Journal articles: 'False stereotype'

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Wong, Jessica T., and David A. Gallo. "Activating Aging Stereotypes Increases Source Recollection Confusions in Older Adults: Effect at Encoding but Not Retrieval." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 4 (March 16, 2018): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx103.

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Abstract Objectives Activating aging stereotypes can impair older adult performance on episodic memory tasks, an effect attributed to stereotype threat. Here, we report the first study comparing the effects of explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding versus retrieval on recollection accuracy in older adults. Method During the encoding phase, older adults made semantic judgments about words, and during the retrieval phase, they had to recollect these judgments. To manipulate stereotype activation, participants read about aging-related decline (stereotype condition) or an aging-neutral passage (control condition), either before encoding or after encoding but before retrieval. We also assessed stereotype effects on metacognitive beliefs and two secondary tasks (working memory, general knowledge) administered after the recollection task. Results Stereotype activation at encoding, but not retrieval, significantly increased recollection confusion scores compared to the control condition. Stereotype activation also increased self-reports of cognitive decline with aging, but it did not reliably impact task-related metacognitive assessments or accuracy on the secondary tasks. Discussion Explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding increases the likelihood of false recollection in older adults, potentially by diminishing encoding processes. Stereotype activation also influenced global metacognitive assessments, but this effect may be unrelated to the effect of stereotypes on recollection accuracy.

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Wong, Jessica T., and David A. Gallo. "Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned." Memory 24, no. 5 (July 28, 2015): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1036885.

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Beeghly, Erin. "What is a Stereotype? What is Stereotyping?" Hypatia 30, no. 4 (2015): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12170.

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If someone says, “Asians are good at math” or “women are empathetic,” I might interject, “you're stereotyping” in order to convey my disapproval of their utterance. But why is stereotyping wrong? Before we can answer this question, we must better understand what stereotypes are and what stereotyping is. In this essay, I develop what I call the descriptive view of stereotypes and stereotyping. This view is assumed in much of the psychological and philosophical literature on implicit bias and stereotyping, yet it has not been sufficiently defended. The main objection to the descriptive view is that it fails to include the common‐sense idea that stereotyping is always objectionable. I argue that this is actually a benefit of the view. In the essay's final part, I put forward two hypotheses that would validate the claim that stereotyping is always morally or epistemically wrong. If these hypotheses are false—which is very likely—we have little reason to build moral or epistemic defect into the very idea of a stereotype. Moreover, we must abandon the seemingly attractive claim that judging individuals based on group membership is intrinsically wrong.

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Djeric, Gordana. "Stereotype: End of (a) story." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 28 (2005): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0528071d.

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The paper is an analytic retrospective of the author?s work during the preceding research period, involving the study of role, meaning and place of stereotypes in identity discourses. In order to explain the reasons for and ways of dealing with stereotypes, she reviews the evolution of her own research approach and the alternative approaches to the topic from the perspective of various scholarly disciplines. Seeking to avoid the trap of ?interpreting (ethnic) stereotypes stereotypically?, the author chooses not to follow the usual method whereby ethnic stereotypes are ?deconstructed? as false and generalizing image of oneself and others, and exposed to social-psychological and political-anthropological critique. Instead, the author looks at stereotypes primarily in terms of their linguistic and social ?semiotics? and their theoretical and practical usability. Stressing the necessity of relativizing the binary structure of discourse, the author argues that stereotypes, though indispensable as elements of the ?economy? of language and thought, should be socially conceptualized and historicized in analysis.

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LIU, Feng, and Bin ZUO. "The Class Stereotype-Driven False Memories in a Source Monitoring Framework." Acta Psychologica Sinica 45, no. 11 (December 13, 2013): 1261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2013.01261.

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Rogers, Taylor. "Knowing How to Feel: Racism, Resilience, and Affective Resistance." Hypatia 36, no. 4 (2021): 725–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2021.47.

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AbstractThis article explores the affective dimension of resilient epistemological systems. Specifically, I argue that responsible epistemic practice requires affective engagement with nondominant experiences. To begin, I outline Kristie Dotson's account of epistemological resilience whereby an epistemological system remains stable despite counterevidence or attempts to alter it. Then, I develop an account of affective numbness. As I argue, affective numbness can promote epistemological resilience in at least two ways. First, it can reinforce harmful stereotypes even after these stereotypes have been rationally demystified. To illustrate, I examine the stereotype of Black criminality as it relates to false confessions (Lackey 2018). Second, it can encourage “epistemic appropriation” (Davis 2018), which I demonstrate by examining the appropriation of “intersectionality” and #MeToo by white culture. Finally, I conclude that resisting harmful resilience requires affective resistance, or efforts that target numbness via different kinds of affective engagement. I consider Kantian “disinterestedness” as a candidate.

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Stoljar, Daniel. "Williamson on Laws and Progress in Philosophy." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 2 (2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956226.

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Williamson rejects the stereotype that there is progress in science but none in philosophy on the grounds (a) that it assumes that in science progress consists in the discovery of universal laws and (b) that this assumption is false, since in both science and philosophy progress consists at least sometimes in the development of better models. I argue that the assumption is false for a more general reason as well: that progress in both science and philosophy consists in the provision of better information about dependency structures.

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Frey, David S. "Aristocrats, Gypsies, and Cowboys All: Film Stereotypes and Hungarian National Identity in the 1930s." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599022000011688.

