Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Families – Economic aspects – Guatemala'

This thesis examines three different aspects of education policy to ascertain their effects on individual outcomes, both in the classroom and in the labour market. The goal is to provide new empirical evidence using robust identification strategies that can inform better policy. The first chapter looks at the role of pre-primary education in Germany using the German Socio-Economic Panel data set (GSOEP) to determine if attending an early education programme for longer increases the probability of attending a higher-level secondary school at age fourteen. I employ family fixed effects estimation and quasi-experimental analysis to control for selection. The results of the family fixed effects estimation show a small and negative impact of attending early education for more years. In the quasi-experimental analysis, based upon a federal law change in 1996, I find no impact of more years of early education on later schooling outcomes. In the second chapter of this thesis, I again use the GSOEP to examine the recent German reform to extend the length of the primary school day. I exploit the quasi-experimental roll-out of reform to assign treatment to women and look at whether increasing school hours increases the likelihood that mothers enter into employment or extend their hours if already working. I find that the policy has an effect at the extensive margin, drawing more women into the labour market, but that there is no significant impact of the policy at the intensive margin. In the final chapter I turn my attention to how peers' non-cognitive traits impact an individual's learning outcomes. Using an educational panel from Flanders, Belgium, I use the linear-in- means model of peer effects as well as several non-linear models to see how peers' personalities in a classroom affect Dutch and math scores. The results show that having more conscientious peers on average positively impacts Dutch and math scores, but that a greater dispersion of conscientiousness hurts Dutch outcomes. I also find that having more extroverted peers on average hurts math performance.

An exploratory field study was conducted to examine internal and external factors that influence adolescents' consumer behavior when serving as the family purchasing agents. Demographic, lifestyle, and marketing activities were examined to determine the influences that affect whether the adolescent will purchase the preferred family brands or other brands. Participating adolescents were sent by their parents to the grocery store on two separate occasions to purchase four preselected grocery items. The brands purchased were recorded and compared to the preferred brand names provided by the parents. While no statistical significance was found, occasional trends were observed. The analysis indicated that adolescents who experience a pluralistic family communication style will purchase products other than the preferred household brands. Adolescents who are exposed to television and radio tend to deviate more from the preferred family brands more often than do adolescents with less media exposure. Adolescents who work are more likely to go to the grocery store more often for their families than do nonworking adolescents. Also, adolescents seem to possess a price sensitivity to both high and low-involvement grocery items.

Given the predicted increase in the number of family businesses owned and/or managed by siblings (Sibling Partnerships), as well as the lack of understanding and research attention given to such sibling teams, the purpose of this study was to contribute to the more effective functioning of such family businesses in South Africa by identifying the factors that impact on their success. With this purpose in mind, the primary objective was to identify, investigate and empirically test the possible influences of, and relationships between, various factors and the Perceived success of Sibling Partnerships. This study sets out to integrate prior findings and theories on team effectiveness and family relationships, to find support for these theories in the family business literature, and to incorporate these findings into a comprehensive model. The literature study revealed 5 main categories (context, composition, structure, processes, and people) of constructs influencing the Perceived success of sibling teams. Within these 5 main constructs, 13 underlying independent variables were identified and hypothesised to influence measures of effectiveness of sibling teams, namely the dependent variable Perceived success, and the 2 intermediate variables Financial performance and Family harmony. Of the 13 underlying independent variables, 6 were categorised as task-based and 7 as relational-based factors. In addition, hypotheses were formulated for possible relationships between the various task-based constructs (context, composition and structure) and the processes and people constructs. Each construct was clearly defined and then operationalised. Operationalisation was done by using reliable and valid items sourced from tested measuring instruments used in previous studies, as well as several self-generated items based on secondary sources. A structured questionnaire was made available to respondents identified by means of the convenience snowball sampling technique, and the data collected from 371 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and Cronbach-alpha coefficients were calculated to confirm the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument. The 6 task-based latent variables were confirmed by the exploratory factor analysis. However, all the other latent variables, as originally intended in the theoretical model, could not be confirmed. Instead, 3 dependent variables were identified, namely Financial performance, Growth performance and Satisfaction with work and family relationships, and 6 relational-based constructs, with some changes, did emerge. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was the main statistical procedure used to test the significance of the relationships hypothesised between the various independent and dependent variables. Because of sample size restrictions the conceptual model could not be subjected to SEM as a whole; consequently 10 submodels were identified and subjected to further analysis. The following independent variables were identified as influencing the dependent variables in this study: • Internal context • Complementary skills • Leadership • Shared dream • Fairness • Sibling relationship • Non-family members • No other family members (spouses and non-active siblings) In addition, the factors Complementary skills, Leadership, Past parent involvement, No present parent involvement, and No other family members, were identified as significantly influencing the relationship between the siblings involved in the Sibling Partnership. Furthermore, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Linear Regression analysis and t-tests were undertaken to determine the influence of demographic variables on the dependent variables. How ownership is shared in a family business involving siblings, the shareholding between the siblings themselves, and the nature of leadership between the siblings, has been found to influence the iv dependent variables in the present study. In addition, a Sibling Partnership is likely to perform most effectively when it is composed of a relatively young sibling team that has a small age gap between the members, and business performance will improve as the siblings gain work experience together, and as the number of employees increase. This study has added to the empirical body of family business research by investigating a particularly limited segment of the literature, namely Sibling Partnerships in family businesses. By identifying and developing various models that outline the most significant factors that influence the success of such family business partnerships, this study offers recommendations and suggestions for managing family businesses involving siblings, in such a way as to enrich their family relationships and to improve the financial performance of their businesses.

