Academic literature on the topic 'Family farms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Family farms"
1
Klapoushchak, D. S., and Yu M. Pavliuchenko. "FARMS AND FAMILY FARMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 5 (2024): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-5/61.
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Möllers, Judith, and Jana Fritzsch. "Individual farm exit decisions in Croatian family farms." Post-Communist Economies 22, no. 1 (March 2010): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631370903525645.
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Kostlivý, Vladimír, Zuzana Fuksová, and Tamara Rudinskaya. "Drivers of farm performance in Czech crop farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 7 (July 21, 2020): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/231/2019-agricecon.
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When analysing drivers affecting the farm performance, the presence of different technologies should be taken into account. We assume that the technology used by crop farms is not the same for all producers and therefore we use latent class model to identify technological classes at first. Class definition is based on multidimensional classification and determination of indices given by the values of individual components. The principal components analysis is applied to estimate significant and robust weights for the index components. FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) database, Czech crop farms data from 2005 to 2017 were used and three groups of technology classes of farms were identified with a determinant influence of the structure index and localisation. The other indices characterise sustainability, innovation, technology, diversification, and individual characteristics. Three distinct classes of crop farms were found, one major class and two minor classes. Family driven farms are usually smaller farms in terms of acreage. Highly sustainable crop farms are most likely located in lower altitudes and not in less-favoured areas. Innovative farms are also likely to be more productive. The results indicate that agricultural production farms with a more sustainable way of farming are most likely to be more productive.
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SAVICKIENĖ, Jūratė, and Astrida MICEIKIENĖ. "Sustainable economic development assessment model for family farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 12 (December 12, 2018): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/310/2017-agricecon.
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This article is aimed to address the issue of sustainable economic development assessment in family farms. A complex methodology of family farm sustainable economic development assessment based on the family farm sustainable economic development index has been created following analysis of family farm sustainable economic development assessment methodologies, which are proposed by scientists and used in practice. The Kruskal-Wallis test and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to check the relevance of the index in family farm sustainable economic development assessment. The index value range was calculated using descriptive statistics. The characteristics of the index allow creating models for family farm sustainable economic development classification types based on k-means clustering. The family farms were classified into nine types. Examples of Lithuanian family farms were provided to demonstrate practical applications of the index. Furthermore, analysis of Lithuanian family farm sustainable economic development types by specialisation enabled to identify the main reasons for the existing situation in the farms.
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Yang, Yinsheng, Qianwei Zhuang, Guangdong Tian, and Silin Wei. "A Management and Environmental Performance Evaluation of China’s Family Farms Using an Ultimate Comprehensive Cross-Efficiency Model (UCCE)." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010006.
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Family farm emerged as a new form of agricultural production organization in China in recent years. For the purpose of sustainable development, decision-makers, such as farm owners and policy makers, require the precise information of a family farm’s state of operation to adopt measures for management improvement and agricultural contamination reduction. Considering this, we established two evaluation systems for the measurement of family farms’ management and environmental performance. As demonstrated in several recent studies, data envelopment analysis (DEA) cross efficiency is a useful approach for evaluating and comparing the performance of decision-making units (DMUs). Regarding family farms’ performance evaluation issues, we modified the traditional average cross-efficiency method to be the ultimate comprehensive cross-efficiency approach with the integration of two statistical quantities based on the full consideration of family farms’ unique features, such as vulnerability and seasonality, resulting from the influence of natural and social factors. Our proposed approach presents more excellent characteristics compared with CCR efficiency and average cross efficiency. Several conclusions regarding the operation of China’s family farms are drawn: (i) there is weak positive correlation between family farms’ management and environmental performance; (ii) there is an increasing trend for both management and environmental efficiency, along with the augmentation of the utilized agricultural area of family farms, and management performance is therefore more significant; (iii) demand for timely technological instruction to improve family farms’ management efficiency is expressed by farm owners who are willing to expand; (iv) to improve family farms’ environmental performance, several measures—such as introducing biotechnology, providing subsidies, and environmental education for farmers—should be adopted.
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Fuetsch, Elena. "What Drives Innovation in Family Farms? The Roles of Socioemotional Wealth and Diverse Information Sources." European Journal of Family Business 12, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v12i2.13881.
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Family business literature barely addresses family farms and their innovation behavior. Innovation can be key to mitigate typical threats family farms are faced with, e.g., global competition and climate change. This article investigates socioemotional wealth (SEW) and diversity of information sources as innovation drivers. It also explores the role of diversity of information sources as a moderator. A sample of 911 family farms was used for linear regression analysis. The SEW dimension identification of the family members with the farm positively affects the implementation of innovation measures because the stronger the family members identify with the business, the more important is it for them to preserve the identity endowments. Since innovation is a way to do that, strong identification will motivate family members to innovate. Diversity of information sources is also positively linked to innovation measures. However, it has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between identification and innovation measures. While diverse information sources seem to increase a family farm’s ability to innovate by supporting the opportunity identification and utilization, it can also mitigate the farms willingness to innovate when information is ambiguous. The study integrates knowledge from agricultural, innovation and family business research and contributes to a better understanding of the peculiar business type “family farms” and SEW as a multidimensional concept.