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Among social psychologists, there has long been a debate over the concept of the stereotype. Are stereotypes meant mainly for consumption by an in-group or are they designed by and for curious outsiders? Are they primarily individual or collective? Are they benign generalizations and categories that make it easier for individuals or groups to perceive and organize the world around them? Or are they insipid and unsustainable generalizations, based on false information, exaggeration, unfairly rigid conceptual categories, or even the observer's laziness? Do they beget understanding or prejudice? These questions, many of which were first raised by Walter Lippmann when he published Public Opinion in 1922, still polarize the psychological profession today. They also continue to confound politicians who wish to construct coherent, distinct, and vibrant identities for their nations.

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de Mayo, Rebecca M., and Kristen A. Diliberto. "False Memory for Pictures of Common Household Chores: Evidence of a Gender Stereotype." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 8, no. 2 (2003): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.jn8.2.62.

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LUCAS, PETER. "Communication, stereotypes and dignity: The inadequacy of the liberal case against censorship." Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication 2, no. 2 (December 8, 2011): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.2.2.255_1.

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J. S. Mill's case against censorship rests on a conception of relevant communications as truth apt. If the communication is true, everyone benefits from the opportunity to exchange error for truth. If it is false, we benefit from the livelier impression truth makes when it collides with error. This classical liberal model is not however adequate for today's world. In particular, it is inadequate for dealing with the problem of stereotyping. Much contemporary communication is not truth apt. Advertising and journalism, film and fashion portray images that can be neither verified nor refuted. Moreover, where these images do bear some relation to reality, any truth they may possess is not necessarily beneficial. Cultural stereotypes, for example, can be harmful even when true, to the extent that they reflect a distorted reality (the realities of life under conditions of injustice and exploitation). Exposure to such stereotypes affects a community's self-conception. The resulting harms may be direct or indirect. Indirect harm is done when a stereotype affects a community's capacity for self-determination, perpetuating existing inequalities by restricting the options its members understand to be available to them. Direct harm is done when a stereotype induces a distorted self-conception. Pace Kant, human dignity is not purely a function of our capacity to be authors of a universal moral law. It also resides in our capacity to achieve an undistorted self-conception. Thus true communications that reflect a distorted historical reality may threaten our dignity, through their effects on our self-conception, independent of any consequences they may have for self-determining action.

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Brown, Lynn, and Pao-feng Tsai. "Starting an Older Adult Lecture for First Semester Nursing Students With a Truth or Myth Game." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.047.

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Abstract False ideas about the physical and psychosocial characteristics of older adults exist in America. It is especially important that nurses are not susceptible to myths and stereotypes as these myths can affect the quality of patient care. For example, some people stereotype older adults as forgetful, disabled, ill, and unable to understand new information. Misconceptions and negative stereotypes are also present in first year nursing students. It is vital that students assess their own attitudes about older adults to form positive attitudes and gain knowledge about aging and health care needs. To achieve this goal, the older adult lecture in a first semester theory and fundamental course begins with a PowerPoint slide presentation asking students to distinguish truths and myths. The truth or myth topics include a) developmental tasks; b) common physiological changes; c) a comparison of delirium, dementia, and depression; and d) addressing health concerns of older adults. Active discussion follows the activity. Seventy to ninety percent of students correctly answered nine of ten questions related to older adult content on the final exam. Considering the increasing number of older adults in the health care setting, nurse educators must dismantle negative stereotypes with creative teaching strategies.

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Sherman, Jeffrey W., Carla J. Groom, Katja Ehrenberg, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "Bearing False Witness Under Pressure: Implicit and Explicit Components of Stereotype-Driven Memory Distortions." Social Cognition 21, no. 3 (June 2003): 213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.21.3.213.25340.

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Bempechat, Janine, Amy Cheung, and Jin Li. "Academic Socialization From an “Informed Distance”: Low-Income Chinese American Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their Immigrant Parents’ Educational Messages." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 124, no. 4 (April 2022): 124–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681221093022.

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Background/Context: Despite research that has rebutted the tiger parent stereotype, the perception that Asian immigrant parents enact overly strict and controlling educational practices continues to be widespread and entrenched. This stereotype is problematic because it constrains the understanding of Asian Americans to a one-dimensional group and engenders a false narrative of Asian American educational success as expected. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: Using an intersectional lens, this study interrogates the stereotype of Asian immigrant parents as tiger parents. We examine how one subgroup of Asian American youth—lower income Chinese American adolescents (children of Chinese immigrants) spoke about their parents’ involvement in their schooling and educational expectations. Our aim is to center young people’s explanations to explore how they perceive parental educational socialization and whether it conforms to notions of tiger parenting. We posed the following three specific research questions: (1) How do these students speak about and understand the ways in which their parents monitor their schoolwork? (2) How do these students describe and understand their parents’ messaging of educational expectations? and (3) In what ways do these students depict parent–child communication in their families? Research Design: Participants were 32 ninth-grade low-income Chinese American children of immigrants. We conducted individual interviews focused on educational socialization in the home. We used a combination of inductive and theoretically driven thematic analysis and explored the extent to which students’ perspectives of their parents converged or diverged with the tiger parent stereotype. We adopted a working definition of tiger parenting based on categories related to parenting, including close monitoring of schoolwork, perceptions of high parent expectations for school performance and educational/career attainment, and parent-initiated communications regarding children’s academic lives and decisions. Findings/Results: Our analysis revealed that participants did not experience their parents’ educational involvement as conforming to the tiger parent stereotype. Instead, students were largely self-directed and described their parents as exercising basic monitoring of schoolwork, conveying generic and pragmatic educational and career expectations, and trusting their children overall to manage schoolwork and share key school-related information as needed. We introduce a concept that we call “informed distance” as more salient for understanding our participants’ experiences. Conclusions/Recommendations: Educators must interrupt the tiger parent and model minority stereotypes to make room for a fuller and more complex understanding of Asian American students’ experiences and ensure their educational needs are equitably addressed. Teachers and counselors can play an affirmative role in educational guidance for Chinese American students.

