Journal articles: 'Family Planning Policy – China'

1

Neumann, A. K., and W. P. Chang. "Paying for family planning in China." Health Policy 14, no. 2 (March 1990): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90379-r.

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NEUMANN, ALFRED K., and WEN-PIN CHANG. "Paying for family planning in China." Health Policy and Planning 3, no. 2 (1988): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/3.2.119.

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Wei-xiong, Li. "Family planning in China." Ethik in der Medizin 10, S1 (September 1998): S26—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014819.

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Ma, Shichang. "Family Planning Policy and Housing Price in China." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/663ugu12o.

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Different intergenerational fertility levels affected by the family planning policy under such altruistic behavior will inevitably affect real estate prices. This paper studies the effect of different intergenerational fertility levels on real estate prices under the parental altruistic behavior model with Chinese characteristics by constructing an Overlapping Generation Model (OLG) with intergenerational wealth transfer. The empirical results show that the lower the intergenerational fertility level of the middle-aged generation, the higher the average wealth level transferred to the youth generation, and the higher the real estate price. This result shows that, unlike the high fertility rate of popular cognition, the low fertility rate of the middle-aged generation under the influence of the family planning policy and the altruistic behavior of the Chinese parents are the important reasons for the current high housing prices. This paper reveals the relationship between China's population policy and real estate price, and can guide the judgment of China's real estate market in the future.

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Qi, Le. "Hands on Stamps: China 1991—Family Planning Policy." Journal of Hand Surgery 37, no. 3 (March 2012): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.12.007.

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Qin, Min, Jane Falkingham, and Sabu S. Padmadas. "UNPACKING THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING POLICIES IN CHINA: ANALYSIS OF PARITY PROGRESSION RATIOS FROM RETROSPECTIVE BIRTH HISTORY DATA, 1971–2005." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 6 (January 10, 2018): 800–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201700061x.

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SummaryAlthough China’s family planning programme is often referred to in the singular, most notably the One-Child policy, in reality there have been a number of different policies in place simultaneously, targeted at different sub-populations characterized by region and socioeconomic conditions. This study attempted to systematically assess the differential impact of China’s family planning programmes over the past 40 years. The contribution of Parity Progression Ratios to fertility change among different sub-populations exposed to various family planning policies over time was assessed. Cross-sectional birth history data from six consecutive rounds of nationally representative population and family planning surveys from the early 1970s until the mid-2000s were used, covering all geographical regions of China. Four sub-populations exposed to differential family planning regimes were identified. The analyses provide compelling evidence of the influential role of family planning policies in reducing higher Parity Progression Ratios across different sub-populations, particularly in urban China where fertility dropped to replacement level even before the implementation of the One-Child policy. The prevailing socioeconomic conditions in turn have been instrumental in adapting and accelerating family planning policy responses to reducing fertility levels across China.

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WANG, GUOYAN. "Wall Slogans: the Communication of China's Family Planning Policy in Rural Areas." Rural History 29, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331800002x.

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Abstract:The one-child era, which lasted thirty-five years (1980–2015), was a unique period in Chinese (and even world) history. With the introduction of the universal two-child policy in 2016, China put an end to the age of the one-child policy. Since the policy change has come into effect, China's rural areas, which contain approximately 800 million people, have experienced a very particular historical phenomenon. Due to the changes in China's family planning policy, slogans painted on walls have evolved in terms of the messages they carry to grassroots rural areas. Once conveying China's family planning policy propaganda with, at times, a shocking and controversial tone, the wall slogans in rural areas have evolved with the wider changes to the country's family planning policy. However, this dying, unique way of communication between the government and rural areas is being consigned to the memory of the times of rural policy advocacy in China.

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Hualing, Fu. "Commentary on “Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China”." China Quarterly 191 (September 2007): 696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100700166x.

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Michael Palmer's article examines the development of three important aspects in Chinese family law: divorce, adoption and family planning. It is a commendable effort to approach Chinese family law broadly in order to bring family planning policy within its study. There remains a glaring gap in Chinese legal scholarship between the study of family law and the study of population. The disciplines are divided into two camps with little cross-fertilization. Palmer's article clearly demonstrates the importance and necessity of including family planning within the study of family law. The article is also a laudable attempt to examine the dynamic interaction between family law and socioeconomic changes.

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박광준 and 오영란. "A study on the formation of the Family Planning Policy in China." Korea Social Policy Review 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17000/kspr.18.4.201112.203.

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Xu, Lizheng, Fan Yang, Jingjie Sun, Stephen Nicholas, and Jian Wang. "Evaluating Family Planning Organizations Under China’s Two-Child Policy in Shandong Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122121.

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Background: The 2015 two-child policy was the most important institutional change in China’s family planning since the 1978 one-child policy. To implement the two-child policy, China merged the former health departments and family planning departments into the new Health and Family Planning Commission organization. We collected and analyzed funding and expenditure data, providing a novel approach to assessing the family planning outcomes under China’s two-child policy. The paper shows how the management structure and funding levels and streams shifted with the new two-child policy and assesses the new management structure in terms of the ability to carry out tasks under the new family planning policy. Methods: We collected data on the funding, structure of expenditure and social compensation fee in Shandong province from 2011 to 2016, to evaluate how resources were allocated to family planning before and after the organizational change. We also collected interview data from family planning administrators. Results: While total family planning government financing was reduced after the organizational change, expenditures were shifted away from management to family planning work. Funding (80%) was allocated to the grass-root county and township levels, where family planning services were provided. The overlapping work practices, bureaucracy, and inefficiencies were curbed and information flows were improved. Conclusions: The new Health and Family Planning Commissions shifted resources to carry out the new family planning policy. The aims of the two-child policy to reduce inefficiencies, overlapping authorities and excessive management were achieved and expenditures on family planning work was enhanced and made more efficient.

