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Academic literature on the topic 'False choice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "False choice"

Slater, Tom. "Unravelling false choice urbanism." City 18, no. 4-5 (September 3, 2014): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2014.939472.

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Downing, Steven M. "True-False, Alternate-Choice, and Multiple-Choice Items." Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 11, no. 3 (October 25, 2005): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1992.tb00248.x.

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Long, Bryan. "GDP: Signposting a false choice." Nature 507, no. 7490 (March 2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/507040b.

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Mudyń, Krzysztof, and lina Kałużna-Wielobób. "On the false ontological consensus." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0022.

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Abstract The objective of the research was to check whether False Consensus Effect (FCE), shown in much research, is also valid for ontological decisions. Test participants, faced with an ontological dilemma, made a choice three times, which of the 3 item set (Cracow City, Me myself, the Universe) refers to something most real. The research conducted first among psychology students (N=116), then replicated on mathematics students (N=126) and middle-aged people (N=106). Results: 1) All groups chose the Universe most seldom (4%-11% subjects), the remaining two “objects” were chosen with similar frequency, 2) FCE occurred in all groups and in reference to each choice, 3) with people who made inconsequent choices (16% of test participants), FCE was notably higher (p <.001) in comparison to people making consequent choices, 4) FCE with inconsequent people turned out to be higher (p <.01) even in comparison with “the smallest minority”, people who (consequently) chose the Universe.

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Priest, Graham. "Logial Theory Choice." Australasian Journal of Logic 16, no. 7 (November 18, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v16i7.5917.

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There is at present a certain dispute about counterfactuals taking place. What is at issue is whether counterfactuals with necessarily false antecedents are all true. Some hold that such counterfactuals are vacuously true, appearances notwithstanding. Let us call such people vacuists. Others hold that some counterfactuals with necessarily false antecedents are true; some are false: it just depends on their contents. Let us call such people non-vacuists. As a notable representative of the vacuists, I will take Tim Williamson. On the other side, I will take the position defended by Berto, French, Priest, and Ripley. I will argue (unsurprisingly) that the better choice is Non-Vacuism. That, however, is a subsidiary aim of this paper. The main point is to illustrate the method of theory-choice.

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Knopf, Alison. "MMR vs. Autism: A False Choice." Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 31, S4 (March 17, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30035.

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Trosterud, Trond. "A restricted freedom of choice: Linguistic diversity in the digital landscape." Nordlyd 39, no. 2 (January 30, 2013): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.2474.

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<p class="NL-Abstract" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">The freedom of choosing what language to use in various contexts is restricted by a wide range of non-linguistic factors. One often-overlooked factor is the availability of a digital infrastructure for the languages in question. To put it bluntly: With no keyboard layout available there also will be no texts written. The article looks at different aspects related to minority languages and digital linguistic resources.</span></p>

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Black, Kelvin C. "Democracy's False Choice: The Reform-Revolution Dilemma." J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists 5, no. 2 (2017): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2017.0022.

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Tsai, Frederick. "The False Binary Choice between Unilateralism and Multilateralism." SAIS Review of International Affairs 28, no. 2 (2008): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.0.0004.

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Bandaranayake, R., J. Payne, and S. White. "USING MULTIPLE RESPONSE TRUE–FALSE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 69, no. 4 (April 1999): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1622.1999.01551.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "False choice"

Kan, Benjamin. "The effects of exercise intensity and cognitive load on acute changes in attention and vigilance in healthy young adults." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2066.

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Many studies have reported acute effects of exercise on cognition, and that exercise intensity is a key factor affecting post-exercise cognition. It appears that the cognitive load associated with exercise may also influence post-exercise cognition, but this has not been quantified. Little attention has been given to the cognitive aspect of attention and vigilance, and no previous study has investigated the effects of either exercise intensity or cognitive load, on post-exercise attention and vigilance. Therefore, this research project examined the effects of different cycling exercise intensities on post-exercise attention and vigilance (Study 1), assessed cognitive load associated with cycling exercise and investigated its effects on postexercise attention and vigilance changes (Study 2), and compared between eccentric and concentric cycling for cognitive load during exercise and its effects on post-exercise attention and vigilance changes (Study 3). In Study 1, 26 healthy young adults (10 women) performed 20-min of either low- (30% peak power), moderate- (50%) and high-intensity (70%) cycling, or sat for 20-min (control) on a stationary ergometer, separated by week in a randomised order. To assess attention and vigilance, a 3-min sustained attention to response test (SART) was performed before and immediately, 15, 30, 45 and 60-min after each session. Although exercise intensity was significantly different between exercise sessions (p<0.01), no significant differences (p=0.372) were observed for changes in reaction time before and for 60-min among the four sessions. No significant interaction effect was evident between sessions for correct detection (p=0.723) and false alarm (p=0.354) scores. These results suggest that attention and vigilance were not influenced by exercise intensity. In Study 2, the cognitive load associated with participant-controlled (PC) and computer-controlled (CC) cycling exercise, and its effects on attention and vigilance were investigated. The same participants as those in Study 1 performed the low-, moderate- and high-intensity cycling exercise for both PC and CC conditions. Cognitive load associated with exercise was assessed by the average of power errors from the target over ~1200 revolutions, a choice reaction time test (CRT) and the NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX). The SART was used to assess changes in attention and vigilance before and immediately after, and 15, 30, 45 and 60-min after each exercise session. Intensity of exercise was not different between PC and CC cycling conditions for low- (p=0.500), moderate- (p=0.959) and high-intensity (p=0.470). Although CRT was slower (p<0.05), and mental demand in NASA-TLX was greater (p<0.01) in PC than in CC for all three exercise intensities, CRT accuracy was found to be similar in both conditions. No significant difference in post-exercise attention and vigilance changes were found between PC and CC conditions. These findings suggest that PC and CC were similar in cognitive demand, resulting in no difference in their effects on changes in post-exercise attention and vigilance. Study 3 compared the cognitive load between concentric (CONC) and two sessions of eccentric cycling (ECC1, ECC2) that is deemed to require a higher cognitive demand to perform, and its effects on post-exercise attention and vigilance. Thirty-one healthy young adults (9 women) performed a bout of 20-min CONC followed by two bouts of 20-min ECC (ECC1, ECC2) at the same workload (227.5 ± 51.5 W, 60-rpm) separated by a week. Cognitive load during both ECC and CONC was assessed by the same parameters as those in Study 2. ECC1 and ECC2 were less physically demanding than CONC (p<0.05), without a significant difference between ECC1 and ECC2. CRT was slower and less accurate for ECC1 and ECC2 than CONC, with no difference between ECC1 and ECC2. Torque error was also greater (p<0.05) for ECC1 and ECC2 than CONC, with more error (p<0.05) for ECC1 than ECC2. Attention and vigilance decreased 2-8% after 20-min sitting, but improved 2-10% immediately after ECC2, and did not decline from the baseline for 30 min after ECC1 or 60 min after CONC and ECC2 (P<0.05). These findings suggest that cognitive load was greater during ECC than CONC, and post-exercise attention and vigilance were maintained after all exercise sessions with a transient improvement only after ECC2. In conclusion, this research project showed that cognitive load rather than exercise intensity in 20-min cycling exercise affected post-exercise attention and vigilance in healthy young adults. Future studies should investigate the effects of prolonged exposure to cognitively demanding exercise such as eccentric cycling on cognitive function.