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Solórzano, David Alejandro Navarrete, and Silvia Vanessa Paz Zambrano. "The activities of rural women in home economy." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n2.427.

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A study was carried out on the rural women and the daily activities that they carry out in their homes and the work of agriculture and livestock; as a producer and participates in the home economy; even though she feels unproductive and the community reinforces that false and cruel mental stereotype. To value the activities of rural women in the home; It is intended to give human and economic value to all the activities carried out by it and to combat the mental stereotype that it is the only man, who intervened in the home economy. Quantitative research, bibliographic review, statistical analysis is carried out by tabulation of the results obtained through the survey applied to rural women. From the researchers' perspective, the role of the peasant woman must be observed and reconsidered as a productive entity to discard ideas outside of what she represents as a thinking human being, free and owner of her decisions.

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Pluciński, Przemysław. "Czy miejscy aktywiści chcą nas zabić? Siły altermodernizacji a konstruowanie konserwatywnej paniki moralnej." Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, no. 4 (46) (2020): 381–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843860pk.20.035.12839.

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The article offers an analysis of discursive reactions to the altermodernist patterns developed by urban social movements, present in right-wing and conservative-liberal narratives and journalism. These reactions are clearly backlash. The main thesis of the article is that they meet the conditions of moral panic. Therefore, the following elements of moral panic have been identified: excessive concern for the established order, false representations based on exaggeration and distortion, and the construction of deviation through the negative stereotype of the urban activist. The crucial element of the latter is the construction of the political enemy by means of “communization”.

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Heo, Minsook. "Punishing Victim of Sexual Assault Crime: False Accusation of Rape as A Crime of Violation of Victim Stereotype." Journal of Korean Women's Studies 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30719/jkws.2018.12.34.4.69.

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Iqbal, Muhammad. "Orientalism in Joseph Conrad’s novel Almayer’s Folly (1895): a post-colonial approach." COMMICAST 1, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/commicast.v1i2.2728.

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He represents the false critic toward colonialism which depicted him as the author in the neutral side in the history of colonialism. In this undergraduate thesis, the writer attempts to reveal the pattern of Joseph Conrad’s Orientalism by find the image and stereotype of the Orient and Occident, the Fantasy of Western colonialism, the hegemony that legitimate the colonial authorities toward the Malay Archipelago and finds the evidence that proves him as the part of author who supports colonialism. The writer uses Edward’s Said Orientalism theory as the major post-colonial theory in this study to investigate the pattern of Orientalism and the evidence of Joseph Conrad as the colonialist author. The writer uses the technique of writing this undergraduate thesis by dividing the extrinsic and intrinsic element of the novel Almayer’s Folly (1895). In the finding and discussion of this undergraduate thesis, the writer reveals the pattern of Orientalism and the evidence of Joseph Conrad as the pro-colonialism author through the binary division in the novel which creates the stereotype of the Orient and compares to the ideal Victorian character depicted in his white characters in the novel. Then, Conrad creates the Western Fantasy toward the Oriental Malay Archipelago as the object for the Westerner in search of adventure, career and positioning the imaginary narrative of European territory as the happy land for the major characters.

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Liu, Mengyu. "An Analysis of the Tendency of Orientalism in “Shooting an Elephant”." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i3.1040.

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Edward Said in his markedly innovative work Orientalism illustrates a prevalent Western tradition of prejudice against the Eastern world. There is an arbitrary and fictitious line between the Occident and the Orient in which the former has the privilege of defining and reconstructing the latter based on its stereotype and preconception. Orientalism is the source of the false cultural representations with which the Occident perceives the Orient. This thesis adopts Edward W. Said’s Orientalism to explain how the narrator exposes his tendency of Orientalism in the short story “Shooting an Elephant” through the analysis of the narrator’s perception of the Burmese, his view of the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized as well as his duplicity. Although he has got a clear understanding of the evil imperialist colonial rule, as a westerner, the narrator has strong tendency of Orientalism.

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Warden, Clyde A., Stephen Chi-Tsun Huang, Wan-Hsuan Yen, and Judy F. Chen. "The Tao of consumption: private self in a collective culture." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 31, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 756–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-06-2020-0135.

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PurposeCollectivism in service research is so bound with Asian cultures as to risk being overly deterministic. Contesting this stereotype, this paper surfaces the individualistic consumption facets of consumers within a collectivist cultural setting, describing the compensating role servicescapes may play and the service marketing opportunities they present.Design/methodology/approachWithin a Chinese cultural research frame, a qualitative grounded approach is adopted that surfaces subconscious metaphors of private consumption through photo elicitation, deep psychological metaphor elicitation and triangulated with field observation.FindingsIndividuals within a collectivist culture do actively seek private psychic space to regenerate the self and prepare for social obligations heavily influenced by Confucian norms. Servicescapes play an important role in private consumption as they provide both a physical and mental oasis of privacy not easily obtainable in regular life and work.Practical implicationsService providers could offer East Asian consumers a package that includes the individual aspect of their value system, whenever and however they see suitable. More specifically, servicescapes can be designed to provide services that facilitate consumer restoration by implementing the mental metaphors consumers of have this process.Social implicationsA stereotype of a consumption has grown around Chinese consumers that while not totally false, misses a vital aspect of human values and risks missing profitable market niches. Consideration of the whole person's collective-individualistic cycle benefits both the consumer and the business.Originality/valueMoving beyond a one-dimensional description of East Asian consumer behavior, focused on collective values, we show the key role servicescapes play in private consumption. A psychological renewal of the self, in preparation to re-enter the collective, show the multiple aspects of Asian consumers.