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Xu, Ling, and Jianghua Liu. "The Turnover Intention among Grassroots Family Planning Staff in the Context of China’s Universal Two-Child Policy: A Case Study of the Xi’an City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228478.

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The introduction of the universal two-child policy in 2016 marked a major social transition in China and raised a requirement for family planning services; however, the turnover in family planning staff poses a challenge to satisfying the requirement. Thus far, after implementation of the policy, there have been few surveys investigating turnover intention and the underlying motivations in grassroots family planning staff, the major component of China’s family planning system. A survey conducted in Xi’an in 2019 shows that nearly one in three grassroots members had an explicit or implicit turnover intention. Basically consistent with our conceptual framework, the structural equation modeling further indicates that the affective organizational commitment had the largest direct effect on turnover intention and also partly mediated effects of other significant factors (ranked by the size of total effect): Age, specific job satisfactions (i.e., satisfactions with job prospects, relationship with colleagues, and working environment), frequency of working overtime, length of service, and opportunity of professional training. As predicted, turnover behavior in colleagues also directly affected turnover intention in such staff. The above findings have important policy implications for the sustainable development of family planning work in China.

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Kaufman, Joan, Zhang Zhirong, Qiao Zinjian, and Zhang Yang. "Family Planning Policy and Practice in China: A Study of Four Rural Counties." Population and Development Review 15, no. 4 (December 1989): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972596.

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Wang, Mingshen, Zhao Yu, Zehua Duo, Chaoyi Liu, and Ren Qing-dao-er-ji Qing-dao-er-ji. "Research on fertility Policy under the background of three-child Policy." BCP Education & Psychology 6 (August 25, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v6i.1679.

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The number and structure of population are important factors affecting social and economic development. The implementation of the three-child policy is a family planning policy implemented by China to actively cope with the aging population. In this paper, by referring to the statistical yearbook and other relevant data and combining the current national conditions of China, the Leslie matrix population model and a variety of evaluation models and machine learning classification algorithm were established to complete the analysis and discussion of the influencing factors under the three-child policy, as well as the prediction of the future population situation and suggestions for the future related policies.

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Mu, Bohan. "Prediction of Population Structure in China based on Difference Equation Model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 24 (December 27, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v24i.3884.

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Population is the core issue of the development of human society, and predicting the future population changes is an important basis for a country or region to formulate corresponding policies. The theoretical basis of the prediction of population development process is the population development equation, that is, the mathematical model of population development. Aiming at the problem of population structure in China, based on the collection, calculation, collation and analysis of relevant population data, this paper builds a prediction model of population structure in China based on the difference equation method, so as to predict the population of China, and compare it with the original population data to verify and improve the model. The results show that if the current family planning policy remains unchanged, the population structure of China will be aging seriously by 2050. If the two-child family planning policy is implemented, the aging trend of China's population structure will be obviously improved, and it will be an adult population structure after 2030. If the family planning program that is looser than the two-child policy is implemented, the population structure of China will change fundamentally, and the population structure will be in line with the characteristics of younger population structure. In order to provide some reference for the formulation of relevant policies.

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Absattarov, G. R., and D. A. Nesterenya. "Gender policy of China and measures to struggle gender inequality." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 70, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-8940.04.

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The article discusses the gender policy of China, which originated from the formation of the PRC and ending today. The analysisis carried out of gender inequality, which led to such consequences as gender imbalance, aging of the nation, and small number of women in politics or leadership positionsand in education. Considered the problem introduced in the 80s of the twentieth century, the policy of "family planning", according to which the family could have only one child, and the changes made to it in 2013, when it was allowed to have two children.It also looks at ways to overcome gender inequality.

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CAO, SHIXIONG, TAO TIAN, FAN QI, LI MA, and GUOSHENG WANG. "AN INVESTIGATION OF WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS FERTILITY AND CHINA'S FAMILY PLANNING POLICY." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 3 (December 18, 2009): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009990551.

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SummaryReducing China's population has formerly been considered a good thing because of the perceived environmental and social risks of overpopulation, but it has recently become apparent that the resulting population decline may create problems that will become increasingly serious in the future. The results of a survey of 4600 women in nineteen Chinese provinces in 2005 indicated that young age, high income, high education level, urban location and good employment all decreased a woman's willingness to bear children. The risks created by declining fertility in these groups have been intensified by China's ‘one child’ family planning policy. However, as a result of current trends and China's policies, the country's population will continue to age, leading to social problems and difficulties for sustainable development both in China and around the world. Therefore, China's policy-makers must begin planning to adjust their policy by encouraging women to give birth to more than one child.

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Xiaoming Sun. "The Impact of the National Family Planning Programme on the Quality of Care in China." Journal of Health Management 2, no. 1 (April 2000): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340000200101.

