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Lyon, Gordon William. "Recognition and perceptual familiarity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260430.
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Cerigioni, Francesco. "Essays on Familiarity and Choice." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386523.
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La tesis estudia los canales por los cuales las experiencias familiares influyen en el comportamiento individual a través de procesos psicológicos automáticos con el objetivo de conseguir una mejor comprensión de algunos puzles económicos. En particular, la investigación se centra en la comprensión de dos canales principales que se discutirán a continuación: (i) cómo las experiencias familiares influyen en el comportamiento individual a través de las analogías y, (ii) cómo las experiencias familiares influyen en el comportamiento individual a través del efecto que la exposición tiene sobre el valor percibido de las alternativas. Los dos primeros capítulos analizan el primer punto, el tercero el segundo.
Evidencia psicológica muestra que algunas elecciones son conscientes y reflejan las preferencias individuales, mientras que otras tienden a ser intuitivas, impulsadas por las analogías con las experiencias pasadas. En estas circunstancias, la modelización económica habitual podría no ser válida porque no todas las elecciones son consecuencia de los gustos individuales. El primer capítulo propone un modelo de comportamiento que formaliza cómo surgen elecciones conscientes e intuitivas mediante la presentación de un individuo compuesto por dos sistemas. Un sistema compara los problemas de decisión del pasado con los presentes, y replica el comportamiento pasado cuando los problemas son lo suficientemente similares (elección intuitiva). De lo contrario, el segundo sistema se activa y maximiza las preferencias (elección consciente). Luego, el capítulo presenta un nuevo método capaz de encontrar elecciones conscientes sólo de la conducta observada y, por último, ofrece un fundamento axiomático del modelo y discute su importancia como marco general para estudiar la inercia conductual.
El simple modelo que se propone en el primer capítulo permite el estudio de las implicaciones de las decisiones intuitivas para los mercados, en particular, el segundo capítulo analiza las implicaciones del modelo para los precios de los activos. La evidencia de los mercados financieros sugiere que los precios de los activos pueden estar lejos de su valor fundamental. Los precios parecen no reaccionar a las noticias en el corto plazo y reaccionar de forma exagerada en el largo plazo. El Capítulo 2 utiliza el modelo presentado en el primer capítulo para describir el comportamiento de los traders. En particular, una parte de los traders tiene creencias erróneas en cualquier momento las condiciones del mercado no cambian lo suficiente. La proporción de traders con creencias equivocadas dependerá de la similitud de los entornos de mercado en el pasado el actual. El modelo no solo proporciona una explicación para noise trading si no también explica los movimientos de los precios de los activos a las noticias.
El tercer capítulo concluye analizando el impacto de la familiaridad en la evaluación de alternativas. Este canal es diferente y complementario al previo porque no depende de las analogías. El capítulo presenta un individuo que experimenta el “efecto de la exposición”, es decir, el fenómeno por el cual las personas tienden a desarrollar una preferencia por las cosas simplemente porque han sido expuestos a ellas. La idea principal es que cuanto más un individuo elige algo, mayor es la probabilidad de elegirlo nuevamente. Dicho modelo provee una base cognitiva más general y dinámica al conocido fenómeno de sesgo hacia el status-quo, y por lo tanto al efecto de dotación, la aversión a la pérdida y el sesgo hacia el presente. Además, ayuda a cuantificar la inercia comportamental que afecta las elecciones individuales. En particular, es posible prever precisamente el tipo de heterogeneidad que tendría que surgir de una población homogénea de individuos expuestos a diferentes secuencias de elecciones. Finalmente, se proporciona un fundamento axiomático del modelo y se discuten algunas posibles extensiones.The thesis studies the channels through which familiar experiences influence individual behavior through automatic psychological processes with the aim of getting a clearer understanding of some puzzling economic phenomena. In particular, the research focuses on understanding two main channels that are discussed next: (i) how familiar experiences influence individual behavior through similarity comparisons and, (ii) how familiar experiences influence individual behavior through the effect of exposure on the perceived value of the alternatives. The first two chapters analyze the former, the third the latter. Evidence from cognitive sciences shows that some choices are conscious and reflect individual preferences while others tend to be intuitive, driven by analogies with past experiences. Under these circumstances, usual economic modeling might not be valid because not all choices are the consequence of individual tastes. The first chapter proposes a behavioral model that can be used in standard economic analysis that formalizes how conscious and intuitive choices arise by presenting a decision maker composed by two systems. One system compares past decision problems with the one the decision maker faces, and it replicates past behavior when the problems are similar enough (Intuitive choices). Otherwise, a second system is activated and preferences are maximized (Conscious choices). The chapter then presents a novel method capable of finding conscious choices just from observed behavior and finally, it provides a choice theoretical foundation of the model and discusses its importance as a general framework to study behavioral inertia. The simple model proposed in the first chapter allows for the study of the implications of intuitive decisions for market outcomes, in particular, the second chapter analyzes the implications of the model for asset pricing. Evidence from financial markets suggests that asset prices can be consistently far from their fundamental value. Prices seem to underreact to news in the short-run and overreact in the long-run. Chapter 2 uses the model presented in the first chapter to describe traders behavior. In particular, a part of traders holds wrong beliefs anytime the market environment does not change sufficiently. The proportion of traders with wrong beliefs will depend on how similar past market environments are with the present one. The chapter shows that such model not only can be seen as a way of endogenizing noise trading, but it also provides a justification for noise traders' beliefs and it shows that underreaction and overreaction naturally arise in this framework. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the model might help understanding the emergence of the equity-premium puzzle and its variation through time. The third chapter then concludes by analyzing the impact of familiarity on the evaluation of alternatives. This is a different and complementary channel that does not depend on analogies between different environments. The chapter proposes a model of a decision maker that experiences the mere exposure effect, i.e. the phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they have been exposed to them. The main idea is that the more the decision maker chooses something, the higher the probability he chooses it again. Such model allows for a more general and dynamic cognitive foundation to the well-known phenomenon of the status-quo bias, and hence to obtain the endowment effect, loss aversion and present bias as a consequence. Furthermore, it helps quantify the behavioral inertia that affects the decision maker choices. In particular, it is possible to have accurate forecasts of the kind of heterogeneity we should expect to emerge from an homogeneous population of individuals exposed to different choice paths. Finally, a choice theoretical foundation of the model is provided and some possible extensions are discussed.
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Beier, Sofie. "Typeface legibility : towards defining familiarity." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 2009. http://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/957/.
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The aim of the project is to investigate the influence of fa- miliarity on reading. Three new fonts were created in order to examine the familiarity of fonts that readers could not have seen before. Each of the new fonts contains lowercase letters with fa- miliar and unfamiliar skeleton variations. The different skeleton variations were tested with distance threshold and time thresh- old methods in order to account for differences in visibility. This investigation helped create final typeface designs where the fa- miliar and unfamiliar skeleton variations have roughly similar and good performance. The typefaces were later applied as the test material in the familiarity investigation. Some typographers have proposed that familiarity means the amount of time that a reader has been exposed to a typeface design, while other typographers have proposed that familiarity is the commonalities in letterforms. These two hypotheses were tested by measuring the reading speed and preference of partici- pants, as they read fonts that had either common or uncommon letterforms, the fonts were then re-measured after an exposure period. The results indicate that exposure has an immediate ef- fect on the speed of reading, but that unfamiliar letter features only have an effect of preference and not on reading speed. By combining the craftsmen’s knowledge of designing with the methods of experimental research, the project takes a new step forward towards a better understanding of how different type- faces can influence the reading process.