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Muzahidul Islam, Md. "Impact of Deceptive Advertising on Women Buying Behavior: A Study on Cosmetics Industry of Bangladesh." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 8, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jebi.v8i2.19110.

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Deceptive advertisements harm consumers by causing them to have false beliefs about the nature of the products being advertised and thereby causing them to make different purchasing decisions than they would have made otherwise. This is particularly evident in the cosmetics industry in Bangladesh where recently, various forms of advertising techniques deceptive in nature are urgently and increasingly adopted to enhance sales figure and to establish a strong market share. In this quantitative research, the study estimates the relationship of women response against deceptive advertising. The researcher has reported the results of a questionnaire survey of 227 women of this industry using convenience sampling from four different areas in Dhaka city. The findings acquired through using basic statistical tools like descriptive analysis, factor analysis and following multiple linear regression model to provide new insights into deceptive advertising. The impact of deceptive advertising on women buying behavior is highly significant across most of the social and health impact variables like affecting lifestyle, stereotype role, social class, several side effects, fail to give promised services, consequences of cosmetics products.

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Mbirianjau, Lucy Wandiri, Fatuma Chege, and Ibrahim Oanda. "Exploring Enabling Interventions for Increasing Female Students’ Access and Participation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (Stem) Disciplines in Kenyan Public Universities." Msingi Journal 1, no. 2 (July 18, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i2.107.

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Globally, studies continue to document disparities in women’s access and participation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines in the universities. Despite existence of policies at the national and institutional level, no single and clear road map exists on what set of interventions can best contribute to redressing this disparities. This study draws attention to the low participation of female students in STEM disciplines and especially in hard sciences in Kenyan public universities. Data for the study were collected in three public universities that were purposively sampled. Questionnaires, interviews, observations, content and documentary analysis were used as key instruments for data collection and research techniques. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study findings revealed that, despite the existing educational gender interventions, female students’ enrolment and participation in STEM disciplines in the Kenyan public universities is 30% and less than 20% in hard sciences. The study also established that there exists a continued process of gender typing in the secondary school curriculum which students pick and is further manifested in the universities. This stereotype has created a false perception among female students that soft sciences are marketable for the female gender and are feminine compared to the hard sciences. Further there exists socio-cultural and institutional barriers that affects female students’ participation in STEM disciplines. The study recommends first, the need for government and universities to develop educational STEM policies and interventions to increase female participation in STEM disciplines. Second, the STEM curricula should be made gender responsive with integration of additional STEM female faculty members to act as mentors to female students. Appropriate STEM mentoring and career guidance should be enhanced at all levels of education and all educational stakeholders should be involved in minimising socio-cultural, institutional barriers and stereotypes on masculinity of STEM disciplines.

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Arjoranta, Jonne, Katja Kontturi, Essi Varis, and Tanja Välisalo. "Nörttikulttuurin identiteettikriisi." Lähikuva – audiovisuaalisen kulttuurin tieteellinen julkaisu 33, no. 3-4 (December 11, 2020): 92–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.23994/lk.100442.

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Nörttikulttuuri on identiteettikriisissä. Perinteisesti nörttimäisinä pidetyt käytänteet ja kulttuurituotteet ovat siirtyneet lähemmäs valtavirtaa, mikä on häivyttänyt rajaa nörttien ja muiden median ja teknologian käyttäjien välillä. Nörttikulttuurin sisälle tämä on heijastunut kiistaksi siitä, kuka saa osallistua nörttikulttuurin kuluttamiseen, tuottamiseen ja määrittelyyn, ja millä tavoin. Stereotypia nörttikulttuurista valkoisten heteromiesten maskuliinisena kenttänä ei koskaan ole pitänyt täysin paikkansa, mutta 2000-luvulla väitteen totuudellisuus on murentunut entisestään. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelemme nörttiyden kriisiä kolmen tapaustutkimuksen kautta ja analysoimme, mitä Gamergate-kampanja, Comicsgate-liikehdintä ja The Last Jedi -elokuvasta käyty keskustelu paljastavat nörttikulttuurin sisällä ja ympärillä mylläävistä kiistoista. Analysoimme tapauksia kontekstualisoivan lähiluvun keinoin ja keskitymme erityisesti siihen, mitä ne kertovat sukupuolen ja nörtti-identiteetin välisestä suhteesta. Osoitamme, että nörttikulttuurin valtavirtaistuminen on rikkonut illuusion sen yhtenäisyydestä. Geek culture’s identity crisis: Gamergate, Comicsgate, and Star Wars as scenes of political controversy Geek culture is having an identity crisis. Cultural objects that have traditionally been recognised as ‘geeky’ have shifted closer to the mainstream, which is dissolving the boundary between geeks and other users of contemporary media and technology. Inside geek culture, this is reflected in controversies over who gets to participate in consuming, creating, and defining the subculture, and how. The stereotype of geek culture as the domain of white heterosexual males has never been quite true, but in the 21st century, this false notion has become progressively harder to uphold. In this article, we explore the crisis of geek culture through three case studies and analyse what Gamergate campaigns, Comicsgate controversy, and the discussion around The Last Jedi movie reveal about the conflicts in and around geek culture. We analyse the cases by the means of contextual close reading, focusing especially on what they reveal about the relationship between gender and geek identity. As a result, the article demonstrates how the mainstreaming of geek culture has broken the nostalgic illusion of its unity.