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Mu, Xinxin, and Shenghu Chen. "Family-Size Effect on Intergenerational Income Mobility under China’s Family Planning Policy: Testing the Quantity–Quality Trade-Off." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 12559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912559.

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The causal link between family size and human capital investment in children is critical for family planning policy. However, empirical studies aiming to test the quantity–quality trade-off are far from sufficient. This paper tried to estimate the family-size effect on intergenerational income mobility using China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) data. The empirical model of intergenerational income mobility with respective to family size was formulated, and the fertility rates allowed by family planning policy were used as an instrument variable for family size. It was found that intergenerational income elasticity tended to decrease with an increase in family size. The impact of family size on intergenerational income elasticity was sensitive to the income rank positions, and nonlinearity in intergenerational transmission of income under unequal family was observed. A quantity–quality trade-off analysis was applied to further test the family-size effect. Pronounced family-size effects were observed in low-income regions with tight budget constraints and in regions with less-developed credit markets, followed by an obvious quantity–quality trade-off. The sex difference in intergenerational transmission of income may be attributed to the existence of the “preference to sons over daughters” phenomenon. The present work provides a theoretical basis for shaping family planning policies toward sustainability.

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Jia, Can, and Handong li. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSAL TWO-CHILD POLICY ON CHINA’S FUTURE AGING AND POPULATION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2596.

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Abstract China’s aging situation is becoming more and more prominent, and both the people and the government are facing unprecedented pressure of providing for the aged. For this reason, the Chinese government began implementing a new family planning policy for couples to have two children since 2016 (referred to as “universal two-child policy”). In order to explore the impact of the newly released policy, our research is based on the sixth census of China. And first, we use the cohort-component method and a Leslie matrix to construct the population prediction model. Considering some certain unique factors in China, such as the significant urban-rural dual structure and the household registration system and so on, we divide the total fertility rate into urban and rural areas which fully reflects the characteristics of China’s family planning policy. Then we predict and analyze the number and structure of China population between 2011 and 2050 based on the three scenarios of high, medium and low. And the results show that the Chinese population will present an inverted pyramid structure, and the population structure will continue to deteriorate. Besides, we adapt three indicators to analyze the aging trend in China, namely, the old-age coefficient, the population aging index, and the social dependency ratio. And the three indicators of China will continue to grow under the universal two-child policy with different changing rate, which means, the newly released policy will not change China’s aging population growth trend and the severity of China’s aging.

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Zhang, Chuhan. "“One or Two?”: Fertility Decisions After the One-child Policy in China." Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography 12, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/jue.v12i2.11414.

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The one-child policy, as a government-guided family planning and birth control policy, lasted for nearly thirty years beginning in the 1970s. As the decreasing fertility rate in modern Chinese society caused many problems, such as a demographic imbalance, the government decided to establish the universal two-child policy in urban areas in 2015. However, the fertility rate did not rise as much as the government expected. To study the reasons for the continuously low fertility rate, I conducted 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 young married heterosexual couples in the city of Jinan, Shandong province, China. Throughout this paper, I focus on the role of kinship and the socioeconomic barriers to having a second child in urban Chinese families after the establishment of the two-child policy. The main reasons explaining the unexpected low fertility rate after the universal two-child policy in urban areas are first, increasing cost of investing in children, and second, the lack of interaction with cousins. This research outlines demographic policy and how fertility ideology and family decisions changed through policy changes.

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NIE, JING-BAO. "The Problem of Coerced Abortion in China and Related Ethical Issues." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, no. 4 (October 1999): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180199004077.

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Since the early 1970s, despite popular opposition, to control the rapid growth of population the Chinese government has been carrying out the strictest and most comprehensive family planning policy in the world. In addition to contraceptive methods and sterilization, artificial abortion—both surgical and nonsurgical—has been used as an important measure of birth control under the policy. Many women have been required, persuaded, and even forced by the authorities to abort fetuses no matter how much they want to give birth.

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Xu, Lingzhong, Xingzhu Liu, Xiaoyun Sun, Liyi Fang, and Don Hindle. "Maternal and infant health prepayment schemes in Shandong, China: a survey of demand and supply." Australian Health Review 25, no. 3 (2002): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020015.

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Maternal and infant prepayment schemes(MIPSs) appeared in China in the early 1980s, as a way of helping women to set aside adequate funds for childbirth. The responsibility for design was devolved to the county level, and many different approaches have been applied. For this and other reasons, there has been no consensus on important matters such as the level of prepayment, the range of covered services, and whether township health centres or family planning stations should operate the schemes. We aimed to clarify some of the uncertainty by conducting combined analyses of cost, willingness to pay, and willingness to supply. We used structured survey instruments to interview 4271 households with children aged under one year, and 18 township health institutions. Our analyses suggest that the ideal prepayment should be higher and the range of covered services should be wider than the current average, and that health centres rather family planning stations should operate the schemes.

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Akkerman, Abraham, and Jiao Sheng He. "Economic Reforms and Family Planning in China: The One-Child Policy in Rural Guangdong, 1979-1990." Canadian Studies in Population 26, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6rp5m.

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Yang, Quanhe. "Fertility and some determinants of fertility decline in Huaibei Plain, Anhui province, China, 1982." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 3 (July 1987): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016977.