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Kirichek, Mariya. "When do we know our own choices? : investigation of false feedback phenomena." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96198/.

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It is widely assumed that people have direct access to knowledge about themselves, such as their preferences or propensities to behaviour. However, research has shown that people often accept bogus feedback about personal characteristics and decisions, even when it completely contradicts information they stated previously. This thesis investigates two examples of such feedback acceptance, the Barnum effect (Meehl, 1956) and choice blindness (Johansson, Hall, Sikström & Olsson, 2005), to explore the conditions required for false feedback to create a false perception of one’s choices. The Barnum effect refers to the tendency to accept false feedback about one’s personal characteristics when it is thoughts to be derived from personality measures. The first paper explores whether undergoing the Barnum effect can influence people’s perception of choices they would make in the future. We find that whilst the Barnum effect does occur, this does not alter people’s self-reported propensity to behaviour. Choice blindness demonstrates that, following a choice, people are often willing to accept the non-selected alternative as the indicated outcome, if this is suggested by feedback. The remaining work presented here investigates which parameters of choice and feedback can determine how likely it is that people will experience choice blindness. The results suggest that people’s susceptibility to choice blindness varies with the number of alternatives presented in the choice task, the framing (positive or negative) of the task itself, and whether the option presented as false feedback was encountered as part of the choice, in a different context, or not encountered at all. I conclude that the effects of false feedback on self-perception are situation dependent, however, difficult to eliminate completely, at least in some domains. The implications are discussed in light of past literature on false feedback effects, as well as related fields such as preferential choice, introspection, error detection and behavioural change.

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Mello, Roberta Monteiro de. "Resistência ao choque térmico de carbeto de silício sinterizado via fase líquida." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-23022016-104221/.

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O comportamento dos materiais cerâmicos quanto à resistência ao choque térmico é um tema de grande interesse, devido às aplicações em que a confiabilidade frente a variações bruscas de temperatura é necessária. Neste trabalho foi estudado como a variação na proporção dos aditivos Y2O3:Al2O3 e diferentes parâmetros no processamento do carbeto de silício sinterizado via fase líquida como, tipo e temperatura de sinterização, podem influenciar na resistência ao choque térmico deste material. As misturas foram preparadas com 90%SiC+10%Y2O3:Al2O3 em mol, variando as proporções molares dos óxidos entre 2:1 e 1:4, com e sem prévia reação dos aditivos. As misturas foram compactadas e sinterizadas em forno resistivo de grafite nas temperaturas de 1750°C, 1850°C e 1950°C e, por prensagem a quente, a 1750°C e 1850°C, sendo avaliadas quanto à densificação. Após análise dos resultados preliminares, a sinterização sem pressão e as misturas com proporções 1:3 e 1:4 de Y2O3:Al2O3 previamente reagidos foram selecionadas para o estudo da resistência ao choque térmico. Os ciclos térmicos foram realizados com aquecimento em temperaturas de 600°C, 750°C e 900°C e resfriamento brusco em água em temperatura ambiente. A avaliação das amostras quanto à resistência ao choque térmico, feita por meio da determinação de módulo de elasticidade, porosidade, resistência à flexão e por análise microestrutural de trincas. As amostras sinterizadas na temperatura de 1950°C são as que apresentam o melhor desempenho em relação à resistência ao choque térmico, enquanto a variação na proporção Y2O3:Al2O3 de 1:3 para 1:4 não altera significativamente esta propriedade. Nas condições utilizadas, a temperatura máxima de aplicação do SiC sinterizado via fase líquida deve ser limitada a 750°C, permitindo seu uso como trocadores de calor, rolamentos, mancais de bombas submersas, turbinas a gás e sensor de motores automotivos e aeronáuticos.
The behavior of ceramic materials towards thermal shock resistance is a topic of great interest, due to applications in which the reliability against sudden temperature variations is required. In this thesis, it was studied how the variation in the proportion of Y2O3:Al2O3 additives and different parameters on the processing of liquid phase sintered silicon carbide may influence thermal shock resistance of this material. Samples were prepared with molar composition 90%SiC+10%Y2O3:Al2O3, by varying oxides molar proportion between 2:1 and 1:4, with and without previous reaction of the additives. Mixtures were compacted and sintered in a resistive graphite furnace at 1750, 1850 and 1950°C, and by hot pressing at 1750 and 1850°C, and evaluated for densification. After analysis of the first results, pressureless sintering and the mixtures with proportions of 1:3 and 1:4 of previously reacted Y2O3:Al2O3 were selected for the study of thermal shock resistance. Thermal cycles were performed by heating at temperatures of 600, 750 and 900°C and sudden cooling in water at room temperature. The evaluation of samples regarding thermal shock resistance was conducted by determination of elasticity modulus, porosity, flexural strength and microstructural analysis of the cracks. The samples sintered at 1950°C temperature are those that exhibit the best performance in relation to thermal shock resistance, while the variation in the proportions Y2O3:Al2O3 from 1:3 to 1:4 do not significantly change this property. Under the conditions used, the maximum temperature for liquid phase sintered SiC application must be limited to 750°C, which allows its use as a component of heat exchanges, bearings, pump bearings, gas turbines and sensors of automotive and aeronautical engines.

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MELLO, ROBERTA M. de. "Resistência ao choque térmico de carbeto de silício sinterizado via fase líquida." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26375.

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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 0
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Almeida, Bruno Vidal de. "Refratários magnesianos de panela de aciaria: redução da oxidação inicial, formação da fase espinélio MgAl2O4 e resistência ao dano por choque térmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-06072016-152050/.

