift in social policy on child and family care determines the priority of family support aimed at creating comfortable conditions for the child. Nowadays the main objective of the family supportive policy of any country is to protect the child from the foster care model.
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Milewska, Anna, and Daniel Błażejczyk. "POLAND’S “FAMILY 500+” PROGRAM AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF FAMILY AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing, no. 27(76) (June 30, 2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pefim.2022.27.76.5.
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The goal of this article was to identify and characterize the socio-economic effects of the introduction of the “Family 500+” program in Poland. The research part focused on checking the implementation of the assumptions, which were placed on the introduction of the "Family 500+" program. The main focus of the study was fertility, the improvement of which is a key goal of the program. The research methods used in the article were: data analysis method - data on the number of births of children in Poland, the fertility rate as well as the method of synthesis, inference and interpretation were analyzed. On the basis of the data analysis, conclusions were drawn and their nature explained. This was done in order to reflect on the effectiveness of public spending on the "Family 500+" program. To achieve the intended objective, research and analysis were carried out using selected indicators and statistical data. Their results allowed to verify the effectiveness of public funds spent on the indicated program.
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Budlewska, Renata. "Child Tax Credit as an Instrument of Family Policy in Poland." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 50, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2016.50.1.725.
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Gruziel, Kinga, Mariusz Chądrzyński, and Monika Wyszomirska. "Polityka społeczna realizowana w gminie wiejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 126 (December 30, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2019..126.8.
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Social policy primarily aims to minimise social problems, in particular the issues concerning income disparities amongst professional groups as well as regionally. One of the adopted objectives of the analysed policy is the financial support for households, including guaranteeing a sense of security, especially in terms of income. The subject of the study was to assess the effectiveness of social policy implemented in Poland on the example of a rural municipality. The study attempts to indicate the measurable effects of a social policy instrument implemented in Poland, specifically the “Family 500+” programme. The programme supports families by improving their financial situation. In addition, according to its creators, the objective of the programme is to increase the birth rate in Poland. The imperfections of the analysed social policy instrument are also noticeable. It negatively affects the employment situation in the country, particularly for women. However, in most cases, the “Family 500+” programme is positively rated by the beneficiaries. Based on the results of the conducted study, it cannot be concluded that the “Family 500+” programme contributes to the increase in the birth rate, while the costs of its implementation may contribute to limiting the cofinancing of other areas of life, ones that are desired by the society to the same degree (education, health care, public infrastructure).
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Gruziel, Kinga, Mariusz Chądrzyński, and Monika Wyszomirska. "Polityka społeczna realizowana w gminie wiejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 126 (December 30, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2019.126.8.
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Social policy primarily aims to minimise social problems, in particular the issues concerning income disparities amongst professional groups as well as regionally. One of the adopted objectives of the analysed policy is the financial support for households, including guaranteeing a sense of security, especially in terms of income. The subject of the study was to assess the effectiveness of social policy implemented in Poland on the example of a rural municipality. The study attempts to indicate the measurable effects of a social policy instrument implemented in Poland, specifically the “Family 500+” programme. The programme supports families by improving their financial situation. In addition, according to its creators, the objective of the programme is to increase the birth rate in Poland. The imperfections of the analysed social policy instrument are also noticeable. It negatively affects the employment situation in the country, particularly for women. However, in most cases, the “Family 500+” programme is positively rated by the beneficiaries. Based on the results of the conducted study, it cannot be concluded that the “Family 500+” programme contributes to the increase in the birth rate, while the costs of its implementation may contribute to limiting the cofinancing of other areas of life, ones that are desired by the society to the same degree (education, health care, public infrastructure).
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Maśniak, Jacek, and Andrzej Jędruchniewicz. "AGRICULTURAL LAND PRIVATIZATION IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 3 (August 10, 2019): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3316.
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The aim of the article is to present the process of agricultural land privatization in Poland, taking into account the role that this policy has played in terms of shaping the Polish agricultural model, based on family households. The purpose of the agrarian system shaping policy is the protection and development of family households. To this end, the said group of agricultural households is being granted privileges in terms of access to agricultural land. From an economic point of view, it translates into replacing market allocation with political decisions. The sale of agricultural land on behalf of the state was conducted by the Agricultural Property Agency (APA), which on 1 September 2017 was merged with the Agricultural Market Agency and transformed into the National Center for Agricultural Support. Between 1992 and 2017, a total of over 2.6 million ha of agricultural land (amounting to 55% of all acquired land) was sold. Natural persons acquired a total of 81% of privatized agricultural land, 19% of which was acquired by legal entities. In the years 2005-2017, the prices of agricultural land demonstrated an upward trend. The prices obtained by the Agency were very close to private market prices. The average price amounted to EUR 4,504 per 1 ha in the case of state-owned land and EUR 4,716 per 1 ha in the case of private land.
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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "FAMILY 500 PLUS PROGRAMS AND FLAT PLUS WITH KEY INSTRUMENTS FOR PRIVATE SOCIAL POLICY IN POLAND." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7640.