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Par, V., and M. Njavro. "HORTICULTURAL FAMILY FARMS PROFITABILITY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 536 (September 2000): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.536.34.
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Pei-An, Liao, Chang Hung-Hao, He Junlin, and Saeliw Kannika. "Diversification of marketing strategies among small farms: empirical evidence from family farms in Taiwan." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 11 (November 6, 2017): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/148/2016-agricecon.
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Farm marketing has been recognized as an important factor for a successful farm business. Due to the increasing interest of consumers in food safety, direct marketing of farm products to consumers in the local farmers’ markets has become very popular. Compared to traditional farm marketing channels, relatively little is known about the use of direct-to-consumer marketing strategies by farmers. This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of farmers’ choices among available farm marketing channels using the case study of Taiwan. Using a population-based survey of 5600 family farms in Taiwan in 2014, in this study we quantify the extent to which demographic characteristics of farm operators, farm production and family conditions may influence the decision of farms to sell farm products to the government, wholesale markets, and in direct-to-consumer sales. We develop a trivariate probit model, and our results indicate that education level and engagement in the off-farm labour market of farm operators, the number of household members, farm size, land ownership, and the type of farm are the key factors in determining farmers’ choice of marketing channels. The findings of this study may have important implications for the design of more effective farm marketing programs by agricultural authorities.
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Nurmet, Maire, and Raul Omel. "ECONOMIC VIABILITY BY FARM SIZE OF ESTONIAN FAMILY FARMS." Problems of Agricultural Economics 362, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30858/zer/118265.
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Gilbert. "Comment: Family Farms, Agricultural Policy, and Small-Farm Essentialism." Agricultural History 95, no. 2 (2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.371.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Family farms"
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Paskewitz, Emily Ann. "When Work and Family Merge: Understanding Intragroup Conflict Experiences in Family Farm Businesses." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24996.
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Family farms experience conflict in the everyday operation of the farm (Weigel &
Weigel, 1990). However, family farm members rarely bring up conflicts to the other party;
rather, they keep their frustration to themselves or wait until things boil over. Waters (2013)
noted family farm members avoid bringing up any conflict or issues, with one son noting
?basically, dad says we?re doing this and I say okay? (Waters, 2013, p. 30). It is in this
communicative environment that a business functions, attempting to remain profitable, while
maintaining family bonds that are the foundation of the business itself.
This project used intragroup conflict theory to explore the dynamics of everyday conflict
in family farm businesses. Intragroup conflict theory presents four types of conflict (task,
relational, process, and status) that influence group outcomes differently (Jehn, 1997). The first
focus of this project was how these four conflict types influence three important outcomes for
family farm members: job satisfaction, communication satisfaction, and profitability. Only status
conflict significantly predicted all three outcomes variables for family farm members.
Additionally, this project furthered intragroup conflict theory by exploring two potential
antecedents for intragroup conflict: emotional intelligence (awareness of own and management
of own) and family communication patterns (conversation orientation and conformity
orientation). Conformity orientation significantly predicted task, process, and status conflict in
the model. These findings were discussed in light of the previous theoretical work in family
businesses, then in the family farm context specifically.
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Stulpinienė, Vaida. "Financial distress prediction model of family farms." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140123_133545-56537.
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Designed financial distress prediction model is intended directly for the farmer (decision-maker) in order to diagnose the farm’s financial condition and predict the likelihood of financial distress, by using financial information of his farm. There are identified family farm characteristics in which family farms have higher risks to run in financial distress and are guidelines for the family farms that intend to more carefully monitor and control their financial condition. The aim of the research: after analysing the conception of financial distress and identifying the factors determining the financial condition as well as related indicators and prediction models, to methodologically justify and design financial distress prediction model of family farms.Parengtas finansinio išsekimo prognozavimo modelis tiesiogiai skirtas ūkininkui, kuris panaudodamas savo ūkio finansinę informaciją, galėtų diagnozuoti ūkio finansinę būklę ir iš anksto numatyti finansinio išsekimo grėsmę. Disertacijoje nustatytos ir įvardintos ūkininkų ūkių charakteristikos, kurioms esant ūkiai turi didesnes grėsmes finansiškai išsekti, yra gairės ūkininkų ūkiams, kurie ketina atidžiau stebėti savo veiklą ir kontroliuoti finansinę būklę. Tyrimo tikslas – ištyrus finansinio išsekimo sampratą, identifikavus finansinę būklę sąlygojančius veiksnius, indikatorius ir prognozavimo modelius, metodologiškai pagrįsti ir parengti ūkininkų ūkių finansinio išsekimo prognozavimo modelį.
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Shubert, Natalie E. "No Farm, No Food: Organizing Appalachian Family Farms around the Politics of 'Good Food'." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1272911792.
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Blanca, Miramon M. "Capitalization of family farms in La Ribera of Navarre." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328885.
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Becot, Florence Anne Stephanie. "Linking farm households’ social needs, social policy, and farm persistence to better understand and support family farms in the 21st century." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1576518795181479.