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A campanha dos refratários magnesianos aplicados como revestimento de trabalho de panelas de aciaria depende da soma de diversos fatores como resistência à corrosão, resistência à oxidação do carbono, estabilidade termomecânica, entre outros. A concepção microestrutural do refratário pode influenciar de forma benéfica ou deletéria no desempenho do refratário in situ. Nesta tese de doutorado os refratários magnesianos comerciais de panela de aciaria foram estudados sob três diferentes aspectos: redução da oxidação prematura do carbono, formação da fase espinélio de alumina e magnésio e resistência ao choque térmico e ao dano por choque térmico. Para reduzir a oxidação precoce do carbono foi desenvolvido um coating cerâmico que atua como uma eficiente barreira física, reduzindo o contato do oxigênio da atmosfera de aquecimento com o carbono presente no refratário. Como resultado reduz-se a oxidação prematura do carbono e eleva-se a vida útil do revestimento. A formação da fase espinélio de magnésia e alumina também influencia o desempenho termomecânico destes refratários, principalmente devido ao incremento volumétrico decorrente de sua formação. Nesta tese foram estudados os mecanismos de formação desta fase in situ, demonstrando experimentalmente o caminho preferencial que leva à formação desta fase mineralógica. O comportamento termomecânico dos refratários magnesianos foi determinado em função da resistência ao choque térmico (parâmetros R, R\'\'\') e quanto à resistência ao dano por choque térmico (parâmetro R\'\'\'\' e Rst). Estes parâmetros foram correlacionados com as respectivas características microestruturais destes refratários. Os resultados apresentados por esta tese de doutorado compõe uma importante ferramenta técnica para as indústrias produtoras de aço e de refratários por fornecer subsídio técnico e científico para fundamentar alterações em refratários já existentes e colaborar com o desenvolvimento de novos refratários de engenharia com elevado desempenho e maior vida útil.
The campaign of magnesium based refractories of steel ladles depends on the sum of many factors, such as corrosion resistance, carbon oxidation resistance, thermomechanical stability, among others. The microstructural conception of the refractory can influence the performance in situ in a beneficially or deleterious way. In this doctoral thesis, the commercial magnesium refractory of steel ladles were studied under three different aspects: reducing the premature oxidation of carbon present into the refractory matrix, formation of the spinel MgAl2O4 and the resistance to thermal shock and thermal shock damage. To reduce the premature oxidation of carbon, it was developed a ceramic coating that acts as an effective physical barrier, reducing the contact of the atmosphere\'s oxygen with the carbon in the refractory. As a result, the premature oxidation of carbon was reduced and the refractory system\'s lifespan increased. The formation of the MgAl2O4 spinel also influences the thermomechanical performance of these refractories, mainly due to increase of volume due to its formation. In this thesis were studied the mechanisms of formation of this phase in situ, experimentally showing the mechanism that leads to the formation of this mineral phase. The thermomechanical behavior of refractories MgO-C, Al2O3-MgO-C and MgO-Al2O4-C was determined according to the thermal shock resistance (R, R\'\'\' parameters) and the resistance to thermal shock damage (R\'\'\'\' and Rst parameters). Those parameters were correlated with their respective microstructural characteristics of refractories. The results presented in this doctoral thesis make up an important technical tool for steelworks and refractory industries by providing technical and scientific aid to support changes in existing refractories and collaborate with the development of new refractory engineering with higher performance and longer life.

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Homem, Manoel Gustavo Petrucelli. "Seções de choque diferenciais absolutas para o espalhamento elástico de elétrons de energias baixas e intermediárias por moléculas poliatômicas em fase gasosa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2002. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4906.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
In this work we report absolute elastic differential cross sections (DCS) measurements for electron collisions with OCS, CO2, CH4, NO, N2O, CHF3 e C2F6 molecules in gas phase. The measurements cover the angular range from 10o to 130o and energy range between 50-800 eV. Crossed electron beam-molecular beam geometry is applied to measure the relative intensity of the scattered electron as a function of the scattering angle. The scattered electrons are energy-filtered by a retarding-field energy selector. The recorded scattering intensities, as a function of the scattering angle, are converted into absolute elastic DCS s using the relative flow technique. Additionally, this work reports the development of a low energy electron scattering spectrometer (E<100 eV). In this spectrometer a new technique, a magnetic angle-changing device has been constructing to extend the measurements to backward angles (up to 180o). However, the application of this technique needs more systemization. Results of DCS s using the magnetic angle changer are reported only for the argon atom for the energy of 30 eV up to 120o, showing the future prospect of this technique. In the other hand, using the new spectrometer, DCS s data are reported for the CHF3 molecule for electron energies from 10 to 30 eV up to 85o scattering angle. In summary, several results of absolute differential cross sections for the elastic electron scattering are reported to several molecular targets. The comparison between our measured data and theoretical calculation using an optical potential to represent the electron-molecule interaction as well as other available experimental data in the literature shows good agreement. Our study has shown the significant role played by the absorption effects on the calculated cross sections in the intermediate energy range.
Nesta tese apresentamos medidas de seções de choque diferenciais elásticas absolutas (SCDEA) para o espalhamento de elétrons por alvos moleculares em fase gasosa (OCS, CO2, CH4, NO, N2O, CHF3 e C2F6). A maioria das medidas foram realizadas no intervalo angular entre 10o e 130o para energias do elétron incidente entre 50 e 800 eV. O arranjo experimental fez uso da geometria de feixes cruzados em que o feixe de elétrons incide perpendicularmente sobre um feixe gasoso. Para a análise dos elétrons espalhados foi utilizado um analisador de velocidades do tipo campo retardador. A intensidade dos elétrons espalhados foi determinada em função do ângulo de espalhamento e os valores relativos foram convertidos em valores absolutos de seções de choque através da técnica de fluxo relativo. Além disso, parte do trabalho foi dedicado ao desenvolvimento de um espectrômetro de espalhamento de elétrons de baixas energias (E<100 eV) com o intuito de estender a cobertura energética acima mencionada. Uma técnica experimental (defletor magnético) que a princípio permite medidas de intensidades de elétrons espalhados em quase todos os ângulos de espalhamento também foi introduzida nesse novo espectrômetro. Entretanto, a aplicação dessa técnica ainda carece de maior sistematização. Resultados de SCDEA obtidos com o uso do defletor magnético são apresentados para o espalhamento de elétrons de 30 eV para o átomo de argônio até o ângulo de 120o, demonstrando o potencial da técnica para trabalhos futuros. Por outro lado, valores de SCDEA obtidos com o novo espectrômetro de baixas energias são apresentados para a molécula de CHF3 para energias de 10, 15, 20 e 30 eV até o ângulo de 85o. Em resumo, resultados inéditos de SCDEA são apresentados para diversos alvos moleculares contribuindo para suprir em parte a carência desses dados na literatura. Observa-se bom acordo entre nossos dados e cálculos teóricos recentes que fazem uso de um potencial óptico complexo para a descrição da interação elétron-molécula. Tal fato reforça a importância da inclusão de efeitos de absorção nos modelos teóricos para a correta descrição da dinâmica do espalhamento elástico na região de energias intermediárias.