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In Poland, for many years, relatively large incomes have reached large families. Similar relationships are shaped in the area of housing and household equipment in durable goods. The purpose of the Family 500 Plus program launched in April 2016 is to significantly reduce the scale of this socially and economically disadvantageous relationship, ie the current lowest profitability in large families. Apart from current, mainly profitable goals, improvement of the financial situation of families, this program also has an important long-term goal. The long-term strategic goal of the Family 500 Plus program is to change the demographic structure of society in Poland in the direction of increasing fertility, ie rejuvenating the society. Considering the public financial system of the state, this is a strategic goal of socio-economic policy to reduce the demographic scale of the aging process, ie limiting the potential for announcement in the next several decades of insolvency of the participatory pension system operated by the Social Insurance Institution. The second key program of social family policy in Poland launched in December 2016 is the Mieszkanie Plus program. This program, through the improvement of the housing situation, should fulfill important functions of housing policy in the scope of reducing the social stratification of families in Poland. The main objective of the Mieszkanie Plus program is to significantly increase the availability of flats, especially low-cost rental apartments, with the option of purchasing property after 20-30 years of use. In addition, both of the socio-economic policy programs mentioned above should also have a positive impact on the domestic economy, thus contributing to the reduction of income social stratification and to the activation of economic growth.
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Szczepaniak-Sienniak, Joanna. "Transformations of State Family Policy in Poland from 1989 to the Pandemic Period." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIV, Issue 4B (November 1, 2021): 883–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2777.
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Szczepaniak-Sienniak, Joanna. "Demographic and Socio-Economic Conditions of the Restructuring of Family Policy in Poland." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.1-4-4.
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Staręga-Piasek, Joanna. "Local government, social policy and social assistance: development paths since 1989/1990." Praca Socjalna 35, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3587.
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The paper discusses the first and second local government reform in Poland. The article describes the essence of social assistance institutions: social assistance centers, county family assistance centers and regional social policy centers. The article ends with consideration of the place of social assistance in local government social policy.
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Dagiel, Małgorzata, and Małgorzata Kowalik-Olubińska. "Bycie dziecka w Polsce „dobrej zmiany”– między Konwencją o Prawach Dziecka a rzeczywistością." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pwe.2018.43.11.
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The aim of the authors is to show the situation of the child in contemporary Poland at a time of a policy of ‘good change’ viewed through the lens of children’s rights guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The authors analysed a discourse of the Ombudsmen for Children’s interventions in order to reconstruct the image of being of the child in a new socio-political reality in Poland. The analysis shows the disagreement between the assumptions of the pro-family state policy and the situation of the child in Poland. Concern about child welfare presented by the governmental authorities is apparent and insufficient, which adversely affects children’s well-being and the quality of their lives.
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Burzec, Marcin. "TAX PREFERENCES IN THE CZECH AND POLISH PERSONAL INCOME TAXES." Review of European and Comparative Law 30, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.4262.
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Article presents tax preferences in Czech Republic and Poland in the comparative aproach. The aim of the comparative study is to show how particular problems can be tackled by different countries by different measures. Both in Poland and the Czech Republic it is possible to identify common problems in the area of the tax law. One of such problems is an appropriate shape of tax preferences within the income tax contruction. The aim of the present article is to demonstrate how Poland and the Czech Republic, by shaping tax preferences within the construction of the income tax, tackle the problem of the taxpayer’s ability to pay. Further, it is shown how the two countries, by means of tax instruments, supplement their policy in areas as important as pro-family policy, supporting subjects implementing public tasks, the pension system, policy on people with disabilities, and housing policy.
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Jędruchniewicz, Andrzej, and Jacek Maśniak. "Przemiany własnościowe ziemi rolnej w Polsce." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 121 (April 2, 2018): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.121.2.
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The aim of the article was to present the process of agricultural land privatization in Poland, taking into account the role that this policy has played in terms of shaping the Polish agricultural model, based on family households. The purpose of the current agrarian system shaping policy is the protection and development of family households. Since 2003 there have been facilitated access to land for family households. Between 1992 and 2016, the total of over 2.6 million ha of agricultural land were sold. Natural persons acquired the total of 81% of privatized agricultural land, with the 19% being acquired by legal entities. In 2016 private farms accounted for 91.4% of total agricultural land, while public ownership accounted for 8.6%. The ownership structure of agricultural land in Poland is spatially diversified. The share of private ownership is the largest in the Mazowieckie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships, and the smallest in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship.
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Gołębiowska, Anna, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "NATIONAL HOUSING PROGRAM OF THE MAIN STRATEGIC AND PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR THE CURRENT STATE RESIDENTIAL POLICY OF THE STATE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7644.
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Launched in April 2016, the Family 500 Plus program significantly reduces the scale of poverty in large families, contributes to the growth of consumption and perhaps also to the increase in fertility in Poland. The second key program of social family policy in Poland launched in December 2016 is the Flat Plus program. This program, through the improvement of the housing situation, should fulfill important functions of housing policy in the scope of reducing the social stratification of families in Poland. The main objective of the Flat Plus program is to significantly increase the availability of flats, especially low-cost rental apartments, with the option of purchasing property after 20-30 years of use. The consequence of developing this program on a larger scale in the coming years will be offering such housing primarily for families who have not been able to rent and buy flats on the open market due to low incomes and lack of creditworthiness. If the plan adopted by the government to develop the Flat Plus program in the coming years will be implemented by 2030, the level of housing availability for citizens in Poland will reach a level close to the average in the European Union.
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Czerwińska-Koral, Katarzyna. "THE PRIVILEGED STATUS OF FAMILY FARMS AS A SPECIAL FAMILY FORM IN CONDUCTING AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN POLAND. ISSUES SELECTED IN THE FIELD OF ACQUIRING AGRICULTURAL LAND RIGHTS." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2428.