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SummaryThis paper examines the level and trend of fertility in Huaibei Plain, Anhui province, China, since 1950 and considers some determinants of fertility decline. The data used are from the 1/1000 survey of China which was conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982.Fertility decline among younger women (aged under 30) is largely due to later age at marriage, the marriage pattern of Huaibei Plain having changed from early and universal marriage to later and universal marriage. Current use of contraception suggests that the family planning programme, in particular the one-child policy (1979), has been the major determinant in fertility decline. The greatest decline in marital fertility occurred among women aged 35+ and is primarily due to contraceptive practice and induced abortion.

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Zhao, Zhongwei, Qinzi Xu, and Xin Yuan. "FAR BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY IN URBAN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S4—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000347.

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SummaryChina’s urban population has experienced rapid fertility decline over the past six decades. This drastic change will have a significant impact on China’s demographic, social and economic future. However, the patterns and characteristics of urban China’s fertility decline have not been systematically examined. This study analyses the trends and age patterns of fertility in urban China since the 1950s, and summarizes the major characteristics of reproductive behaviours into four ‘lows’: extremely ‘low’ level of fertility; ‘low’ proportion of two and higher parity births; ‘low’ mean age at birth; and ‘low’ level of childlessness. The paper argues that the highly homogenous reproductive behaviours found in China’s now near 800 million urban population have been in part shaped by the country’s unprecedented government intervention in family planning. The ‘later, longer, fewer’ campaign in the 1970s and the ‘one-child’ policy, in particular, have left clear imprints on China’s reproductive norms and fertility patterns. The government-led family planning programme, however, has not been the only driving force of fertility decline. A wide range of social, economic, political and cultural changes have also affected the transition in family formation, reproductive behaviour and fertility patterns, and this has become increasingly prominent in the past two decades.

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Yang, Qi, and Jianyuan Huang. "Content Analysis of Family Policy Instruments to Promote the Sustainable Development of Families in China from 1989–2019." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020693.

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Family policy involves a combination of policies enacted to address various family problems and improve the sustainable development of families. Evaluating family policy by considering policy instruments is conducive to optimizing policy allocation and promoting this sustainable development. This study constructs a two-dimensional analysis framework of policy instruments and policy themes and employs content analysis to conduct a quantitative analysis of 112 family policy texts issued by the Chinese government. The results show that the policy instruments used in China are not effective. The study also shows that environmental policy instruments are most frequently used, but the internal structure is unbalanced; supply-side policy instruments are moderately used; and the use of demand-side policy instruments is obviously limited. Policy themes focus excessively on “safeguard measures” and pay less attention to “parental welfare and protection”. Overall, China’s family policy is still in its infancy, as it focuses mainly on assistance and remains incomplete. Therefore, the parties responsible for the formulation of family policy should adjust and optimize the combinations of policy instruments that are employed are required to consider “general welfare”, and promote the two-dimensional integration of policy instruments and policy themes.

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Zhang, Junsen. "The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes." Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.141.

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In 1979, China introduced its unprecedented one-child policy, under which households exceeding the birth quota were penalized. However, estimating the effect of this policy on family outcomes turns out to be complicated. China had already enacted an aggressive family planning policy in the early 1970s, and its fertility rates had already dropped sharply before the enactment of the one-child policy. The one-child policy was also enacted at almost the same time as China's market-oriented economic reforms, which triggered several decades of rapid growth, which would also tend to reduce fertility rates. During the same period, a number of other developing countries in East Asia and around the world have also experienced sharp declines in fertility. Overall, finding defensible ways to identify the effect of China's one-child policy on family outcomes is a tremendous challenge. I expound the main empirical approaches to the identification of the effects of the one-child policy, with an emphasis on their underlying assumptions and limitations. I then turn to empirical results in the literature. I discuss the evidence concerning the effects of the one-child policy on fertility and how it might affect human capital investment in children. Finally I offer some new exploratory and preliminary estimates of the effects of the one-child policy on divorce, labor supply, and rural-to-urban migration.

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Lamont, Alison. "The Death of a Child: Institutional Maintenance of Family Welfare after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in the People's Republic of China." Pacific Affairs 93, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2020932305.

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Within the institution of family welfare in the People's Republic of China, the role of the child as future caregiver is so deeply institutionalized as to be almost invisible to policy makers and family members. This article explores institutional responses to the death of a child after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to demonstrate how this taken-for-grantedness of the child caregiver role has opened up bereaved parents to social risk, and how actors must perform institutional work to "repair the breach" of the loss of a child in a family. Findings show that after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, policy actors took steps to manipulate entrenched family welfare resources, including the population and family planning regulations, to enable bereaved parents to have another child. In so doing, they sought to patch and restore meaning to the family welfare institution, enabling it to continue autopoiesis and resist institutional change in the face of exogenous shock. Use of policy and the positive representation of the policy outcomes in the state-led media enabled sensegiving to be imbued into an otherwise emotionally conflicted decision to try to conceive again soon after the loss of a child.

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Franco, Rosaria. "Infant Welfare, Family Planning, and Population Policy in Hong Kong: Race, Refugees, and Religion, 1931–61." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418785684.