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Nee, Diana. "Maintaining familiarity through mobile design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62982.
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Thesis (S.B. in Art and Design)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 32).
This thesis aims to fulfill the needs for storage, portability, and comfort in the growing population of itinerant young professionals through generating a deployable device that provides a sense of familiarity and personalization. Prior to activation, the device acts as a secure and protective container for personal belongings. Once activated, it will provide a number of surfaces that allow for work, rest, display, and storage. Acting as both storage receptacle and deployable furniture, the device allows for one to move efficiently and, in doing so, still maintain a sense of identity at different locations.
by Diana Nee.
S.B.in Art and Design
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Allen, Donald Mark. "Familiarity and the Attribution Process." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625326.
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McCormick, Carroll Owen. "Rater familiarity in simulation validity studies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26560.
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Previous research on photographic simulation validity is reviewed. Evidence supporting simulation validity is found, but methodological flaws seriously compromise the results of many of the studies. In the present study 408 University of British Columbia undergraduates rated the affective quality of two building interiors, using actual site, color slide, and written description media. Groups rating each site at each medium were equally represented by familiar and unfamiliar raters. The hypothesis that compensating efects of rater familiarity with stimulus sites produce results that are misinterpreted as supportive of simulation validity was tested. Results show that valid ratings of color slides were obtained, but results that appear supportive of simulation validity can be confounded with rater familiarity effects and building prototypicality.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Osborne, Cara D. "Measurement and representation of facial familiarity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444961.
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Gontijo, Possidonia de Freitas Drumond. "Familiarity effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21263.
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This thesis is an investigation of two different aspects of familiarity processes involved in visual word recognition. The first is how capitalisation influences visual word recognition. The second is the role played by onset, nucleus and coda in nonword recognition. A familiar aspect of proper names in English, is that they are printed with an initial capital letter. Two experiments investigated the effects of the capitalisation of the initial letter of nonwords. It was found that subjects generate fewer pronunciations for initially capitalised nonwords than for those which were not capitalised. I suggest that in English initial capitalisation acts as a cue strong enough to prompt readers to perceive unfamiliar strings of letters as belonging to the category of proper names. As a result, the phonological domain used to retrieve the pronunciation of initially capitalised strings becomes more restricted than that used for the non-capitalised unfamiliar strings. These results extend the applicability of Brennen's theory for proper names, which is based on the size of the set of plausible phonologies of a word. In a third experiment, pairs of nonwords had their familiar visual appearance manipulated in terms of first and last letter capitalisation, in a same-different matching task. Faster response times were obtained for those nonword pairs that kept a more familiar aspect (e.g., pairs in which the first letter was capitalised as opposed to others in which the last letter was capitalised). These results are explained in terms of Besner and Jonhston (1989) "orthographic familiarity route". I propose the transformation model as an explanation for the mechanisms by which this route operates. Nonwords are an important aspect of this thesis. A new algorithm was developed for the creation of monosyllabic nonwords in which the frequency of their onsets, nuclei and codas could be controlled carefully. This gave us the opportunity to study the influence of orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition. The findings here are in agreement with previous studies which show the recognition of an item to be influenced by the presence of neighbours. It has been hypothesized that familiarity effects in visual word recognition can only be found in tasks where identification mechanisms are not implicated. Here, a new category of words, namely brand names, was used to test this hypothesis. There are many reasons why brand names are a more appropriate class of words than acronyms to be used in this type of investigation. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis above. Previously, acronyms had been the only class of words used to test this hypothesis. Finally, a computational assessment of the nature of the mappings from letterto- sound in British English was carried on. A program was developed to estimate the pronunciation of any string of English graphemes based on the probabilities of grapheme-phoneme correspondences. The algorithm was assessed by examining its behavior for nonwords. This was done by using a corpus of nonword transcriptions, collected in an experiment with trained phoneticians. The results confirm the fact that the statistical information about grapheme-phoneme correspondences alone is not sufficient to predict English pronunciation. Also, a method was developed that allows the quantification of the different orthographic depth for various languages.
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Horn, Mathilde. "Etude du sentiment de familiarité chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie, impact sur le risque de comportements violents." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S019/document.
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La familiarité correspond au sentiment d’avoir déjà rencontré une personne, un lieu, un objet, indépendamment de la capacité à restituer le contexte initiale de cette rencontre. Le sentiment de familiarité peut ainsi être perçu même si le stimulus dont il s’agit n’est pas clairement identifié. Les travaux menés sur la familiarité s’intègrent dans des domaines de recherche assez variables, les principales recherches ayant été réalisées dans le cadre plus général de l’étude de la mémoire de reconnaissance, et dans le cadre de l’étude de la reconnaissance des visages.Des troubles du sentiment de familiarité peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes sur les interactions sociales. De tels troubles ont notamment été rapportés chez des patients présentant des troubles neurologiques (comme la maladie d’Alzheimer) ou psychiatriques (comme la schizophrénie). En fonction de leur sévérité, ces troubles peuvent être à l’origine de troubles graves du comportement, jusqu’à la réalisation de gestes de violence sévères, comme décrits par exemple dans certains troubles délirants de familiarité associés à la schizophrénie.Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont donc de clarifier les méthodes d’évaluation de la familiarité afin d’en préciser les corrélats neuronaux, puis chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie, d’étudier le sentiment de familiarité, et d’évaluer les conséquences des altérations de ce sentiment, principalement en termes de risque de violence.Plusieurs études ont été menées afin de répondre à ces objectifs. Nous avons tout d’abord réalisé différentes méta-analyses des données d’imagerie de la littérature, selon les méthodes d’évaluation employées, pour déterminer avec précision les réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans le traitement de stimuli familiers. Nous avons ensuite développé une méthode d’étude du sentiment de familiarité permettant de quantifier le sentiment de familiarité, et adaptée aux patients présentant des troubles cognitifs, comme les patients souffrants de schizophrénie. L’évaluation de l’association entre les troubles de la familiarité et le risque de violence a été réalisée à partir d’une revue de littérature des descriptions de cas de gestes violents réalisés dans des contextes de troubles de familiarité pour mettre en évidence les facteurs de risque de violence communs à ces situations cliniques. Afin d’objectiver ces données, nous avons également effectué une évaluation clinique systématique des troubles du sentiment de familiarité des patients souffrant de schizophrénie. Cette étude a été réalisée en population carcérale pour permettre une évaluation au sein d’une population particulièrement à risque de violence.A travers les travaux présentés dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé l’étude de la familiarité, du sujet sain au patient de psychiatrie, de l’étude des mécanismes cérébraux à celle des conséquences comportementales. Les résultats de ces travaux confirment l’importance à accorder à l’étude du sentiment de familiarité, et à celle de ses troubles, en particulier dans les populations de patients psychiatriquesFamiliarity is the feeling that provides the experience that a person, an object, a place, has been previously encountered independent of any recollection of the associated details. Thus, the feeling of familiarity may be reached even when the stimulus is not clearly recognized. Familiarity has been studied using various approaches. Major research has been conducted in the context of recognition memory and faces recognition.Familiarity disorders have been described as a failure of affective judgment capable of strongly impacting social interactions. They