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Sadler, Donald Lee. "Cultural Legitimacy in Surry County, Virginia: The Edwards Family of Chestnut Farms." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626533.
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Piras, Simone <1986>. "Moldovan family farms: social buffer or economic driver? A survey-based assessment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7254/1/piras_simone_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
After obtaining independence from the USSR in 1991, the Republic of Moldova carried out an insider privatization of the land belonging to former Soviet collective farms. As a result, almost 900,000 small family farms emerged, the majority of whom are still active today. Although they play an important socioeconomic role, policy makers neglect them as a residual, shrinking phenomenon. By adopting the theoretical perspective of peasant economics, this dissertation aims at assessing the health status of these farms over ten years after the land reform, and their evolution over time. Data from an original mixed quantitative and qualitative survey carried out on a sample of 126 farms in spring 2015, and the databases of the Household Budget Survey for the period 2006-2013 are used. The main drivers of farmers’ livelihood choices are identified by means of a 31-item Likert scale, and a comprehensive picture of the typical family farm is drawn. Farms are then grouped according to land size, level of commercialization and location, and their evolution over time is analyzed by means of Markov transition chains and multinomial logistic regressions. A focus on production strategies follows. Finally, the impact of agriculture on poverty levels and the implications of alternative livelihood choices are assessed by means of counterfactual incomes and life levels calculated through propensity score matching. It emerges that families were allocated land plots without the tools for working them. Therefore, they adopt low-input, labour-intensive production strategies and are mainly subsistence-oriented. Farm income, although small, plays a key role in relieving vulnerable people from poverty, so that land is a fundamental social buffer. Moreover, home food production is important for social and self-appraisal. For these reasons, an agricultural development strategy based on farm intensification rather than growth and on leasing rather than sale of land is proposed.Dopo l’indipendenza dall’URSS (1991), la Moldavia ha privatizzato le terre delle fattorie collettive distribuendo voucher ai lavoratori. Questo processo ha generato circa 900.000 piccole aziende familiari, in maggioranza ancora attive. Benché rivestano un’importante funzione socioeconomica, queste sono trattate dalle istituzioni come un fenomeno residuale e in esaurimento. Adottando il punto di vista della peasant economy, questa tesi si ripropone di valutarne lo stato di salute a distanza di oltre dieci anni dalla riforma agraria. A tal fine, vengono utilizzati i dati raccolti dall’autore attraverso un’indagine realizzata nella primavera 2015 su un campione di 126 famiglie e le banche dati dell’Indagine sui Redditi delle Famiglie per il 2006-2013. In primo luogo, si identificano le motivazioni degli agricoltori e viene presentata una descrizione densa della tipica famiglia contadina. Successivamente, queste sono raggruppate secondo la terra posseduta, il livello di commercializzazione e la posizione geografica, e la loro evoluzione è analizzata usando matrici di transizione di Markov ed equazioni logistiche multinomiali. Segue un focus sulle strategie di produzione. Infine, l’impatto dell’agricoltura sulla povertà e le implicazioni di diverse strategie di sopravvivenza sono analizzati attraverso i redditi teorici calcolati con il propensity score matching. Emerge che le famiglie hanno ricevuto la terra ma non i mezzi per lavorarla, per cui sono costrette ad adottare tecniche di produzione ad alta intensità di lavoro e bassa intensità di capitale, e producono quasi esclusivamente per l’autoconsumo. Il reddito agricolo aiuta le famiglie vulnerabili a combattere la povertà, per cui la terra rappresenta uno strumento di welfare. Inoltre, la capacità di produrre cibo e la proprietà terriera sono motivo di autorealizzazione e generano considerazione sociale. Per questi motivi, si suggerisce una strategia di sviluppo agricolo che punti sull’intensificazione della produzione piuttosto che sulla concentrazione della proprietà e che agevoli l’affitto delle terre piuttosto che la loro vendita.
После провозглашения в 1991 году независимости, Республика Молдова провела процесс приватизации земли принадлежащей бывшим советским колхозам. Таким образом, появились почти 900.000 небольших семейных ферм, из которых многие ещё функционируют. Несмотря на то, что эти фермы играют важную социально-экономическую роль, законодатели пренебрегают ими, так как видят в них устаревший феномен, который скоро исчезнет. Приняв точку зрения теории крестьянского хозяйства, эта диссертация посвящена оценке состояния здоровья семейных хозяйств, за десять лет после принятия земельной реформы, и их эволюции во времени. Были использованы данные, собранные с помощью опроса, проведённого автором весной 2015 на образце 126 семей и базы данных Обследования Бюджетов Домашних хозяйств на 2006-2013 годы. Прежде всего, была выявлена мотивация фермеров с помощью 31 – балльной шкале Лайкерта, а также была представлена всеобъемлющая картина типичной семейной фермы. Затем, фермы были сгруппированы в соответствии с размером земельного участка, уровнем коммерциализации и географическим расположением. Их эволюция анализирована с помощью Марковских переходных цепей и мультиноминальных логистических регрессий. Следует анализ сфокусированный на стратегиях производства. Также анализируется, с помощью теоретических доходов которые были выявлены с использованием методологий propensity score matching, влияние сельского хозяйства на уровень бедности и последствия различных стратегий выживания. Выясняется, что семьям были выделены земельные участки без инструментов для обрабатывания их, поэтому они вынуждены выбрать для себя методы производства которые включают в себя интенсивные трудовые показатели при маленьких затрат и производят почти исключительно для собственного потребления. Доходы от семейных ферм, даже если они маленькие, играют ключевую роль в освобождении уязвимых групп населения от бедности, таким образом, земля является основным социальным амортизатором. Кроме того, производство домашних продуктов и владение землёй являются причиной для самореализации и порождает социальную позитивную оценку. По этим причинам, предлагается стратегия развития сельского хозяйство которое обратит внимание больше на интенсификации производства чем на увеличения размера земельных участков в собственности и на способствования арендования земли, а не на её продажу.