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In the twentieth century Hong Kong’s population expanded dramatically. Yet, it was only after one million refugees from China settled in the 1950s that the colonial Government undertook population control. Imposing immigration restrictions was straightforward, but curbing unprecedented natural growth proved problematic. On the one side, supporting family planning risked alienating pro-life Catholic organizations, many channelling necessary relief for the refugees in an anti-communist mission for the USA. While on the other, indigenous infant welfare, which reduced infant mortality, could not be neglected further, in part because of the postwar resetting of race relations, its importance in improving public health, and the attention given to the refugee crisis by world public opinion. Hence, the paradox of an overpopulated British colony investing in infant welfare, not in family planning.

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Guo, Yuntao, Jian Wang, Srinivas Peeta, and Panagiotis Ch Anastasopoulos. "Impacts of internal migration, household registration system, and family planning policy on travel mode choice in China." Travel Behaviour and Society 13 (October 2018): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.07.003.

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Cai, Yinyin, Zhong Li, and Jian Wang. "Institutional arrangement, economic growth and cultural conflict: an investigation on the policy of 'family planning' in China." International Journal of Chinese Culture and Management 3, no. 3 (2013): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijccm.2013.055447.

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Chen, Xiao-Ming, Teh-Wei Hu, and Zihua Lin. "The Rise and Decline of the Cooperative Medical System in Rural China." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/f8pb-hgjh-fha8-6kh9.

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The Cooperative Medical System (CMS) in China is an established medical system that serves the rural areas and provides treatment and prevention of disease, immunization, family planning, and maternal and child health care services. Past experience suggests that the CMS benefited the peasants in rural China. During the 1980s, following reform of China's economic system, the CMS underwent major changes. In some places, CMS stations evolved into various other types of medical and health care systems; in other places, CMS stations ceased operation altogether. This article attempts to analyze the causes and meaning of these changes, and examines the conditions for continuation of this system.

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Remez, L. "Women in Rural China Want Two Children Despite Adherence to Government One-Child Family Policy." International Family Planning Perspectives 17, no. 4 (December 1991): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2133233.

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Liu, Jianghua, and Zhongliang Zhou. "Mothers’ Subjective Well-Being after Having a Second Child in Current China: A Case Study of Xi’an City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 3823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203823.

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The introduction of the two-child family planning policy in China calls for a study of the response of mothers’ subjective well-being after the birth of a second child. Generally focusing on Western countries, previous studies suggested that a series of factors could influence the response, but insufficient attention has been paid to the relative importance of these factors so far. Based on survey data from mothers of two children in the Xi’an metropolitan area, Shaanxi Province, China, our study indicates that the important factors associated with mothers’ life satisfaction after having a second child were, in general, common to Western countries and China. There were also two factors somewhat unique to China: positive adjustment (i.e., becoming happier) by firstborn children (average age, 6 years old) following a sibling’s birth, predicted enhanced life satisfaction for mothers; additionally, mothers who had both a son and a daughter reported the highest increase in life satisfaction, while mothers who had two sons reported the lowest increase. Socioenvironmental constraints (i.e., parenting pressure and work–family conflict) had a larger association with mothers’ life satisfaction than individual ideational factors (e.g., family orientation and fertility desire). These findings suggest that fertility-friendly policies and convenient family intervention institutions are needed to alleviate potential undesirable consequences and improve maternal life quality following a second childbirth so that the two-child policy can be a success.

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Gu, Yujia. "Legacy of the One-Child Policy: Marriage Dilemmas in Urban and Rural China." Asian Culture and History 14, no. 2 (November 5, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v14n2p173.

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China’s one-child policy, the family planning policy enforced in 1980, continued for almost 36 years and created a lasting impact on both China’s declining total fertility rate (TFR) and its sex ratio imbalance. This paper discusses the marriage dilemma caused by the one-child policy and its separate outcomes in urban and rural areas. In urban areas, the expense for childbearing, the equated monthly installment (EMI) payments, and the self-consuming nature of marriage contributed to the declining marriage rate as well as the TFR. In rural settings, the surplus of single men due to the entrenched “son preference” created a demand for the bride-trafficking market, an industry of purchasing a bride as a form of property. In this paper, I conclude that the marriage crisis and its side effects are the legacies of the one-child policy, and the Chinese government needs to craft effective approaches in addressing these problems.

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Fan, Cheng, Pei Chang, and Ru Hua Xie. "Statement of the Main Challenges of the Real Estate Market in China." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 1199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1199.

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As a component of market economy, real estate is running and developing in the environment of politics, society, finance and internation. The most important influencing factors of the present Chinese real estate industry are national policy, population, urbanization level and the income of the residents. The most direct factor which influence the real estate market transaction is the change of Chinese population structure since family planning. This paper elaborates mainly through the search for an aging population present situation and challenge of the urbanization process to the real estate market. It is concluded that less than 30years, the effective implement of Chinese “family planning” is completed an average of 80 years of aging process in the developed countries, the urbanization process will also continue to push forward in the future. However, because of the influence of demographic dividend to weaken, the speed will be slowed. Finally five suggestions were given from five aspects on the elderly physiological psychological characteristics, design, production, structure and sales of real estate, based on the new demographic factors challenge of the current Chinese regional real estate.

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Chen, Qingxin, Huihui Shi, and Jiawen Chen. "Development Management of Infant Dairy Industry Integrating Internet of Things under the Background of Family Planning Policy Adjustment." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (August 12, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3018374.