are notably present in some neurological disorders (such as in Alzheimer’s disease) and psychiatric disorders (such as in schizophrenia). Depending on the symptoms severity, these disorders may lead to serious violent behaviors, as reported in some delusional misidentification disorders related to schizophrenia.The objectives of this work were to clarify the experimental procedures used for familiarity assessment, in order to identify the brain regions that sustain the processing of familiarity. Then, we focused on patients with schizophrenia. Our purpose was to assess the feeling of familiarity in schizophrenia patients, and the consequences of familiarity disorders in these patients on the risk of violence.Several studies have been conducted to meet these objectives. First, we performed separate brain meta-analyses of published neuroimaging data, following the approach employed, in order to determine the brain networks that are involved in the processing of familiarity. Second, we developed an original paradigm for studying the feeling of familiarity that was particularly suited to patients with cognitive disorders, such as patients with schizophrenia. Then, we assessed the association between familiarity disorders and risk of violence by realizing a literature review of published cases of patients having committed violent acts associated to familiarity disorders. Finally, we tried to confirm this association with a systematic evaluation of familiarity disorders of patients with schizophrenia. This last study was conducted in a specific population that was at high-risk of presenting violent behavior, i.e. inmates hospitalized in a psychiatric unit of prison setting.The research presented in this thesis has enabled us to explore familiarity from healthy individuals to psychiatric patients and from the study of neural bases to that of behavioral consequences. The results from these studies confirm the importance to further study familiarity and familiarity disorders, in particular in patients with psychiatric disorders
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Karacan, Hacer. "The Role Of Familiarity On Change Perception." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608606/index.pdf.
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In this study the mechanisms that control attention in natural scenes was examined. It was explored whether familiarity with the environment makes participants more sensitive to changes or novel events in the scene. Previous investigation of this issue has been based on viewing 2D pictures/images of simple objects or of natural scenes, a situation which does not accurately reflect the challenges of natural vision. In order to examine this issue, as well as the differences between 2D and 3D environments, two experiments were designed in which the general task demands could be manipulated. The results revealed that familiarity with the environment significantly increased the time spent fixating regions in the scene where a change had occurred. The results support the hypothesis that we learn the structure of natural scenes over time, and that attention is attracted by deviations from the stored scene representation. Such a mechanism would allow attention to objects or events that were not explicitly on the current cognitive agenda.
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Laurence, Sarah. "The effect of familiarity on face adaptation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47140/.
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Face adaptation techniques have been used extensively to investigate how faces are processed. It has even been suggested that face adaptation is functional in calibrating the visual system to the diet of faces to which an observer is exposed. Yet most adaptation studies to date have used unfamiliar faces: few have used faces with real world familiarity. Familiar faces have more abstractive representations than unfamiliar faces. The experiments in this thesis therefore examined face adaptation for familiar faces. Chapters 2 and 3 explored the role of explicit recognition of familiar faces in producing face identity after-effects (FIAEs). Chapter 2 used composite faces (the top half of a celebrity's face paired with the bottom half of an unfamiliar face) as adaptors and showed that only recognised composites produced significant adaptation. In Chapter 3 the adaptors were cryptic faces (unfamiliar faces subtly transformed towards a celebrity's face) and faces of celebrity's siblings. Unrecognised cryptic and sibling faces produced FIAEs for their related celebrity, but only when adapting and testing on the same viewpoint. Adaptation only transferred across viewpoint when a face was explicitly recognised. Chapter 4 demonstrated that face adaptation could occur for ecologically valid, personally familiar stimuli, a necessary pre-requisite if adaptation is functional in calibrating face processing mechanisms. A video of a lecturer's face produced FIAEs equivalent to that produced by static images. Chapters 5 and 6 used a different type of after-effect, the face distortion after-effect (FDAE), to explore the stability of our representations for personally familiar faces, and showed that even representations of highly familiar faces can be affected by exposure to distorted faces. The work presented here shows that it is important to take facial familiarity into account when investigating face adaptation effects, as well as increasing our understanding of how familiarity affects the representations of faces.
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Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da. "Familiarity, challenge and processing of persuasion messages." Doctoral thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1746.
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Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia na área de especialização de Psicologia Social realizada sob a orientação de Teresa Garcia-Marques e co-orientação de James BlascovichThis thesis investigates the relationship between an experience of familiarity and a motivational state of challenge with how information is processed in a persuasion context. Previous research on social cognition has suggested that familiarity not only impacts a wide range of cognitive processes, but also regulates the activation of a more analytic information-processing mode, an assumption of the Familiarity of As a Regulation Mechanism model (Garcia-Marques, 1999; Garcia-Marques et al., 2010). On a different field, research on the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (Blascovich et al., 1993, 1999) has suggested that familiarity influences the activation of a motivational state of challenge. These two approaches suggest, therefore, that an experience of familiarity is able to influence both cognitive and motivational processes features. The overlap between the assumptions underlying both approaches is here explored being suggested the possibility that they might be closely related. For example, both approaches assume that an experience of familiarity signals individuals with necessary resources available and accessible in memory to deal with the situation. In this thesis, we have explored the relationship between these two approaches developing four experiments that could simultaneously inform about information-processing modes and assess the cardiovascular responses that typically map the motivational state. Experiment 1 showed the expected association of familiarity with non-analytical processing and at the same time the exhibition of a challenge type of cardiovascular responses. Interestingly these two effects that were activated by the same source, familiarity, did not seem to be related. Neither the observed cardiovascular indexes explained why individuals engaged in less analytic processing, nor did this processing mode was associated with the cardiovascular indexes. To continue exploring the relationship between these two effects, experiment 2 tested if the motivational state of challenge could promote less analytic processing by itself. Although the manipulation of motivational challenge did in fact influence how information was processed and was associated with the correspondent cardiovascular pattern of challenge, once again, the cardiovascular indexes were not related with the cognitive effect. The subsequent studies were designed to directly test the observed independence of both processes. We hypothesized that this observed dissociation could be in some way related with the fact that both processes depend on different levels of task-engagement. Experiment 3 replicates experiment 2 by manipulating the motivational state of challenge and adding to it a manipulation of task-engagement (presence versus absence of an observer). Results revealed that the two previously observed effects were only found in the task-engagement condition (i.e. in the presence of the observer). In experiment 4, we went back to the original study of the experience of familiarity and thus replicated experiment 1, adding to it the same manipulation of task-engagement. Results revealed that although the motivational effects disappeared in the low engagement condition (i.e. those who were alone), the cognitive impact was always observed regardless of the task-engagement level. To our view, these results are suggesting that the two effects here approached – the cognitive and motivational impact of familiarity, are related indeed. However, they are related under specific conditions, for example, the degree with which individuals are engaged with the task. As such, we claim that their co-occurrence does not mean that they are part of the same process. This assumption is discussed and a set of new experiments is proposed to further support it.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
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Buonomano, Lisa Cristine. "Stimulus Matters: Effects of Familiarity versus Novelty." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31625.