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According to art. 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, family farms form the basis of the agricultural system of the Republic of Poland. Family farms is a special type of farm run by an individual farmer. The legislator, realizing the assumptions of agricultural policy, concretes the constitutional norm by means of formal institutions, that is, regulations and legal regulations that prefer a family farm as a form of conducting agricultural activity. Thus, conducting business in this special form and - as a result - managing it is easier compared to other forms of activity. Particular facilities relate to the acquisition of agricultural land rights (possession of agricultural land). The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the preferences of the legislator in relation to family farms and individual farmers who run them.
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Guziejewska, Beata. "Interdisciplinary interplay between government programs, politics and demography as exemplified by the Polish family 500+ program: assumptions and first experiences." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(106) (2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.04.106.03.
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Purpose – In 2016 the Polish government launched the Family 500+ program. This family policy instrument is regarded as a unique but debatable measure. The paper assesses the program in terms of interdisciplinary relationships between public programs, politics, sociology and demography.Research method – The research for the paper was carried out using a qualitative case study-based method. A critical analysis of the relevant legislation, public policy assumptions, reports, and earlier studies was performed. The data contained in the Demographic Yearbook of Poland [2018, 2019, 2020] published by Statistics Poland and simple methods of descriptive statistics were also used.Results – The conclusions from the research are that while the program’s effect on the demographic situation in Poland is limited, it helps reduce poverty, supports families and politically benefits the ruling party. They also suggest that the current sociological, social, cultural, historical, and political factors have an essential influence on how this type of programs is received by voters and on their success.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The program has prevented the demographic gap in Poland from widening. A new study using simulation modelling will seek to determine whether it also reduces poverty among families with children. The program’s demographic effectiveness and its effect on the female labor market should be further studied in the future
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Rękas, Magdalena. "TAX POLICY TOOLS AS AN ELEMENT OF PRO-FAMILY POLICY IN FRANCE AND IN GERMANY – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLAND." Ekonomia i Prawo 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2015.001.
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Szelewa, Dorota. "When Family Policy Doesn’t Work: Motives and Welfare Attitudes Among Childfree Persons in Poland." Social Inclusion 10, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i3.5504.
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The primary goal of this article was to analyse the welfare attitudes of people self‐declaring as childless by choice alongside the exploration of their social experience as childfree persons in the context of a rapid increase in the generosity of pro‐natalist public policies in Poland. The analysis is based on semi‐structured interviews conducted with 19 respondents recruited via Facebook network groups. Thematic analysis was applied identifying six general themes: “satisfied and never had the need”; “dealing with social pressure”; “family measures—yes, but not this way”; “unfair treatment of the childfree”; “towards welfare state for all”; and “change my mind? Never, even if offered one million dollars.” The research demonstrated that childfree persons present favourable views on state support for families with children. While critical of cash‐based family support, respondents have a clear preference for investing in services enabling women to participate in the labour market. Finally, if public policies aimed at removing barriers to parenthood were strengthened, this would not change the respondents’ minds about procreation.
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Kotowska, Irena E. "Uwagi o urodzeniach i niskiej dzietności w Polsce oraz polityce rodzinnej wspierającej prokreację." Studia Demograficzne, no. 2(176) (March 4, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/sd.2019.2.1.
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The below replacement fertility, persisting in many industrial countries, impacts the decrease in the population dynamics and consequently, the population decline. It also imposes the durable shifts in the age composition, which result in distorting relationships between subsequent generations (children, adults, old people). Therefore, fertility growth has become an increasingly highlighted goal of family policy. The article presents the situation in Poland in terms of changes in births and fertility on the one hand, and family policy reforms on the other hand. The attempt to evaluate whether family policy reforms implemented since 2008 might be considered as supportive for demographic renewal refers to numerous comparative studies on fertility effects of different policy measures. In the conclusion, a strong statement is formulated that to evaluate adequately the effects for demographic renewal from a longer time perspective, policy panel surveys on family relative behaviours and childbearing decisions are needed.
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Bogusława Urbaniak. "Social security and safety of older adults in Poland." Magyar Gerontológia 12 (November 26, 2020): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47225/mg/12/kulonszam/8450.
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Poland’ population will be ageing at a fast rate in the coming decades. It is projected that in 2070 the Polish ratio between people aged 65 and over and those aged 15-64 years will be 62.6, the highest among EU-27 countries. Population ageing appeared in the public debate in Poland as a separate subject in the 1990s, following a negative natural population increase and the looming impact of the massive withdrawal of baby boomers from the labour market on the pension system. One of the reasons for older persons’ growing interest in retirement was pension system reforms planned by successive governments.
The announcement of the year 2012 as the European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity Between Generations (decision no. 940/2011/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2011) contributed in Poland to the emergence of a senior policy from a social policy and initiated major legislative, institutional, and organisational changes at the national, regional and local levels of government. It also inspired the redefinition of measures used hitherto in line with the evolution in the perception of older people from social care recipients to active members of their communities entitled to education and economic, social, civic and political activity. In 2013, the Senior Policy Council was established as a consultative and advisory body to the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, and then similar councils supporting regional and local authorities were organised.
In order to encourage greater activity among seniors, a special governmental programme was created in December 2013, which grants funds on a competitive basis to projects concerning social activities, education, and intergenerational cooperation submitted by informal and formal groups of seniors.
The national government’s key documents on senior policy, one for the period from 2014 to 2020 and the other spanning the years until 2030, are Resolution 238 of 24 Dec. 2013 by the Board of Ministers on the Adoption of Long-term Senior Policy in Poland for the Years 2015-2020 and Resolution 161 of 28 Oct. 2018 by the Board of Ministers on the adoption of Social Policy Towards the Older Persons 2030. Security-Participation-Solidarity. In 2015, the Polish Parliament passed the elderly people act, which requires institutions in charge of the well-being of older persons to monitor and report on their situation. The reports submitted by the institutions are used by the Ministry of Labour to compile and present an annual evaluation of the status of the older population in Poland.