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Vieira, Marcelo Mendes. "Estudo experimental de jatos evaporativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-11042002-132126/.

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Foi construído um arranjo experimental para estudar o comportamento dos jatos evaporativos. Um injetor foi projetado para controlar e manter constantes a pressão e temperatura de reservatório durante a injeção. Um bocal cônico convergente de seção reta com diâmetro de saída de 0,30 mm e ângulo entre sua geratriz e seu eixo simetria igual à 10º forma o elemento principal do injetor. O jato é descarregado em uma câmara de baixa pressão de dimensões suficientemente grandes para manter a pressão constante durante o curto período de ensaio, igual à 1 s. Quando injetado, o líquido sofre uma repentina queda de pressão ocasionando sua evaporação. Os fluidos utilizados são os combustíveis querosene e óleo diesel, e a substância n-dodecano, os quais se caracterizam pela possibilidade de uma evaporação completa, de forma adiabática. Utilizou-se o método \"schlieren\" para a visualização do escoamento. A análise dos jatos é feita de forma qualitativa através dos registros fotográficos. Foram observados os seguintes tipos de jato: (1) contínuo, (2) pulverizante e (3) evaporação na superfície. O primeiro jato não implica em imediata mudança de fase tornando o jato de líquido emergente intacto. Com o aumento da temperatura de injeção, existe o espalhamento e a evaporação do jato, formando o segundo tipo de jato, onde é possível visualizar o campo do gradiente de densidade do escoamento e a formação de ondas de evaporação e de choque que pode ocorrer a uma distância proporcional a vários diâmetros à jusante. Em jatos com evaporação completa, foram constadas a formação de ondas de choque tanto de formas elipsóide como de esferóide para elevadas temperaturas. As fotografias digitais são submetidas à filtragem e processamento matemático para melhor destacar tais fenômenos do escoamento.
An experimental apparatus has been built to study the behaviour of flashing jets. An injector was designed to control and maintain the jet pressure and temperature at constant values during the injection process. A conical convergent nozzle whose main dimensions are 0,30 mm of exit diameter, 8 mm long, and a convergence half-angle of 10º is the central component of the injection system. The jet is discharged into a low-pressure chamber large enough to keep the reservoir pressure constant during the short test period of about 1 s. As the testing liquid expands in the nozzle it undergoes a sudden pressure drop causing its evaporation. The fluids are usual fuels, such as kerosene and diesel oil, and the substance ndodecane, which are distinguishable by the possibility of a complete evaporation in an isoentropic expansion process. The photographic method \"schlieren\" is used for flow visualisation. A qualitative analysis is made of the photographic documentation of the images obtained using a CCD camera. The images can be grouped into three categories of jets: (1) continuous, (2) shattering, and (3) with surface evaporation. The first regime has an undisturbed a liquid column, which remains more or less intact during the injection process. In the second type, the existing liquid jet is shattered by vapour nucleation and, in some cases, shock waves are clearly visible. It happens at higher temperature than the preceding evaporation mode. Finally, in special situations, the jet undergoes an evaporation at its surface and the two-phase mixture expands at a high speed followed by a shock wave before the mixture attains the pressure reservoir.

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Dorries, Heather. "Rejecting the False Choice: Foregrounding Indigenous Sovereignty in Planning Theory and Practice." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/65468.

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During the latter half of the 20th century, the term sovereignty has become a pivotal concept for describing the political goals of Indigenous movements. The term has come to stand for the general rights of Indigenous peoples to be self-governing and describe efforts to reverse and resist processes of ongoing colonization, dispossession and assimilation. The purpose of this dissertation is two-fold. First, it explores the role of planning in the erosion of Indigenous sovereignty and the creation of conflicts over urban land use and development. More specifically, it examines the role of planning in the project of securing, aggrandizing and normalizing Canada’s sovereignty claims, and illustrates how the idea of sovereignty influences the configuration of relations between Canada and Indigenous peoples. While the concept of sovereignty is not commonly discussed in planning literature or planning policy, it is argued that concepts such as property, jurisdiction, and Aboriginal rights serve as a cipher for sovereignty in the context of planning. This dissertation research finds that the practices and principles of planning aid in the narration of a political imaginary and the creation of a legal geography which affirms Canada’s territorial and moral coherence. This examination of planning is placed against the backdrop of broader historical tendencies in Canadian Aboriginal policy. The second purpose of this dissertation is to consider how taking Indigenous political authority seriously can present new ways of thinking about both planning and sovereignty. It is argued in this dissertation that Indigenous understandings of sovereignty originating in Indigenous law and Indigenous interpretations of Canadian law must be placed in the foreground in planning theory and practice. In the past, the interventions and alternatives advocated by planning both theorists and policy makers to improve the position of Indigenous peoples in planning processes have largely emphasized the recognition and inclusion of Indigenous peoples and reduced Indigenous struggles over territory to the realm of identity politics. As an alternative, foregrounding Indigenous political authority can present new ways of thinking about both planning and sovereignty.

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Ajayi, Oluwakemi Bolanle. "Teachers' and learners' views on the role that entrepreneurship education plays in career choice decision-making of Business studies learners in Ekurhuleni Gauteng East District." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25471.