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To promote the healthy and stable development of infant dairy industry, this work starts from the background of family planning policy adjustment. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), fertility policy, and other related theories, this work analyzes the population size changes and fertility willingness of Chinese women of childbearing age between 20 and 39 years old from 1980 to 2020. Additionally, this work discusses the current development of infant dairy industry and the willingness of residents in the first, second, third, and fourth tier cities to purchase domestic or imported milk powder. Finally, the IoT technology is introduced into the farm and infant dairy processing links for analysis. The results show that the population of women of childbearing age in China is shrinking year by year, and the willingness to bear children is also declining. From 2016 to 2021, the number of women of childbearing age will decrease by an average of 2.85 million every year. Women in rural areas are more willing to give birth than those in urban areas. Compared with Vietnam and India, China has the lowest population growth rate, followed by Vietnam and India. At present, the development of domestic infant dairy products is facing many setbacks due to the reduction of the birth population, the impact of foreign brands, and the “melamine” incident. Fortunately, due to the strict supervision of the market by the government, a certain proportion of the market has been gradually achieved in recent years. However, residents of the first, second, third, and fourth tier cities are still more willing to buy foreign milk powder. Introducing the IoT technology into the development of infant dairy industry can monitor the content of relevant additives and record the production information through radio frequency identification technology, which improves the quality of dairy products to a certain extent. Therefore, the research on the management of infant dairy industry integrated with the IoT under the background of family planning policy adjustment will have a certain beneficial impact on the subsequent development of the industry.

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Wan, Li, Yong Wang, Chuan Xiao, Xin Li, Jingzhao Cao, Shubin Wang, Xupan Wei, and Xiangyu Liu. "Four cases of heterotopia of an intrauterine device embedded in the bladder muscular layer causing cystolithiasis: case report and review of the literature." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 1 (January 2021): 030006052097944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520979444.

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Family planning is a basic national policy in China. An intrauterine device (IUD) is an important method of achieving family planning owing to its high safety, low cost, and convenient use. The indwelling birth control ring has no obvious adverse effects on the sexual life of women after the operation, and the process is reversible. This ring can be removed for women who want to have children again. There are approximately 100 million women with IUDs worldwide, with approximately 80 million in China. This finding accounts for approximately 40% of women of childbearing age in China. Although an IUD is safe, the invasive operation inevitably leads to complications, such as pelvic infection, abnormal menstruation, and damage to adjacent organs. Among them, ectopic bladder stone formation is a rare complication, but several related cases have been reported. We report four cases of heterotopia of an IUD and cystolithiasis, with diagnosis based on the medical history, clinical manifestations, imaging, and cystoscopic findings. The four patients with ectopic IUDs were treated with cystoscopy combined with laparoscopy (or hysteroscopy). We describe the process of diagnosis and treatment of our patients, and the related literature on an ectopic IUD is reviewed.

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Ding, Qu Jian, and Therese Hesketh. "Family size, fertility preferences, and sex ratio in China in the era of the one child family policy: results from national family planning and reproductive health survey." BMJ 333, no. 7564 (May 11, 2006): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38775.672662.80.

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ANTIPOVA, Ekaterina, and Chen LI. "Spatial and Temporal Shifts in the Demographic Development of China at the End of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Centuries." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2021.2.03.

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The article provides an economic and geographical analysis of the demographic processes in China, considering a set of natural and geographic factors, selected to reflect the influence of the state policy of family planning, as well as the policy for the development of separate regions in the period under study. The methodology included the use of geoinformation technologies, classification method and geographical systematization. Based on the identified spatial differences at the level of provinces, radical and previously absent spatial shifts in the demographic processes in China were established for the first time. They consist in the formation of positive and negative dynamics zones, as well as natural increase and natural decline zones. The demographic balance, for the first time calculated for the provinces of China, for 2010 and 2019, made it possible to indicate the dominance of provinces of a progressive type (53.0%) and a zone of provinces of a regressive type (8.8%). The established trend proves not only a differentiation, but also a spatial polarization at the national level and acts as a phenomenon of modern demographic development in China, in the 21st century. The results of the geographical systematization of the demographic space has practical significance as it provides the opportunity to use this methodology at the microgeographic level in other territories and serves as a scientific justification for the development of the directions of China’s regional demographic policy.

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Huang, Xu, and Jan van Weesep. "Cultural Values and Urban Planning in China: Evidence of Constraints and Agency in the Development of the Historic City of Yangzhou." Journal of Urban History 47, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219872483.

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Yangzhou, once a capital city of China, has been transformed into a post-Socialist city. This narrative of its urban development explains its evolution from “a city for the royal family to build its temporary palace” in Imperial China, through “a city as a tool to develop manufacturing industries” during the Socialist regime, to “an ecological garden and a city with an attractive living environment” in Transitional China. Changing value systems interact with economic and political constraints to explain the course of its urban history. The explanation rests on the premise that urban development ultimately depends on the investment potential of the local economy and local power constraints impinging upon adopted plans. This case study explores how political and economic constraints shape the ambitions of local policy makers and planners, thereby reflecting the evolution of those Chinese cultural values that as development imperatives have shaped urban planning practice in China.

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Argys, Laura M., and Susan L. Averett. "The effect of family size on education: new evidence from China's one-child policy." Journal of Demographic Economics 85, no. 1 (March 2019): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.22.