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Piras, Simone <1986>. "Moldovan family farms: social buffer or economic driver? A survey-based assessment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7254/.
Full textAbstract:
After obtaining independence from the USSR in 1991, the Republic of Moldova carried out an insider privatization of the land belonging to former Soviet collective farms. As a result, almost 900,000 small family farms emerged, the majority of whom are still active today. Although they play an important socioeconomic role, policy makers neglect them as a residual, shrinking phenomenon. By adopting the theoretical perspective of peasant economics, this dissertation aims at assessing the health status of these farms over ten years after the land reform, and their evolution over time. Data from an original mixed quantitative and qualitative survey carried out on a sample of 126 farms in spring 2015, and the databases of the Household Budget Survey for the period 2006-2013 are used. The main drivers of farmers’ livelihood choices are identified by means of a 31-item Likert scale, and a comprehensive picture of the typical family farm is drawn. Farms are then grouped according to land size, level of commercialization and location, and their evolution over time is analyzed by means of Markov transition chains and multinomial logistic regressions. A focus on production strategies follows. Finally, the impact of agriculture on poverty levels and the implications of alternative livelihood choices are assessed by means of counterfactual incomes and life levels calculated through propensity score matching. It emerges that families were allocated land plots without the tools for working them. Therefore, they adopt low-input, labour-intensive production strategies and are mainly subsistence-oriented. Farm income, although small, plays a key role in relieving vulnerable people from poverty, so that land is a fundamental social buffer. Moreover, home food production is important for social and self-appraisal. For these reasons, an agricultural development strategy based on farm intensification rather than growth and on leasing rather than sale of land is proposed.Dopo l’indipendenza dall’URSS (1991), la Moldavia ha privatizzato le terre delle fattorie collettive distribuendo voucher ai lavoratori. Questo processo ha generato circa 900.000 piccole aziende familiari, in maggioranza ancora attive. Benché rivestano un’importante funzione socioeconomica, queste sono trattate dalle istituzioni come un fenomeno residuale e in esaurimento. Adottando il punto di vista della peasant economy, questa tesi si ripropone di valutarne lo stato di salute a distanza di oltre dieci anni dalla riforma agraria. A tal fine, vengono utilizzati i dati raccolti dall’autore attraverso un’indagine realizzata nella primavera 2015 su un campione di 126 famiglie e le banche dati dell’Indagine sui Redditi delle Famiglie per il 2006-2013. In primo luogo, si identificano le motivazioni degli agricoltori e viene presentata una descrizione densa della tipica famiglia contadina. Successivamente, queste sono raggruppate secondo la terra posseduta, il livello di commercializzazione e la posizione geografica, e la loro evoluzione è analizzata usando matrici di transizione di Markov ed equazioni logistiche multinomiali. Segue un focus sulle strategie di produzione. Infine, l’impatto dell’agricoltura sulla povertà e le implicazioni di diverse strategie di sopravvivenza sono analizzati attraverso i redditi teorici calcolati con il propensity score matching. Emerge che le famiglie hanno ricevuto la terra ma non i mezzi per lavorarla, per cui sono costrette ad adottare tecniche di produzione ad alta intensità di lavoro e bassa intensità di capitale, e producono quasi esclusivamente per l’autoconsumo. Il reddito agricolo aiuta le famiglie vulnerabili a combattere la povertà, per cui la terra rappresenta uno strumento di welfare. Inoltre, la capacità di produrre cibo e la proprietà terriera sono motivo di autorealizzazione e generano considerazione sociale. Per questi motivi, si suggerisce una strategia di sviluppo agricolo che punti sull’intensificazione della produzione piuttosto che sulla concentrazione della proprietà e che agevoli l’affitto delle terre piuttosto che la loro vendita.