The regional governments’ senior policy is reflected in their social policy strategies. The strategies’ operational goals started to address needs specific to older people since 2002, focusing in particular on improving their quality of life, developing round-the-clock care services, at-home care services, and rehabilitation services, and on reducing social exclusion and marginalization of seniors.
Social security and the safety of older adults are progressively improving in Poland, but the greatest progress has been made in the area of active ageing. Social care services for the elderly still require improvement, because the predominant family care model is inefficient in many ways due to:
limited financing of care services by public institutions,
the growing proportion of single elderly persons,
the increasing number of people aged 85+ (the so-called double population ageing),
social insurance disregarding long-term care to an elderly family member as an insurable risk,
a lack of legislation allowing employed people to seek a long-term leave to give care to an older family member,
the informal expectation that women who retire at the age of 60 years will take care of the oldest family members.
While neither the scale nor the quality of home care services given to older persons is regularly surveyed in Poland, it can be presumed that the scale of care services is insufficient and that they excessively burden families with a member in need of care. Between 2010 and 2018, the number of persons aged 65+ increased in Poland by over 1.5 million, the number of the users of attendance services and specialised attendance services by 29,000 (from 99,000 to 128,000), and the number of residences in homes and facilities providing assistance to aged persons by 7,000 (from 20,000 to 27,100.)
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Rutkiewicz. "Towards a Human Rights — Based Contraceptive Policy; A Critique of Anti-Sterilisation Law in Poland." European Journal of Health Law 8, no. 3 (2001): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718090120523538.
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AbstractSterilisation is one of the safest, most effective and most widely used method of family planning in the world. However, it is illegal and inaccessible in Poland. This paper argues that implications of the anti-sterilisation policy in Poland amount to a violation of human rights, especially the right to respect for private and family life and the right to equality. It also explores this question with regard to the right to health. In particular, the argument goes, the rights-based challenges to the criminal prohibition of sterilisation require a gender-sensitive perspective on contraceptive policy that recognises the intimate connection between reproductive choice and the status of women. Certain concerns associated with contraceptive sterilisation (e.g. fear of abuse or post-sterilisation regret) would be addressed more appropriately by less restrictive measures that respect rights of individuals and better respond to their needs - in particular a system of counselling, confining decisions about sterilisation to the doctor-patient level and basing them on free and informed choice. The paper concludes that sterilisation policy should be part of the comprehensive reproductive health policy built upon respect for human rights and principles of equality and public health, as opposed to the present Polish government's policy, which is ideologically driven and does not conform to international standards.
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Kalinowski, Patryk, and Małgorzata Korzycka. "Zarys konstytucyjnych wytycznych dla polityki bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego państwa." Studia Iuridica, no. 88 (December 13, 2021): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2021-88.8.
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Ensuring food security, i.e. achieving the state of relative physical and economic availability of safe food, is becoming one of the most critical challenges of the present day, both on the scale of individual countries and the entire world. In this context, a closer look at the limitations and guidelines resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland for the directions of creating the national food security policy become a topical issue. So far, no consideration has been given to the constitutional legal framework for such a policy in Polish literature. Based on the analysis carried out, it has been indicated what guidelines for such a policy result from the crucial food security principle of protecting family farms and other provisions of the Polish constitution.
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Klich-Kluczewska, Barbara. "Biopolitics and (Non-)Modernity. Population Micro-Policy, Expert Knowledge and Family in Late-Communist Poland." Acta Poloniae Historica 115 (November 24, 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2017.115.06.
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Młyński, Józef. "Rodzina migracyjna beneficjentem sieci wsparcia w Polsce." Roczniki Nauk Społecznych 12(48), no. 3 (2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rns20483-2.
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The article addresses the issue of multiple networks of support for the migration family in Poland. As part of its support, it describes entities from which the family will disconnect in various life situations. The type of this assistance is adapted to many areas: children, youth, family and local community. The main purpose of this article is to show the network of multiple family support in migration separation in social policy at the scientific and practical level. The catalog of multiple support networks includes: the state, local government (children, family, seniors, school), religious associations (Church) and the media.
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Goettel, Aleksy. "Concubinage in the Polish Tax Law." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 339–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.454.
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The main goal of this study is to assess whether, and if so, how the tax policy is implemented in Poland in relation to informal partnerships. The justification for conducting research in this area is the growing number of such relationships and the demands formulated by the public on the principles of taxation of cohabitants. The study analyzes not only taxes on natural persons, but also the provisions governing the principles of tax liability. The research shows that while pro-family tax policy is implemented on a fairly large scale in Poland, it does not apply to cohabitants. In principle, cohabitants do not have the right to any preferential taxation rules, above all tax reliefs and exemptions. Moreover, the analysis of the research material clearly indicates that staying in cohabitation can even aggravate the situation of a cohabitant under tax law (which can be seen perfectly well on the example of a cohabitant's liability for his partner's taxes). On the basis of a critical analysis of the Polish tax law provisions, the general thesis has been formulated that the situation of cohabitants is affected by deep asymmetry, because on the one hand the legislator uses cohabitation to improve the allocation of public revenues, but on the other hand it does not include cohabitants with pro-family tax policy (although cohabitation is very similar to marriage). The study includes certain demands on the legislator, thanks to which it is possible to cover cohabitants by pro-family tax policy.
