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1

Diduck, Alison. "Consent, Fraud and Family Law." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2016.1145831.

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2

Mallary, Stephen D., Bernard Gert, and Charles M. Culver. "Family coercion and valid consent." Theoretical Medicine 7, no. 2 (June 1986): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00489225.

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3

Carter, L., D. Bowman, and P. Oakeshott. "Informed consent for Screening." Family Practice 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/20.2.222.

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4

Borchgrevink, Christian F. "Informed Consent and Medical Research." Family Practice 4, no. 1 (1987): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/4.1.78.

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5

Sirchia, G., and L. Mascaretti. "Family consent: Legal and cultural background." Transplantation Proceedings 29, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 1622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00647-1.

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6

Santiago, C. "Family and personal consent to donation." Transplantation Proceedings 29, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 1625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00648-3.

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7

Caulfield, Timothy. "Genetics, 'family consent' and the law." Nature Reviews Genetics 3, no. 9 (September 2002): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg900.

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8

Herbst, Debbie. "Parental consent within a blended family." BDJ Student 27, no. 3 (September 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41406-020-0158-2.

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9

Chuchalin, Alexandr G. "Consent. Modern interpretation: "Voluntary Informed Consent"." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 93, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.05.200797.

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The article is devoted to voluntary informed consent. It considers the historical issues of the formation of this concept in modern health care and medical science. The article highlights a historical role of the Nuremberg Code which was taken as the basis for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the World Medical Association (WMA) Code of Ethics, the Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, i.e. documents that defined the world order after the end of World War II.
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10

Kemple, Terry. "The numbers needed to inform consent?" British Journal of General Practice 63, no. 610 (May 2013): 238.3–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp13x667105.

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11

Maaroos, H. I. "Patient consent rates for video-recording." Family Practice 21, no. 6 (October 1, 2004): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh602.

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12

Lee, Shui Chuen. "Intimacy and Family Consent: A Confucian Ideal." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 40, no. 4 (July 3, 2015): 418–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhv015.

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13

Ho, Anita. "Family and Informed Consent in Multicultural Setting." American Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160500394531.

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14

Hackler, J. Chris. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate." JAMA 264, no. 10 (September 12, 1990): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450100071028.

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15

Steffen, Grant E. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 3 (January 16, 1991): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460030060015.

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16

Paradis, Norman A. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 3 (January 16, 1991): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460030060016.

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17

Doukas, David J. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 3 (January 16, 1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460030060017.

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18

GROVER, BONNIE KAE. "Family-Based Informed Consent: Reply to Commentators." Law & Policy 17, no. 2 (April 1995): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.1995.tb00147.x.

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19

Siminoff, Laura A., Heather M. Traino, and Nahida Gordon. "Determinants of Family Consent to Tissue Donation." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 69, no. 4 (October 2010): 956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e3181d8924b.

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20

Webb, Matthew, Sarah Thirlwall, and Bob McKinley. "Patient consent to medical students in general practice." British Journal of General Practice 68, suppl 1 (June 2018): bjgp18X697229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x697229.

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BackgroundInformed consent is required for active participation of patients in medical education. At Keele Medical School, we require practices to advertise that they teach undergraduate students and to obtain appropriate patient consent at various stages of the patient journey.AimThe study aimed to explore patients’ experience of consent to involvement in undergraduate medical education in general practice.MethodDuring the final year at Keele University Medical School, students undertake a patient satisfaction survey. A questionnaire was attached to the reverse of this survey during the academic year 2016–2017. The questionnaire explored the stage of the patient journey consent was obtained, whether they were offered an alternative appointment and how comfortable they were with medical students being involved in their care.ResultsA total of 489 questionnaires were completed covering 62 GP practices. 97% of patients reported that consent was obtained at least once during their encounter and the majority reported that this occurred at booking. 98% of patients were comfortable or very comfortable with a medical student leading their consultation. However, 28% of those surveyed stated that they were either not given the option of not seeing the student or there was no other alternative appointment available.ConclusionThe results indicate that in the vast majority of cases patient consent is obtained at least once during their attendance. Patients expressed a high level of satisfaction with medical students’ involvement in their care. Further work is required to evaluate the role of the data as a marker of individual practice teaching quality.
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21

Santiago, C., and P. Gomez. "Asking for the family consent: Analysis and refusals." Transplantation Proceedings 29, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 1629–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00725-7.