После провозглашения в 1991 году независимости, Республика Молдова провела процесс приватизации земли принадлежащей бывшим советским колхозам. Таким образом, появились почти 900.000 небольших семейных ферм, из которых многие ещё функционируют. Несмотря на то, что эти фермы играют важную социально-экономическую роль, законодатели пренебрегают ими, так как видят в них устаревший феномен, который скоро исчезнет. Приняв точку зрения теории крестьянского хозяйства, эта диссертация посвящена оценке состояния здоровья семейных хозяйств, за десять лет после принятия земельной реформы, и их эволюции во времени. Были использованы данные, собранные с помощью опроса, проведённого автором весной 2015 на образце 126 семей и базы данных Обследования Бюджетов Домашних хозяйств на 2006-2013 годы. Прежде всего, была выявлена мотивация фермеров с помощью 31 – балльной шкале Лайкерта, а также была представлена всеобъемлющая картина типичной семейной фермы. Затем, фермы были сгруппированы в соответствии с размером земельного участка, уровнем коммерциализации и географическим расположением. Их эволюция анализирована с помощью Марковских переходных цепей и мультиноминальных логистических регрессий. Следует анализ сфокусированный на стратегиях производства. Также анализируется, с помощью теоретических доходов которые были выявлены с использованием методологий propensity score matching, влияние сельского хозяйства на уровень бедности и последствия различных стратегий выживания. Выясняется, что семьям были выделены земельные участки без инструментов для обрабатывания их, поэтому они вынуждены выбрать для себя методы производства которые включают в себя интенсивные трудовые показатели при маленьких затрат и производят почти исключительно для собственного потребления. Доходы от семейных ферм, даже если они маленькие, играют ключевую роль в освобождении уязвимых групп населения от бедности, таким образом, земля является основным социальным амортизатором. Кроме того, производство домашних продуктов и владение землёй являются причиной для самореализации и порождает социальную позитивную оценку. По этим причинам, предлагается стратегия развития сельского хозяйство которое обратит внимание больше на интенсификации производства чем на увеличения размера земельных участков в собственности и на способствования арендования земли, а не на её продажу.
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Lichty, Kayla. "Planning for the future: the case of XYZ Farms." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36242.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Gregg L. Hadley
XYZ Farms, a family farming operation located in Northeast Iowa, has been in business since 1924. Currently the operation utilizes 1,300 acres of farm ground to produce corn, soybeans and alfalfa and feeds 3,000 head of hogs and 500 head of cattle annually. The family operation has evolved over the years and has passed ownership down within the family from generation to generation. It has come time that the operation’s current owners are looking to retire and peacefully transition the family operation on to the next generation. A non-conventional case study structure will highlight and assess the history of the family operation and introduce them to current practices and ownership. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and create a feasible transition plan for XYZ Farms, while minimizing the social and economic costs associated with farm business succession. Further analysis will allow the operation to identify and utilize a succession planning framework, which is important for farm families to possess when looking to build and begin the planning process. Quantitative, along with qualitative, analysis are utilized to understand the operations need for succession planning and the feasibility of doing so. Findings indicate that it is advantageous to work through a sound succession plan including an open line of communication with both current and future owners of the operation. The ability to have upfront conversations and meetings will allow for the discussion of the operation’s future between both parties involved. By implementing a sound and feasible succession plan, XYZ Farms will be able to continue to be a family owned and operated farm for many years to come.
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Heike, Fischer. "Succession on Scottish family farms : socialisation processes and the construction of farmer identities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485678.
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This study investigated socialisation processes on Scottish family fanns. Although land and knowledge transfers within established succession systems are important to environmental, social, economic and cultural sustainability issues, the reasons behind changing succession patterns are not well understood. Past studies have tended to focus on how external factors are associated wifu particular occupational choices. However, this neglects the role of socialisation processes and identity in framing behaviour. Therefore, this study looked at how children's identities are constructed and how these, in tum, frame particular occupational choices. The results suggest that children develop fanner identities according to four salient dimensions of established fanner ideal types: maleness, commitment, common sense and physical robustness. A key conclusion is that whether or not children develop fanner identities acts a good predictor of their occupational choices. Also, fanner identities are established relatively early and are relatively non-reversible, indicating the importance of the 'successful' socialisation of ,' children into their family fann context. Further, these socialisation processes are integrated within endogenous cycles, oscillating between socialisation processes,' succession processes and fann trajectories. Moreover, while issues and processes that are external to the fann and family context have no objective relevance for individuals' occupational choices, they may become subjectively relevant in the context of these endogenous cycles. Keywords: Family fanning, succession, Scotland, knowl~dge transfer, successors, socialisation, identities, social constructedness, fanner ideal types, commitment, gender, common sense, physical robustness, internalisation, abstract identification, experience-based identification, endogenous cycles, fann business trajectories, structure, agency.
Books on the topic "Family farms"
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Bradley, Dick. Family farm. Thornton, N.H. (Thornton Gore Rd., Campton RFD, Thornton 03223): D. Bradley, 1988.
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J, Tamayo Efren, ed. America's family farms. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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J, Tamayo Efren, ed. America's family farms. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Sherer, Stan. Founding farms: Portraits of five Massachusetts family farms. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.
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Locker, Thomas. Family farm. New York, N.Y: Dial Books, 1988.
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Locker, Thomas. Family farm. London: Cape, 1988.
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Hoppe, Robert A. Structure and finances of U.S. farms: 2005 family farm report. Washington, D.C: USDA Economic Research Service, 2006.