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Beeghly, Erin. "What’s Wrong with Stereotypes?" Social Theory and Practice 47, no. 1 (2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract2021112111.

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Stereotypes are commonly alleged to be false or inaccurate views of groups. For shorthand, I call this the falsity hypothesis. The falsity hypothesis is widespread and is often one of the first reasons people cite when they explain why we shouldn’t use stereotypic views in cognition, reasoning, or speech. In this essay, I argue against the falsity hypothesis on both empirical and ameliorative grounds. In its place, I sketch a more promising view of stereotypes—which avoids the falsity hypothesis—that joins my earlier work on stereotypes in individual psychology (2015) with the work of Patricia Hill Collins on cultural stereotypes (2000). According to this two-part hybrid theory, stereotypes are controlling images or ideas that enjoy both a psychological and cultural existence, which serve a regulative social function.

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Michaels, CJ, BF Gini, and L. Clifforde. "A persistent abnormal repetitive behaviour in a false water cobra (Hydrodynastes gigas)." Animal Welfare 29, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.4.371.

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Stereotypies (a subset of Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour [ARB]) are characterised by an unchanging pattern of behaviour and in captive animals can be associated with poor welfare. Although well known in certain taxa, little is known about both welfare and ARBs in reptiles, especially snakes. We document an instance of an ARB in a captive snake species (Hydrodynastes gigas), set it in the context of husbandry in zoos, and assess efforts to reduce it. The stereotypy consisted of a fixed pattern of movement against the enclosures viewing window. Ethographic data were used to focally sample the animals behaviour over several months in the context of different enrichment interventions. Modified Spread of Participation Indices (mSPIs) were also calculated to quantify the evenness of enclosure use. The snake spent considerable portions of time (47 of observations) performing a behaviour that fulfils the criteria for stereotypy. mSPI data suggested a possible welfare impact of the behaviour on the snake. Zoos holding this species globally were surveyed about observations of similar behaviour and one other institution reported similar behaviour. Standard husbandry practice (A) was used alternately in an ABAC format with prey scent trails (B) and modified feeding schedules (C), representing enrichment types based on species natural history. Neither stereotyping frequency nor mSPI was found to be significantly affected by any of the enrichments. Our results, interpretation of which is limited by the paucity of data on snakes, uncover stereotypies in snakes and suggest that, as with other taxa, ARBs may be resistant to strategies employed to reduce them.

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Ryan, Saskia, Nicole Sherretts, Dominic Willmott, Dara Mojtahedi, and Benjamin M. Baughman. "The missing link in training to detect deception and its implications for justice." Safer Communities 17, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-07-2017-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of response bias and target gender on detecting deception. Design/methodology/approach Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: a stereotype condition (bogus training group), a tell-signs condition (empirically tested cues), and a control condition. Participants were required to decide whether eight targets were lying or telling the truth, based upon the information they had been given. Accuracy was measured via a correct or incorrect response to the stimuli. The data were then analyzed using a 2×2×3 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether any main or interactional effects were present. Findings Results revealed training condition had no significant effect on accuracy, nor was there a within-subject effect of gender. However, there was a significant main effect of accuracy in detecting truth or lies, and a significant interaction between target gender and detecting truth or lies. Research limitations/implications Future research should seek a larger sample of participants with a more extensive training aspect developed into the study, as the brief training offered here may not be fully reflective of the extent and intensity of training which could be offered to professionals. Originality/value Within the criminal justice system, the need for increased accuracy in detecting deception is of critical importance; not only to detect whether a guilty individual is being deceitful, but also whether someone is making a false confession, both to improve community safety by detaining the correct perpetrator for the crime but also to maintain public trust in the justice system. The present research provides a fresh insight into the importance of training effects in detecting deception.

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SATO, Koichi, Rika HAYASHI, and Yui YAMAZAKI. "False memories evoked by blood type stereotypes." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 76 (September 11, 2012): 1PMA50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_1pma50.

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Lenton, Alison P., Irene V. Blair, and Reid Hastie. "Illusions of Gender: Stereotypes Evoke False Memories." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2001): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1426.

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Kleider, Heather M., Stephen D. Goldinger, and Leslie Knuycky. "Stereotypes influence false memories for imagined events." Memory 16, no. 2 (February 2008): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210801895948.

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Koroliova, Inna. "THE MOTHERHOOD IN THE UKRAINIAN VILLAGE IN LATE 19 — EARLY 20 CENTURY." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2020): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.19.