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As unemployment is on the rise in developing economies as the result of a decline in the global economy during the past decade, increased attention is paid to entrepreneurship as generator of global economic growth. It has been noted that sustainable economic development cannot be achieved without entrepreneurship, nor can a country increase its gross domestic product and stock of wealth, or improve its citizens’ quality of life, if entrepreneurship is not increased. In order to increase the prospect of entrepreneurship in a country, it is necessary to introduce secondary school learners to entrepreneurship from the early grades, specifically the Grades 8 and 9 General Education and Training phase years. To stimulate learners’ interest in the subject, it is important to provide them with appropriate resources and textbooks, competent teachers and a well-structured curriculum. The knowledge and skills gained from studying entrepreneurship could influence learners’ future career choices. The unemployment rate in South Africa is high and 70 per cent of unemployed South Africans are youths. This percentage grows annually as learners exit the Further Education and Training (FET) phase. There is a dearth of literature on the attitudes of South African Business Studies learners in the FET phase towards entrepreneurship as a future career. Additionally, the role that entrepreneurship education plays in the potential career choices of Business Studies learners in the FET phase has not been explored extensively. Consequently this study attempted to explore the role of entrepreneurship education in influencing Business Studies learners in the FET phase in choosing entrepreneurship as a career. A qualitative case study research method was used to conduct the study. Three schools were identified and data were collected from them. The data-gathering methods employed were face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with Business Studies teachers; and focus group interviews with Business Studies learners in the three schools. The objective of the interviews was to determine the respondents’ views on the role that entrepreneurship education plays in learners’ career choices. The findings of the study indicate that teachers and learners strongly agree that entrepreneurship education plays a significant role in learners’ choice of entrepreneurship as a career. However, the respondents (both teachers and learners) highlighted challenges that could prevent learners from choosing entrepreneurship as a career.
Namate ŉ insinking in die wêreldekonomie die afgelope dekadewerkloosheid in ontwikkelende lande laat toeneem het, geniet entrepreneurskap as stimulus vir globale ekonomiese groei groter aandag. Dit is alombekend dat entrepreneurs noodsaaklik is vir volhoubare ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Sonder entrepreneurs kan geen ekonomie groei nie, kan geen land sy bruto binnelandse produk en rykdomreserwe vermeerdernie, en bly sy burgers se lewenstandaard onveranderd. Ten einde entrepreneurs te kweek, moet hoërskoolleerders reeds in Graad 8 en 9, in die jare van Algemene Onderwys en Opleiding (oftewel die AOO-fase), met entrepreneurskap kennis maak. Om hulle belangstelling te prikkel, isgeskikte hulpmiddels en handboeke, bevoegde onderwysers en ŉ behoorlik gestruktureerde kurrikulum noodsaaklik. Die kennis en vaardighede wat leerders in die studie van entrepreneurskap opdoen, kan hulle loopbaankeuse bepaal. Suid-Afrika het ŉ hoë werkloosheidsyfer en 70 persent van die land se werkloses is jongmense. Hierdie persentasie styg jaar na jaar namate leerders die fase vir Verdere Onderwys en Opleiding (VOO) voltooi. Daar is ŉ skaarste aan literatuur oor die vraagof Besigheidstudiein die VOO-fase Suid- Afrikaanse leerders se ingesteldheid jeens entrepreneurskapas loopbaan beïnvloed. Ook is die rol wat onderrig in entrepreneurskap in leerders se keuse van ŉ loopbaan speel, nog nie volledig ondersoek nie. Gevolglik poog hierdie studie om te bepaal of onderrig in entrepreneurskap Besigheidstudieleerders in die VOO-fase entrepreneurs van beroep laat word. ŉ Kwalitatiewe gevallestudie is as navorsingsmetode gebruik. Data is by drie skole ingesamel. By hierdie skole is deels gestruktureerde onderhoude van aangesig tot aangesig gevoer met Besigheidstudieonderwysers en fokusgroeponderhoude met Besigheidstudieleerders. Die doel van die onderhoude was om vas te stel of leerders van mening is dat onderrig in entrepreneurskap hulle loopbaankeuse bepaal. Volgens die bevindings van hierdie studie is onderwysers en leerders dit volkome eens dat onderrig ŉ bepalende rol in leerders se keuse van entrepreneurskap as loopbaan speel. Desnietemin het sowel onderwysers as leerders op uitdagings gewys wat verhoed dat leerders hierdie loopbaan volg.
Psychology of Education
M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

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Pais, Bruno Rafael da Rocha da Costa. "Materiais cerâmicos modificados por detonação: estudos por XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS e Fotoluminescência." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82836.

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Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Física apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
As pressões dinâmicas na síntese de novos materiais é um método usado cada vez mais nos dias de hoje. Através deste é possível obter num curto espaço de tempo pressões e temperaturas suficientemente altas para se alterar a morfologia de um tipo de partículas ou mesmo induzir a transição de fase em certas substâncias. Existe um conjunto de fatores que contribui para as alterações no material, sobretudo parâmetros que dizem respeito às condições iniciais da substância pré choque. Há parâmetros morfológicos como o tamanho da partícula, a forma e porosidade ou mesmo parâmetros característicos do material, como a orientação da rede cristalina (em relação à direção da onda de choque), a densidade, defeitos na rede, impedância, entre outros. Ainda que de grande importância na síntese de materiais por compressão de choque, os estudos que se debruçam diretamente sobre o impacto destes parâmetros sobre o material final são muito escassos. Em muitos estudos paralelos fala-se da necessidade de investigações mais focadas dentro deste âmbito.Através de uma gama de estudos já existentes e através da caracterização de uma amostra de zircónia monoclínica submetida as diferentes ondas de choque, este trabalho explora e procura a influência dos parâmetros iniciais do material input com o output resultante do processo de pressão dinâmica, numa tentativa de escalar e definir aspetos fulcrais a analisar aquando da necessidade da otimização do processos. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The use of dynamic pressures on the synthesis of new materials is a method in fast growing application. Through this it is possible to obtain, in a short term, pressures and temperatures high enough to change the morphology of one type of particles or even induce phase transition of some substances. There is a wide range of factors which will contribute to the material modification, especially parameters related with the pre shock material features. On these mainly morphologic parameters we have the particle size, shape and porosity, or even characteristic parameters like lattice orientation (in respect to the shock wave direction), density, matrices defects, impedance and others. Though of great importance on the synthesizes of shock compressed materials, studies about the particular impact of these parameters are really scarce, whereby we find a lot of shock wave synthesis materials studies mentioning the necessity of further studies directly focused over these topic.Through a wide range of existing studies plus a characterization of a monoclinic zirconia sample subjected to different shock waves, this work explores and tries to give an insight on the influence of the input material parameters in the resulting dynamic pressure induced output material, in the attempt of escalating and define key aspects to analyze when process optimization is required.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Books on the topic "False choice"

The economic illusion: False choices between prosperity and social justice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.

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Nesbø, Jo. The son. New York: Random House Large Print, 2014.

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Nesbø, Jo. The son. 2nd ed. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2015.

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Ward, Richard. Information security in E&P: Complex choices, uncertain data, and false analogies. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge Energy Research Associates, 2003.

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Chamberlain, Diane. La vie secrète d'Eve Elliott: Roman. Paris: Presses de la Cité, 2009.