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Taradejna-Nawrath, Beata. "Recognition of qualifications acquired within EU member states to practice OSH-related regulated professions in Poland." Occupational Safety – Science and Practice 558, no. 3 (March 21, 2018): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6432.
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This article presents information on the process of recognizing professional qualifications acquired within EU member states and on becoming employed in Poland in OSH-related occupations. Following the act of the Minister of Family, Work and Social Policy of January 16, 2016, on authorization to recognize qualifications, the Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) is a body governing the procedure for recognizing qualifications for OSH-related regulated professions (OSH specialist and OSH technician) acquired within the EU to be used in Poland. All applicants can use CIOP-PIB’s services.
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Vasyltsiv, Taras, Ruslan Lupak, and Olha Levytska. "Trends and Characteristics of the Migration From Ukraine to Poland: The Aspect of Rural Areas and Conclusion for State Migration Policy." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 1 (186) (January 20, 2020): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012020/03.
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The authors describe modern global migration trends in Europe and in particular in Poland. The problems and risks for the functioning and development of rural areas of Poland during the strengthening of emigration attitudes and internal mobility of the population are identified. The aspects of the Ukrainian migration as a resource for levelling labour-deficit trends in the Polish labour market are substantiated. The official data of the Office for Foreigners in Poland, the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, the Department of Statistics of the National Bank of Poland, individual organisations for the study of migration between the Ukraine and Poland are presented and the growing volumes and the scale of external labour migration of Ukrainians to Poland are stated (it is shown that today there are about 1.3 million Ukrainians in Poland, which at about 3.5% of the population is a significant value); key changes in the qualitative and structural characteristics of migration are shown. The main parameters of permanent and labour migration of Ukrainians to rural areas in Poland are characterised. An important conclusion is that, despite still low volumes, there are positive trends and the structural characteristics of Ukrainian emigration to rural areas of Poland are improving. The results of the analysis of the quantitative characteristics of Ukrainian labour migration are presented in the context of their employment in types of Poland’s economic activity such as agriculture,forestry, fishery and hunting. The authors determine features and problematic aspects of this migration. The recommendations regarding the development of joint Ukrainian-Polish practices and regulatory and guidance provisions, as well as the priority tools of migration policy, focused on meeting the socio-economic interests of both countries, are justified.
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Förster, Michael F., and István György Tóth. "Child Poverty and Family Transfers in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland." Journal of European Social Policy 11, no. 4 (November 2001): 324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892870101100403.
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Rokicka, Magdalena. "Transition out of self-employment – evidence from Poland." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2014-0097.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of self-employment exit in Poland and its determinants. Design/methodology/approach The author examines the outflow from self-employment into different labour market status: employment, unemployment, inactivity using multinomial logistic regression. The analysis is conducted separately for men and women using Polish Labour Force Surveys (LFS) (2001-2007). Findings Results indicate that personal and family characteristics have different impact on self-employment exit for men and women. However, unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have similar impact regardless gender. The author’s results show that higher local unemployment rate reduces the likelihood of self-employment exit into employment, while conducting business in a sector affected by economic downturn increase outflow from self-employment for both men and women. Research limitations/implications Certain limitations of the study arise from the design of the Polish LFS. It is a rotating panel with relatively few time periods, so it can only allow the author to analyse the outcomes in short-term perspectives. Practical implications Those results provide some background for potential policy interventions. In the context of persistent, high unemployment rates in Poland, there is need for some policy incentives which reinforce self-employment – an important alternative form of the labour market participation. Originality/value Majority of previous studies focusses on self-employment creation, as policy incentives do. However, very little is known about the reasons for leaving self-employment. The author fills this gap analysing the outflow and transition from self-employment to different labour market status.
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Kacprowska, Krystyna. "Changes taking place in the contemporary model of family policy in Poland – Analysis of the phenomena." Eastern Review 10 (December 30, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.10.07.
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Wojtczak, Sylwia. "Polityka społeczna wobec ludzi starych w Polsce — uwarunkowania, rozwój i kierunki zmian." Ekonomia 25, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.25.4.5.
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Social policy toward old people in Poland — conditions, development and directions of changesSocial policy shapes people’s living conditions. In the era of dynamic demographic changes, especially the aging of the population observed in Poland and across the world, the activity of the state focused on improving the quality of life of the elderly is particularly important. Population aging is a demographic process of increasing the proportion of older people while reducing the proportion of children in the society of a given country. Elderly people will continue to be a part of society, mainly due to the progress of civilization, advances in modern medicine and the popularization of so-called healthy living.Social policy toward the elderly should not be limited to managing the social security system and social welfare. Eff ective use of human and social capital of the elderly will be a growing challenge for this policy, and for senior citizens — spending satisfactorily the last years of one’s life. However, for some senior citizens, old age means or will mean poverty and living on the margins of civil society. The Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Polic y is responsible for the social policy of people in Poland, off ering for example in the years 2014–2020 to senior citizens such programs as “Senior +”, the Government Program for Social Activity of the Elderly ASOS or “Care 75+.” Each of the above programs have appropriate criteria that must be met to be able to use them. Are older people eager to use them, or are the eff ects of these programs already visible? This study will attempt to answer the above questions. The main purpose of the article is to diagnose and analyze selected government programs targeted at older people. In addition, perspectives for changes in social policy toward older people in Poland will be determined.
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Heffner, Krystian, and Brygida Solga. "Challenges to the state policy towards migration processes in Poland." Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej 8 (December 30, 2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-0562.08.06.