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AbstractEconomists theorize that the inverse relationship between income and family size reflects a trade-off between child quality and quantity. Testing this hypothesis requires addressing the simultaneity of the quality and quantity decisions. The unanticipated birth of twins and sex composition of the first two children have been used as the exogenous variation in family size with mixed results. We exploit the One-Child Policy (OCP) in China, which exogenously reduced fertility, and examine how the OCP affected the education of Chinese migrants to the USA. Using the American Community Survey and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find higher levels of education for Chinese migrants born after the OCP compared with their counterparts from other East Asian countries. This finding provides additional support for the existence of a quality-quantity trade-off.

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H., B. "CHINA: SEX IN THE OPEN." Pediatrics 92, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.4.573.

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The results of two nationwide surveys on "sex civilisation" conducted in 1989-90 in 15 large cities are to be published before the end of the year. The publication, On the Sex of the Chinese People, marks a turning point in Chinese attitudes to the discussion of sex. Until the 1980s, any discussion of the subject (except the minimum necessary for official family planning policy) was regarded as hooliganism or a sign of mental disturbance. The first course of public lectures on sex was held in Shanghai in 1985. Shanghai-based Prof Liu Dalin, author of the report, told the news agency Xinhua, "The age of being mysterious and innocent about sex has passed." China has almost 1000 researchers working in areas such as sex medicine, sex psychology, sociology, and sexually transmitted diseases. Sex-education classes are held in more than a quarter of the higher education colleges, and over 87% of students have enrolled or would like to enrol. Sex education in middle schools, introduced as an experiment in 1988 in 7000 schools, is shortly to be extended to all schools.

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Xu, Hanwen, Zhiang Liu, Man Yu, and Xuning Sun. "How to Live the Advertisement of Family Planning Products in the Age of "Sex" Change." International Journal of Education and Humanities 6, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v6i2.3680.

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In China, advertising of family planning products rarely transmits the information of family planning products to the public through mass platforms such as television. In addition to policy prohibitions, it is now mostly the pressure of public opinion. Another reason is that the TV advertising investment is large, and the coincidence rate between the TV audience and the current major consumers of family planning products is not high, so it is not necessary for advertisers to put advertisements on the TV platform. Although the advertising of family planning products often wanders on the edge of the prohibition of advertising laws and regulations, there is no way to walk along the river without wetting your shoes. If you don't pay more attention to the advertising of family planning products, it will violate the advertising laws and regulations, which will have a negative impact on the enterprise as well as the society. Although both good and bad advertisements can bring a lot of traffic to enterprises, from the perspective of advertising law and professional ethics, the publicity effect of an excellent advertising work is far greater than that of an advertisement. Advertising should not ignore the moral value of the advertising works in order to pursue the publicity effect. Although it is an advertisement for family planning products, creative breakthroughs should be made as far as possible during the production, rather than violations or even illegal acts. The advertising of family planning products should conform to the advertising laws and regulations, and the advertising producers of family planning products should uphold professional ethics, so as not to let the advertising of family planning products become "rotten", and the era of "sex" change for the sake of this is another layer of public fear of the advertising of family planning products. This article combines the development of family planning product advertising with its gains and losses to make an advertising creation plan suitable for the survival in the age of "sex" color change, summarizes the future development direction of this kind of advertising, and at the same time, finds a solution to the current predicament and existing problems of this kind of advertising.

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Liu, Hongyan, Dian Yu, and Hui Wang. "A review of the development of maternity leave policy in China over the past 70 years." China Population and Development Studies 3, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42379-019-00038-1.

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AbstractThis study analyzes the changes in maternity leave policy in China during the past 70 years by reviewing the documents issued since 1949. During these years, the length of maternity leave increased from 56 days initially to 98 days, and finally to as much as 128 to 365 days. The sums paid to women taking maternity leave gradually increased and an insurance mechanism was introduced. There were changes in the intent and focus of policies: (1) A change in the intention of maternity leave policy from protecting the rights and interests of women only to protecting those of both women and children. (2) A change in focus from one of implementing national family planning policy to one of protecting the rights of individuals. (3) A change in the focus point of policies from the home only to the workplace and the home. (4) An increased focus on gender equity evidenced by gradual introduction of paternity leave policy. Although maternity leave policy has improved over the years, challenges still exist including significant differences in the policy environment at the provincial level, and difficulties in implementing policy in some regions and enterprises.

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Zhang, Mian, Hai Li, and Sharon Foley. "Prioritizing work for family." Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-12-2013-0034.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to develop an indigenous understanding of work-family interface (WFI) that reflects the drastic changes and evolving social context in China over the past three decades and challenge the existing conceptualizations of WFI and identify societal impact of the changing nature of the WFI. Design/methodology/approach – We conducted literature review, content and thematic analyses. Findings – The core idea of prioritizing work for family (PWF) is that Chinese employees, especially Chinese male employees, tend to integrate work and family roles as well as deal with WFI issues at the family level. Thus, Chinese employees can be strongly committed to the family while simultaneously prioritizing work performance. Research limitations/implications – The proposed indigenous perspective of PWF may furnish a contextualized theory for future research. The proposed measurement approaches may help developing indigenous scales for the perspective of PWF for future empirical studies. Practical implications – Although Chinese employees tend to be more tolerant of work-family conflict (WFC) than their Western counterparts, such tolerance may be combined with the expectation of long-term returns to their families. Managers may assist employees with career planning and realistic goal setting to compensate for their endurance of WFC. Social implications – As a cornerstone of the society, the family plays an important role in building a “harmonious society” promoted by the government. A perceived balance of work and family is a significant factor for family harmony. We bring to the attention of policy makers the changing nature of the Chinese employees' WFI. A corresponding policy may be formulated to help Chinese employees balance their lives. Originality/value – We challenge the existing conceptualizations of WFI by proposing and elaborating a perspective of PWF for context-based conceptualization.

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Hugo, Graeme. "Knocking at the Door: Asian Immigration to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 100–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100105.

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This paper assesses the level and composition of contemporary Asian immigration to Australia and explores its processes and impacts. The final reversal of the White Australia Policy in the 1970s opened the door to substantial increases in Asian immigration, particularly from Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, China, India and Hong Kong. Most migrants are entering through the family reunion, refugee and business migration categories. Vietnamese dominate both family reunion and refugee categories, but the recent prominence among family migrants of Filipino wives and fiancees of Australian men is drawing attention and controversy. Asian migrants tend to be young and female, but there are also great variations in their economic and social adaptations to Australia. Discrimination, exploitation and unemployment are among the problems faced by some Asian groups.

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Lin, Qingqing, and Julie Jie Wen. "Family Business, Resilience, and Ethnic Tourism in Yunnan, China." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111799.

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The expansion in commodification through tourism and the transformation of communities and heritages into destination attributes have become the centre of tourism research facing the COVID-19 crisis. Since small family businesses comprise the majority of the tourism industry, theories and practices on surviving the crisis are urgently required. This research attempts to clarify the level of business resilience during the COVID-19 lock down when business can only be conducted at home with very few visitors. It provides insights on family businesses in Yunnan, China, moving ahead with ethnic tourism against the lockdown and shutdown of tourism industry. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The researchers invited previous research respondents who agreed to continue for online interviews. Eight interviewees were selected by purposive sampling. Although the COVID-19 crisis was unexpected, external shocks need to be taken into account for business planning. Tourism will not necessarily grow massively in the total number of visitors as the destinations have become saturated. The diversification of a tourism business facilitates the resilience of the firm by venturing into other areas of practice, including taking advantage of online platforms in selling local food and herbs, live broadcasting the local flora and fauna, teaching school children in making the traditional pickles, and other business extensions from tourism. Businesses are working together with other stakeholders in the effort of overcoming the COVID-19 crisis. Previous visitors from not only China but also overseas, who have kept in touch with the hosts in Yunnan, are becoming part of the supporting team for the business. However, there appears to be a lack of coordination in the community when businesses are isolated. There is a call for skills in using technology for online business, complementarity in the community, and policy support in the ethnic family businesses. Small family businesses in ethnic Yunnan are actively adapting and progressing despite the odds. They are resilient in times of crisis, with a strong presence of entrepreneurship, diversification of activities, re-organising resources, and digital literacy. The research sheds light on how community-based small family businesses surviving the crisis through resilience, entrepreneurship, and celebrating their ethnic cultures in tourism. Small-scale tourism closely linked with the community, family, and people may provide more promising prospects for tourism.

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Xu, Shuang-Fei, Jun-Qing Wu, Yu-Yan Li, Chuan-Ning Yu, Rui Zhao, Ying Zhou, Yi-Ran Li, Jun-Guo Zhang, and Meng-Hua Jin. "Association between factors related to family planning/sexual and reproductive health and contraceptive use as well as consistent condom use among internal migrant population of reproductive ages in three cities in China, based on Heckprobit selection models." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e020351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020351.

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ObjectiveWith the increased population mobility and the transition in population policy, scholars are quite concerned about family planning/sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and related factors among internal migrant population of reproductive age. Therefore, the proposed study was designed to explore the association between factors related to family planning/SRH and contraceptive use as well as consistent condom use among the above-described population in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThree municipalities in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing.ParticipantsAmong the 6545 participants, 2099, 2414 and 2031 subjects came from Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing, respectively.ResultsA total of 6545 eligible participants were included as the full sample, 6188 of whom who had intercourse in the last 3 months were selected as the subsample. Among the subsample, 80.88% (5005/6188) adopted any form of contraceptive methods and 49.14% (3041/6188) consistently used condom in the last three sexual intercourses. Meanwhile, the involved participants had a better mastery of knowledge on SRH than on contraception (p<0.0001). The results of the Heckprobit models revealed that the factors associated with both contraceptive use and consistent condom use were relationship with the first intercourse partner, communication frequency with spouse/sexual partners on sex, actual number of children and knowledge on SRH, while knowledge on contraception and age at first intercourse were associated with contraceptive use and consistent condom use, respectively (p<0.05).ConclusionsIn the current study, we revealed a high-level contraceptive prevalence, a relatively low-level consistent condom use and a poor mastery of knowledge on contraception and SRH. The Heckprobit selection model specified the existence of selection bias, providing evidence on the association between the factors on family planning/SRH and contraceptive use as well as consistent condom use, respectively. Our findings indicated that health institutions should offer appropriate technology and high-quality family planning/SRH services for the internal migrant population in China.

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Robinson, Jean. "FAMILY POLICIES, WOMEN, AND THE COLLECTIVE INTEREST IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA." Review of Policy Research 8, no. 3 (March 1989): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00986.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Family Planning Policy – China'

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