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The ability to suppress a prepotent response is a crucial component of cognition that begins to develop during infancy and peeks during preschool. As part of understanding how one develops inhibitory control, learning about what conditions may help or hurt task performance is of great interest. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of familiarity and novelty on inhibitory control. Thirty-five preschoolers between two and five years of age were tested in four different versions of the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). Performance was no different among standard, 2D-familiar, and 3D-familiar conditions. When comparing novel with the standard condition, children performed worse (37% and 68% respectively). Findings support the attentional inertia hypothesis. An exploratory analysis on temperament was also investigated. Children who scored higher in effortful control performed better in the 2D-familiar condition.Master of Science
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Jimison, Zachary N. "The Effect of Music Familiarity on Driving: A Simulated Study of the Impact of Music Familiarity Under Different Driving Conditions." UNF Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/539.
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Music is one of the most popular activities while driving. Previous research on music while driving has been mixed, with some researchers finding music to be a distractor and some research finding music to be facilitative to driving performance. The current study was designed to determine if familiarity with the music might explain the difference found between self-selected and experimenter-selected music, and whether the difficulty of the driving conditions affected music’s relationship to driving performance. One hundred and sixty-five University students participated in a driving simulation both with music and without music. Under the “with music” condition, participants were randomly assigned to three music conditions: self-selected music, experimenter-selected familiar music, and experimenter-selected unfamiliar music. In the simulation drive, participants first drove under a simple, low-mental workload condition (car following task in a simulated suburban road) and then drove under a complex, high-mental workload condition (city/urban road). The results showed that whether music was self- or experimenter-selected did not affect driving performance. Whether the music was familiar or unfamiliar did not affect performance either. However, self-selected music appeared to improve driving performance under low-workload conditions, leading to less car-following delay and less standard deviation in steering, but also caused participants to drive faster, leading to faster mean speed and higher car-following modulus, but not more speed limit violations. Self-selected music did not have any significant effect in high-mental workload conditions.
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Wilson, F. A. W. "Neuronal activity related to novelty, familiarity and reinforcement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375306.
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Herron, Jane Elizabeth. "Event-related potential correlates of recollection and familiarity." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271136.
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Lee, Elizabeth. "Familiarity : how does knowing a face affect processing?" Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273877.
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Rusenova, Ina Boryana D. "Between Familiarity and Estrangement:Making Paintings From Constructed Dioramas." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460672646.
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Chang, Yuh-Fang. "Topic familiarity and second language learners' oral performance." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1241177927.
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Silveira, Maria Conceição Klober da. "Effects of task familiarity on L2 speech production." Florianópolis, SC, 2004. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/88052.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura CorrespondenteMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T05:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 213479.pdf: 2172731 bytes, checksum: 53aab470cbb148a8a6843e24b65f4b02 (MD5)
Este estudo investiga os efeitos da familiaridade com tarefas na produção oral em L2. O termo familiaridade refere-se à idéia de prover o aluno com oportunidades de repetir ou praticar o mesmo tipo de tarefa. Dois tipos de tarefas foram empregados, uma dialógica, i.e., entrevista, e outra monológica, i.e., narração. Três questões foram investigadas: i) os efeitos do tópico da tarefa, ii) os efeitos do tipo de tarefa, e iii) os efeitos da familiaridade com tarefas sobre a produção oral em L2. Os resultados demonstraram que (1) o tópico teve um impacto na produção oral em L2 dos participantes, (2) os diferentes tipos de tarefa geraram diferentes níveis de desempenho, e (3) a familiaridade com a tarefa per se indicou não ter grande impacto no desempenho oral dos participantes. Entretanto, os resultados positivos alcançados pelo grupo dialógico podem ser uma indicação dos efeitos da familiaridade quando associada ao tipo de tarefa. Em outras palavras, possivelmente é a combinação de diferentes condições - familiaridade com tipo de tarefa, por exemplo - que pode proporcionar aos alunos possibilidades reais de aperfeiçoar sua produção oral em L2. Os resultados também sugerem que o tipo de tarefa, bem como o tópico da tarefa, devem ser levados em consideração quando da elaboração de tarefas para fins de desenvolvimento da habilidade oral em L2, seu ensino e avaliação.
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Young, Megan. "General practitioners' familiarity with and practices related to haemochromatosis /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17037.pdf.
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Minhas, Gurjeet S., University of Western Sydney, and School of Health and Nursing. "Complementary therapies : familiarity and use by midwives and women." THESIS_XXXX_SHN_Minhas_G.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/513.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an exploratory study, descriptive in nature and investigates the familiarity and practices of midwives and women with regard to complementary therapies during pregnancy and labour. The study was conducted in four major hospitals in Western Sydney, namely Nepean, Jamieson, Blue Mountains Anzac Memorial and Hawkesbury hospitals. The findings showed that in the main the midwives and women were familiar and made use of four therapies, ie. aromatherapy, massage, music and hydrotherapy. The midwives practiced without any significant training in these therapies. Hospital policies were almost non existant in relation to the practice of complementary therapies and nurses often felt frustrated at not being able to implement complementary therapies. The main issues that emerged from the study were the need for education for the midwives related to specific complementary therapies, hospital policies conducive to the practice of complementary therapies and research into the efficacy of the different complementary therapies. The women need further exposure to complementary therapies and education in the respective therapies if they are to feel empowered in dealing with the stress of their daily livesMaster of Nursing (Hons)
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Shen, Jiye. "Effect of familiarity and feature differences on visual search." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29191.pdf.
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Ida, Pettersson. "Versus Associations : The familiarity between different influences. Patched together." Thesis, Konstfack, Textil, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-4749.
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In this text I am investigating the relationship between craft, fine art and kitsch/popular culture through the making of a three-dimensional pattern in patchwork technique. I apply the investigation to my working technique by comparing certain examples of fine art pieces with kitsch items. A method that during the process was named Versus Associations. I have connected the art pieces and kitsch items through this method of associations based on their similarities in colors and composition. The aim of the pattern is to mediate color interactions that make up a visual illusion. I want to make the beholders curious of what is happening in the pattern and show that it can affect them physically.Due to copyright some pictures has been removed. Numbers, representing these pictures, with attached web links can be found in references.
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Bogacz, Rafal. "Computational models of familiarity discrimination in the perirhinal cortex." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369529.
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LaPoint, Molly R. "The Effect of Shape Familiarity on Object-Based Attention." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3062.
