Dissertations / Theses: 'Family history of coronary heart disease'

1

Wrigley, Martha J. "Engaging families with a premature family history of heart disease : a primary prevention study for coronary heart disease." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485524.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis focuses upon a preventative approach for people with a familial history of premature coronary heart disease. The research study had two aims; firstIy to understand the experience of individuals when their parent or sibling had been diagnosed with heart disease; secondly to develop and evaluate a primary prevention health promotion programme for these people. The thesis provides unique insight into their personal experiences of living with tIris familial diagnosis and gives details of how this population can be identified and involved successfully in a health promotion programme. The study was conducted in a district general hospital; 28 people were recruited of whom 20 participants completed the two year study. Narrative interviews were conducted at the beginning and end of the study, providing insight into people's personal experience. Salutogenesis is the theoretical framework in which the narratives are discussed; from these health resources are identified which can enhance people's progress and maintenance for a healthy lifestyle. The health promotion programme has established, developed and evaluated a nurseled and doctor supported primary pjevention strategy. Education and support was provided in the programme for individuals and families. The participants' physical and behavioural changes were reviewed six monthly, for two years. People are aware of risk factors associated with heart disease, but still seek professional support and advice in relation to their own lifestyle and behaviour. Individual lifestyle changes were achieved by most participants, which translated into significant findings for blood pressure and alcohol consumption; positive changes were seen in physical activity, smoking, diet and psychosocial stress. There were no improvements in lipid profiles. The need for a preventatiye approach in health care, which includes primordial and primary prevention for heart disease, is discussed. The issues in this thesis are reflective upon current government focus to develop preventative health services which actively engage with people as integral to this process. The thesis discusses coronary heart disease, the roles of prevention and health promotion, and identifies health resources for people at high-risk of future cardiovascular problems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ashton, William David. "Coronary risk factors in women in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42977/.

Full text

Abstract:

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has traditionally been regarded as a male disease and, because of this, the magnitude of the problem in women is often overlooked. Yet, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CHD in particular, remains, next to cancer, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The longstanding emphasis on the problem of CHD in men, has resulted in a widespread tendency to minimise the incidence and severity of the disease in women. Moreover, most epidemiologic studies examining morbidity and mortality from CHD have focused largely on men, producing a significant gender gap in the research. The lack of information on CHD risk factors and prevention of heart disease in women in Britain is of particular concern, given that British women have one of the highest rates of coronary disease in the world. The Marks and Spencer Coronary Risk Factor Study (MSCRFS) is a cross-sectional and prospective study of CHD risk factors in female employees of the Marks and Spencer retail organisation. The present study is confined to an analysis of cross-sectional data from 14,077 women screened between June 1988 and July 1991. The prevalence and distribution of a variety of lipid, lipoprotein, biochemical, anthropometric and lifestyle-related CHD risk factors among women in the United Kingdom is described, together with their key interrelationships. In addition, the metabolic impact of exogenous hormones, specifically oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone replacement, is described. This study - the largest of its kind in the UK - provides reference ranges for a wide range of CHD risk factors in women in the UK, and gives a unique insight into the impact of a variety of lifestyle-related factors on CHD risk. There is an enormous potential for reducing the very high risk of CHD among women in the UK, which needs to be addressed. Based on these data, health strategies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality from CHD can be planned and implemented more effectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Hasanaj, Qendresa. "Family History in the Assessment of Risk for Common Complex Diseases: Current State of Evidence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20682.

Full text

Abstract:

Family history (FH) is a risk factor for many diseases. Disease guidelines often include family history as important in assessing chronic disease risks, but the empirical evidence base to inform the routine use of family history in primary care in practice appears largely lacking. An environmental scan of how family history is represented in prevention guidelines for five conditions showed that, while family history is often included in guidelines, there is variation in the definition used, recommendation given and evidence cited. A dataset on cardiovascular health in women was analyzed to examine whether family history offers useful discrimination value above standard risk factors. Regression results showed that family history is an independent risk predictor for coronary heart disease which improves discrimination beyond classical clinical factors. However, the absolute amount of discriminatory ability alone or with other factors is moderate at best, raising issues regarding clinical utility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

O'Neil, John Nolen. "The association of family history of coronary heart disease, sex, psychosocial vulnerability, and hostility among college students /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488192960170939.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

VERONESI, GIOVANNI. "Develoment, validation and clinical utility of a long-term cardiovascular disease risk prediction model in the italian population." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/50251.