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The study illustrates the gender aspect of Ukraine’s social history during the late 19th and early 20th century. The author pays special attention to the specific functioning of the Ukrainian Institute of Motherhood of this period. The psychological and mental spheres of peasant life within this study were outlined. Women’s perception of a “traditional” family directly depended on parental education. It is not a secret that the opinion of society was very important to our citizens, so in order to avoid their condemnation, it was necessary to meet certain unwritten standards. These standards were a mixture of God’s commandments and local prejudices, which shaped our ancestors’ mythological outlook. Even in the 21st century we could not avoid the stereotype of the perfect mother. She was always considered as an exemplary daughter, mistress and a dreamer of a huge happy family. Analysing ethnographic and historical sources, it becomes clear that this fact is false. The history is full of testimonials regarding women’s unwillingness to give a birth. They used to practice various contraceptives and abortions. Besides these methods had a terrible effect on women’s health, they also became outcasts in dogmatic society. Not a less drama of the 19–20 century was an unsatisfactory level of medicine development. This led to frequent infant deaths. There is an evidence that parents were not often upset by the death of their own child. The reason for this was the poverty of the family, although the parents worked really hard. The subject of the motherhood is extremely important in the field of humanities. This study is an attempt to determine the causes of non-Christian behaviour of mothers towards their children. We should understand that everyone has a right to make a mistake, but history should not idealise anyone. It should still be objective

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Lyesnikova, Maryna. "DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL VOCATIONAL (VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL) EDUCATION SYSTEMS." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 5 (2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2021-5-79-90.

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The entry campaign for vocational education institutions in Ukraine traditionally starts in May-June and lasts until 1 September, but enrolment is not interrupted throughout the calendar year. During 2011-2020, there was a steady decline in the number of students and trainees admitted to vocational education institutions. The main reason for the considerable reluctance of young people and adults to acquire working professions is the false stereotype of its prestige. As a result of the admission campaign launched in 2021, for the first time in the last ten years, there has been an increase in the number of entrants to vocational education institutions. New entrants are offered integrated, consolidated professions that will help them to acquire wide-ranging qualifications and competencies. The article ranks the most popular integrated professions among this year's entrants. Factors contributing to the prestige of vocational education were identified. In particular, vocational guidance is being actively provided to young students and the number of Training аnd Practical Centres is increasing. The process of optimizing the network of vocational education institutions will also enhance the prestige and competitiveness of vocational education. The study found that Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odesa, Zaporizhzhia, Vinnytsіa, and Kyiv are the leaders in terms of the number of persons admitted to vocational institutions, the number of Training аnd Practical Centres established, the number of dual vocational training students. The main direction of further increase in the number of entrants to vocational education institutions is the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Vocational Education" in the draft of which changes are proposed regarding the image of vocational education, as well as the terminology, content and mechanisms of functioning have been updated.

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Lyesnikova, Maryna. "DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL VOCATIONAL (VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL) EDUCATION SYSTEMS." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 5 (2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2021-5-79-90.

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The entry campaign for vocational education institutions in Ukraine traditionally starts in May-June and lasts until 1 September, but enrolment is not interrupted throughout the calendar year. During 2011-2020, there was a steady decline in the number of students and trainees admitted to vocational education institutions. The main reason for the considerable reluctance of young people and adults to acquire working professions is the false stereotype of its prestige. As a result of the admission campaign launched in 2021, for the first time in the last ten years, there has been an increase in the number of entrants to vocational education institutions. New entrants are offered integrated, consolidated professions that will help them to acquire wide-ranging qualifications and competencies. The article ranks the most popular integrated professions among this year's entrants. Factors contributing to the prestige of vocational education were identified. In particular, vocational guidance is being actively provided to young students and the number of Training аnd Practical Centres is increasing. The process of optimizing the network of vocational education institutions will also enhance the prestige and competitiveness of vocational education. The study found that Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odesa, Zaporizhzhia, Vinnytsіa, and Kyiv are the leaders in terms of the number of persons admitted to vocational institutions, the number of Training аnd Practical Centres established, the number of dual vocational training students. The main direction of further increase in the number of entrants to vocational education institutions is the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Vocational Education" in the draft of which changes are proposed regarding the image of vocational education, as well as the terminology, content and mechanisms of functioning have been updated.

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Peters, Maarten J. V., Marko Jelicic, and Harald Merckelbach. "When stereotypes backfire: Trying to suppress stereotypes produces false recollections of a crime." Legal and Criminological Psychology 11, no. 2 (September 2006): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135532505x74055.

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Sha’bani, Mohsen, Reza Khosrowabadi, and Javad Salehi. "Do gender stereotypes give rise to false memories?" Journal of Neurodevelopmental Cognition 2, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jncog.1.2.27.

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Lock, Helen. "Getting into the Game: The Trickster in American Ethnic Fiction." Ethnic Studies Review 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2003.26.1.1.

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Trickster novels, especially those by Gerald Vizenor and Maxine Hong Kingston, can be used to destabilize and undermine ethnic stereotypes. As many studies show, the trickster him/herself cannot be stable and thus resists the limitations of definition as the embodiment of ambiguity. Both insider and outsider, s/he plays with the whole concept of “sides” so as to erase the distinction between them. The trickster plays the game, including the game of language, in order to break and exploit its rules and thus destabilizes linguistic markers. Kingston and Vizenor use their novels to subvert the rules of the linguistic game and free perception from stereotypic rigidity. Perceptions of race and ethnicity are frequently codified in the form of stereotypes with which we are all familiar. Once established, they, of course, prove remarkably difficult to dismantle however false or misleading they might be with regard to the race or ethnicity in question; and thus they continue to exacerbate the social tensions with which we are equally familiar. Ethnic American literature has frequently addressed this issue; in this essay I intend to look at one narrative strategy which is specifically designed to question, challenge, exploit, and even manipulate perception.

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Ahmad, Fauzia. "Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i4.1901.