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In quantitative dimension, Poland is a significant émigré country in which the scale of external outflow has been maintained at the level of about 2 million people for many years. In the light of (Central Statistical Office) data in 2016, 2 million 515 thousand Poles were abroad temporarily for a period of more than 3 months.
An important task of migration policy is therefore to minimise the negative effects of mass emigration and to maximise the benefits resulting from this process. At the same time, in the decade after 2010, the volume of foreigners coming to Poland increased significantly and it should be expected that, as the socio-economic attractiveness of the country has grown, this group would be increasing as well. According to the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy (Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej) data, 235 626 work permits were issued in 2017, including 192 547 to Ukrainian citizens (ca. 82%). To compare, in the same year, the district employment offices (Powiatowy Urząd Pracy) registered 1 824 464 declarations of intention to work to foreigners, including 1 714 891 towards the citizens of Ukraine (94%). The discussion on the nature of immigration policy is therefore unavoidable. The growing inflow of foreigners is gaining a special demographic, social and political significance in the context of unfavourable forecast of population changes in Poland. It also has an important regional dimension. From this perspective, foreigners will be needed on the Polish labour market to alleviate already existing and projected shortages of labour resources.
An important challenge is to develop a strategy for the integration of social, economic and cultural foreigners into the Polish society. Consequently, the persistent mass emigration, growing immigration, unflagging migration potential and, more expected than real, the return of Poles from emigration are a great challenge for the Polish economy and society as well as for regions. This multidimensional nature of foreign migration in Poland makes the emergence of migration policy system, corresponding to internal and external conditions, a necessity.
The postulate of the formulation of the foundations of a migration policy appeared in Poland at the beginning of the 1990s, but until now a coherent system of this policy has failed to develop as a complementary element of the socio-economic policy of the country.
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Żukiewicz, Arkadiusz. "Doctrinal and Model Conditions of Family Support." Family Forum 10 (January 13, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ff/1414.
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The aim of the article is to join the scientific discourse on the family issues. The article raises the issues of social activity aimed at supporting families. The background to the research was the classic doctrines of social policy. During the exploration, the qualitative research methodology (action research method) and document analysis were used. In particular, reference is made to the classic concepts of political models of the state organized according to the principles of liberalism, socialism and socliberalism as the middle ground between the first two. The obtained research results allowed to draw the following conclusions. On the foundation of political assumptions, proposals are built of model family support arranged in three different circumstances of state governance. Three respective models of family support are outlined, which refer to the liberal (neo-liberal), socialist (social democratic) and socliberal (the third path) assumptions. Each of the models is discussed, i.e. the incentive (marginal) model, the caring (redistributive) model, and the partnership (cooperative) model. The concept of family support models can be a tool for the analysis of real models which are applied today in the countries with a family policy in place. It is the product of many years of research conducted in countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, England and the United States.
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Stańczak, Aleksander, Dorota Merecz-Kot, and Aleksandra Jacukowicz. "The comparison of Polish and Norwegian policy and research on work-life balance – current state of knowledge and future perspectives. Narrative review." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica, no. 61 (June 30, 2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-600x.61.01.
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The sense of work-life balance has an undoubted impact not only on employees’ quality of life and work performance, but also on the functioning of companies. Therefore, efforts to maintain work-life balance are beneficial to workers, employers, authorities and researchers. Poland and Norway are the examples of European countries with different work-life balance policies both on legal and organizational levels. This paper aims to compare legal solutions in two economically different countries and review current research on work-life balance issues therein. Norway is a much richer country, disposing of higher possibilities in supporting citizens. The state, however, guarantees similar solutions in Poland, except for parental leaves system. Polish researchers, unlike Norwegian ones, focus more on the use and the availability of different benefits. Norwegian studies, in turn, show psychological determinants and effects of work-life (im)balance. The authors of this paper also give some suggestions for future research that could help shaping proper family-friendly policies, both in Poland and Norway.
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Domańska, Ada, Ewa Więcek-Janka, and Robert Zajkowski. "Implementing Sustainable Development Concept: A Typology of Family Firms in Poland." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074302.
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For companies, sustainable development generally represents a long-term business orientation towards social, economic and environmental well-being. The concept has gained momentum among researchers partly due to the necessity of finding a modern approach to business development that does not deprive the next generation of the opportunity to meet its own needs. Based on a sample of 333 Polish family firms, three groups of businesses were isolated (via k-means clustering) on the basis of low, medium and high deployment of pro-sustainability initiatives. This paper aims to investigate whether family firms demonstrating divergent levels of sustainable development express between-group differences. Measuring diversity using ANOVA with post hoc testing produced results associating business growth and higher levels of family involvement (e.g., via increased participation of family members from different generations in firm management) with the increased absorption of sustainable solutions and actions. These findings support notions from social identity theory suggesting that groups significantly shape the individual identities of their members. This means that family members inclined to implement sustainable development initiatives are likely to stimulate each other to introduce particular solutions and actions in praxis.
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Yatsyk, Alexandra. "Biopolitical Populism in Poland: The Case of PiS." Populism 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25888072-bja10015.
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Abstract This paper examines the discourse of PiS party in Poland as a form of biopolitical populism. I view this phenomenon as a specific style of political discourse rather than an ideology, that, first, focuses on bodily issues, including family and gender policy, sexual behavior, etc., second—it is inherently performative and as such it appeals to emotions, and, third—it directly communicates with “people” while circumventing the existing institutional framework of the state. Based on the cases of PiS rhetoric on the Smolensk catastrophe, and its narratives on gender and anti-LGBTQ issues, I demonstrate how the latter could be used for political othering and for subverting the core democratic principles. My data includes publications in Polish media and on social platforms (Twitter and Facebook), mostly before and after elections to European and national parliaments in May and October 2019, as well as during the presidential election in spring 2020.