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Chamberlain, Diane. The Secret Life of CeeCee Wilkes. Ontario, Canada: MIRA, 2006.

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Chamberlain, Diane. The Secret Life of CeeCee Wilkes. Don Mills, Ontario, Canada: Mira, 2006.

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Chamberlain, Diane. The Secret Life of CeeCee Wilkes. Don Mills, Ontario, Canada: MIRA, 2006.

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lan, Xia bo, and Zhao ying. 遗失的女儿: The Secret Life of CeeCee Wilkes. Chang sha: Hu nan wen yi chu ban she, 2013.

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Chamberlain, Diane. The Secret Life of CeeCee Wilkes. Ontario, Canada: MIRA, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "False choice"

Ganem, Joseph. "False Choice: Pseudoscientific Narrative." In The Robot Factory, 129–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77860-0_6.

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Harrington, J. Timothy. "Translational Research or Industrial Process Improvement: A False Choice." In Great Health Care, 225–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1198-7_24.

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Harrington, J. Timothy. "The Patient-Centered Medical Home or System-Based Care: Another False Choice." In Great Health Care, 233–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1198-7_25.

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Ghosh, Aurobindo. "Strategic Debate on Financial Inclusion: Is Life or Livelihood a False Choice?" In Managing Complexity and COVID-19, 3–19. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003218807-2.

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Kotzé, Justin. "Criminology or Zemiology? Yes, Please! On the Refusal of Choice Between False Alternatives." In Zemiology, 85–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76312-5_5.

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McQuail, Denis. "Reflections on The People’s Choice: Start of a Great Tradition or of a False Trail?" In Wie die Medien die Welt erschaffen und wie die Menschen darin leben, 155–72. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90440-9_10.

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Fürstenau, Norbert, Maik Friedrich, Monika Mittendorf, Markus Schmidt, and Michael Rudolph. "Discriminability of Flight Maneuvers and Risk of False Decisions Derived from Dual Choice Decision Errors in a Videopanorama-Based Remote Tower Work Position." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 105–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39354-9_12.

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Shay, Suellen. "Curriculum in Higher Education: Beyond False Choices." In Thinking about Higher Education, 139–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03254-2_10.

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Bren, Leon, and Patrick Lane. "True or false questions." In Key questions in hydrology and watershed management: a study and revision guide, 109–32. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249682.0004.

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Smith, Cameron M., and Evan T. Davies. "False Choices: Common Objections to Human Space Colonization." In Emigrating Beyond Earth, 151–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1165-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "False choice"

Forbes, Sharleen, John Harraway, and Megan Drysdale. "Measuring learning within a large design research project." In Advances in Statistics Education: Developments, Experiences, and Assessments. International Association for Statistical Education, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.15203.

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Conceptual learning of students from universities, schools and the workplace taking part in a research project to develop new material on bootstrapping and randomisation is investigated. The aim was to develop teaching strategies using dynamic visualisation software. Before and after instruction, students sat tests involving multi-choice and True/False questions on sampling and confidence intervals. Performance is analysed in terms of increases in correct answers and changes in responses. The percentage correct in both the pre-test and post- tests varied widely. Under two thirds of students answered the same in both tests but 5-18% changed correct to incorrect answers and 13-27% incorrect to correct answers. Relevance of questions, appropriateness of multi-choice and True/False questions in assessment and levels of learning (or unlearning) acceptable to teachers are discussed. Pre- and post-tests can measure student understanding and prior skills, but multi-choice and True/False questions may not be adequate for this purpose.

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TYTAR, Olena. "HERMENEUTICS OF DANTE’S INTERPRETATION OF HAPPINESS AS A CONCEPT OF GOOD." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.59.

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The basis of human nature according to Dante is natural inclination, love to good (Aristotelianism, Thomism). God is the highest blessing but some souls are deceived and choose to love the created world, such love can be broken and become a false love, a sin when either the measure or the choice of worthful goal the object of this love is violated. Thus it becomes a transgression punished in Purgatory or a sin punished in Hell. The crucial thing in person's life is a vision of God. In this respect Dante is a Thomist. It is also important to see Comedy as a kind of model of the universe, Dante embodies mathematical, philosophical, Christological, astrological, numerological and other views in it Keywords: Dante, Thomism, hermeneutics, philosophy of happiness, philosophy of culture

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Feeny, B. F., G. Lin, and T. Das. "Reconstructing the Phase Space With Fractional Derivatives." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48595.

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Fractional derivatives are applied in the reconstruction of the phase space of dynamical systems with a single observable. The fractional derivatives of time series data are obtained in the frequency domain. The method is applied to a Duffing oscillator, the Lorenz system, and data from a two-well experiment. The ability of the method to unfold the data is assessed by the method of global false nearest neighbors. The reconstructed data is used to compute recurrences and correlation dimensions. The reconstruction is compared to the method of delays in order to assess the choice of reconstruction parameters, and also the quality of results.

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Agogino, Alice, Hae Young Jang, Vivek Rao, Ritik Batra, Felicity Liao, Rohan Sood, Irving Fang, R. Lily Hu, Emerson Shoichet-Bartus, and John Matranga. "Dynamic Placement of Rapidly Deployable Mobile Sensor Robots Using Machine Learning and Expected Value of Information." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70759.

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Abstract Although the Industrial Internet of Things has increased the number of sensors permanently installed in industrial plants, there will be gaps in coverage due to broken sensors or sparse density in very large plants, such as in the petrochemical industry. Modern emergency response operations are beginning to use Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) that have the ability to drop sensor robots to precise locations. sUAS can provide longer-term persistent monitoring that aerial drones are unable to provide. Despite the relatively low cost of these assets, the choice of which robotic sensing systems to deploy to which part of an industrial process in a complex plant environment during emergency response remains challenging. This paper describes a framework for optimizing the deployment of emergency sensors as a preliminary step towards realizing the responsiveness of robots in disaster circumstances. AI techniques (Long short-term memory, 1-dimensional convolutional neural network, logistic regression, and random forest) identify regions where sensors would be most valued without requiring humans to enter the potentially dangerous area. In the case study described, the cost function for optimization considers costs of false-positive and false-negative errors. Decisions on mitigation include implementing repairs or shutting down the plant. The Expected Value of Information (EVI) is used to identify the most valuable type and location of physical sensors to be deployed to increase the decision-analytic value of a sensor network. This method is applied to a case study using the Tennessee Eastman process data set of a chemical plant, and we discuss implications of our findings for operation, distribution, and decision-making of sensors in plant emergency and resilience scenarios.