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Landers, Robert K. Should Family Farms Be Saved? 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre1988050600.
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United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service., ed. America's diverse family farms: Assorted sizes, types, and situations. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2001.
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United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, ed. America's diverse family farms: Assorted sizes, types, and situations. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Family farms"
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Purushothaman, Seema, and Sheetal Patil. "Withering Family Farms." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 245–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_10.
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Imhoff, Daniel, and Christina Badaracoo. "Agribusiness versus Family Farms." In The Farm Bill, 75–82. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-975-3_11.
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Purushothaman, Seema, and Sheetal Patil. "Family Farms Around Ramanagara." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 153–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_7.
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Purushothaman, Seema, and Sheetal Patil. "Family Farms in Yadgir District." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 213–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_9.
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Ancey, Véronique, and Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh. "Families, Labor and Farms." In Family Farming and the Worlds to Come, 57–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9358-2_4.
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Purushothaman, Seema, and Sheetal Patil. "Agricultural Urbanism—Family Farms Around Mandya." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 183–211. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_8.
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Purushothaman, Seema, and Sheetal Patil. "Family Farms in Agrarian Literature—A Critique." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 25–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_2.
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Álvarez, Alejandro González, Nadia Bergamini, Dunja Mijatovic, and Yanisbell Sánchez Rodríguez. "Ecosystem services in agrobiodiversity and family farms." In Family Farms and the Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Cuba, 101–8. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315183886-11.
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Henderson, Rena R. "Development of Castra farms and institutions 1880–1910." In Sustainable Family Farming and Yeoman Ideals, 63–87. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229841-4.
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Landy, Frédéric. "Fragmentation of Irrigated Family Farms in Southern India." In Diversity of Family Farming Around the World, 259–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1617-6_23.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Family farms"
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JELOČNIK, Marko, Lana NASTIĆ, and Jonel SUBIĆ. "PROCESSING OF PORK MEAT IN THE FUNCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CREATION AT THE FAMILY FARMS." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/10.
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Creation of value-added at the farms could play great role in strengthening of their economic sustainability. Serbia has long tradition in pig farming. This subsector of agriculture in last few decades is facing the negative trend in production capacities (decrease in active farms and number of pigs) and it is mainly based on economically weak family farms characterized by small number of pigs. On the other hand it is obvious the strengthening of their specialization to pig farming. This line of agricultural production is specifically under the higher production risks mainly influenced by pork cycle and some market risks. Thus, the often and expressed price oscillation affects primarily the sustainability of small farms, disabling the proper planning of production and endangering their survival. Processing of pork meat at small family farms could be a good solution for income stabilization, where created value added could induce better competitiveness of the farms. The main goal of the paper is to present the economic potential of the conduction of pork meat processing at small family farms, in scenarios with or without of employment of external labour. In this context, it was used the analytical calculations based on variable costs (contribution margin). Gained results show that comparing to pig growing, organization of mentioned activity will significantly increase the farm incomes in both cases, impacting the many positive effects on farm sustainability.
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Veljković, Biljana, Dušan Marković, Ranko Koprivica, and Marija Gavrilović. "CALCULATIONS IN RASPBERRY PRODUCTION ON FAMILY FARMS IN WESTERN SERBIA." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.23bv.
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The area of Western Serbia has the highest average production of raspberries and a long tradition and is also recognizable for the quality and export of raspberries. On the family farms of this hilly and mountainous area, raspberry production takes place in small areas with a large labour participation. The research aims to show the production on the average family farm through economic analysis and solve the problem of labour shortage by producing raspberries in an area of 0.2 ha. Based on real data from several such farms, the most important economic parameters were calculated and shown in the calculation of raspberry production. The gross margin with the average raspberry purchase price of €1.8 was €1,300. By calculating the critical values of prices, yields and variable costs, as well as based on a sensitive analysis of the gross margin, the risks and profitability of investing in raspberry plantations were indicated.
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Gartshore, Dale. "Communication and Cooperation: Technology Transfer on Australian Family Cotton Farms." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2820.
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This paper presents findings of a recent study which explores rural women’s use of an agricultural decision support system, CottonLOGIC, within the Australian cotton industry. Meta-analysis is applied through the theoretical framework of structuration theory while diffusion theory is used for lower level analysis. The concept of communication is applicable to both theories. The significance of CottonLOGIC as a communication medium for technology transfer of industry research to cotton farms is evaluated in this paper. The findings suggest that CottonLOGIC is a recognised means of information exchange but even more valuable is the cooperation of stakeholders to influence effective reconstruction of farm management practices and technology usage.
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Runcan, Remus. "TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/31.
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According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”
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ZALECKIENĖ, Jurgita. "STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF FARMER’S FARMS: CASE STUDY OF LITHUANIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.151.