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Krajewski, Krzysztof, and Tomasz Zalega. "The “Family 500+” programme versus the economic activity of women in Poland." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, no. 3 (2020): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.3.
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The “Family 500+” programme was introduced by the Act on State Aid for Child Support. It differs from many other public programmes in that it has deeply penetrated the general awareness of Poles, which may result from the amount of the benefit, its simplicity, media coverage and the feeling that this policy directly affects people’s lives. There are comments about the impact of the programme on the condition of the labour market. It is believed that to some extent it discourages some women from taking up work, thereby potentially causing their economic activity to decline and unemployment to increase over the longer time frame. Undoubtedly, “Family 500+” is already a very large challenge for the state budget. It is highly probable that the huge funding needed to cover benefits will grow each year, constituting an important government transfer. The goal of the paper is to depict the relationship between “Family 500+” and the economic activity of women in Poland. This study is a research exercise. Quantitative methods were used, including: logistic regression modelling and Holt forecasting. The analysis suggests the conclusion that “Family 500+” has contributed to the reduction of extreme poverty in households with children but also has affected the economic activity of women in Poland, in particular younger ones, aged 25–34 years, who have low educational attainments and live in poorer voivodships. The analysis of micro data from the Human Capital Balance study has clearly confirmed that “Family 500+” negatively affects the likelihood of being economically active, which holds true not only for women at a certain age or of a certain background, but for all those surveyed.
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Szántó, Ildikó. "Child and Family Benefits to Halt Hungary’s Population Decline, 1965-2020: A Comparison with Polish and Romanian Family Policies." Hungarian Cultural Studies 14 (July 16, 2021): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2021.429.
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Based on the long-term, demographic forecast, Hungary faces a significant population loss. This paper examines the continuing low level of Hungarian fertility, as well as the marked decline of population due to out-migration beginning in the mid-2000s. First, I will discuss the role governmental family policies play in halting fertility decline before 1989, the demographic post-transitional period of 1960-1980 and the past thirty years since 1989. Second, this paper particularly aims to highlight the impact of the new family policy since 2010, a reverse redistribution of resources from poor to the better-off families which did not result in a marked growth of birth rates. The new family benefits possibly further contribute to the existing polarization of Hungarian society without altering Hungary’s demographic data. Finally, the paper also compares the recent changes of family policies in Poland, Hungary and Romania since 2004.
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Inglot, Tomasz. "The Triumph of Novelty over Experience? Social Policy Responses to Demographic Crises in Hungary and Poland since EU Enlargement." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 984–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419874421.
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This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. During the past two decades, many European countries, including Germany, Italy, and Spain in the west, and Poland and Hungary in the east, encountered prolonged demographic crises. These challenges first became evident in the late 1990s as fertility rates declined rapidly, much below the level necessary to ensure a simple replacement of generations. Moreover, since the EU accession, mass labor migration from the new Member States to the more developed western European countries added yet another dimension to the growing population problems. This article attempts to explain variation in governmental policy responses to these developments between two countries, Poland and Hungary. Hungary, owing to its long-term tradition of relatively generous and extensive social programs directed to families, youth, and children, should be expected to handle its population emergency much better than Poland. Yet, the opposite has happened. In the last few years, Poland has proposed and implemented several innovative measures to address fertility and migration pressures while Hungary has remained committed to its traditional social policies in this domain. I will analyze and compare the two cases by examining a combination of historical factors related to the legacies of demographic emergencies defined in terms of national strength and survival, and by examining the politics of family policy, with a special focus on the creation of coalitions of governmental and/or nongovernmental actors that either facilitate or obstruct effective policy innovation.
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Flaszyńska, Ewa Karolina. "Strenghthening Women’s Opportunities in the Labour Market – the Case of Poland." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.5782.
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Poland is one of the countries which has made the most progress in making the labour market more available and friendly for women. The concept of supporting women is a collection of interconnected devices that create a system which is specific for Poland and which, despite functioning well in Poland, would not necessarily work well in other countries. The policy of equalisation of opportunities for women in the labour market involves many entities – not only state institutions and the state as such, but also local authorities, social partners and non-governmental organisations. Money spent on realising this policy is never regarded as wasted.
The article is a review. The article presents examples of Polish solutions, which on one hand facilitate women’s inclusion into the labour market, and on the other hand, reduce unfavourable factors which constitute barriers to access to employment. It is not only support in the field of professional activation, but also a number of legal and systemic solutions. These are mainly activities aimed at creating favourable conditions for reconciling work and family life, such as the availability of childcare points, government programs, introducing paternity leave, or encouraging women to acquire qualifications.
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Ciepiela, Agnieszka, and Marceli Łasocha. "URBAN SPRAWL AND SPATIAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BIECZ, POLAND." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (December 3, 2020): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.c-03.
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Cities all over the world are expanding their suburbs, which typically feature districts comprised of single-family development - urban sprawl. In recent years, urban sprawl has also become highly visible in Poland, not only in the vicinity of large cities like Krakow, Rzeszow or Warsaw, but has also affected several smaller municipalities, e.g. in the south of the country. Based on the case study of the municipality of Biecz, located at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, it was concluded that spatial disharmony is strongly linked with municipal policy. The lack of precise legal regulations causes areas that are assigned for development in planning documents to exceed the actual development potential of the municipalities themselves.