Yuk-fai Fong.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-71).
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Review of Related Literature and Motivation of Research
Chapter 2.1 --- "Browning, Bourguignon, Chiappori and Lechene (1994)" --- p.6
Chapter 2.2 --- Chiappori (1992) --- p.9
Chapter 2.3 --- "Bourguignon, Browning, Chiappori and Lechene (1993)" --- p.10
Chapter 2.4 --- Motivation of Research --- p.11
Chapter 3. --- The Identification of non-assignable consumption
Chapter 3.1 --- Extension from Previous Results --- p.15
Chapter 3.2 --- An Alternative Approach --- p.18
Chapter 4. --- Identification in case of Incomplete Observation of Private Expenditure
Chapter 4.1 --- The BBCL Approach --- p.22
Chapter 4.2 --- An Alternative Approach of Identification --- p.24
Chapter 4.3 --- Inclusion of Exogenous variables in Sharing Rule: Structural vs. Reduced form --- p.30
Chapter 4.4 --- Test for Omission of Some Items in the Total Private Expenditure --- p.35
Chapter 4.5 --- Designation of Nature of Goods- A Remark --- p.36
Chapter 5. --- Extension to Include Private Leisure as a Choice Variable of Individuals
Chapter 5.1 --- Difficulties in Identification of Sharing Rule of Total Private Expenditure in a Framework of Free Labor Choice --- p.38
Chapter 5.2 --- Identification of Sharing Rule of Total Private Expenditure Without Observation of Private Leisure --- p.41
Chapter 5.3 --- Identification of Sharing Rule in Structural Form with the Observation of Unearned Incomes --- p.46
Chapter 6. --- Possibility of Identifying the Sharing Rule of Total Private Expenditure under Incomplete Observation of Consumption of Commodities --- p.49
Chapter 6.1 --- Identification of ) --- p.50
Chapter 7. --- Parametric Examples for Illustration
Chapter 7.1 --- Example I --- p.57
Chapter 7.2 --- Example II --- p.61
Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.65
Appendix --- p.67
Reference --- p.69

Chau Tak Wai.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-100).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Pioneering Work --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Collective Household Consumption --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- Household Production --- p.16
Chapter 2.4 --- Tests between Unitary Model and Collective Model --- p.17
Chapter 2.5 --- Distribution Factors in Collective Labor Supply --- p.19
Chapter 2.6 --- Identification of Spousal Leisure --- p.20
Chapter 2.7 --- Plan of the thesis --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- Data Descriptions --- p.23
Chapter 3.1 --- Data Collection Process --- p.23
Chapter 3.2 --- Data Characteristics --- p.24
Chapter 4 --- Individual Wage and Labor Supply Equations --- p.30
Chapter 4.1 --- Individual Wage Equations --- p.30
Chapter 4.2 --- Individual Labor Supply Equation --- p.36
Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.43
Chapter 5 --- Collective Household Labor Supply --- p.46
Chapter 5.1 --- Theoretical Model --- p.47
Chapter 5.2 --- Parametric Specification --- p.53
Chapter 5.3 --- Data and Empirical Results --- p.56
Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.64
Chapter 6 --- Identification of Independent and Spousal Leisure --- p.66
Chapter 6.1 --- Theoretical Model --- p.67
Chapter 6.2 --- Parametric Specification --- p.78
Chapter 6.3 --- Data and Empirical Results --- p.82
Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.91
Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.93
References --- p.96
Tables and Appendices --- p.101

曹美英.
論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院社會學學部, 1996.
參考文献 : leaves 64-72.
Cao Meiying.
Chapter 第一部 --- 分硏究背景與硏究方法
Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.5
Chapter 第二章 --- 改革開放前的社會制度考察 --- p.7
Chapter 一、 --- 五十年代以來中國的所有制結構變遷 --- p.7
Chapter 二、 --- 公有制結構下的勞動就業制度 --- p.7
Chapter 三、 --- 公有制結構下的勞動工資制度 --- p.8
Chapter 四、 --- 小結 --- p.10
Chapter 第三章 --- 當代中國城市家庭槪況 --- p.11
Chapter 一、 --- 單位制度下的中國城市家庭 --- p.11
Chapter 二、 --- 中國城市家家庭結構掃描 --- p.12
Chapter 1、 --- 核心家庭中國城市家庭的主要形 式 --- p.12
Chapter 2、 --- 城市家庭的小型化 --- p.13
Chapter 三、 --- 城市家庭關係的變化 --- p.13
Chapter 四、 --- 小結 --- p.14
Chapter 第四章、 --- 中國的三次“下海´ح潮及“下海´ح研究綜述 --- p.15
Chapter 一、 --- 三次´ب下海´ح潮 --- p.15
Chapter 二、 --- “下海´ح硏究綜述 --- p.16
Chapter 第五章 --- 研究方法 --- p.17
Chapter 一、 --- 訪問對象的選擇 --- p.17
Chapter 二、 --- 訪問對象的基本特點 --- p.18
Chapter 三、 --- 訪問過程 --- p.20
Chapter 四、 --- 小結 --- p.21
Chapter 第二部 --- 分硏究結果
Chapter 第六章 --- “一家兩制´ح的形成原因 --- p.23
Chapter 一、 --- “下海´ح：尋找新的機會 --- p.23
Chapter 1、 --- 家庭經濟的困境 --- p.23
Chapter 2、 --- 公有制體制的流弊 --- p.27
Chapter 3、 --- 個人動機 --- p.29
Chapter 二、 --- “留守´ح:把握既得利益 --- p.31
Chapter 1、 --- 住房：對社會主義優越性的依戀 --- p.31
Chapter 2、 --- “摸著石頭過河´ح-對政策穩定性的疑慮 --- p.33
Chapter 3、 --- 個人和家庭因素 --- p.35
Chapter 4、 --- 小結 --- p.36
Chapter 第七章 --- 協商過程：走向“一家兩制´ح --- p.38
Chapter 一、 --- “誰下海´ح ？ “誰留守´ح ？ --- p.38
Chapter 二、 --- 協商對象 --- p.41
Chapter (一)、 --- 配偶協商 --- p.41
Chapter (二) 、 --- 父母協商 --- p.44
Chapter (三)、 --- 親友協商 --- p.48
Chapter 四、 --- 小結 --- p.49
Chapter 第八章 --- “一家兩制´ح給家庭帶來的影響 --- p.50
Chapter 一、 --- 家庭經濟狀況的改善 --- p.50
Chapter 二、 --- 個人價値的實現 --- p.51
Chapter 三、 --- 婦女的雙重角色 --- p.53
Chapter 四、 --- 新的社會問題 --- p.56
Chapter 五、 --- 小結 --- p.59
Chapter 第九章 --- 結論北京市“一家兩制´ح家庭的特征及對社會的影響 --- p.60
參考書目 --- p.62