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Thesis advisor: Sean MacEvoyHumans can pay attention both to particular locations in space (“space-based attention”) and to specific objects (“object-based attention”). The goal of this study was to understand the role of object familiarity and complexity in the control of object-based attention. We used a well-known manifestation of object-based attention known as same-object advantage (SOA) to test this. In SOA, participants are faster at detecting a target event that takes place in a cued object than one that takes place in an uncued object, even when the distance between cue and target is kept fixed. To control shape familiarity, objects in the current study were randomly-generated irregular polygons known as Attneave shapes. Experiment 1 showed that SOA exists for these irregular shapes, even when participants are unfamiliar with them. In Experiment 2, participants first underwent training designed to familiarize them with a subset of the Attneave shapes used in Experiment 1. Again there was a significant SOA. If object-based attention is dependent upon object familiarity, we hypothesized that SOA, measured in terms of reaction time, should be greater in Experiment 2 than Experiment 1. Although there was a numerical increase in the reaction time signature of SOA in Experiment 2, this effect was not significant. While this does not strictly support our hypothesis, several aspects of this study suggest that object familiarity does play some role in mediating object-based attention
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Murray, Jamie G. "Associative recognition : exploring the contributions of recollection and familiarity." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21663.
Full textAbstract:
Episodic memory refers to the storage and retrieval of information about events in our past. According to dual process models, episodic memory is supported by familiarity which refers to the rapid and automatic sense of oldness about a previously encoded stimulus, and recollection which refers to the retrieval of contextual information, such as spatial, temporal or other contextual details that bring a specific item to mind. To be clear, familiarity is traditionally assumed to support recognition of item information, whereas recollection supports the recognition of associative information. Event Related Potential (ERP) studies provide support for dual process models, by demonstrating qualitatively distinct patterns of neural activity associated with familiarity (Mid-Frontal old/new effect) and recollection (Left-Parietal old/new effect). In the current thesis, ERPs were used to address two important questions regarding associative recognition – namely, the function of the neural signal supporting recollection and whether familiarity can contribute to the retrieval of novel associative information. The first series of experiments was aimed at addressing how recollection operates by employing a recently developed continuous source task designed to directly measure the accuracy of retrieval success. To date, the function of recollection has been fiercely debated, with some arguing that recollection reflects the operation of a continuous retrieval process, whereby test cues always elicit some information from memory. Alternatively, recollection may reflect the operation of a thresholded process that allows for retrieval failure, whereby test cues sometimes elicit no information from memory at all. In the current thesis, the Left Parietal effect was found to be sensitive to the precision of memory responses when recollection succeeded, but was entirely absent when recollection failed. The result clarifies the nature of the neural mechanism underlying successful retrieval whilst also providing novel evidence in support of threshold models of recollection. The second series of experiments addressed whether familiarity could contribute to the retrieval of novel associative information. Recent associative recognition studies have suggested that unitization (whereby multi-component stimuli are encoded as a single item rather than as a set of associated parts) can improve episodic memory by increasing the availability of familiarity during retrieval. To date, however, ERP studies have failed to provide any evidence of unitization for novel associations, whereas behavioural support for unitization is heavily reliant on model specific measures such as ROC analysis. Over three separate associative recognition studies employing unrelated word pairs, the magnitude of the Mid-Frontal old/new effect was found to be modulated by encoding instructions designed to manipulate the level of unitization. Importantly, the results also suggest that different encoding strategies designed to manipulate the level of unitization may be more successful than others. Finally, the results also revealed that differences in behavioural performance and modulation of the Mid-Frontal old/new effect between unitized and non-unitized instructions is greater for unrelated compared to related word pairs. In essence, the results suggest that unitization is better suited to learning completely novel associations as opposed to word pairs sharing a pre-existing conceptual relationship. Overall, the data presented in this thesis supports dual process accounts of episodic memory, suggesting that at a neural level of analysis, recollection is both thresholded and variable, whilst also supporting the assumption that familiarity can contribute to successful retrieval of novel associative information. The results have important implications for our current understanding of cognitive decline and the development of behavioural interventions aimed at alleviating associative deficits.
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Ben-Dror, Yaffa. "Students' familiarity with the narrator in multimedia learning material." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/324043/.
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This is a study of the influence of the familiarity of students with the narrator of video tutorials, in a blended learning situation, on both the perceived and actual effectiveness of the learning materials, in terms of students’ learning efficiency – where a course is traditional in format and online learning is carried out with the help of Narrated Video Screen Captures (NVSCs). The study also focused on the interaction of student-narrator gender similarity and students’ individual differences (conscientiousness and test-anxiety) with voice familiarity. Thus, the study sought to fill a gap in knowledge regarding the influence of familiarity with the narrator in multimedia learning material on the efficiency of learning within a blended learning context. The research paradigm was deductive, employing a mixed methods and a case study research and using quasi-experiments. In order to compare the relational efficiency of the different instructional conditions, a calculative approach was used that combined measurement of mental effort with task performance. In addition to the mental effort questionnaires and task performance, students completed an assessment questionnaire for the NVSCs. In addition, semi-structured interviews and a follow-up questionnaire were used for collection of corroborative data, in order to shed more light on this matter. Findings showed significant influence of voice familiarity on most of the learning efficiency indices and on perceived effectiveness of NVSCs. Gender similarity was significant only with unfamiliar voice and there was no significant interaction between conscientiousness and test anxiety and voice familiarity. Thus, it was concluded that when students have a personal relationship with the class teacher, exposure to multimedia learning materials with an unfamiliar narrator has an adverse influence on their learning efficiency. These findings add to the established voice related principles of Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Social Agency Theory. Contribution to knowledge was made by filling the gap in knowledge in the area of multimedia instructional design.
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Ben-Dror, Yaffa. "Students' familiarity with the narrator in multimedia learning material." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/324043/1/Yaffa%20Ben-Dror%20PhD%20thesis%20%202014.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This is a study of the influence of the familiarity of students with the narrator of video
tutorials, in a blended learning situation, on both the perceived and actual effectiveness of
the learning materials, in terms of students’ learning efficiency – where a course is
traditional in format and online learning is carried out with the help of Narrated Video
Screen Captures (NVSCs). The study also focused on the interaction of student-narrator
gender similarity and students’ individual differences (conscientiousness and test-anxiety)
with voice familiarity. Thus, the study sought to fill a gap in knowledge regarding the
influence of familiarity with the narrator in multimedia learning material on the efficiency
of learning within a blended learning context.
The research paradigm was deductive, employing a mixed methods and a case study
research and using quasi-experiments. In order to compare the relational efficiency of the
different instructional conditions, a calculative approach was used that combined
measurement of mental effort with task performance. In addition to the mental effort
questionnaires and task performance, students completed an assessment questionnaire for
the NVSCs. In addition, semi-structured interviews and a follow-up questionnaire were
used for collection of corroborative data, in order to shed more light on this matter.
Findings showed significant influence of voice familiarity on most of the learning
efficiency indices and on perceived effectiveness of NVSCs. Gender similarity was
significant only with unfamiliar voice and there was no significant interaction between
conscientiousness and test anxiety and voice familiarity.