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Much has been written about Muslim women, dress, hijabs, veils, and, more recently, burqas. Bullock's book, based on her doctoral work with 16Muslim women in Canada, critically examines the western media's representations and perceptions of the veil. What perhaps marks this book as different from many others focusing on the "ubiquitous veil" is not just that Bullock converted to Islam during the course of her study, but her embed dedness in the material as she describes her conversion and adoption of the hijab. Her personal responses to much western journalistic writing is reflected in her clear fustration at the almost overwhelming refusal of western commentators to acknowledge and respect the concept of choice Muslim women make when regarding dress. As Algerian sociologist Marnia Lazreg noted in 1988, Muslim women are denied the authority to define their own lives by having to satisfy frames of reference dictated and inserted by "Outsiders." This theme surfaces throughout the book, which seeks to challenge "the popular western stereotype that the veil is oppressive" and to stress the multiple meanings and heterogeneity behind Muslim women's choices in covering. Bullock argues that such misconceptions are social constructions that do not necessarily reflect the lives of those under discussion. She carefully avoids generalizing and presenting an overly positive angle on Muslim women's lived experiences. She acknowledges that for some Muslim women, in certain sociopolitical and historical contexts, enforced veiling is a reality. Thus marked by an absence of choice and the denial of basic rights, the veil can symbolize oppression. The Taliban's restrictions on women are presented as a prime example. Bullock differentiates between populist views on Muslim women and clothing practices and those of western or westernized feminists. She argues two main schools of thought. The first comprises feminists who believe and stress that religions like Islam are patriarchal, and therefore are inherently oppressive toward women and deny them opportunities for ''true" liberation. This school of thought, which Bullock calls "liberal feminism," remains suspicious of arguments advanced by Muslim women who speak positively of their faith and their choices to cover, believing them to be inflicted with a form of "false consciousness." ...

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Dulta, Aditya Singh. "Breaking the Fetters and Taking Charge: A Reading of an Aboriginal Woman’s Memoir." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2022): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.72.46.

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Twenty-first century Australia is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic democracy, a developed and prosperous nation. However, it’s history of ‘settler colonialism’ has its own shades of grey. The original inhabitants of Australia were the Aboriginals who resided in the island territory for about more than 40,000 years till 1788, that is, about 234 years from now. However, their share in the total population of Australia has dwindled to about 2.5%. Even today, they are at the fringes of society, both economically and politically. The mainstream discourse, which is white, male and written from a Euro-centric perspective, brushes under the carpet such inconvenient facts. The dominant narrative presents a much distorted picture of Australian history and culture, eulogizing the colonizers and demonizing the Aboriginals as barbarous heathens who were in dire need of being reformed, civilized, cultured and Christianized. Few Aboriginals, who have managed to ascend the economic ladder take this responsibility of speaking up and revealing their community’s story, history, culture and what was and is being done to them. The present paper is a reading of one such memoir by an Aboriginal woman, Am I Black Enough for You? (2012) by Anita Heiss. What is unique about Heiss is that unlike majority of her people, she is educated, urban, economically independent, an academic and an established author. Her predicament is also unique, which is, the accusation from her white peers of false claims to Aboriginal heritage for upward mobility by grabbing government doles for the minorities. The paper is a humble attempt to contest the pervasive cultural stereotype which portrays the Aboriginal race as primitive, backward, illiterate, unhygienic, savage and doomed to extinction. The paper attempts to analyze the historical, social and economic reasons for their post-1788 disadvantageous position. The paper also strives to emphasize that with support from the government and the people, the same Aboriginal race could once again be an engine for nation-building. Moreover, besides demolishing the lies propagated by the colonizers and presenting their own truth, authors like Heiss reach out to the larger community beyond the individual self.

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Roth, Benjamin, and Andrea Voskort. "Stereotypes and false consensus: How financial professionals predict risk preferences." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 107 (November 2014): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.05.006.

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TSUKIMOTO, Takashi, Takaaki HASHIMOTO, and Kaori KARASAWA. "False memories based on indirect associations of gender stereotypes of occupations." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 1AM037. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_1am037.

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Tsukimoto, Takashi, Takaaki Hashimoto, and Kaori Karasawa. "False memories based on indirect associations of gender stereotypes of occupations." Japanese journal of psychology 82, no. 1 (2011): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.82.49.

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40

King, Jacob D. "The lack of public health teaching for medical students reinforces false stereotypes." Medical Teacher 38, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 860–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2016.1204430.

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41

Sriramatr, Sonthaya, Tanya R. Berry, Wendy Rodgers, and Sean Stolp. "The Effect of Different Response Formats on Ratings of Exerciser Stereotypes." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 10 (November 1, 2012): 1655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1655.

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In this study we examined the relationships of different response formats, respondent gender, and activity level, to ratings of exercise stereotypes. Participants (N = 203) completed 8 question sets about 8 exerciser stereotypes. In each questionnaire, 1 question was inadvertently measured twice with different response options of definitely would not like to do this/definitely would like to do this (NL anchor) or definitely false/definitely true (FT anchor). Results showed that ratings on the FT statements were significantly higher than those on NL statements for 2 stereotypes: judgmental young women and overweight. There were also significant effects of gender by activity level on ratings of runners. Both gender and activity levels were related to ratings of liking to exercise for some, but not all, of the stereotypes.

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Caro, Mario A. "What Shall We Do with the Bodies? Reconsidering the Archive in the Aftermath of Fraud." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.43.4.caro.