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Stacherzak, Agnieszka, Maria Hełdak, Ladislav Hájek, and Katarzyna Przybyła. "State Interventionism in Agricultural Land Turnover in Poland." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061534.
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The study discusses the problem of land grabbing and state interventionism in agricultural land transactions in Poland, and presents the effects of active policy implemented by the state on limiting the flow of agricultural land. The research covers the period from the time of country’s accession to the European Union, starting from 2004. Poland introduced restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land for fear of mass land grabbing, and has currently tightened the restrictions on agricultural land purchase by foreigners and by non-owners of a family farm. The analyses concern the number of permits issued for foreigners to turn over agricultural land in Poland, the area of property eventually purchased by foreigners, the right of pre-emption exercised by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA), and the number of transactions concluded in an open market and in the form of a tender. Based on the collected data and their in-depth analyses, the following phenomena were interpreted: an extensive impact of interventionism exercised by the Polish state on restricting the sale of agricultural land to foreigners is observed, and interventionism of the Polish state affects the suspension of functional changes in rural areas and agricultural land transition to non-agricultural purposes. The research shows that the majority of property turnover by foreigners in Poland required permits issued by the Minister of the Interior Affairs and Administration. Moreover, priority is given to owners of family farms, which results in a reduction of the total number of transactions concerning agricultural land in Poland after introducing changes in legal transactions of agricultural land in 2016.
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PRINCIPI, ANDREA, GIOVANNI LAMURA, CRISTINA SIROLLA, LIZ MESTHENEOS, BARBARA BIEŃ, JAYNE BROWN, BARBRO KREVERS, MARIA GABRIELLA MELCHIORRE, and HANNELI DÖHNER. "Work restrictions experienced by midlife family care-givers of older people: evidence from six European countries." Ageing and Society 34, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12000967.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines differences in work restrictions of midlife family carers of older people in terms of prevalence, gender and explanatory variables, in six European countries: Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. A sample of 2,897 carers aged 45–64 was extracted from the EUROFAMCARE (Services for Supporting Family Carers of Older People in Europe: Characteristics, Coverage and Usage) European project database, in order to analyse four possible work restrictions experienced in connection with the activity of care-giving: the reduction of working hours; giving up working; difficulties in career developments and forced occasional work. The results show that work restrictions are experienced differently between countries especially by women: they are reported to a higher degree in the United Kingdom, Germany and Greece, less so in Italy, and seldom in Poland and Sweden. Gender differences within countries are not so marked. Country differences are explained in the light of the different welfare regimes characterising the countries under investigation, in order to elucidate how policy makers may act to improve working carers' conditions through appropriate policies.
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Jędrzejczak, Alina, and Dorota Pekasiewicz. "Nierówności dochodowe gospodarstw domowych rolników na tle innych grup społeczno-ekonomicznych w Polsce w latach 2006-2014." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.3.63.
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Income distribution analyses can be conducted from the point of view of the comparisons between different geographical regions, family types or socio-economic groups as well as to assess the effects of an economic policy over time. In the study, the results of a research on income distributions in Poland by socio-economic group, with a special attention paid to the families of farmers in the years 2006-2014, are presented. They allowed to formulate several conclusions concerning the changes of income inequality, poverty and wealth for farmers as compared with different household groups distinguished by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. In the analysis we utilized Gini and Zenga inequality measures, quintile dispersion ratio, extremal groups dispersion ratio and the coefficient of maximum equalisation.
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Księżopolski, Krzysztof, Mirosław Drygas, Kamila Pronińska, and Iwona Nurzyńska. "The Economic Effects of New Patterns of Energy Efficiency and Heat Sources in Rural Single-Family Houses in Poland." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236358.
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In the face of severe air pollution and implementation of energy and climate policy, it remains a challenge to develop effective strategies addressing the problem of solid fuels use in single-family houses (SFH) in rural areas in Poland. This study investigated the correlations between thermal modernization of SFH, the changes of heat sources from coal to clean energy, including heat pumps driven by prosumers’ photovoltaic (PV) installation, and the disposable income of households in Polish rural areas. It also provided an analysis of the current support mechanisms promoting energy efficiency and PV development. The application of simulation modelling of energy consumption and costs in the research has proved that comprehensive thermal modernization of rural SFH constructed in the period of 1945–1970 and investments supporting PV/heat pump systems would enable the most cost-effective way of heating to be implemented. Considering that, today, spending on energy for heat puts a burden on the budget of rural households, especially those living in the SFH aged 50 years and more that dominate rural areas in Poland, the changes in energy supply–demand patterns would be an enhancement of their economic, energy and environmental security. The research argued that, in the wider process of energy transformation and solving air pollution problems, the role of rural households should not be neglected in public policy.
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Filipiak, Zbigniew. "Legislacja dotycząca fideikomisów familijnych (ordynacji rodowych) w II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 68, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.04.12.
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The article describes the creation and content of legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic regarding a special institution, which were family fideicommissa (entails), called in Poland ordynacje rodowe – indivisible estates in the hands of aristocratic families, excluded from the general principles of inheritance, with restrictions in the field of, i.a., disposition and charging. The author proves that the legislation in this respect was influenced by the then agrarian policy and attempts to regulate the land reform. Family laws were perceived in particular as a relic of feudalism contrary to the constitutional order and a policy aimed at basing the agricultural structure on middle and small property and thus raising the social and economic status of the poor masses of Polish peasants. The author describes political postulates in this regard, successive legal acts created by the legislature and the accompanying parliamentary discussions.