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Due to historical circumstances, the development of Lithuanian commercial farmer’s farms is slow; however, farmer’s farms are very important to the vitality of rural areas while developing agricultural commodities and goods. The purpose of this article – to analyze the structural changes in farmer’s farms and present the directions of future development. Structural changes in Lithuanian farmer’s farms during the 2005 – 2015 timeframe were analyzed while looking at the diagnostic indicators, which are the following: the number of farmer’s farms, the structure of farmer’s farms according to their size, the activity units of farmer’s farms, age of farmers, farmer’s farms sources of income. In order to study the statistical data, methods of systemization, logical analysis and generalization were applied. The analysis of the statistical data suggests that the following structural changes are taking place in Lithuanian farmer’s farms: the number of registered farmer’s farms increases and the farmers’ are getting younger. One of the most significant factors causing the structural changes in holdings – the EU financial support for the agricultural development and the changing customer demands. More and more often rural areas perform residential function and new living areas are developed. There is a predominance of the small farms (up to 10 hectares). This is mainly a result of the reform in agricultural sector at the end of 20th century. Many small agricultural holdings were established due to this reform. However, significant changes occur while choosing and/or combining the activity units of the farm: the number of farms specializing in crops increases, the number of the holdings focusing on livestock and combined farming (crops and livestock) is declining; also, farmer’s farms with diversified income or the activity units grow in number. Limited opportunities to intensify agricultural production in small farmer’s farms caused the fact that activities or income were diversified. The model of family farm remains; however, the relation between activity and the usage of family’s labour in farm activity changes.
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Zhou, Wei. "Government Subsidies on Production Efficiency of Family Farms." In 2018 Eighth International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2018.00114.
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Stepien, Sebastian, and Jan Polcyn. "Risk management in small family farms in Poland." In 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2019.048.
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Besusparienė, Erika. "Modeling of Optimal Income Tax for Family Farms." In 3rd International Conference on Business, Management and Economics. Acavent, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.icbme.2020.03.21.
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Besusparienė, Erika. "Modeling of Optimal Income Tax for Family Farms." In 3rd International Conference on Business, Management and Economics. Acavent, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.icbme.2020.03.21.
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Francescone, Martina, Chrysanthi Charatsari, Evagelos D. Lioutas, Luca Bartoli, and Marcello De Rosa. "Questioning Family Farms’ Readiness to Adopt Digital Solutions." In International Conference of the Hellenic Association of Agricultural Economists. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024094011.
Full textReports on the topic "Family farms"
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Whitt, Christine, Katherine Lacy, and Katherine Lim. America's farms and ranches at a glance. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8141996.ers.
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American farms represent a diverse set of business operations and farm operators. This annual report describes characteristics of U.S. farms and ranches with the most recent data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), an annual survey conducted by USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS). Statistics are presented using a farm classification developed by USDA, ERS to categorize farms into groups with some common characteristics. The classifications used are mainly based on each farm's annual revenue, the main occupation of the farm's principal operator, and ownership (family versus nonfamily). Additionally, the report explores the differences in farm operations in 2022 by race and ethnicity of the operators
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez, and Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
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This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.
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Torres Franco, Nicolás Arturo, Eleonora Dávalos, and Leonardo Fabio Morales. Heterogeneous effects of agricultural technical assistance in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1164.
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Small family farms account for 72 percent of the farms in the world. Most of these farms, in developing countries, face labor productivity gaps. One of the strategies to increase agricultural productivity focuses on implementing technical assistance programs. Using agriculture microdata, we estimate the marginal treatment effect of receiving technical assistance services. We find that technical assistance generates heterogeneous effects. On average, agricultural units receiving technical assistance increased their agricultural production by 50.4 percent. However, there is important heterogeneity of technical assistance’s effects across the production units’ unobserved and observed characteristics.
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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Schattman, Rachel. Clovercrest Farm: A Family Dairy in Charleston, Maine. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6949552.ch.
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McDonald, Tia, and Ron Durst. analysis of the effect of sunsetting tax provisions for family farm households. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2024.8327788.ers.
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Two recent laws enacted temporary provisions to the Federal tax code: the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The authors of this report assess the impact of these sunsetting tax provisions on tax liabilities for farm households. Using data from the USDA, Agricultural Resource Management Survey (2018-21) and the USDA, Economic Research Service's Federal income tax and estate tax models, the authors estimate that the expiration of the temporary provisions of the ARPA and TCJA would increase farm households' Federal income tax liabilities by $8.9 billion and estate tax liabilities by $647 million in the year following expiration.
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Hansen, Peter J., Zvi Roth, and Jeremy J. Block. Improving oocyte competence in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598163.bard.