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This article examines how Jimmie Durham’s false claims to Cherokee identity demand a radical reassessment of the entirety of his body of work and the scholarship that supports it. This essay takes into account the extent to which Durham’s work—much of which consisted of sardonic critiques of Native American stereotypes—depended upon its enunciation by an authentic Native voice. Now that this voice has been determined to be false, his work and the vast supporting archive require reevaluation.

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Camba, Maria Mendoza. "Aping the Filipino Image." Re:Locations - Journal of the Asia-Pacific World 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/relocations.v1i1.33393.

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Early American visual culture has played a substantial role in advancing American Imperialism in the early 1900s. Using publication as an instrument of expansionism, America’s distribution of visual images depicting its conquered nations, has resulted in consequences that have perpetually categorized its once-dominated territories as inferior. The Philippines reveal the consequences of this classification. Seized by the United States in 1899, the Philippines was repeatedly a subject of American print culture. Primarily, editorial cartoons were used to illustrate recurring images of Filipinos to justify its annexation. Employing illusive and sensational tropes, these cartoons were widely distributed through magazines and periodicals, informing the American population of debasing assumptions to characterize the Filipino individual. As a result, the Philippines gained false attributions and stereotypes brought upon by their erroneous portrayal in early American media. This research argues that the deceptive representation of the Philippines in early American visual culture, has aided in creating false Filipino stereotypes, hence, sustaining the nation in the periphery. Visual codings used in editorial cartoons repeatedly exemplified the Filipino character as incompetent and inferior. Filtration of Filipino representation is, likewise, apparent. By exaggerating damaging visual tropes that painted the Filipino individual as primitive and savage, and eliminating its progressive and modern characteristics, editorial cartoons helped reinforce the supposed ‘benevolent assimilation’ America used in defending its colonialism. Such reinforcement produced lasting consequences that not only perpetuated false Filipino stereotypes in the global platform, but also encouraged the Philippines’ inadvertent participation to cultural imperialism in present society.

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Numbers, Katya T., Amanda J. Barnier, Celia B. Harris, and Michelle L. Meade. "Ageing stereotypes influence the transmission of false memories in the social contagion paradigm." Memory 27, no. 3 (August 18, 2018): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1511809.

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Di Castro, Giovanna. "La literacy matematica nella scuola italiana." Sinappsi 11, no. 1 (2021): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53223/sinappsi_2021-01-5.

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L’articolo analizza le differenze di genere nella literacy matematica nella fase iniziale del ciclo di istruzione secondario. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare e l’analisi di dati ottenuti dall’indagine OECD-PISA, si dimostra come lo svantaggio delle studentesse sia correlato significativamente a dimensioni non cognitive come la fiducia, le aspettative e gli stereotipi assorbiti in ambito familiare e scolastico. Le evidenze suggeriscono l’opportunità di ridurre gli ostacoli all’investimento in discipline STEM, per aumentare le prospettive occupazionali e di inclusione delle donne. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This paper analyzes gender gap in mathematical literacy in the early stage of secondary education. Using a multidisciplinary approach and data drawn from OECD-PISA surveys, we show that the disadvantage of female students is related to non-cognitive dimensions such as confidence, expectations and stereotypes absorbed in the family and school environment. The evidence suggests the opportunity to reduce obstacles faced by female in investing in STEM disciplines, in order to increase their employment and labor market inclusion perspectives

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Mazur, Katarzyna. "National identity and stereotypes of Poles and Germans among rural youth in Opole Silesia." Journal of Education Culture and Society 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20111.122.135.

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In Opole Silesia there live a combination of people describing themselves as Poles, Germans and Silesians. Young people there have to deal with that mix, being influenced by such forces as globalization. The purpose of this research was to discover how youth feel and understand their nationality and what stereotypes they share. The analysis consisted of several tasks. Students had to describe themselves by national and ethnic categories. They were asked how they felt about Germans and which stereotypes they found to be true or false. The paper includes analysis from earlier research on this topic.

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Bottom, William P., and Paul W. Paese. "False Consensus, Stereotypic Cues, and the Perception of Integrative Potential in Negotiation1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27, no. 21 (November 1997): 1919–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01632.x.

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Fabre, Cécile. "III—Doxastic Wrongs, Non-Spurious Generalizations and Particularized Beliefs." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 122, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arisoc/aoab015.

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Abstract According to the doxastic wrongs thesis, holding certain beliefs about others can be morally wrongful. Beliefs which take the form of stereotypes based on race and gender (or sexual orientation, disability, and so on) and which turn out to be false and are negatively valenced are prime candidates for the charge of doxastic wronging: it is no coincidence that most of the cases discussed in the literature involve false beliefs. My aim in this paper is to show that the thesis of doxastic wrongs does not turn on the truth-value or valence of beliefs.

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Moscovici, Claudia. "Allusive Mischaracterization in Middlemarch." Nineteenth-Century Literature 49, no. 4 (March 1, 1995): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2933731.

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This essay traces some of the social and generic implications of George Eliot's abundant use of allusion as a mode of characterization in Middlemarch. By analyzing the manner in which the characters in Middlemarch tend t misread each other by means of false or inappropriate associations with prominent cultural figures and especially with gender-based stereotypes, this essay explores some of the ways in which George Eliot's text employs allusion as a mode of interrogating and subverting those cultural stereotypes that, from both her own ambivalently "feminist" position and from current feminist perspectives, are perceived as having been especially confining and devalorizing for women.

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Ahmed, Hafsa, and Tauseef Ahmed. "In response to: The lack of public health teaching for medical students reinforces false stereotypes." Medical Teacher 39, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2016.1244664.

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Journal articles on the topic 'False stereotype'

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