Sin Lai-ting.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-156).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract in English --- p.i
Abstract in Chinese --- p.iii
Acknowledgements --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Tables and Graphs --- p.vii
Chapter Chapter 1： --- lntroduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review and Application --- p.4
Chapter 2.1) --- The Theory of Marriage and Family Formation --- p.4
Chapter 2.2) --- The Theory of the Allocation of Time Between Family Members in Housework and Market Work --- p.6
Chapter 2.3) --- Application of Becker's Theoretical Models to Different Variables --- p.12
Chapter 2.4) --- Empirical Review on the Division of Labor between Husbands and Wives --- p.24
Chapter 2.5) --- Decomposition of the wage differential of men and women --- p.31
Chapter 2.6) --- Summary --- p.33
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methodology --- p.35
Chapter 3.1) --- Changes in the Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to Their Families --- p.35
Chapter 3.2) --- Stable and Unstable Mating --- p.39
Chapter 3.3) --- Reasons for the Changes in Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives --- p.43
Chapter 3.4) --- Decomposition of the Economic Contribution Differential --- p.46
Chapter 3.5) --- Definitions of Control Variables --- p.48
Chapter 3.6) --- Summary --- p.52
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data and Sample Description --- p.53
Chapter 4.1) --- Data and Sample Extraction --- p.53
Chapter 4.2) --- Variable Characteristics --- p.55
Chapter Chapter 5: --- A First Look at the Changes in Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives --- p.58
Chapter 5.1) --- Simple Data Analyses --- p.58
Chapter 5.2) --- Pooled Regressions with Husband Dummy --- p.64
Chapter 5.3) --- Summary --- p.70
Chapter Chapter 6: --- An Analysis of Selected Characteristics between Husbands and Wives --- p.72
Chapter 6.1 ) --- 2x2 Canonical Correlation Analyses --- p.72
Chapter 6.2) --- 3x3 Canonical Correlation Analyses --- p.75
Chapter 6.3) --- Summary --- p.78
Chapter Chapter 7: --- Reasons for the Changes in Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to Their Families --- p.79
Chapter 7.1) --- Determinants of the Changes in Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to their families --- p.79
Chapter 7.2) --- Decomposition of the Economic Contribution Differential of Husbands and Wives to their Families --- p.90
Chapter 7.3) --- Summary --- p.93
Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.94
Tables --- p.98
Graphs --- p.129
Flow Chart --- p.136
Appendix --- p.137
References --- p.153

Fan, Yi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-82).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Background --- p.6
Chapter 2.1. --- Son Preference in China --- p.6
Chapter 2.2. --- Unbalanced Sex Ratio in China --- p.9
Chapter 3. --- Literature Review --- p.10
Chapter 3.1. --- Reasons for Different Investment in Sons and Daughters --- p.11
Chapter 3.2. --- The Mechanism by Which Child gender Affects Parental Time Allocation --- p.15
Chapter 4. --- Empirical Strategy and Data Description --- p.21
Chapter 4.1. --- Empirical Strategy --- p.21
Chapter 4.2. --- Data Description --- p.26
Chapter 5. --- Empirical Results --- p.30
Chapter 5.1. --- OLS Estimation --- p.30
Chapter 5.2. --- Instrumental-Variables Estimation --- p.34
Chapter 5.3. --- Fixed-effects Estimation --- p.44
Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.53
Figures and Tables --- p.55
Appendices --- p.74
Bibliography --- p.79