Thus, it was concluded that when students have a personal relationship with the class
teacher, exposure to multimedia learning materials with an unfamiliar narrator has an
adverse influence on their learning efficiency. These findings add to the established voice
related principles of Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Social Agency
Theory. Contribution to knowledge was made by filling the gap in knowledge in the area
of multimedia instructional design.
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Housley, Meghan K. "The Positivity-Cues-Familiarity Effect and Initial Stimulus Valence." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1185554049.
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Meyer, Katherine Conner. "Sport nostalgia: An examination of familiarity and intended behavior." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275393944.
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KINNEY, ROBIN ELIZABETH. "Mobilité: Familiarity and New Experience in a mobile restaurant." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1053696054.
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Toussant, Erica A. "Analyzing the Impacts of Driver Familiarity/Unfamiliarity at Roundabouts." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1451907184.
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Kinney, Robin. "Mobilité familiarity and new experiences in a mobile restaurant /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1053696054.
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Minhas, Gurjeet S. "Complementary therapies : familiarity and use by midwives and women." Thesis, View thesis, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/513.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an exploratory study, descriptive in nature and investigates the familiarity and practices of midwives and women with regard to complementary therapies during pregnancy and labour. The study was conducted in four major hospitals in Western Sydney, namely Nepean, Jamieson, Blue Mountains Anzac Memorial and Hawkesbury hospitals. The findings showed that in the main the midwives and women were familiar and made use of four therapies, ie. aromatherapy, massage, music and hydrotherapy. The midwives practiced without any significant training in these therapies. Hospital policies were almost non existant in relation to the practice of complementary therapies and nurses often felt frustrated at not being able to implement complementary therapies. The main issues that emerged from the study were the need for education for the midwives related to specific complementary therapies, hospital policies conducive to the practice of complementary therapies and research into the efficacy of the different complementary therapies. The women need further exposure to complementary therapies and education in the respective therapies if they are to feel empowered in dealing with the stress of their daily lives
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Minhas, Gurjeet S. "Complementary therapies : familiarity and use by midwives and women /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030829.153322/index.html.
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Williams, Helen Louise. "Remembering and knowing : exploring subjective report, familiarity, and confidence." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1756/.
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This thesis examined how people make and understand judgments of subjective experience using the categories of Remember, Know, Familiar, and Guess (R, K, F, G), and represents the first attempt to use all four categories in a standard episodic recognition task. The key findings of this body of work are that Know and Familiar categories of subjective experience can be reliably differentiated, as can each of the four subjective experience categories from confidence. Chapter 2 examined lay understanding of subjective experience by asking participants to examine others’ memory justification statements. Participants reliably differentiated the four justification types (R, K, F, G) in terms of confidence (Experiment 2.1) and subjective experience (Experiments 2.2 and 2.3); manipulations of confidence influenced assignment of justifications to subjective experience categories for some types of justification more than others (Experiment 2.2); and participants were able to divide justification statements into Know and Familiar when no definitions of those concepts were provided (Experiment 2.4). Chapter 3 investigated the influence of experimentally imposed familiarity on subjective experience. Pre-exposure of target and lure items led to impaired recognition across all experiments, but differences in subjective experience were only observed when pre-exposure was performed between-subjects (Experiment 3.1 vs. 3.2 and 3.3). Participants were able to use recollection strategically to overcome the familiarity induced by pre-exposure. Chapter 4 compared source, confidence, and subjective experience judgments and demonstrated subjective experience judgments to be more sensitive to source accuracy than confidence judgments; confidence judgments were more lenient than subjective experience; and confidence judgments were more affected by source manipulations than were subjective experience judgments. Across the thesis, analysis of reaction time also demonstrated reliable differences between and within judgment types. This thesis found critical differences between Remember, Know, and Familiar. Know and Familiar judgments were shown to dissociate on recognition accuracy, source accuracy, confidence, and response time. In contrast, Remember and Know judgments were only shown to be differentiated by source accuracy. The findings have implications for methodological and theory development and are discussed in terms of single- and dual-process accounts of memory.
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Lawry, Simon Gary. "Identifying familiarity to facilitate intuitive interaction for older adults." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53410/1/Simon__Lawry_Thesis.pdf.
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Almost every nation on the planet is experiencing increases in both the number and proportion of older adults. Research has shown that older adults use technology less intuitively than younger adults, and have more difficulty with using products effectively. With an ever-increasing population of older adults, it is necessary to understand why they often struggle to use technology, which is becoming more and more important in day to day living. Intuitive use of products is grounded in familiarity and prior experience. The aims of this research were twofold: (i) to examine the differences in familiarity between younger and older adults, to see if this could explain the difficulties faced by some older adults; (ii) to develop investigational methods to assist designers in identifying familiarity in prospective users.
Two empirical studies were conducted. The first experiment was conducted in the field with 32 participants, divided across four age groups (18 – 44, 45 – 59, 60 – 74, and 75+). This experiment was conducted in the participants’ homes, with a product they were familiar with. Familiarity was measured through the analysis of data collected through interviews, observation and retrospective protocol. The results of this study show that the youngest group demonstrated significantly higher levels of familiarity with products they own than the 60 – 74 and the 75+ age groups. There were no significant differences between the 18 – 44 age group and the 45 – 59 age group and there were also no significant differences between the three oldest age groups. The second experiment was conducted with 32 participants, across the same four age groups. Four everyday products were used in this experiment. The results of Experiment 2 show that, with previously unused products, younger adults demonstrate significantly higher levels of familiarity than the three older age groups.
The three oldest age groups had no significant differences between them.
The results of these two studies show that younger adults are more familiar with contemporary products than older adults. They also demonstrate that in terms of familiarity, older adults do not differ significantly as they get older. The results also show that the 45 – 59 age group demonstrate higher levels of familiarity with products they have owned, in comparison with those they have not. The two older age groups did not demonstrate such differences. This suggests that interacting with products over time increases familiarity more for middle-aged adults than for older adults.
As a result of this research, a method that can be used by designers to identify potential users’ product familiarity has been identified. This method is easy to use, quick, low cost, highly mobile, flexible, and allows for easy data collection and analysis. A tool has been designed that assists designers and researchers to use the method. Designers can use the knowledge gained from this tool, and integrate it into the design process, resulting in more intuitive products. Such products may lead to improvements in the quality of life of older adults, as a result of improved societal integration, better health management, and more widespread use of communications technology.
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McCormack, Teresa. "The development of contextual memory in children." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326665.
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Danet, Lola. "Recollection et familiarité chez 12 patients présentant un infarctus thalamique gauche : étude comportementale, en imagerie structurale et fonctionnelle de repos." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30335/document.
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La mémoire de reconnaissance nous permet à la fois de détecter rapidement un stimulus précédemment perçu (familiarité), et de récupérer des informations relatives au contexte de notre rencontre avec ce stimulus (recollection). Les modèles neuro-anatomiques d'Aggleton et Brown (1999) puis d'Aggleton et al. (2011) postulent que le noyau antérieur (NA) du thalamus et le tractus mamillo-thalamique (TMT) du fait de leurs connexions avec l'hippocampe font partie du circuit de la recollection tandis que le noyau dorso-médian (DM) participerait à la familiarité en raison de ses connexions avec le cortex périrhinal. Dans cette thèse nous avons testé cette hypothèse d'indépendance. 12 patients avec un infarctus thalamique gauche ont été recrutés ainsi qu'un groupe de sujets contrôles appariés. Tous les participants ont été soumis à un bilan neuropsychologique, à trois tâches expérimentales de mémoire de reconnaissance et à un examen d'IRM morphologique et d'IRM fonctionnelle de repos. Selon les tâches nous avons estimé la contribution de la recollection et de la familiarité à la réponse sur la base de la verbalisation de la source, du degré de confiance dans la réponse ou de la catégorisation des réponses. Les lésions thalamiques ont été quantifiées et localisées automatiquement grâce à une nouvelle approche méthodologique que nous avons développée. Le profil neuropsychologique des patients a mis en évidence une amnésie antérograde verbale et un trouble exécutif modéré (Etude 1). Les lésions atteignaient principalement le DM alors que le NA était intact chez tous. Le TMT était lésé chez les 7 patients les plus amnésiques (Etudes 1 et 2). La recollection était altérée chez les patients quelle que soit la tâche alors que la familiarité était préservée. De plus l'indice de recollection corrélait avec la lésion du DM (Etude 2). Enfin, des corrélations ont été trouvées dans l'étude en connectivité fonctionnelle entre la disconnexion thalamo-frontale et la recollection (Etude 3). En somme, ces résultats signifient i\ qu'une lésion du NA n'est pas nécessaire pour causer une amnésie ii\ qu'une lésion du DM est suffisante pour causer un défaut de recollection mais pas nécessaire pour atteindre la familiarité iii\ qu'une lésion du TMT prédit une amnésie sévère, enfin iv\ que le réseau reliant fonctionnellement le DM au cortex préfrontal semble être impliqué dans l'expérience subjective de la mémoire de reconnaissance plutôt que dans ses contenus. Ils suggèrent de plus que le modèle d'Aggleton et al (2011) devrait être révisé en ce qui concerne la relation familiarité / DMRecognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory
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Bottger, Christopher. "Does familiarity with a rape victim influence rape myth acceptance? /." View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131575056.pdf.
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Ling, Yazhu. "The colour perception of natural objects : familiarity, constancy and memory." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/639.
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Perceived object colour tends to stay constant under changes in illumination. This phenomenon is called colour constancy. Colour constancy is an essential component of colour perception and is typically studied in the laboratory via asymmetric colour matching experiments, in which the observer views two colours under two different illuminations side by side and makes matches between them. This situation is unlike colour constancy in the real world, which must typically involve a comparison between the colour one views and the colour one remembers - in other words, colour memory must be required. Furthermore, most colour constancy studies use twodimensional Mondrian images as experimental stimuli. These stimuli enable easy computer control of colour but exclude most of the natural perceptual cues such as binocular disparity, 3D luminance shading, mutual reflection, surface texture, glossy highlights, all of which may contribute to colour perception. My aim, in this project, is to study the colour perception of real objects in a more natural environment. To do so, I have developed an experimental setup which preserves the advantages conferred by easy computer-driven control of colour as well as the natural binocular and monocular cues to 3D shape. The setup also permits the use of real solid objects as stimuli, and the manipulation of their apparent surface colour as well as the background illumination. Thus, using this setup, I have been able to employ both 2D and 3D natural objects as stimuli and investigate aspects of colour perception related to colour constancy and colour memory as well as object familiarity. In developing and analysing these experiments, I have also introduced a new index of colour constancy which explicitly incorporates colour memory. My experiments reveal the following main principles: 1) colour constancy relies on colour memory, and is as good as colour memory allows; 2) colour and shape perception interact in both object similarity and discrimination tasks, indicating that colour and shape cannot be studied completely independently of each other; 3) object familiarity affects colour perception, for both foreground and background objects; 4) object familiarity also affects colour perception at perceptual levels, as measured by the reaction times and the range of appropriate colours accepted for an object.
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Dambuza, Inga Yola. "Effects of colours, shapes and icons on performance and familiarity." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005195.
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Occupational injuries and illnesses remain to be a heavy burden on workers and employees in industrial developing and industrially developed societies, and health and safety in workplaces continues to be an important issue for ergonomists. Steps are being taken to stimulate health and safety agendas and to discover ways in which health and safety in industries can be improved. The main responsibility of employers is to provide employees with information, instructions and training that they required to carry out their work tasks in a healthy, practical and safe manner. The role of education as a countermeasure to occupational injury and illness is being re-examined by health and safety practitioners and safety training is being considered as a vital part of accident prevention strategies. Effective training programmes should guarantee that workers possess the skills they require to complete their tasks in a safe and healthy manner. Very little is known about the type and quality of training workers undergo and how that training affects the safety outcomes of companies. There has been an attempt over the past 20 years to increase the research on safety communications and a great deal of this research has been focused on safety warnings; with the greatest attention been placed on the components of safety signs, such as colours, size, shapes and icons. The effects of these components on comprehension with relation to age and education have not received the same amount of attention. The impact of familiarity on safety warnings with respect to age and education has also received very little attention; despite the knowledge that familiarity has been shown to increase the noticing of warnings and the comprehension of safety information. Despite the increase in the research on safety communication, the literature and research in South Africa is scarce. Studies present in South Africa do not encompass the comprehension of safety signs or the ability of individuals with different age and education levels to learn the information included in the signs. Due to the multi-linguistic nature of South Africa and the fact that South Africa is an Industrially Developing Country (IDC) with high levels of illiteracy, issues such as the comprehension of safety information must be addressed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of safety sign attributes on learning and familiarity, in subjects that differed in age and education levels. These effects were investigated through measuring the reaction and response times of the different subject groups, as well as the number of components in the safety signs that were recalled correctly. The combined results of these responses were used as a measure for familiarity. A set of signs was designed for the study by the researcher using three different colours, three different shapes, three different icons and text. Certain variables were omitted from some signs to create the test pool and the eight conditions that were tested in a laboratory setting. Each condition contained different components of the designed signs and 60 subjects were used to test these conditions. The subjects were placed in groups according to their age and level of education. Subjects were required to learn a set of 64 signs, either “With Occlusion” or “Without Occlusion”, and asked to recall the meanings of the components in the signs. Reaction time, response time and error rate were measured from the responses. The results showed that the conditions resulted in different reaction times, response times and error rates for all subjects. The signs containing a combination of shapes and text resulted in the best performance. Age and education were found to have a significant effect on various performance criteria as did the method in which the signs were displayed (Occlusion and No Occlusion). The increased repetitions and sessions elicited lower reaction times, response times and error rates. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that different attributes be considered carefully when subjects are expected to learn and recall information in safety signs. The results also highlighted the need to increase the exposure of individuals to safety signs in order to increase familiarity and ultimately improve the recall and comprehension of the attributes.
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Crews, Patricia Diann. "Judges' familiarity with learning and behavioral disabilities and dispositions imposed." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-151753/.
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Ngiam, William Xiang Quan. "Contributions of Familiarity and Chunking to Visual Working Memory Capacity." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20408.
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Visual working memory (VWM) is responsible for the temporary storage of visual information required for perception and cognition. The capacity of VWM is surprisingly limited to three or four items. Despite decades of research, the nature of the capacity limit is still unclear, in part due to uncertainty about the main factors contributing to this limit. We approached this issue by exploring two instances in which memory performance is enhanced. Firstly, while controlling stimulus complexity and similarity, familiarity produced significant increases in both encoding rate and capacity. However, familiarity gained from training observers to simply recognise the stimuli did not produce any benefits for change detection. Secondly, the inclusion of statistical regularities in the displays produced significantly improved recall. However, only subjects with explicit awareness of the statistical regularities showed improvement, whereas unaware subjects showed no change in their recall performance. We extended this result by observing whether contralateral delay activity (CDA), a neural marker of the number of item-based representations held in VWM, reduces with explicit chunking. Although recall performance was significantly better, the CDA did not appear to index equivalent number of chunks, suggesting that online representations do not change with the use of explicit chunking. Instead, the behavioural benefit appears to rely on retrieval of a long-term memory representation (LTM) when recall is tested. These results indicate a major influence of LTM in guiding VWM performance. Behavioural data collected at the end of the trial, such as change detection or probed recall, appear inadequate for fully examining the nature of VWM. An embedded-process framework, in which activated LTM representations can fluidly shift into the focus of attention, is useful in interpreting these results and understanding the cognitive processes involved in memory.
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Wild-Wall, Nele. "Is there an interaction between facial expression and facial familiarity?" Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15042.
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Entgegen traditioneller Gesichtererkennungsmodelle konnte in einigen Studien gezeigt werden, dass die Erkennung des Emotionsausdrucks und der Bekanntheit interagieren. In dieser Dissertation wurde mit Hilfe von ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen untersucht, welche funktionalen Prozesse bei einer Interaktion moduliert werden. Teil I untersuchte, ob die Bekanntheit eines Gesichtes die Emotionsdiskrimination erleichtert. In mehreren Experimenten diskriminierten Versuchspersonen zwei Emotionen, die von bekannten und unbekannten Gesichtern praesentiert wurden . Dabei war die Entscheidung fuer persoenlich bekannte Gesichter mit froehlichem Ausdruck schneller und fehlerfreier. Dies zeigt sich in einer kuerzeren Latenz der P300 Komponente (Trend), welche die Dauer der Reizklassifikation auswies, sowie in einem verkuerzten Intervall zwischen Stimulus und Beginn des Lateralisierten Bereitschaftspotentials (S-LRP), welches die handspezifische Reaktionsauswahl anzeigt. Diese Befunde sprechen fuer eine Erleichterung der Emotionsdiskrimination auf spaeten perzeptuellen Verarbeitungsstufen bei persoenlich bekannten Gesichtern. In weiteren Experimenten mit oeffentlich bekannten, gelernten und unbekannten Gesichtern zeigte sich keine Erleichterung der Emotionsdiskrimination für bekannte Gesichter. Teil II untersuchte, ob es einen Einfluss des Emotionsausdrucks auf die Bekanntheitsentscheidung gibt. Eine Erleichterung zeigte sich fuer neutrale oder froehliche Emotionen nur bei persoenlich bekannten Gesichtern, nicht aber bei gelernten oder unbekannten Gesichtern. Sie spiegelt sich in einer Verkuerzung des S-LRP fuer persoenlich bekannte Gesichter wider, was eine Erleichterung der Reaktionsauswahl nahelegt. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Interaktion der Bekanntheit mit der Emotionserkennung unter bestimmten Bedingungen auftritt. In einer abschließenden Diskussion werden die experimentellen Ergebnisse in Beziehung gesetzt und in Hinblick auf bisherige Befunde diskutiert.Contrasting traditional face recognition models previous research has revealed that the recognition of facial expressions and familiarity may not be independent. This dissertation attempts to localize this interaction within the information processing system by means of performance data and event-related potentials. Part I elucidated upon the question of whether there is an interaction between facial familiarity and the discrimination of facial expression. Participants had to discriminate two expressions which were displayed on familiar and unfamiliar faces. The discrimination was faster and less error prone for personally familiar faces displaying happiness. Results revealed a shorter peak latency for the P300 component (trend), reflecting stimulus categorization time, and for the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (S-LRP), reflecting the duration of pre-motor processes. A facilitation of perceptual stimulus categotization for personally familiar faces displaying happiness is suggested. The discrimination of expressions was not facilitated in further experiments using famous or experimentally familiarized, and unfamiliar faces. Part II raises the question of whether there is an interaction between facial expression and the discrimination of facial familiarity. In this task a facilitation was only observable for personally familiar faces displaying a neutral or happy expression, but not for experimentally familiarized, or unfamiliar faces. Event-related potentials reveal a shorter S-LRP interval for personally familiar faces, hence, suggesting a facilitated response selection stage. In summary, the results suggest that an interaction of facial familiarity and facial expression might be possible under some circumstances. Finally, the results are discussed in the context of possible interpretations, previous results, and face recognition models.
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Smith, Wendy. "The contribution of meaning in forming holistic and segmented based visual representations." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340325.
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Loucks, Jeffery Thomas. "Familiarity and organization of action memory in adults and young children /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10231.
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Lauricella, Alexis Re. "Infants' learning from videos influence of character interaction & character familiarity /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/648982204/viewonline.
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Al-Attili, Aghlab Ismat. "Factors affecting embodied interaction in virtual environments : familiarity, ethics and scale." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4910.
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The thesis explores human embodiment in 3D Virtual environments as a means of enhancing interaction. I aim to provide a better understanding of embodied interaction in digital environments in general. 3D interactive virtual environments challenge users to question aspects of their embodiment by providing new modes for interacting with space. Designers are facing new challenges that require novel means of interacting with virtual environments that do not simply mirror the way we interact within physical environments. Much of the research in the field aims to show how such environments can be made more familiar and "realistic" to users. This thesis attempts to probe the unfamiliar aspects of the medium. In this thesis I explore the concept, image and object of intimate space. How can an understanding of intimate space inform embodied interaction with virtual environments? I also investigate the role of familiarity by analysing and testing it in two contrasting interactive virtual environments. My contribution is to provide an account of familiarity as the driver behind embodied interaction in virtual environments based on human experience (from a phenomenological standpoint). In order to enhance the process of design for human embodied interaction in 3D virtual environments or in physical environments, I will identify tangible and intangible elements that affect human embodiment in 3D virtual environments and space, such as ethics and scale. Both examples are explored in interactive 3D virtual environments corresponding to real physical environments by subjects who are the daily users of the real physical environments. The thesis presents scale as a tangible element and ethics as an intangible element of human embodied interaction in space in order to highlight the different aspects that affect human engagement with space, and therefore human perception of their space and their embodiment. The Subjects’ accounts contribute toward informing the design of interactive 3D virtual environments within the context of embodied interaction.