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Original Objectives. The overall goal is to develop methods to increase pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress through methods that minimize damage to the oocyte and embryo caused by heat stress. Objectives were as follows: (1) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) test whether melatonin feeding can improve developmental competence of oocytes in vivo and, if so, whether effects are limited to the summer or also occur in the absence of heat stress; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of improving fertility by facilitating follicular turnover in the summer and winter. Revised Objectives. (1) Examine protective effects of melatonin and follicular fluid on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of embryos exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (3) evaluate effectiveness of improving fertility by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) to increase circulating concentrations of progesterone and evaluate whether response to hCG depends upon genotype for four mutations reported to be related to cow fertility; and (4) identify genes with allelic variants that increase resistance of embryos to heat shock. Background. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy success is reduced by heat stress because of damage to the oocyte and cleavage-stage embryo mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that fertility can be improved by provision of antioxidants or by removing follicles containing oocytes damaged by heat stress. During the study, additional evidence from the literature indicated the potential importance of treatment with chorionicgonadotropin to increase fertility of heat- stressed cows and results from other studies in our laboratories implicated genotype as an important determinant of cow fertility. Thus, the project was expanded to evaluate hCG treatment and to identify whether fertility response to hCG depended upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes implicated as important for cow fertility. We also evaluated whether a SNP in a gene important for cellular resistance to heat stress (HSPA1L, a member of the heat shock protein 70 family) is important for embryonic resistance to elevated temperature. Major conclusions, solutions & achievements. Results confirmed that elevated temperature increases ROS production by the oocyte and embryo and that melatonin decreases ROS. Melatonin reduced, but did not completely block, damaging effects of heat shock on the oocyte and had no effect on development of the embryo. Melatonin was protective to the oocyte at 0.1-1 μM, a concentration too high to be achieved in cows. It was concluded that melatonin is unlikely to be a useful molecule for increasing fertility of heat-stressed cows. Treatment with hCG at day 5 after breeding increased first-service pregnancy rate for primiparous cows but not for multiparous cows. Thus, hCG could be useful for increasing fertility in first-parity cows. The effectiveness of hCG depended upon genotype for a SNP in COQ9, a gene encoding for a mitochondrial-function protein. This result points the way to future efforts to use genetic information to identify populations of cows for which hormone treatments will be effective or ineffective. The SNP in HSPA1L was related to embryonic survival after heat shock. Perhaps, genetic selection for mutations that increase cellular resistance to heat shock could be employed to reduce effects of heat stress on fertility. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This project has resulted in abandonment of one possible approach to improve fertility of the heat-stressed cow (melatonin therapy) while also leading to a method for improving fertility of primiparous cows exposed to heat stress (hCG treatment) that can be implemented on farms today. Genetic studies have pointed the way to using genetic information to 1) tailor hormonal treatments to cow populations likely to respond favorably and 2) select animals whose embryos have superior resistance to elevated body temperatures.
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Yamano, Takashi, Noriko Sato, and Babur Wasim Arif. The Impact of COVID-19 and Locust Invasion on Farm Households in Punjab and Sindh: Analysis from Cross-Sectional Surveys in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210259-2.
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This paper presents the results of two mobile phone surveys conducted by the Asian Development Bank among farmers in Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan in mid-2020 during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The surveys collected information about how COVID-19-related measures and economic and transport disruptions affected farmers’ harvests, marketing efforts, input prices, and financial needs. The surveys found that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant negative impacts on farm households in both provinces. The paper provides additional context on COVID-19-related effects on local and regional economies and food supply chains. It also covers a simultaneous locust invasion along the India–Pakistan border, which has created “crisis within a crisis” in the surveyed provinces and exacerbated conditions that could lead to famine, disease, and increased poverty.
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Oza, Shardul, and Jacobus Cilliers. What Did Children Do During School Closures? Insights from a Parent Survey in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/027.
Full textAbstract:
In this Insight Note, we report results of a phone survey that the RISE Tanzania Research team conducted with 2,240 parents (or alternate primary care-givers) of primary school children following the school closures in Tanzania. After the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Tanzania on 16 March 2020, the government ordered all primary schools closed the following day. Schools remained closed until 29 June 2020. Policymakers and other education stakeholders were concerned that the closures would lead to significant learning loss if children did not receive educational support or engagement at home. To help stem learning loss, the government promoted radio, TV, and internet-based learning content to parents of school-age children. The primary aims of the survey were to understand how children and families responded to the school closures, the education related activities they engaged in, and their strategies to send children back to school. The survey also measures households’ engagement with remote learning content over the period of school closures. We supplement the findings of the parent survey with insights from interviews with Ward Education Officers about their activities during the school closures. The survey sample is comprised of primary care-givers (in most cases, parents) of students enrolled in Grades 3 and 4 during the 2020 school year. The survey builds on an existing panel of students assessed in 2019 and 2020 in a nationally representative sample of schools.4 The parent surveys were conducted using Computer Assisted Telephonic Interviewing (CATI) over a two-week period in early September 2020, roughly two months after the re-opening of primary schools. We report the following key findings from this survey: *Almost all (more than 99 percent) of children in our sample were back in school two months after schools re-opened. The vast majority of parents believed it was either safe or extremely safe for their children to return to school. *Only 6 percent of households reported that their children listened to radio lessons during the school closures; and a similar fraction (5.5 percent) tuned into TV lessons over the same period. Less than 1 percent of those surveyed accessed educational programmes on the internet. Households with access to radio or TV reported higher usage. *Approximately 1 in 3 (36 percent) children worked on the family farm during the closures, with most children working either 2 or 3 days a week. Male children were 6.2 percentage points likelier to work on the family farm than female children. *Households have limited access to education materials for their child. While more than 9 out of 10 households have an exercise book, far fewer had access to textbooks (35 percent) or own reading books (31 percent). *One in four parents (24 percent) read a book to their child in the last week.