Full text

Abstract:

We illustrate the development of a 20-year prediction model of first major coronary or ischemic stroke event in a Northern Italian population of men and women aged 35 to 69 years at baseline. The model included age, blood lipids, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive treatment, smoking habits and diabetes. The discrimination ability of the model was high as 0.736 in men and 0.801 in women. The model has been internally and externally validated using a different cohort study of subjects enrolled in Latina. Based on the external validation analysis, the risk score seems to be appropriate for long-term risk prediction in Italy and, more generally, in low-incidence populations. The clinical utility of the risk score in stratifying subjects in risk categories has been evaluated considering two strategies for the identification of “high-risk” subjects with contrasting public health goals, either to decrease the fraction of missed events or to decrease un-necessary treatment. These can be implemented by choosing threshold values for the predicted risk driven by either sensitivity or by specificity, respectively. The risk stratification based on 20-year absolute predicted risk had a higher clinical utility than any stratification based on the number of risk factors. Finally, we discussed from the statistical perspective the concept of “improvement” in risk prediction through the paradigmatic analysis of two indicators of disease heritability and social status, i.e. family history of coronary heart disease and educational level, added to the initial model. A new SAS package, Risk Estimation in Survival Analysis using SAS 9.2 [reSAS], detailed in the appendix, has been specifically developed from the author.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Taraboanta, Catalin. "Impact of family history of premature coronary disease on carotid ultrasound and coronary calcium findings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/721.

Full text

Abstract:

First degree relatives (FDRs) of subjects with early onset of coronary heart disease (CHD) have higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. We verified early CHD by angiography in the index patients and extensively phenotyped their FDRs to investigate the relationship of traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors to carotid ultrasound and coronary calcium scoring findings. B-mode carotid ultrasound was used to assess the combined intima-media thickness and plaque burden in 111 FDRs. The biochemical and anthropometrical characteristics of the FDRs were compared with those of healthy controls matched for sex, age, ethnicity and BMI. Odds ratios indicate that FDRs are more likely to have positive carotid ultrasound findings compared to controls; 2.23 (95% CI 1.14 – 4.37) for intima-media thickness and 2.3 (95% CI 1.22 - 4.35) for average total thickness. In multivariate analysis positive carotid ultrasound findings were higher in FDRs independent of age, gender, total cholesterol over HDL-c ratio, systolic blood pressure and smoking but not homocysteine which had higher values in FDRs compared to controls. In conclusion FDRs of patients with angiographically confirmed CHD have higher burden of subclinical atherosclerosis even when considered in the context of traditional risk factors. Coronary artery calcium scoring (CAC), assessed by 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), was used to assess burden of subclinical atherosclerosis in 57 FDRs compared to controls. FDRs have a two-fold increase in risk of having CAC positive findings; odds ratios for the 75th percentile was 1.96 (95%CI 1.04 – 3.67, p<0.05) while for the 90th percentile odds ratio was 2.59 (95% 1.232 – 5.473, p<0.05). In summary, the risk of significant CAC findings, measured by 64-slice MDCT, is two-fold higher in FDRs than controls. These findings correlate highly with carotid ultrasound findings in the same cohort. Different thresholds for CAC may be appropriate when assessing male versus female FDRs. Together increased carotid ultrasound findings and CAC scoring results in FDRs of patients with validated early onset of CHD suggest these imaging techniques as potentially useful tools in cardiovascular risk assessment that will go above and beyond the current diagnostic algorithms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Gunnell, David J. "Food, death and income - a follow-up study based on a survey of family diet and health in pre-war Britain (1937-9)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336848.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ceballos, Mario E. "The effect of religion on the healing of coronary artery disease/hypertensive out patients in a family practice setting." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1999. http://www.tren.com.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Mitchell, Jayne. "The association of selected coronary heart disease risk factor variables between family members, with specific reference to physical activity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292377.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Cheng, Xi. "Prevalence, profile, predictors, and natural history of aspirin resistance measured by the ultegra rapid platelet function assay-asa in patients with coronary artery disease." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B33708708.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Gulliksson, Mats. "Studies of Secondary Prevention after Coronary Heart Disease with Special Reference to Determinants of Recurrent Event Rate." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107347.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Cheng, Xi, and 程曦. "Prevalence, profile, predictors, and natural history of aspirin resistance measured by the ultegra rapid platelet function assay-asain patients with coronary artery disease." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B33708708.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Koulaouzidis, George. "Investigation of the origin of the coronary artery calcification process and its relationship to the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsa och klinisk medicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-83450.