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McAdams, Daniel A., David Comella, and Irem Y. Tumer. "Developing Variational Vibration Models of Damaged Beams: Toward Intelligent Failure Detection." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42540.

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Inaccuracies in the modeling assumptions about the distributional characteristics of the monitored signatures have been shown to cause frequent false positives in vehicle monitoring systems for high-risk aerospace applications. To enable the development of robust fault detection methods, this work explores the deterministic as well as variational characteristics of failure signatures. Specifically, we explore the combined impact of crack damage and manufacturing variation on the vibrational characteristics of beams. The transverse vibration and associated eigenfrequencies of the beams are considered. Two different approaches are used to model beam vibrations with and without crack damage. The first aproach uses separation of variables. This method enables the direct integration of the resulting ordinary differential equation and determination of different eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. This approach uses a spring to model localized reduction in stiffness as a result of the cracked beam. The second approach uses a finite difference approach to enable the inclusion of both cracks and manufacturing variation to be considered. The crack model used with the finite difference approach is based on a localized decrease in the Young’s modulus. Using both beam and crack models, Monte Carlo simulations are used to explore the impacts of manufacturing variation on damaged and undamaged beams. Derivations are presented for both models. Conclusions are presented on the choice of modeling techniques to define crack damage, and its impact on the monitored signal, followed by conclusions about the distributional characteristics of the monitored signatures when exposed to random manufacturing variations.

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Xu, Yanting, Xiaowei Wang, Yadong Wang, and Jiele Xu. "Detection of Tube Bundle Leak Location Using the Combination of Acoustic Emission Testing and Logic Analysis." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36633.

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A large-scale equipment of a famous refining and chemical company of China had to be temporarily shut down for repairing, because one of its fractionation bottom reboiler tubes was suspected to leak. These tube bundles are densely distributed, and the outer casing of the reboiler is the fixed structure which can not be opened to check these tubes unless it is cut. The outer casing cutting for checking is very time-consuming (about 1–2 months) and costly. Possible pipe guided wave technology or endoscope method also can not be used because of acoustic attenuation from dense fins and severe corrosion of tubes or being inaccessible, so Acoustic Emission testing became the only choice for finding out the leaking tube in that time. Also due to the significant acoustic attenuation, the traditional Acoustic Emission linear positioning method is difficult to find out leaked tubes, so the zonal localization method of acoustic sources was predominant in this test. The hydraulic test of pipelines was used to stimulate acoustic signals from leaking sources. However, the water from leaking holes will be splashed to the adjacent pipes and then drop onto pipes below, which will cause false leaking signals. For finding out the leaked tube, logic method is adopted to infer the real leaked tube complementarily. The spatial positions of all tubes and the sequences, frequencies, amplitudes and total hits of acoustic signals from all tubes monitored are considered in the analysis. Finally, the leaked tube was successfully found out in half a day by the combination of Acoustic Emission testing and logic analysis, the leaked tube was replaced and the production was resumed in the next three days.

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Oliveira, Ilse Franco de, Camila Leal Diniz, Rosemar Macedo Sousa, Cristina Pinto Naldi Ruiz, Paulinelly Messias de Almeida, and Ruffo de Freitas-Junior. "ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING (DWI) PARAMETERS AND ADC MAP FOR BREAST INJURY STUDY." In Abstracts from the Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium - BBCS 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s2112.

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Objective: To optimize the parameters of effectiveness of the use of the diffusion sequence in magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the breast. Methodology: Prospective study of qualitative analysis of the DWI sequence, performed with three volunteers (A, B, and C) in 1.5 T magnetic resonance equipment (X, Y, and Z), with bilateral synergy coil containing four channels each, dedicated to the study of the breasts for further analysis of the signal intensity parameters of the broadcasting sequence. Results: In the B equipment Y test, there was a cut of the nipple region of the left breast, requiring adaptation of the FOV for homogeneity of the field, allowing for better image quality and reduction of artifacts. The images from test A equipment X showed loss of signal, requiring adjustments to the matrix resolution, with a corresponding reduction in the echo time (TE) and an increase in the number of acquisitions (NEX) to optimize the signal-tonoise ratio (SNR). The choice of four-channel synergy coils in the three tests favored the greater intensity and uniformity of the magnetic field, and due to the fact that it is dedicated to the breasts bilaterally, it was possible to acquire simultaneous images, reducing the examination time. In the images acquired in the axial plane, changes were made to the phase coding, defined from left to right, to decrease cardiac and respiratory movements. Conclusion: After analyzing the DWI images and their respective ADC maps, there was a need to build a Decision Matrix to guide the standardization of b values to avoid the influence of the perfusion phenomenon and consequently a false representation of the tissues in the ADC map.

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Stern, Bob. "Decision Rule Reporting to Comply with [Revised] ISO/IEC 17025." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2017.25.

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Laboratories becoming familiar with the new decision rule documentation and reporting requirements of the revised ISO/IEC 17025 will first need to determine which decision rule is most appropriate for the particular situation. A flow chart is presented that covers most use cases encountered in calibration and testing. Multiple decision rule choices exist for global consumer risk use cases, requiring labs to consider the percent risk associated with the rule chosen. This paper provides calculated numeric false accept and false reject risk values for each rule and employs Monte Carlo simulations to provide visualizations of risk for several existing rules in common use. A new rule is also presented featuring additional delineation of risk that labs can easily implement and describe to end customers. For each decision rule, sample report wording is provided, to demonstrate how to apply the rule.

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Stern, Robert. "Conformance Decision Rules to Support ISO/IEC CD2 17025 Under Revision." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.32.

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The current draft of ISO/IEC CD 17025 contains a clause to document the decision rule for conformity along with the risk and statistical assumptions in the test method or procedure (7.1.1d). So how shall we do this? A common strategy for managing measurement decision risk is to choose a guard-band that results in a desired false-accept risk given a tolerance limit, the calibration process uncertainty, and the a priori probability. JCGM 106:2012 provides guidance for the implementation of prior knowledge in conformance decisions, however a good estimate of the a priori probability may be difficult to obtain. Historical device population information for estimating a priori probability may not be readily available such as "testing" applications where the device is a prototype. This paper presents the false-accept risk and corresponding false-reject risk for four decision rules. We provide simple equations to limit risk to pre-determined amounts. Several case studies illustrate when to use "Specific" or "Global" risk. When "Global" risk is appropriate, the decision rules can be applied with limited knowledge of a priori probability.

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Patel, Krishna, Michael Stevens, Suyash Adhikari, Greg Book, Muhammad Mubeen, and Godfrey Pearlson. "Acute cannabis-related alterations in an fMRI time estimation task." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.26.

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Introduction: Cannabis is widely popular recreational drug of choice in the US. The drug is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, its effects on time estimation at a brain level are still largely unexplored. Our goal was to investigate acute effects of cannabis on an fMRI time estimation task by evaluating brain activation differences between cannabis and placebo conditions. We hypothesized that participants’ time estimation accuracy and corresponding BOLD response would be altered during the cannabis condition in a dose-related manner, compared to placebo. Methods: In this placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial, a total of N=44 participants had 3 dose visits, at each of which they received either high-dose cannabis (0.5 gm of ~12.5% THC flower), low dose cannabis (0.5 gm of ~5.7% flower) or 0.5 gm placebo, using paced inhalation from a volcano via vaporizer. Drug material was supplied by NIDA/RTI. For the current study we analyzed fMRI data from the first of placebo and high dose fMRI sessions throughout each dosing day in which participants performed a time estimation task. Participants were asked to respond with a mouse click as to which box of two boxes displayed for different intervals was displayed on the screen longer. Both sub-second and supra-second temporal intervals were tested, with a range of easy to hard discriminations. We used the Human Connectome Project processing pipeline to prepare fMRI data for GLM modeling of activation using the FSL FEAT toolbox. This model estimated the unique effect sub-second (short) and supra-second (long) interval discrimination, their average effect, and their difference. From these contrasts, the mean activation amplitudes within 387 brain parcels from the Human Connectome cortical atlas were extracted. Robust statistics in R software estimated a paired t test equivalent using the bootdpci function to assess the difference between placebo and the high dose drug conditions for each contrast. Results: Only premotor cortex survived False Discovery Rate corrections for searching all 387 parcels across the entire brain for the average of short and long temporal estimation conditions. Numerous other brain regions differed between placebo and high doses at p<.05 uncorrected for various task contrasts: Short duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal cortex, visual area, somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, paracentral and mid-cingular cortex, inferior frontal cortex. Long duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, visual areas, somatosensory motor cortex, paracentral and mid- cingulate cortex, the tempo-parieto-occipital junction, dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, posterior opercular cortex, medial temporal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, orbito-frontal cortex. Average of short and long duration stimuli: Premotor cortex, somatosensory and motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, visual are, medial temporal cortex, paracentral and midcingulate cortex, anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, tempo-parieto-occipital junction, premotor cortex, somatosensory motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal cortex, orbital and polar frontal cortex, hippocampus. Difference of short and long duration stimuli: Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, ventral stream visual cortex, dorsal stream visual cortex, early visual cortex. Conclusions: The current study elicited multiple brain activation differences for the initial, acute high-dose cannabis vs. placebo condition, but only premotor cortex region survived as significant following multiple comparison correction for short and long duration stimuli contrast. A post hoc power analysis showed that adding 10 additional subjects to this sample would achieve significance with multiple comparison correction for medium effect sizes at alpha=0.05. Future studies on a larger sample can help identify such significant activation differences, and examining all doses and tasks would elucidate unfolding of effects longitudinally post-dose, and dose-dependence of effects.

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Reports on the topic "False choice"

Mintii, Iryna S., Svitlana V. Shokaliuk, Tetiana A. Vakaliuk, Mykhailo M. Mintii, and Vladimir N. Soloviev. Import test questions into Moodle LMS. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3271.

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The purpose of the study is to highlight the theoretical and methodological aspects of preparing the test questions of the most common types in the form of text files for further import into learning management system (LMS) Moodle. The subject of the research is the automated filling of the Moodle LMS test database. The objectives of the study: to analyze the import files of test questions, their advantages and disadvantages; to develop guidelines for the preparation of test questions of common types in the form of text files for further import into Moodle LMS. The action algorithms for importing questions and instructions for submitting question files in such formats as Aiken, GIFT, Moodle XML, “True/False” questions, “Multiple Choice” (one of many and many of many), “Matching”, with an open answer – “Numerical” or “Short answer” and “Essay” are offered in this article. The formats for submitting questions, examples of its designing and developed questions were demonstrated in view mode in Moodle LMS.

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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.

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NELYUBINA, E., and L. PANFILOVA. ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS AND RESOURCES. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2021-12-4-2-85-97.

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Now the whole life of a person has switched to online mode. These changes also affected the education system. This means the need to introduce new technologies into the educational process. Books, manuals, printed publications are being replaced by electronic educational resources. Providing up-to-date, verified information to students has always been and remains one of the most important functions of the teacher. Unfortunately, with the transition of training to the online mode, the teacher cannot use his literature when conducting classes. In this regard, there is a need to use electronic resources. On the one hand, the development of the global network implies the presence of a large number of a wide variety of sites, which cannot but be a positive aspect, because both the teacher and the student can independently choose a resource that will be most understandable. But on the other hand, the variety of Internet resources implies the presence of unverified, false information, which can negatively affect the quality of education. That is why it is necessary to analyze new information systems. The problem is the presence of a large number of information technologies and resources used in education. Purpose. The goal is to conduct a comparative analysis of educational electronic publications and resources most often used by teachers of the natural science cycle in terms of their fullness, accessibility and use in the educational process. Method or methodology of the work. The requirements for the organization of a comprehensive examination suggest an approach that includes an examination of technical and technological, psychological, pedagogical and design-ergonomic aspects of the creation and use of educational electronic publications and resources, in our work we were based precisely on generalized research methods: 1) Technical and technological expertise (technical component of the site, its position in the network). 2) Psychological and pedagogical expertise (component by the type of educational electronic publication or resource, level of education, type and form of the educational process, assessment of the content and scenario of the informatization tool). 3) Design-ergonomic expertise (assessment of the quality of interface components of educational electronic publications and resources, their compliance with uniform ergonomic, aesthetic and health-saving requirements; assessment of the quality of interface components of educational electronic editions and resources, their compliance with uniform ergonomic, aesthetic and health-saving requirements). Results. The main sites that are frequently used by teachers of the natural science cycle of disciplines are the Russian Textbook corporation, the Enlightenment group of companies, the Binom publishing house, the Digital Age School, the practical significance of the study is determined by the high level of readiness of the results obtained, during the study it was found that it is advisable to introduce an information-electronic educational site - the Russian textbook corporation - into the pedagogical practice of the implementation of natural science subjects. The advantages of this server were established and recommendations for its use in the educational process were developed. Practical implications: the results obtained are expedient to be applied in educational institutions of the Russian Federation.

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