本研究旨在探討準新人通過婚禮消費來實踐家庭和婚姻關係。通過研究準新人如何商議和安排婚禮樣式、相關的消費項目和財務安排，從而剖析新婚夫婦在婚禮籌備期間如何維持父母與子女的關係和建構未來的姻親和婚姻關係。本研究研究方法是民族誌，資料是從與三十三位新娘和二十一位新郎進行深入訪談並參與了他們的婚禮所獲得。
選購浪漫的、具風格的和舖張的婚禮的讓準新人展示品位，也表示準新人的結合是以自由戀愛為基礎的；但同時，婚禮也是結二姓之好的儀式，在中國傳統上公告新娘納入新郎的家族，這賦予準新人的父母參與婚禮形式和相關消費決策的過程。在此情況下，現代婚姻追求高獨立性與父母的期望為兩代關係帶來緊張和矛盾。另一方面，現代親子關係強調和諧融洽，對兩代透過商議婚禮消費來實踐帶來另一種挑戰，這些包括了兩層面：(1)親子和姻親關係；(2)維持婚姻的獨立性。
從探討準新人和其父母商議婚禮消費、財務安排和有關的分工，本研究得出以下發現：從家庭層面，基於道德倫理責任，準新人購買舖張婚宴以維持和建構兩代關係。同時，為突顯新婚夫婦的自主性，他們購買了不同的新興婚禮服務。而且，這些家庭關係和社會角色的定位也反映在兩代商討聛禮和嫁妝之上。
另外，從夫婦層面上，準新人透過選購具風格的婚禮物品和服務來體現二人結合為一個共同決策的消費單位，這個決策過程受雙方的性別態度和角色所影響；這些影響也反映夫婦的財務負擔和婚禮分工上。整體而言，儘管新婚夫婦在建構維持、婚姻、姻親和親子關係在婚禮籌備上有不同的矛盾，但在表面上皆能保持和諧的關係。
This research studies how marrying couples do marital and family relationships through wedding consumption. By analyzing data obtained from an ethnographic study based on in-depth interviews and participant observations from a sample of 33 brides and 21 grooms, I analyze how marrying couples do marital and family relations, i.e. how they create, maintain and transform both familial and marital memberships and boundaries through the narration and reasoning of their wedding choice and relevant monetary practices. Even though public perception dictates that a wedding is owned by the couple to publicly display their independent coupledom in a romantic, stylistic and lavish ways, it is also an important family occasion that incorporates the bride into the groom’s family. These two contradictory conceptions of independent marriage and harmonious family relations put the couple and their parents into a dilemma in whether to define the wedding as jointly or solely owned by the couple.
I probed into the negotiation of lavish and stylistic weddings and the relevant money management and division of wedding labor to examine relationship making processes. The data shows that, on the family level: 1) the couple incorporates itself into the larger family network based on perceived moral obligations, the desire to maintain parent-child relationship and also to establish in-laws relationships, (e.g. through buying a lavish wedding banquet); 2) the couple also purchase various wedding consumption goods and services to differentiate the coupledom from the family network, (e.g. through wedding photography); 3) negotiation of new and existing family roles are also reflected through the couple’s negotiation of bride price and dowry with their parents. On the couple’s level, they work towards the creation of an independent coupledom a joint decision-making and consumption unit - through variously embracing and resisting stylistic consumption goods and services in the wedding market. Last but not least, the couple also negotiates the pattern of financial responsibility and division of labor based on gender ideology and “marriage ideal“. In general, couples mostly manage to create and maintain harmonious marital and family relationships despite undercurrents of tension.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Tso, Ho Yee Vienne.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-255).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Background of this Study --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- The Significance of Wedding Consumption --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Doing Weddings --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.6
Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Social Relational Approach to Understand Wedding Consumption --- p.8
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Rational Choice Theory of Consumption --- p.9
Chapter 2.3 --- The Structural Relational Embedded Consumer Market --- p.12
Chapter 2.4 --- Wedding Consumption --- p.18
Chapter 2.5 --- The “We“ and the “Bigger We“ --- p.29
Chapter 2.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.43
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methods --- p.45
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.45
Chapter 3.2 --- Participation Observations --- p.46
Chapter 3.3 --- Profile of Informants --- p.58
Chapter 3.4 --- Types of In-depth Interviews --- p.63
Chapter 3.5 --- Leaving the Field --- p.70
Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Negotiation of Wedding Arrangement --- p.74
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.74
Chapter 4.2 --- The Characteristics of the Respondents’ Weddings --- p.75
Chapter 4.3 --- Between the “We“ and “Bigger We“: Demarcation of Wedding Ceremonies --- p.77
Chapter 4.4 --- Organization of the Wedding Banquet --- p.89
Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.112
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Bride Price and Dowry --- p.116
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.116
Chapter 5.2 --- The Wedding Expenditures --- p.118
Chapter 5.3 --- The Practice of Bride Price and Dowry. --- p.124
Chapter 5.4 --- Practicing the Idea of Filial Daughters --- p.132
Chapter 5.5 --- Negotiation of Bride Price: the Traditional Route --- p.141
Chapter 5.6 --- Negotiation of Bride Price: the Transitional Route --- p.150
Chapter 5.7 --- Chapter Summary --- p.162
Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Making of the Coupledom --- p.167
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.167
Chapter 6.2 --- Building up the “We“ in the Wedding Market --- p.168
Chapter 6.3 --- The Public Display of the “We“ --- p.179
Chapter 6.4 --- The Making of the Ideal Wedding. --- p.188
Chapter 6.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.225
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.229
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.229
Chapter 7.2 --- Wedding Consumption --- p.229
Chapter 7.3 --- The Formation of the Coupledom and Wider Family Network --- p.230
Chapter 7.4 --- Implications for Future Research and Limitations --- p.236

The first essay studies how early health shocks affect the child's human capital formation. We first formulate a theoretical model to understand how early health shocks affect child outcomes through parental responses. We nest a dynamic model of human capability formation into a standard intrahousehold resource allocation framework. By introducing the multidimensionality of child endowments, we allow parents to compensate and reinforce along different dimensions. We then test our main empirical predictions using a Chinese child twins survey, which contains detailed information on child- and parent-specific expenditures. We can differentiate between investments in money and investments in time. On the one hand, we find evidence of compensating investment in child health but of reinforcing investment in education. On the other hand, we find no change in the time spent with the child. We confirm that an early health insult negatively affects the child under several different domains, ranging from later health, to cognition, and then to personality. Our findings suggest caution in interpreting reduced-form estimates of the effects of early-life shocks. In the presence of asymmetric parental responses under different dimensions of the child's human capital, they cannot even be unambiguously interpreted as upper or lower bounds of the biological effects.
The second essay empirically estimates the effects of education on two dimensions of preference -- decision making under risk and uncertainty and decision making involving time. We conduct a number of incentivized choice experiments on Chinese adult twins to measure preference, and use a within-twin-pair fixed-effects estimator to sweep out unobservable family background effects. The estimation results show that a higher level of education tends to reduce the degree of risk aversion toward moderate prospects, moderate hazards, and longshot prospects. In terms of decision making anomalies under risk and uncertainty, university educated subjects exhibit significantly more Allais-type behavior compared to pre-high school subjects, while high school educated subjects also exhibit more ambiguity aversion as well as familiarity bias relative to pre-high school subjects. For decision making involving time, a higher level of education tends to reduce the degree of impatience, hyperbolic discounting, dread, and hopefulness. The experimental evidences suggest that people with a higher level of education tends to exhibit more "biased" preference in risk attitude and less "biased" preference regarding time.
This thesis consists of two essays on family behavior and human capital.
essay 1. Early health shocks, parental responses, and child outcome -- essay 2. Education and preferences: experimental evidences from Chinese adult twins.
Yi, Junjian.
Adviser: Junsen Zhang.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-41; 82-88).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.