Full text

Abstract:

The objectives of this thesis are: a) To examine racial/ethnic differences in coronary artery calcification (CAC) and CAD, between symptomatic South Asians and Caucasians, matched for age, gender and conventional cardiovascular risk factors, b) To assess, using a meta-analysis model, the natural history of and stability of measurements of coronary artery calcium scoring (CACs) based on data collected from two large published trials: St Francis and EBEAT, c) To investigate the prevalence of coronary artery calcification in individuals with CT evidence for AVC, mitral valve calcification (MAC) or of both of them (AVC+MAC), d) To assess any potential association between premature CAD (<55 years in first-degree male relatives and <65 years in first-degree female relatives) and CAC in a large cohort of asymptomatic individuals. We found that coronary artery calcification is more extensive and diffuse in symptomatic patients of South Asian ethnic origin as compared to Caucasians, despite similar conventional risk factors for CAD. This is more evident in those >50 years of age, suggesting potential genetic or other risk factors yet to be determined. The natural history of coronary artery calcification was overtime progression in the majority of subjects, irrespective of gender. The higher variability in RCA measurements could be related to the low baseline CACs or exaggerated movement of the right side atrioventricular ring, whereas those for LCA brances are influenced by the branch allocation of the CACs. Valve calcification is not isolated but involve also and the coronary arteries. The presence of calcification in the aortic valve or combined aortic and mitral valves predicted coronary artery calcification. Additionally patients in whom both valves have become calcified tend to have severe coronary artery calcification. And finally, there is no relationship between the prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcification and the presence of family history of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic individuals with none of the conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Harper, Christopher Scott. "Family-Supportive Supervisory Behaviors as a Moderator of the Relationship between Job Strain and Workers' Blood Pressure." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/198.

Full text

Abstract:

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in industrialized nations. Research indicates that job strain may be significantly related to cardiovascular disease in employees with little to no social support. Using the JDC-S model developed by Karasek (1979) and elaborated upon by Johnson and Hall (1988), the family-supportive supervisory behaviors (FSSB) measure created by Hammer et al., (2009), and the blood pressure wrist monitor device Omron317T, this study examined FSSB as a moderator of the relationship between job strain, job demands, job control and workers' blood pressure on work and non-work days. Sixty-nine grocery store workers from a Midwest grocery store chain participated in this study, fifty-six of which were included in the analyses. Though none of the interactions were significant at the .05 level, results indicate that FSSB is significantly related to a number of blood pressure readings at the grand centered mean of job strain, job control, and job demands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kaikkonen, K. (Kari). "Risk factors for sudden cardiac death from an acute ischemic event in general population:a case-control study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290473.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Specific prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) caused by an acute coronary event in the general population has remained a challenge for clinicians since the recognizable risk factors for this fatal outcome of an underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) may be partly the same as those of a non-fatal coronary event. This case-control study was designed to compare genetic and several other factors between consecutive series of survivors (n = 644) and victims of SCD (n = 425) from an acute coronary event. Only subjects with an acute coronary event verified at medico-legal autopsy were included in the SCD group. As controls, 809 subjects without any history of CAD, acute myocardial infarction or aborted cardiac arrest were examined. Subjects to the sub-studies were drawn from these study populations. The increased risk for SCD in the general population was associated with family history of SCD, male gender, smoking, cardiac hypertrophy and the severity of CAD. In the present study, 100% mortality was observed when all these risk factors were present at the time of an acute coronary event. In the subjects with a family history of SCD, the increased risk of SCD was correlated with the severity of CAD without any clustering of coronary risk factors, suggesting that genetic factors affecting the accelerated progression of CAD may have an important role in familial SCD. However, polymorphisms of genes affecting thrombosis, which are believed to have effects on plaque progression and the consequences of plaque complications, were not associated with an increased risk for SCD. The present results show that the risk of SCD at the time of an acute coronary event can be assessed by generally available methods. If a subject is a male smoker and has a family history of SCD, the risk of SCD is substantially increased. In our study sample the currently known polymorphisms affecting thrombosis did not have a major impact in risk stratification of genetic susceptibility for SCD. Simple association studies have clear shortcomings when they attempt to reveal genetic associations with complex outcomes and thus new research strategies are needed to elucidate the genetic background of SCD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Riley, Dana L. "A Social Ecological Approach to Understanding Physical Activity. A Mixed Methods Exploration of the Individual, Family and Neighbourhood Characteristics That Influence Physical Activity Among Family Heart Health: Randomized, Controlled Trial Participants." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22946.

Full text

Abstract:

Study 1 - Individual - The purpose was to determine whether a 12-week behavioural risk reduction intervention caused self-reported MVPA to increase and to identify associated Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs. Three hundred twenty-four physically inactive (<150 minutes/week moderate-vigorous PA) participants were included. Intervention participants were significantly more likely to meet PA guidelines at 12-weeks (OR=3.54, 95% CI 2.22-5.63, p<.001), which was significantly correlated with increases in TPB constructs. // Study 2 - Family - Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 participants to elicit perceptions of factors that influence PA. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, coded and analyzed. Spouses were more likely to engage in PA with their spouse after the CHD event; however this may be limited by their partners’ capabilities. The data suggests awareness of an increased susceptibility to CHD is not stimulating participants to increase their own PA to prevent future risk, particularly among offspring, but they may take other actions. The shared family environment can promote PA, although intensity may be limited. // Study 3 - Neighbourhood - Self-reported PA from a prospective behavioural risk reduction intervention was explored in the context of objectively measured Walk Scores and neighbourhood walkability in Ottawa, Canada. Participants in the intervention arm had significantly higher odds of meeting PA guidelines at 12-weeks compared to the standard care control group. This was not influenced by Walk Scores or walkability. This individual-level intervention was effective in assisting participants to overcome potential structural barriers presented by their neighbourhood to meet PA guidelines at 12-weeks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Goodwin, Christina LeighAnn. "A randomized controlled trial of heart disease risk education on delay discounting, perceived disease risk, health behavior, and health behavior intentions among men and women with and without a family history of cardiovascular disease." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502989890751592.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Özkan, Şule Aydın Serpil. "SDÜ aile hekimliği ve check-up polikliniğine başvuran olgularda kardiyovaskuler risk faktörlerinin araştırılması /." Isparta: SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi, 2006. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TT00256.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Day, Julie A. "Behavior of family practice residents in screening and treating at-risk patients for high blood cholesterol." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1136701.

Full text

Abstract:

This study was designed to answer the following research questions: "Are those at risk for coronary heart disease being screened for high blood cholesterol?" and "Are those with high blood cholesterol being treated according to the national guidelines?" The importance of early detection and treatment of high blood cholesterol is vital for preventive health care. A chart review of patient records was conducted to determine the behavior of the family practice residents. From the analysis of data it was determined that the residents screened their patients 83.0% of the time and when compared with national guidelines, treated those patients identified with high blood cholesterol 52.8% of the time. Third year residents screened their patients more (88.7%) for blood cholesterol than first (82.1%) or second (74.7%) year residents. Male residents screened a higher percent of their patients (84.8%) than female residents (75.0%).
Department of Physiology and Health Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Nerpin, Elisabet. "Screening av förstagradsanhöriga till yngrekranskärlssjuka patienter." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Medicinsk vetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3123.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Eriksson, Margaretha. "The Impact of Birth Weight on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease and Prostate Cancer : Population-based Studies of Men Born in 1913 and Followed up Until Old Age." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Smith, Brandon J. "Risk and Control of Type II Diabetes: Perceptions of Unaffected Relatives." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367925659.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Messner, Torbjörn. "Ischemic heart disease in Kiruna : risk factors and sequelae." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111114.