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22

Schmiedeberg, Claudia, Laura Castiglioni, and Jette Schröder. "Secondary Respondent Consent in the German Family Panel." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 131, no. 1 (May 23, 2016): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106316642707.

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23

Robertson, Claudia S., Laurence B. McCullough, and Baruch Brody. "Finding family for prospective consent in emergency research." Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials 4, no. 6 (December 2007): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774507084977.

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24

Hackler, J. Chris. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 3 (January 16, 1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460030060018.

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25

Tomlinson, Tom. "Family Consent to Orders Not to Resuscitate-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, no. 3 (January 16, 1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460030060019.

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26

Trofimova, G. A. "FAMILY LEGAL ACTS OF WILL: CONSENT, AGREEMENT, CONTRACT." Нотариальный вестник, no. 5 (2021): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53578/1819-6624_2021_5_48.

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27

GOLDWORTH, AMNON. "Informed Consent in the Genetic Age." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, no. 3 (July 1999): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180199803181.

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As our knowledge of the genetic constitution of human beings expands, testing to determine an individual's disposition toward a given disease will also increase. Since genes are a family affair, to know that an individual is genetically disposed toward a specific disease is an indicator that members of this individual's family may also be so disposed.
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28

Bravo, Gina, Sheila Wildeman, Marie-France Dubois, Scott YH Kim, Carole Cohen, Janice Graham, and Karen Painter. "Substitute consent practices in the face of uncertainty: a survey of Canadian researchers in aging." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 11 (August 8, 2013): 1821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213001336.

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ABSTRACTBackground:In Canada and elsewhere, research policies require researchers to secure consent from a legally authorized representative (LAR) for prospective participants unable to consent. Few jurisdictions, however, offer a clear legislative basis for LAR identification. We investigated Canadian researchers’ practices regarding the involvement of decisionally incapacitated participants and tested whether reported practices were associated with (1) researchers’ understanding of the law on third-party authorization of research and (2) their comfort with allowing a family member to consent on behalf of an incapacitated relative.Methods:We surveyed researchers in aging from four Canadian provinces about their practices with prospective participants deemed incapable of consent, their understanding of relevant law, and comfort with family consent for research purposes. Understanding and comfort were measured with research vignettes that briefly described hypothetical studies in which an adult who lacks the capacity to consent was invited to participate.Results:Many respondents reported soliciting consent from a family member (45.7% for low-risk studies and 10.7% for serious risks studies), even in jurisdictions where such authority is uncertain at law. Researchers’ tendency to solicit family consent was associated with their comfort in doing so, but not with their understanding of the law on substitute consent for research.Conclusions:Findings underscore the need to clarify who may authorize an incapacitated adult's participation in research. Meanwhile, people should inform their relatives of their desire to participate or not in research in the event of incapacity, given researchers’ tendency to turn to family for consent, even where not supported by law.
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29

Ashley, Florence, Colton M. St. Amand, and G. Nic Rider. "The continuum of informed consent models in transgender health." Family Practice 38, no. 4 (June 16, 2021): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab047.

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30

Radford, Sam, Rohit D’Costa, Helen Opdam, Mark McDonald, Daryl Jones, Michael Bailey, and Rinaldo Bellomo. "The impact of organ donation specialists on consent rate in challenging organ donation conversations." Critical Care and Resuscitation 22, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2020.4.oa1.

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Background: Consent rates for organ donation conversations (ODCs) vary. We hypothesised that a simple grading system could identify challenging ODCs. We further hypothesised that challenging ODCs would have higher consent rates when conducted by ODC specialists. Objectives: We aimed to study the utility of a grading system for ODCs and test the hypothesis that any training effect would be associated with improved consent rates in ODCs graded as most challenging. Methods: We stratified 2017 Australian DonateLife Audit aggregate consent and donation discussion data into four ODC grades based on Australian Organ Donor Register (AODR) status and person first raising the topic of organ donation. Grade I: “yes” present on AODR and family-raised organ donation; Grade II: “yes” present on AODR, and clinician-raised organ donation; Grade III: no registration on AODR but family-raised organ donation; and Grade IV: no registration on AODR, and clinician-raised organ donation. Results: Grade I ODCs were uncommon 7.7% (109/1420), with a consent rate of 95.4% (104/109). Grade IV ODCs were frequent (60.4%, 857/1420), with a consent rate of 41.4% (355/857). However, in Grade IV ODCs, organ donation specialist consent rate was 53.5% (189/353), significantly greater than for other trained staff at 33.1% (88/266) (P < 0.005; odds ratio [OR], 2.33; 95% CI, 1.68–3.24) or untrained requestors at 32.8% (78/238; P < 0.005; OR, 2.36; 95% CI. 1.68–3.33). Conclusion: The likelihood of consent can be predicted using readily available variables. This allows prospective identification of Grade IV ODCs, which carry low but potentially modifiable likelihood of consent. Involving donation specialists was associated with more consents for organ donation when applied retrospectively to Australian audit data.
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31

Muhammad Ifzal Mehmood and Noraini Binti Md Hashim. "MARRIAGE WITHOUT WALI’S CONSENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN." IIUM Law Journal 29, (S1) (May 12, 2021): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i(s1).639.

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In Islamic law on nikah is referred to as a civil contract. Thus, to fulfil a valid contract all the requisites of a valid marriage (arkan an-nikah) must be fulfilled. The majority of Muslim jurists opined that the consent of the guardian (wali) is one of the pillars determining the validity of marriage. Nevertheless, the Hanafi sect views that it as a mere condition for a marriage. In Pakistan, a precedent has been set in the Supreme Court’s case of Saima Waheed, where it was decided that an adult Muslim woman can marry without the consent of her guardian. The decision ignited a debate on whether the consent of a guardian is a requisite pillar of a marriage contract or merely a condition to it. In order to comprehend the issue of wali’s consent, it is essential to discuss the purpose of a marriage itself. This article discusses the importance of the wali’s consent under Islamic law, followed by an elaboration on the legal status of a marriage without consent of the guardian under the Pakistani law. Besides arm-chair research, interviews were conducted with female respondents who had conducted their marriage without their wali’s consent. The findings from these interviews indicate that marriage without wali’s consent is shattering the family structure and causing isolation of the partners both from the family and the society. Irrefutably, approval of the guardians in marriage is essential in sustaining the family system.
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32

Yu, Eunsuk, Yukyoung Son, Kyeonghee Han, Myounghwa Lee, Yuri Chong, Youngsoon Jeong, Jeongrim Lee, and Wonhyun Cho. "Causes of lowered family consent rate for organ donation." Korean Journal of Transplantation 34, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.4285/atw2020.po-1181.

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33

Scully-Hill, Anne. "CONSENT, FROZEN EMBRYOS, PROCREATIVE CHOICE AND THE IDEAL FAMILY." Cambridge Law Journal 63, no. 1 (March 27, 2004): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819730437649x.

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34

Shaw, David. "Presumed consent to organ donation and the family overrule." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 18, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1751143717694916.

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35

Rocheleau, Courtney A. "Increasing Family Consent for Organ Donation: Findings and Challenges." Progress in Transplantation 11, no. 3 (September 2001): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152692480101100308.

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There is a growing disparity between the number of organs and tissues needed for transplantation and the number available for donation. As a result, thousands of people die every year while waiting for a transplant. Much of the shortage can be explained by the failure of families to consent to donation. This paper reviews the research that has been conducted to elucidate reasons why families deny consent. This research, together with theoretically motivated research in the areas of persuasion and behavior change, can be used to inform the design of educational and promotional campaigns and to guide policy decisions.
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36

Anwar, A. S. M. Tanim, Eunsil Jung, and Jaemyeong Lee. "YOUNGER DONORS’ FAMILY NEEDED LONGER TIME TO DONATION CONSENT." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000699588.24770.e9.

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37

Yu, Eunsuk, MyoungHwa Lee, Eunji Lee, Yuri Chong, Youngsoon Jeong, Jeongrim Lee, and Wonhyun Cho. "CAUSES OF LOWERED FAMILY CONSENT RATE FOR ORGAN DONATION." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000699876.43588.39.

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38

Bayaraa, Altantulga, Batchuluun Pandaan, Battsetseg Gonchigjav, and Tungalag Palam. "INCREASING THE CONSENT FOR BRAIN DEATH DONOR FAMILY MEMBERS." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000699984.50724.9a.

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39

Rocheleau, Courtney. "Increasing family consent for organ donation: findings and challenges." Progress in Transplantation 11, no. 3 (September 2001): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.7182/prtr.11.3.l137501356566175.

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40

Hackler, J. C. "Family consent to orders not resuscitate. Reconsidering hospital policy." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 10 (September 12, 1990): 1281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.264.10.1281.

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41

Toews, Maeghan, and Timothy Caulfield. "Evaluating the “family veto” of consent for organ donation." Canadian Medical Association Journal 188, no. 17-18 (November 14, 2016): E436—E437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160752.

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42

Brown, Carlos V. R., Kelli H. Foulkrod, Sarah Dworaczyk, Kit Thompson, Eric Elliot, Hassie Cooper, and Ben Coopwood. "Barriers to Obtaining Family Consent for Potential Organ Donors." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 68, no. 2 (February 2010): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e3181caab8f.

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43

Katsanis, Sara H., Lindsey Snyder, Kelly Arnholt, and Amy Z. Mundorff. "Consent process for US-based family reference DNA samples." Forensic Science International: Genetics 32 (January 2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.10.011.

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44

Schwarz, Ed, and Stuart Walter. "Viewpoint: Do any of us truly have the capacity to consent?" British Journal of General Practice 67, no. 665 (November 30, 2017): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17x693689.

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45

Gordon, Gavin. "Prostate-specific antigen testing and opportunistic prostate cancer screening — informed consent." British Journal of General Practice 71, no. 705 (March 26, 2021): 158.1–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp21x715373.

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46

Fedeli, Piergiorgio, Nunzia Cannovo, Rosa Guarino, and Vincenzo Graziano. "Informed Consent for Genetics Research in Italy." Open Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874220301906010006.

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Background:Genetic research has become an indispensable instrument for medical research, and the subjects involved have both divergent and convergent interests.Objective:The possibility of having more detailed genetic information undoubtedly offers benefits for the health of the subject, but could also pose risks and make the subject vulnerable to discrimination.The scientific community has viewed very favorably the public health utility of family history, in which data from a family whose members suffer from chronic pathologies is collected and filed, in order to develop a sort of "stratification of family risk."Even though in the last decade the scientific and juridical literature has contributed greatly to the topic of biobanks, the perplexities that continue to surround this theme give the idea that current ethical protocols on research are inadequate.Conclusion:Genetic data must be used not to exploit, but to serve the person. Freedom and responsibility must be the twin guiding lights for establishing parameters for the use of biological samples. An evaluation of how this technology impacts the various aspects of the future of society is urgently needed.
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47

Neale, A. V., M. A. Bowman, and P. Lupo. "JABFM Revises Patient Consent Policy." Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 21, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.06.080196.

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48

Murray, Ann M., Ashley B. Petrone, and Amelia K. Adcock. "Utilization of a Parental Approach to Informed Consent in Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration Decision-Making: Patient Preference and Ethical Considerations." Neurology Research International 2019 (September 5, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9240603.

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Objective. While administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) is the standard of care in acute ischemic stroke and has been shown to have statistically significant benefit, there can also be potentially life-threatening complications; however, there is no standard informed consent approach. The purpose of this study was to present a parental, technical, and general model of informed consent for IV-TPA and to determine which approach was preferred. Methods. Survey respondents were asked to hypothetically decide whether or not to provide consent for their family member to receive IV-tPA. Respondents were presented with 3 informed consent models: one emphasizing parental qualities, one emphasizing statistical data, and one representing a general consent statement. After being presented each model, the respondents had to select their preferred consent model, as well as rate their level of agreeability toward their family member receiving the medication following each approach. Results. The results of 184 surveys showed respondents were equally as likely to give consent for their family member to receive IV-TPA following all three approaches; however, respondents were significantly more likely to prefer the parental approach compared to a technical or general approach. Conclusion. Our results indicate that while paternalism is generally discouraged in the medical community, some degree of parental language may be preferred by patients in tough decision-making situations toward consent to receive medical interventions.
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49

Kuczewski, Mark G. "Reconceiving the Family: The Process of Consent in Medical Decisionmaking." Hastings Center Report 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528574.

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50

Iltis, Ana S. "Organ Donation, Brain Death and the Family: Valid Informed Consent." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2 (2015): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12254.

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In July 2013, parents in Ohio objected to their 21-year-old son becoming an organ donor. Elijah Smith was involved in an accident and pronounced dead using neurological criteria. The organ procurement organization (OPO) went to court and argued that because the young man was brain dead and because his driver's license indicated that he wished to be a donor, the court should allow them to use his organs. The mother argued that her son did not understand what he was signing when he signed his license and that his signature did not reflect an informed decision. The court disagreed with her, saying that he had indicated a wish to donate his organs and that no one but Elijah could revoke that wish. His organs were removed.Elijah's mother suspected that he did not understand what he was signing. She might have been right, given what we know about the process for obtaining permission for organ donation and the limited public understanding of brain death.
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