Given the growth of households headed by women, one of the biggest social concerns is the high poverty level within these households. Studies have shown that individuals living in female-headed households are more likely to be in poverty than those in other types of households due to women's disadvantaged position in the labor market. However, the disadvantage of women in the labor market does not necessarily lead to poverty within households headed by women. The livelihood of female-headed households is determined by contextual factors as well as the labor market condition, because the labor market, family and welfare policies all contribute to family well-being within a particular national context. Using both quantitative and qualitative method, I examine various components that are associated with social and family life of Mexican female heads and single mothers: living arrangements, household practices, the labor market, and welfare policy. Interview data with Mexican single mothers provide this research with basic research questions as well as evidences supporting the findings of quantitative analyses about the association between poverty and those women. Quantitative data analyses show that kinship network is important resources of welfare of female-headed or single-mother households in Mexico. First, the prevalence of female-headed households in Mexico is associated with gender-specific migration, increased economic opportunities for women, and marriage-market conditions. Second, Mexican female heads have household income relatively higher than or equivalent to that of male heads, and this peculiarity is attributed to the financial support to female-headed households provided by family networks, and to the selection process of single mothers. Third, extended family members residing with mothers affect their time allocation, and the effects vary by the gender of the extended family member and the mothers' marital status.
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This study examined the association between poverty and child neglect. The existence of a general association has been established for some time. However, there is much debate, and little detailed research, on the specific processes that create this association. This study focused on the form of neglect that involves the most health risk for children—physical neglect. It was hypothesized that poverty should increase the likelihood of a specific type of physical neglect, neglect of safety and basic needs, occurring more than other types. Using official child protective services data from a national data set three types of physical neglect were examined: abandonment, lack of safety or basic needs, and inadequate supervision. Hypothesis 1 was that poverty increases the odds of safety/basic needs neglect more than it influences the odds of either abandonment neglect or inadequate supervision neglect, controlling for prior neglect. Hypothesis 2 focused on a test of whether the link between poverty and physical neglect is not direct, but is instead mediated by caregiver stress. Three waves of longitudinal data were used for this test to establish causal time order between poverty and stress, and between stress and physical neglect. This study analyzed data from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), Assessments 0-3 from the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect at Cornell University. The data was analyzed using multinominal logistic regression for both models. The results did not confirm Hypothesis 1, though the analysis was limited somewhat due to low frequencies of some physical neglect types in certain age groups. Hypothesis 2 was confirmed showing that the effect of poverty on physical neglect was completely mediated by caregiver stress for the abandonment and safety/basic needs types of physical neglect. Implications of the results for research on the effects of poverty on child neglect, and for preventing child neglect are discussed.
Graduation date: 2012

This dissertation consists of three empirical essays investigating different aspects of health care for children and families. The first essay examines the effectiveness of adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for preventive pediatric health care. Using a national longitudinal sample of children age two years and younger, we investigate whether compliance with prescribed periodic well-child care visits has beneficial effects on child health. We find that increased compliance improves child health. In particular, higher compliance lowers future risks of fair or poor health, of some history of a serious illness and of having a health limitation. The second essay examines child health care utilization in relation to maternal labor supply. We test the hypothesis that working-mothers trade off the advantages of greater income against the disadvantages of less time for other valuable tasks, such as seeking health care for their children. This tradeoff may result in positive, negative, or no net impacts on child health investment. We estimate health care demand regressions that include separate variables for mother’s labor supply and her labor income. Our results indicate that higher maternal work hours reduce child health care visits; higher maternal earnings increase them. In addition, wage-employment, as opposed to self-employment, is detrimental to child health investment. A further finding is that preventive care demand for younger children is less sensitive to maternal time and income changes. We also find that detrimental time effects dominate beneficial income effects. The third essay studies intra-household resource allocation as it pertains to its demand for preventive medical care. We test the income-pooling hypothesis of the common preference model by using individual specific medical care consumption data and present evidence on the allocation of household resources to the medical needs of the child, husband and wife. Our results are in line with the findings of previous studies that emphasize the ongoing importance of the traditional gender role of woman as the primary caregiver. We find that the resources of the wife have a greater positive impact on child’s and her own preventive care demand than does the resources of the husband. In contrast to most studies from developing countries, we find that US families do not exhibit differential health care demand based on child gender. It is also noteworthy that the wife’s education level has a greater positive impact than that of her husband does on both the husband’s and her own preventive care utilization.
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In any act of household migration, there are movers (the migrant) and stayers (those left behind), and both of these two groups have expectations. The movers expect to make some benefits at the destination while the stayers expect the migrant to send or do something at home of origin. Some work, though limited, has been done to improve our understanding of how potential migrants form their expectations of what they can get from the destination country in studies involving determinants of individual migration. But for those left behind very little is known about how they form their expectations of what they can get from the migrant. The few studies that have been done on this have only used observed flow of remittances to estimate what people left behind expect from migration. Hence these studies equate observed flow of remittances to expected flows. And by this equation, these studies also assume perfect information flow between migrants and relations left behind as well as perfect knowledge to help those left behind to form realistic expectations: expectations that reflects exactly what can be sent to them. Obviously these assumptions are not tenable. These untenable assumptions also leave a hole in our ability to explain why a household will choose to either continue supporting members for migration or not. This is because we cannot tell from observed data alone whether or not the desire to continue to support migration of a household or a family member is as a result of well-informed subjective expectations or not. The crust of the problem here is therefore that by relying on observed data alone we fail to account for the important role subjective expectations or beliefs of those left behind play in decisions for further migration movements, especially within the family. To be able to unravel this problem we need elicitation of subjective expectations of remittance flows from those left behind. Using data from a specially designed survey in two districts in Ghana, I construct time-adjusted subjective remittance expectations of migrant families at home of origin and analyse the factors that determine the formation of these expectations and how formation of these expectations can help us explain perpetuation of migration within a household. The key analytical models employed in these investigations are summarised below In order to understand the exogenous determinants of remittance expectations of migrant households, I first of all estimate factors that influence performance of migrant at home of origin and general flow of information between the migrants and the household members left behind. In order to see the effect of remittances on formation of subjective expectations, remittance flow was measured in terms of migrant performance by adjusting the flows to the time period during which the migrant could do what he or she has done. The items were limited to the popular ones people receive: money for living expenses, establishment of a house and business investment. The theoretical explanation for this adjustment is that if the observed trend in remittance flow has any effect on expectations it would be through individual household’s evaluation of what migrants have achieved within a certain number of years. In other words, all things being equal, families whose migrants took much longer period to achieve certain things would have lower levels of expectations than a comparable family whose migrant took relatively shorter period. This is because taking a long time to achieve something at home of origin would breed some kind of skepticism and uncertainty among those left behind as to what they can get from migration. And this skepticism can lead to low levels of expectations. This is also in line with the reference people left behind often make when talking about achievements of migrants at home of origin as they always point to what XYZ has done. Ordinary least squared regression is then used to estimate factors determining level of migrant performance at home of origin after the transformation of the dependent variable: migrant performance. Heckman selection model is also applied to control for possible effect of bias since some households have migrants who have done nothing at home. Kinship ties are the major factors under this investigation. To determine the main factors influencing information flow, ordinary least squared estimates are used while a generalised ordered logit model, with maximum likelihood method, is used to estimate the factors influencing the likelihood of a household getting higher categories of private/dedicated information from the migrant. Major factors for this investigation are kinship ties and performance of migrant at home of origin. Since information flow and remittance flows are suspected to have endogenous relationship, instrumental variables (IV) technique is employed to estimated impact of remittance flow on both private and public information flows. This is important for us to understand how information flow act as exogenous determinant of subjective remittance expectations, and resultant effect on perpetuation of migration. Once current information flow and performance of migrants have been examined and effects of their exogenous factors estimated, the next stage of the analysis is the examination of effects of these past performance and information flow on household subjective remittance expectations while controlling for other major exogenous factors such as kinship ties, level of education and household wealth. Ordinary least square regression technique is used to estimate major determinants of these levels of expectations. However, to control for possible bias resulting from the fact that a select group of households may not expect anything, Heckman selection model is applied. The final analysis is the estimation of impact household subjective remittance expectations on migration-support intentions. Due to the problem of endogenous relationship between expectations and migration decisions, ordinary maximum likelihood estimates would not be very effective in identifying the real impact expectations have on migration decisions. Hence I use maximum likelihood with endogenous repressors to estimate or identify the influence of expectation on potential migration decisions, applying the probit model with selection model (heckprob) technique. Ordered probit analysis is also used to investigate what determines household’s desire to support more than one person for migration. The results are summarised below. Summary of Findings Economics and sociology literature makes us aware that in order to understand formation of expectations of any kind we first have to investigate two important factors: past events and current information flow, because these are the two factors that hugely influence expectations. Hence, for us to understand remittance expectations, we first have to understand two issues: observed past flows of remittances and current flow of information between the migrant and relations left behind at home of origin. If remittance flows should influence household or family’s (including the extended family members) subjective expectations and the support to move abroad, it should largely do so in terms of what has been observed in the past. In Chapter Six, I investigated the influence of kinship ties on receipts of remittances. As expected, closer migrant relations such as spouse and head of family stand a much better chance of having better performance from migrant than distant kinship ties such as friendship. However when it comes to performance in individual items such as house or business investment, a household cannot rely only on kinship ties with migrant. It should also have some wealth. Specifically, among the kinship ties only spousal relationship was found to have positive effect on migrant performance in areas such as housing and business investment. Thus the influence of kinship ties on observed flow of remittances is mostly limited to money for living expenses, unless the family left behind is wealthy enough to enable allocation of what is sent into other things such as investment in housing and business. With kinship ties being very influential in the determination of past performance of migrants one would expect that these ties would also influence information flow if the assumption of remittance and information flow being together holds. It has always been assumed by cumulative causation theories of migration that together with the flow of remittances from migrant to relations back at home is the flow of information that connects migrant, potential migrants and those left behind (Massey et al, 1993). If this is the case then relationship should be a key factor in determining information flow from the migrants, because these ties influence flow of remittances. Results from the 2SLS model show that remittance flow has impact only at the lower levels of private information flow, reinforcing the point that information that comes with remittance flow may just be social issues such as size of family, marital status, and not economic ones. In spite of their strong effect on remittance flow or migrant performance, all the types of kinship ties generally have negative effects on private information flow. Thus kinship ties are not enough for those left behind to get more private information from the migrant relations residing abroad. It should not be surprising that remittance flows do not lead to higher levels of information flow from the migrants to those left behind. This is because remittances are mostly made up of monetary transfers for living expenses which may not carry much information with it as, in most cases, migrants do not require monitoring. And with electronic transfers of these days, it becomes more implausible to assume that remittance flows, which are mostly limited to monetary transfers, would generate private information as the interpersonal exchanges in these transfers become more and more reduced. But since the lower levels of private information flows only contain pieces of information such as marital status, household size and education levels, it follows that remittance flow may not be the best channel through which relations get important information about the socioeconomic conditions of the migrant. Perhaps this assumption was more plausible about 30 years ago when migrants mostly relied on methods such as using other migrants going home. Families left behind have to rely on their wealth or good level of education to be able to source information from the migrants. On the other hand, remittance flow or migrant performance has highly significant and positive influence on public information flow, suggesting that what migrants do at home influence some perceived knowledge of the migrants’ socioeconomic conditions. It is also interesting to note that factors such as average household education and wealth that have significant positive effect on private information flow have negative effect on public information flow. One can therefore deduce that the more families are able to access information from the migrants themselves, the less they rely on migration information from nonmigrant sources or the general public in the community of origin. Unfortunately remittance flow is unable to help those left behind to get more information from the migrant. Hence most of them will have to rely on public information. With the flow of crucial information such as economic conditions of migrants lacking or being inadequate, it can be concluded that there would be some level of uncertainty about conditions. And this level of uncertainty may lead to some guess-work or reliance on information from other sources in the formation of remittance expectations. That is, would their inability to access crucial information on economic conditions of the migrants “push” them to rely on information reaching them from other sources in the formation of expectations? Also if the wealthy and the more educated families are more likely to know more about the migrants, and if knowing more about the migrant is most likely to temper high expectations with realism as hypothesized in this study, would it be fair to conclude that wealthier and more educated families may have ambivalent, if not negative expectation levels? Results from Chapter Seven show that families would use their experience of what migrants have done at home of origin as a starting point in the formation of their remittance expectations in terms of whether or not they should expect something. But once their expectation status is assured, families are much more influenced by other factors than migrant performance in the formation of their subjective remittance expectation levels. In other words at lower levels of information, remittance expectations seem to be more adaptive to past trends of observed remittance flows. Kinship ties become very significant in this respect in spite of its insignificant influence on information flow. This raises a question of whether or not the effect of kinship ties on formation of remittance expectations is informed by information from the migrants. All the results point to the contrary. The effects of kinship ties on subjective remittance expectations are informed more by past experience of remittance receipts than current dedicated/ private flow of information between the families and the migrants. When kinship ties are interacted with private information their effects on remittance expectations are, however, significantly reduced, indicating that when people take private or dedicated information into consideration their high expectations are very much checked. What are the implications of subjective remittance expectations form under low levels of dedicated information flow for migration decisions? Chapter Eight sought to provide the answer to this question. The results confirmed the hypothesis that subjective remittance expectations formed under inadequate flow of dedicated information would lead to increasing desire to support more migration from the family and the opposite should also true. That is under inadequate information flow, subjective remittance expectations have highly positive effect on desire to perpetuate migration more than the demonstrative effect of migrant performance, emphasizing the importance of expectations in perpetuation of migration. However, the strong effect of expectations and kinship ties on desire to support migration could be reduced if high levels of dedicated information are taken into consideration. Further investigation into why some families with remittance expectations would still not want to support members to migrate revealed that, in addition to private or dedicated information flow, average household education level is a major factor that discourages families with remittance expectations from further supporting members to migrate. This is in sharp contrast with the generally accepted view that education selects families and individuals into migration, especially international migration. This is true in the general population. When only migrant families are sampled, as in this study, the effects of education on migration are tempered with information flow. Education allows the family to access more and more of private/dedicated information which has negative effect on remittance expectations. It is therefore not surprising that education may discourage families with expectations to continue supporting migration. But since most people do not get the private information or do not even consider it as, expectations which are hugely informed by past performance, public information and mere kinship ties would continue to drive perpetuation of migration, at least, at the household level.

Rwanda, in its transition phase since 1994, has had the support of major international development organizations, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations Development Program, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and other development organizations. The aim of this support is to promote Rwandan agriculture in which 45 percent of the Rwandan GDP and 90 percent of employment share originate. The possible role that farmers can play in this process through their small-scale farmers' associations is well recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture in Rwanda. Farmers in Gikongoro province, the study area, are constrained by many factors, such as soil infertility, small land areas, and lack of access to modern inputs (e.g., seed, fertilizer and lime) and agricultural credit. In addition, land degradation in the form of soil erosion, soil acidity, and nutrient depletion undermines soil productivity leading to poor crop yields, and keeps farmers dependent on potential support from government and non-governmental projects. Between 2000 and 2004, farmers in Gikongoro province received support from the Development Activity Program (DAP) under the umbrella of World Vision International, Rwanda. The DAP supports farmers mainly in land terracing for soil erosion control, and supported farmers also receive modern inputs (fertilizer, seed and lime), storage facilities, and training. This study analyzes the impact of agricultural assistance afforded by the DAP and socioeconomic characteristics of households on agricultural production in Gikongoro province. Data for this study were collected from July to August 2004 using a stratified multistage sample of 204 household heads who are members of 24 farmers' associations of which 10 are supported by the DAP in the three districts; Mudasomwa, Kivu, and Nyamagabe. The study compares DAP supported and unsupported farmers in terms of differences in household incomes and crop yields. Descriptive statistics indicate that DAP supported farmers have significantly higher yields, household income, and better access to modern inputs and terraced land than unsupported farmers. These results seem to indicate that DAP support has had a significant impact on agricultural production and household incomes in Gikongoro province. However, these results are based only on a univariate analysis. The relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and household potato production in Gikongoro province was also analyzed to identify other factors that affect food production. A recursive system of linear and log-linear equations was estimated to analyze the effects of DAP, cultivated potato area, liquidity, gender of the household head (producer), years of schooling, family size, and age of the producer on farmers' productivity as measured by potato yields. Investment in operating inputs (fertilizer, seed, and lime) was used as a determinant of potato yields. Results indicate that cultivated potato area, liquidity, family size, and age (greater experience and lower transaction costs) of the household head significantly increase the use of operating inputs, which in turn has a significant positive impact on potato yield. The study suggests that DAP may need to be more selective in supporting farmers, focusing more on the farm size, education and family size profile of association members when deciding where to channel support. The study also recommends more research into the efficiency of land rental and credit markets to better understand land and liquidity constraints to improved household production in Gikongoro province. A networking model for supporting farmers' associations is proposed, in which a joint role for the Rwandan government, academic and research institutions, NGOs, and the private sector is expected to lead to sustainable agricultural development in Gikongoro province, Rwanda.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-206)
This thesis describes a family variation among urban Nigerian couples called a commuter marriage. A commuter marriage in this study is defined as a union between a dual earner/dual career couple where the husband and wife have decided to live apart from each other due to work commitments until such a time as is convenient for them to live continuously together again. This separation is mainly undertaken to improve their financial and career prospects. The study seeks to understand what dynamics are involved in a commuter marriage in Jos, Plateau State. The Life Course Perspective, with a focus on the gendered life course perspective, serves as a theoretical framework for this study. The perspective assumes that families undergoing the same transitions are likely to display the same characteristics which may not be necessarily relevant for all families in the same life stage, while the gendered life course perspective acknowledges the gendered context. At the same time the cultural context of the Nigerian society in terms of family norms are taken into account. An overview of commuter marriages, including characteristics of commuter marriages and non-traditional marriages linked to commuter marriages are provided. The differences between established and adjusting couples were repeatedly underlined. The research has an underlying interpretivist paradigm, therefore a qualitative research methodology was deemed best for the study. A semi-structured interview guide and time diaries were used to obtain data from seventeen participants. It was found that a commuter marriage is costly financially, socially and emotionally. An emphasis on the male provider and the wife as the manager of the resources was highlighted. Commuter couples report that their greatest support system constitute their family members who show the most understanding to their situation. Commuter fathers were generally passionate about their fatherly roles, but had conflicting feelings about balancing work and family, feeling the family is losing out. Generally, commuter couples in this study showed a sincere desire for the commuting relationship not to span an indefinite amount of time.
Sociology
D. Phil. (Sociology)

Female-headed families have become a major component of society, globally and locally. South Africa has also witnessed an increase in the number of female-headed families. Children raised in female-headed families have been reported to be disadvantaged in several ways. Many are said to be performing poorly at school, having low self-esteem, experiencing early sexual activity, and displaying adverse behaviour. Hence, the views of adult children who grew up in female-headed families were explored to inform social work practice. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual study was undertaken with 12 participants whose ages ranged from 25 to 35 years. The goal of this study was to gain insight into the experiences of adult children who grew up in female-headed families. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysed following Tesch’s (in Creswell, 2009) framework. Data was verified using Lincoln and Guba’s model of trustworthiness. The major findings highlighted first, a deep-seated need to understand reasons for being abandoned by their fathers. Second, the resources inherent within female-headed families, often overlooked, revealed the strengths that these families possess. Third, spirituality as the foundation of their resilience during difficult times dominated the participants’ accounts of being raised in female-headed families. Fourth, various support structures emerged as fundamental components, requisite for the optimal functioning of female-headed families. The implications for social work and recommendations for future research are presented.
Social Work
M.A. (Social Work)

Huang, Xiaorui.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-103).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.

In recent times, the incidence of single-parent families has increased rapidly with the principle cause being the rising divorce rate. The vast majority of these single-parent families are headed by women and a predominantly common factor in these households is the extent to which they are financially impoverished after divorce. This situation has given rise to the phenomenon known as the feminisation of poverty, where women are seen to make up the majority of the poor. This study examines the many varied factors contributing to this phenomenon and discusses some of the general solutions offered world-wide to address these poverty-stricken households. An assessment is then made of those legal solutions most appropriate for South Africa
Law
LL.M.

This sociological study investigates the effects of work stress on family dynamics. Job demands, like heavy workload and working overtime, could have an effect on family members to fulfill role obligations and vital family functions according to Parsons’s, Murdock’s and Merton’s functionalist theories. By employing qualitative research techniques, fifty in-depth interviews guided by an interview schedule are conducted. The three research questions or tentative hypotheses, based on the functionalist theory, are answered by the findings from the data gathered. An inductive strategy is used to gather and interpret data to eventually build new theory. Theory is grounded in the data, hence grounded theory. The findings are categorized in terms of the research questions and describe and explain how the family is affected when work stress is experienced by the employee and family member. Possible explanations are offered as to why this occurs. Recommendations for further research are also made.
Sociology
M.A. (Sociology)

This diploma thesis deals with poverty and social exclusion in the context of education, on both a theoretical and empirical level. The theoretical part provides a comprehensive picture of the phenomena of poverty, social exclusion and low-income families and then shows them towards education. The theoretical basis of the protection of families and children is also clarified in this part. The text focuses in detail on the specifics of the schooling of students from low-income families in Most, this focus is then extended by a qualitative data survey in the practical part. The research report provides interpretation of data from interviews with primary school pupils in Most, whose families meet the poverty risk attributes. The results of the practical part capture the student's perception of their educational careers. The results of research interviews are then confronted with the conclusions of the research reports mentioned in the theoretical part. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The family roles and responsibilities are still allocated along the gender lines. Women assume primary child care and household roles despite working fulltime. They suffer from work-family conflict as they battle with these competing demands. A phenomenological approach was adopted for this study. The existing literature was used in defining work-family conflict, looking at different work-family theories; development of gendered defined roles, motherhood and demands brought on by women working fulltime. The semi-structured interview was used for data collection. The themes which emerged showed that women experience strong emotions associated with raising children whilst working. There is compromise on quality time dedicated in each role. Women assume sole custodian over their children’s upbringing. Women enter into a second shift after work. Having a career and children, is made easier through adoption of strong coping strategies and mechanisms. The conclusions and recommendations were made for future a research and organisational practices.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
Thesis (M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psycology))

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
A sizeable body of research has attempted to examine the interaction between government spending and private giving known as the crowd-out effect. Most researchers reported that increases of government spending cause decreases of philanthropic giving to different types of nonprofits. However, few studies have attempted to indicate the interaction between government welfare expenditures and private giving to human service organizations even though human service organizations are the most sensitive to the changes of government spending. Additionally, the estimated crowd-out effects with a simple crowd-out model have been criticized for potential endogeneity bias. This paper investigates the total effect of federal government welfare spending on state government expenditures and philanthropic giving to human service organizations (known as joint crowd-out). I used the 2005 wave of the Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) to estimate the effect of federal human service grants on state government spending on, and donations to human services. From these reduced-form estimates I infer the levels of simple and joint crowd-out. I found that indicate federal spending on public welfare crowds out private giving to human service organizations while holding control variables constant in the donations equation. However, federal government spending on public welfare crowds in state government spending on public welfare.