Full text

Abstract:

Kiruna, a Swedish community situated 300 km north of the Arctic Circle, has a very high mortality in ischemic heart disease (IHD). Acase-control study was undertaken to find out if the risk factors for IHD or their impact differed from those in other populations. The survey methods comprised questionnaires, physical examinations, laboratory tests, a food diary, ecological studies, and a register study. The study group consisted of 219 men who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction (cases) and 438 men without known ischemic heart disease (controls). The main risk factors were: a family history of IHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Also psycho-social risk factors like lack of job support constituted a risk factor. Cholesterol ester and adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acids have a slower turn-over rate than other routinely analysed lipids and lipoproteins and thus reflect dietary habits over a longer period of time. They were measured in a subset of our cohort, showing that the cases, judged from lipid and fatty acid composition, lived on a diet comparable to that of the controls. A prospective diet diary showed few differences between cases and controls and between the whole cohort and a reference cohort in Uppsala in the central part of Sweden. Most notable differences were a low level of y-tocopherol, a low proportion of linoleic acid, and a high proportion of palmitic acid in serum cholesterol esters and adipose tissue triglycerides in the Kiruna cohort. The expected reduced morbidity in ischemic heart disease related to alcohol consumption was not seen in our material. This finding was further examined in an ecological study on a national Swedish level, longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and with time-series methodology. There was an inverse correlation between wine consumption and mortality in IHD for women but no correlation between the consumption of beer and distilled spirits, and mortality in IHD. Heart failure, a common sequela of IHD, has an increasing incidence in a hospital-based population. In spite of improved treatments the prognosis has not improved during the last seven years and is still as bad as or worse than that of many malignant diseases. Male sex and high age implied a worse prognosis. Consumption of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for pain relief resulted in a greater risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction in our cohort. This was further examined in an ecological study on anational Swedish level also showing a correlation between ASA consumption and mortality in IHD both in the geographical and the longitudinal analysis for the surveyed years, but not in the time series analysis.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1996, härtill 7 uppsatser.

digitalisering@umu

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Rizkallah, Sawsan Girgus. "The health education needs of the patient and family upon discharge after a myocardial infarction." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4806.

Full text

Abstract:

A knowledgeable person can deal with problems in a confident and flexible manner. This statement is certainly applicable in the area of health where an adequate knowledge helps clients to avoid complications. This study was conducted to explore the perceptions of ischemic heart disease patients and their families regarding the content and format of health education they need, before discharge from the hospital. A non-experimental survey study was conducted in the coronary care unit (ccu) of three governmental hospitals in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A convenient sample of one hundred and twelve (112) participants consisting of eighty (80) patients and thirty two (32) relatives, were selected over a three month period. A self-report approach was used to collect data and a questionnaire in the form of five point Likert scale, was developed with appropriate content matching the study purpose. Reliability was tested by test- retest for nine (9) patients not participating in the sample. A panel of experts tested its validity. The confidentiality of the participants was carefully considered. The study has revealed that patients and their families indicate a strong need for health education. Most of the sample prefers health education during the hospital stay by the doctor, although nurses and different health service members were also seen as being important. The respondents perceived the health education function as increasing their confidence in dealing with the disease, while reducing their readmission and anxiety. They preferred a member of the family to attend the session. They wanted comprehensive health education addressing a wide range of topics. Since the study result agreed with other previous research results, it confirmed that people's perceptions about the need for information is similar in the UAE and everywhere else in the world.
Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Family history of coronary heart disease'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles